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    HSA (8) HSpeed Notes

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    This document discusses expansion waves in supersonic flows. It defines expansion waves and how they form when a supersonic flow turns away from itself. Across expansion waves, the Mach number increases continuously while pressure, density, and temperature decrease continuously in an isentropic process. The key points are: - It derives the Prandtl-Meyer function, which relates the change in flow properties across an expansion wave to the turning angle. - It provides the procedure to calculate downstream flow properties given the upstream properties and turning angle using the Prandtl-Meyer function. - It applies the concepts to analyze expansion waves on supersonic airfoils and discusses how lift and drag are produced.

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    HSA (8) HSpeed Notes

    Uploaded by

    mohdrashdansaad
    69 views5 pages
    This document discusses expansion waves in supersonic flows. It defines expansion waves and how they form when a supersonic flow turns away from itself. Across expansion waves, the Mach number increases continuously while pressure, density, and temperature decrease continuously in an isentropic process. The key points are: - It derives the Prandtl-Meyer function, which relates the change in flow properties across an expansion wave to the turning angle. - It provides the procedure to calculate downstream flow properties given the upstream properties and turning angle using the Prandtl-Meyer function. - It applies the concepts to analyze expansion waves on supersonic airfoils and discusses how lift and drag are produced.

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    HSA[8] HSpeed Notes

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    This document discusses expansion waves in supersonic flows. It defines expansion waves and how they form when a supersonic flow turns away from itself. Across expansion waves, the Mach number increases continuously while pressure, density, and temperature decrease continuously in an isentropic process. The key points are: - It derives the Prandtl-Meyer function, which relates the change in flow properties across an expansion wave to the turning angle. - It provides the procedure to calculate downstream flow properties given the upstream properties and turning angle using the Prandtl-Meyer function. - It applies the concepts to analyze expansion waves on supersonic airfoils and discusses how lift and drag are produced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views5 pages

    HSA (8) HSpeed Notes

    Uploaded by

    mohdrashdansaad
    This document discusses expansion waves in supersonic flows. It defines expansion waves and how they form when a supersonic flow turns away from itself. Across expansion waves, the Mach number increases continuously while pressure, density, and temperature decrease continuously in an isentropic process. The key points are: - It derives the Prandtl-Meyer function, which relates the change in flow properties across an expansion wave to the turning angle. - It provides the procedure to calculate downstream flow properties given the upstream properties and turning angle using the Prandtl-Meyer function. - It applies the concepts to analyze expansion waves on supersonic airfoils and discusses how lift and drag are produced.

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    OBJECTIVES OF THIS LECTURE To derive the Prandtl-Meyer function for expansion waves To learn how to calculate the flow

    w properties for expansion waves To learn how to apply shock wave and expansion wave theory to supersonic aerofoils

    HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
    MACE 31321

    Lecture 8 Expansion Waves

    EXPANSION WAVE

    PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES


    1 = sin 1
    2 = sin 1
    1 M1
    1 M2

    When a supersonic flow is turning away from itself, an expansion fan forms. Across the waves, M increases CONTINOUSLY, whereas p, and T decreases CONTINOUSLY. Isentropic process: s=0
    3

    An expansion fan can be visualised as an infinite number of Mach waves. Centered expansion waves are commonly denoted as Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves. The problem is to calculate the downstream flow for a given upstream flow and the deflection angle
    4

    PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES


    Consider a very weak expansion wave produced by an infinitesimally small deflection d
    c Ma e av w h

    PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES


    Velocity changes across a very weak wave
    V + dV cos = V cos( + d )
    For small d:

    1+

    dV cos = V cos cos d sin sin d

    w1

    w2 V

    d
    V+d V

    sin d d , cos d 1

    1+

    dV cos 1 = = V cos d sin 1 d tan

    w1 = V cos w 2 = (V + dV ) cos( + d )

    Since

    w1 = w2

    1 = 1 + x + x 2 + ... 1 x

    ( x < 1)

    V cos = (V + dV ) cos( + d )

    V + dV cos = V cos( + d )
    5

    dV Let x=d tan and Neglecting 1+ = 1 + d tan nd 2 order and higher: V d = dV / V tan

    PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES


    Velocity changes across a very weak wave
    d = dV / V tan
    M

    RELATION BETWEEN V AND M


    From
    V = Ma
    2

    dV dM da = + V M a

    tan =

    1 M 1
    2

    sin =

    1 M

    T 1 2 ao M = o =1 + T 2 a
    1

    1 2 a = ao 1 + M 2

    1 / 2

    da ~M a

    We get

    M2 1

    d = M 2 1

    dV V

    = d =
    0

    dM dV 1 = 1 V 1 + ( 1) M 2 M 2

    M2

    M1

    M2 1

    dV V

    Substituting
    = d =
    0

    M2

    Relation between V and M has to be found first.


    7

    M1

    dV M 1 V
    2

    M2

    dM 1 M1 1 + ( 1) M 2 M 2

    M2 1

    PRANDTL-MEYER FUNCTION
    Re-arranging
    =
    M2 M1

    CALCULATION PROCEDURES
    Obtain the flow properties downstream of a convex corner for given flow properties upstream and the deflection angle .

    M2 1 1+ 1 ( 1) M 2 2
    M2 1 1+ 1 ( 1) M 2 2

    dM M
    M1

    M2

    dM M

    M2 1 1+ 1 ( 1) M 2 2

    dM M

    = (M 2 ) (M 1 )

    (M) is called the Prandtl-Meyer function. It is tabulated in Table C. Given M1, M2 can be found by knowing (M 2 ) = (M 1 ) +
    9

    For a given M1, obtain (M1) from Table C Calculate (M2) from (M 2 ) = (M 1 ) + . Obtain M2 from (M2) using Table C Use Table A to find po/p, To/T at M2 and M1 respectively. Since the expansion is isentropic, po,2= po,1, To,2=To,1, T2/T1 and p2/p1 can then be found.
    10

    QUESTION
    A supersonic flow with M1=1.5, p1=1atm, and T1=288K is expanded around a sharp corner through a deflection angle of 15o,. Calculate
    M2 Answer: 2.0 p2 Answer: 0.469atm Answer: 232K T2 p02 Answer: 3.671atm Answer: 417.6K T0,2 The angle that forward and rearward Mach lines make with respect to the upstream flow direction. Answer: 41.81o, 15o

    SOLUTIONS
    From Table C, for M1=1.5, (1)=11.91o. Hence (2)= (1)+=11.91+15=26.91o From Table C, M2=2.0 (rounding to the nearest entry in table) From Table A,
    For M1=1.5,

    p0 ,1 p1

    = 3.671,

    T0 ,1 T1

    = 1.45

    For M2=2.0,

    p0 , 2 p2

    = 7.824,

    T0 , 2 T2

    = 1.8

    11

    14

    SOLUTIONS
    Since the flow is isentropic, po,2= po,1, To,2=To,1, Thus
    p0 , 2 = p0 ,1 = T0 , 2 = T0,1 = p0 ,1 p1 T0 ,1 T1 p1 = 3.671 1 = 3.671atm

    SUPERSONIC AEROFOILS
    Consider a flat plate of length c at an angle of attack of in a supersonic flow.

    p2 p3

    T1 = 1.45 288 = 417.6 K


    M1>1 p1

    p p p 1 p2 = 2 0 , 2 0 ,1 p1 = 1 3.671 1 = 0.469atm p0, 2 p0 ,1 p1 7.824 T2 = T2 T0 , 2 T0 ,1 1 T1 = 1 1.45 288 = 232 K T0 , 2 T0 ,1 T1 1.8

    From Table C
    Angle of forward Mach line = 1=41.8o Angle of rearward Mach line = 2 = 30 15 = 15o
    15

    Sketch the pattern of the shock wave and expansion waves on the plate. How is the level of static pressure acting on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate compared to p1? Does the plate experience a lift and a drag?
    16

    SUPERSONIC AEROFOILS
    Consider a flat plate of length c at an angle of attack of in supersonic flow.
    D L M1>1 p1 R
    p2 < p
    1

    SUPERSONIC AEROFOILS
    In supersonic inviscid flow over a 2D body, the drag is always finite. The drag is produced by the presence of shock waves and is called the wave drag.
    D L R p2 p3

    R = ( p3 p2 )c

    p3 >

    p1

    M1>1 p1

    L = c ( p3 p2 ) cos

    D = c ( p3 p2 ) sin

    Sketch the pattern of the shock wave and expansion waves on the plate. How is the level of static pressure acting on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate compared to p1? Does the plate experience a lift and a drag?
    17

    18

    HOMEWORK
    Consider a wedge with a =15o half angle in a Mach 5 flow. Assume the pressure at the base is equal to the freestream static pressure.
    Sketch the wave pattern on the wedge Derive the relation between the drag coefficient and the pressure acting on each side of the wedge. Calculate the drag coefficient. (CD=0.114)
    l M1=5

    SOLUTION
    From the sketch, the drag force
    D = 2 p2l sin 2 p1l sin = 2l sin [ p2 p1 ]
    l= c cos

    D = 2c tan [ p2 p1 ]
    D

    The drag coefficient C D = 0.5c1V12 Since 0.5 1V12 = 0.5 1M 12 a12 = = 0.5 1M 12RT1 M1=5
    = 0.5p1M
    2 1

    p2
    p1

    c
    19

    CD =

    D 4 tan = 2 0.5c1V1 M 12

    p2 p1 p 1

    p2

    20

    SOLUTION
    From the --M chart, for M1=5 and =15o, =24.2o, the normal Mach number ahead of the shock is M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 5 sin 24.2o = 2.05 From the normal shock table, for Mn,1=2.05, we have
    p2 = 4.736 p1

    REFERENCES
    In Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by Andersons, 2nd edition.
    9.6 9.7

    Hence
    4 tan CD = M 12 p2 p1 p 1
    p2
    p1

    4 tan 15o (4.736 1) = 1.4 52 = 0.114

    M1=5

    p2
    21 22

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