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Sean Casey
D.B. Mitchell
Mark Johnson
Tyler Hauger

Chemistry 124
Prof. Paul Jackson
January, 2006

Laboratory Countertops Analysis

Introduction

Worktops are a critical element of laboratory furniture and the most vulnerable to
damage. Therefore, the material used for worktops can have an adverse influence on the
outcome of experiments and other work in progress. Also, for environments where there are
large numbers of users or a high demand for hygiene, the choice of materials becomes even more
important. Laboratories used frequently by different individuals or groups need to be strong and
resistant to wear. They must look their best at all times, because visible signs of wear can
sometimes lead to an excessively casual approach by subsequent users. Because of these
reasons, durability, maintainability and reliability, together with aesthetics, are key factors to be
considered in selecting laboratory worktop surface material.
We investigated several different countertops to find the best physical surface with the
highest environmental standards. Countertops for laboratory use include: hardwood, stainless
steel, phenolic resin, and Trespa Toplab Plus. Our research focused on laboratory countertops
manufactured in the Midwest with a maximum transportation radius of 500 miles. Our group
spoke with representative from manufacturers of different laboratory countertops in order to find
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a product with the smallest ecological impact from the raw materials and the production process
to the application and recycling.


I. Hardwood Maple or Oak

photo courtesy http://www.kewaunee.com

Historically, hardwood has been a common building substance that is used in a number of
different settings. In many tables and countertops, oak and maple are often used with
penetrating oil or natural varnish finishes. In our product research, we learned that hardwood,
either oak or maple, is also used as a substance for laboratory countertops. While speaking with
a representative from the Kewaunee Scientific Corporation, we were told that hardwood
laboratory countertops were effective in settings where mechanical or physical work levels were
high, yet were a poor candidate for situations involving chemicals. Although the product had a
fair chemical resistance, the representative did not recommend it for use in chemical laboratories,
such as those in chemistry experiments. We choose to focus out attention to other materials that
could be used universally in the facility.


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II. Stainless Steel

photo courtesy http://www.kewaunee.com

Stainless Steel provides many unique values that make it a powerful candidate in the
material selection process. Stainless steel is low carbon steel, which contains chromium at 10%
or more by weight. This addition of chromium gives the steel its unique stainless, corrosion
resisting properties. Stainless steel also has special high chromium and nickel-alloyed grades
and has the ability to retain its strength at high temperatures. After contacting several steel
manufacturers, we decided that steel is the most expensive laboratory countertop and because of
its conductive properties, it is not ideal for use in a science laboratory. Steel countertops have
many beneficial properties that have proven to work well in medical facilities. St. Olaf may
want to look into steel countertops within its medical facilities because it is a sanitary surface
that holds large amounts of weight.




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III. Phenolic Resin

photo courtesy http://www.kewaunee.com

One product that we seemed to have success in finding information is Phenolic Resin.
Phenolic Resin is constructed of thermoset resins (materials that tend to be rigid, infusible, and
insoluble, and cannot be remelted and reformed) and layers of kraft paper. The thermoset resins
and the kraft paper are formed into a monolithic slab under high heat and pressure, and then
surfaced with melamine, a strong organic base with chemical formula C3H6N6, with the IUPAC
name 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine. The melamine is primarily used to produce melamine resin,
which when combined with formaldehyde produces a very durable thermoset plastic.
Phenolic resin incorporates incredible flatness and is light weight to provide an easy to
use product. It also has a resistance to many chemicals, moisture and thermal shock and has an
easy to clean surface. Phenolic resins lighter weight is popular with installers and makes
phenolic resin a viable choice for use as shelving material in adjustable shelving applications.

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A key characteristic of phenolic resin is the ability to withstand high temperature. Along
with this, the product can hold a large mechanical loaf with minimal deformation. Phenolic
resins are specified for demanding applications, such as refractory, friction and foundry products,
to meet the challenges of these high temperature environments. This provides the product
rigidity necessary to maintain structural integrity. Also, even under extreme high temperatures,
dimensional stability can remain. An important parameter in evaluating temperature stability is
the glass transition temperature (T
g
). As the temperature is raised, crystalline solids like ice or
polyethylene melt and become liquids. Amorphous solids like glass and cured phenolic resin
pass through a temperature range where the molecules rapidly gain in mobility. This molecular
mobility results in flow or creep, and in rapid dimensional change. Phenolic resin remains cross
linked, and so retains some stiffness even above the T
g
. Ideally, the end used temperature should
not exceed the T
g
value. The initial glass transition temperature of phenolic resin is
approximately the same as the cure temperature. Unlike most polymers, the T
g
of phenolic resin
can be further elevated to levels in excess of 260 C by a correctly designed post bake protocol.
Phenolic resin is compatible with many organic and inorganic fillers and reinforcements,
which makes it an ideal candidate for many different end uses. It quickly penetrates the structure
of these substrates. The final properties are attained after a brief thermal exposure to complete
the cross-linking process. This process provides the means to engineer the desired mechanical,
thermal, and chemically resistant properties. For this reason, phenolic resin is often used in other
environments than just laboratory countertops. It is used in pultrusion and filament winding
technology for demanding applications, such as oil platforms, missile components and heat
shields. Other examples include abrasive wheels, friction products, wood composites, and
molding compounds.
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Within a laboratory environment, phenolic resin could be used to accommodate the harsh
exposure of severe chemical environments. The inherent nature of phenolic resin provides an
impervious shield to protect a variety of substrates from the corrosive effects of chemicals. Tests
that have been conducted confirmed minimal degradation from many chemicals after prolonged
exposure, even at elevated temperatures. Typical exposures include gasoline, alcohol, oil, glycol,
brake fluid, various hydrocarbons, and also weak acids and bases.
In the event of an ignition spark or source, phenolic resin can be designed to meet the
requirements of specified flammability ratings. These can be altered by the use of inorganic
fillers and reinforcements, depending on the various situations it will be exposed to. If there is a
fire, phenolic resin typically generates hydrogen, hydrocarbons, water vapor, and carbon dioxide
when exposed to temperatures above its decomposition. In a fire situation, phenolic resin
produces a relatively low amount of smoke at a relatively low level of toxicity.
During normal oxidative conditions at temperatures above the decomposition point,
phenolic resin has a high char yield. In many ways, it behaves similar to ceramic and may
actually contribute to structural integrity when exposed to fire situations. This characteristic of
phenolic resin is being utilized in structural composite gratings and pipes for offshore oil rigs
where fire is a constant threat, and has been useful in designing vitreous carbon articles such as
special analytical electrodes, crucibles for melting rare earth metals, rocket nozzles, extremely
high temperature bearings and seals, and heat shields for missiles.
When looking at the green qualities on the product, we noted that production and
manufacturing took place in Batavia, Illinois, within the 500 mile parameter. No hazardous or
carcinogenic substances were present over reportable limits. When lit on fire during disposal,
the product generated carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde and a variety of aromatic
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hydrocarbons and partial oxidation products. Yet, this was the extent of the information that
could be found. Even while speaking to representatives of numerous companies, we were only
able to find a Material Safety Data sheet for the product, which can be found in the appendix.

IV. Trespa Toplab PLUS

photo courtesy http://www.trespa.com

Durability, reliability, maintainability, and aesthetics (the qualities of an ideal laboratory
worktop mentioned in our introduction) are all optimized with the well-machined Trespa Toplab
PLUS worktops. These worktops are self-supporting flat panel worktops with a phenolic resin
core reinforced with cellulose fiber. They are processed similarly to hardwood worktops, and
thus can be readily machined and adapted to the specific needs of any laboratory in a similar
fashion. Sinks (stainless steel, epoxy, or polypropylene), drip cups, drainage holes, grooves, and
other additional features can easily be incorporated into the worktop surface. Also, the edges
and joints of the worktop are completely water-proof and chemically resistant, having no need
for further finishing.
Many of these properties persist following installation. The Toplab Plus worktops can
easily be adapted to subsequent changes in the arrangement or needs of the laboratory. It can be
re-cut and retro-fitted with new sinks, drip cups, drainage holes, or other equipment, and will still
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retain all of its properties of chemical and heat resistance. The adaptability, maintainability, and
aesthetics of the Toplab Plus worktops allow a unique and unparalleled degree of dependability
and design.
The properties which make Trespa Toplab Plus laboratory worktops so reliable and
adaptable also give them a high modulus of elasticity and high levels of both tensile and flexural
strength. They are also highly resistant to impact, scratching, general wear, and heat (although
some optical properties of the material, such as gloss or color, may change slightly if subjected to
a dry heat at beyond 355 F for extended periods of time. The level of scratching resistance in
particular is equal to or above 4 Newtons.
The decorative surface of Trespa Toplab Plus worktops are especially designed for
laboratory worktops with high demands and requirements and provide 24 hour chemical
resistance to even the most concentrated of acids and dyes. For example, this attractive surface
is entirely impervious to all possible materials used in laboratory environments, including radio-
isotopes, human tissue and blood samples, and bacteria, molds, or microorganisms. It is also
resistant to water, dyes, and organic solvents, and is especially easy to clean and disinfect.
This high level of resistance was demonstrated in a chemical resistance test, which was
conducted by applying five drops of each reagent to the surface of the laboratory worktop. In
this test, acids (such as Hydrochloric acid, Phosphoric acid, Acetic acid, Chromic acid, and
others), bases (such as Ammonium Hydroxide), salts (such as Silver Nitrate, Ferric Chloride,
Copper Sulphate, Sodium Chloride, and others), organic chemicals (such as Formaldehyde),
solvents (such as Acetone, Dichloromethane, Ethylacetate, Ethylalcohol, Methylalcohol,
Trichloroethylene, Xylene, and others) and biological stains (such as Basic fuchsin, Carbol
fuchsin, Gentian violet, Methylene blue, Wright stain, and most conventional cleaning agents) all
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produced no effect upon the Trespa Toplab Plus laboratory worktops, meaning that there was no
detectable stain, loss of gloss, or change in work surface material.
When 98% Sulphuric acid and the organic chemical Furfural were applied to the surface, a
rating of No Effect was not obtained, but the Toplab Plus worktops still achieved an
Excellent rating, meaning that these substances produced a slight stain or loss of gloss, but that
no change to the smoothness, function, or life of the work surface material was detected. 65%
Nitric acid also produced an effect upon the Toplab Plus worktops, but the effect was still very
minimal. The worktops were given a rating of Good with respect to this substance, meaning
that there was a clearly discernible stain or loss of gloss, but still that there was no change to the
smoothness, function, or life of the work surface material.
With the exception of these three chemicals, all other reagents applied to the surface of the
worktops in the chemical resistance test had no effect upon the Trespa Toplab Plus laboratory
worktops: clear evidence of their durability and reliability. Detailed results for these and for
additional reagents not mentioned are included in the complete Trespa Toplab Plus chemical
resistance test information data tables, which are attached.
Perhaps even more incredible and appealing than the durability, reliability, maintainability,
and aesthetics of the Toplab Plus laboratory worktops from Trespa are the Green sensibilities
found within the values of the company itself. Trespa utilizes the resources of the world in order
to manufacture their quality products, but they are also aware that these resources are largely
finite, and have accordingly made it their mission to act as responsible guardians of the
environment, and to respect people, property, and future generations. They strive to not only
make certain that their production processes are in accordance with all relevant standards and
legislation, but to exceed these requirements wherever and whenever possible.
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Integral Chain Management is the policy by which Trespa operates, which means that
they extensively research, draw conclusions, and take measures appropriate to the placing of as
little pressure as possible upon the environment throughout the entire life-cycle of their products.
In this policy they not only consider the product itself, but also any and all product-related
matters such as maintenance, transport, and demolition. Trespas Green sensibility is
especially evident in the fact that Trespa was one of the first major manufacturers of products
utilized in construction to map in its entirety the totality of its products effects through a life-
cycle analysis.
Trespa looks ahead and designs for the future by producing optimally-sized panels and by
implementing their sawing optimization program, both of which produce less overall waste. In
addition, their choice of panel thickness means that fewer sub-frames are required, and their
choice of cavity depth means that no extra insulation is required.
The ecologically sound manufacturing of Trespas products begins with another choice, the
initial choice of raw materials. For example, Trespa uses inert binding agents in their products,
which are obtained mainly from residual substances. Also, no heavy metals are used in the dyes
which are applied to their products during the manufacturing process.
This process itself has also been optimized by Trespa. They have taken elaborate measures
to improve the overall production process, with the result being that they are able to recycle
many of the residual substances created from both semi-finished and end products. Some of
these residual substances are also thermo-recycled, which provides a significant amount of
energy recovery for the company and which produces no toxic or corrosive gases. In fact, all
emissions and discharges created by the process of manufacturing the materials of the Toplab
Plus laboratory worktops are well within statutory limits.
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Trespas Green sensibility and commitment to the environment is also evident beyond the
manufacturing of the product, and persists long after the Toplab Plus worktops have been
delivered. Upon installation, customers can expect to enjoy the comparatively longer life of the
worktops, due to their being remarkably resistant to impact, scratching, and general wear. They
are also very easy to clean, and even easy to fix, should any adjustment or modification need to
be made. And should replacement be necessary, Trespa Toplab Plus laboratory worktops are
simple to dismantle when renovating or demolishing, and can be recovered or even entirely
recycled by Trespa.
That is how far Trespas Green sensibilities and commitment to the environment extend,
from the very beginning of their products life to its very end, and beyond. For additional
information, Trespas complete stated environmental policy is attached.

Conclusion Recommendation

While countertops such as phenolic resin, stainless steel, and hardwood have beneficial
attributes and physical properties, we did not find them to be the best choice for the new science
facility. Steel has excellent chemical resistance but is conductive to electricity and can be very
costly. We rejected the idea of having steel laboratory tops because it would be a drain on our
natural resources and not the most cost efficient material. The purpose of this project was to
determine the greenest materials for laboratory countertops, and ultimately the obvious choice
was Trespas Toplab PLUS. The production uses the highest percent of raw materials in their
product, located at the nearest location, and having the greatest physical properties for our
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science facility. The product also has a continuous commitment to a green process and focuses
itself as one of its selling points.
Trespa is a leader in the provision of surface solutions, whilst minimizing the effects of
its products on the environment and on human health. Trespa is composed of mostly raw
materials and certified residual wood and is the least harmful on our natural resources. Steel and
other hardwoods use more renewable resources as well as time and energy to process and
manufacture while Trespa can be locally manufactured and distributed making it the most
efficient product. While taking all costs, health considerations, and transportation costs into our
analysis, Trespa was the most efficient and ideal product for the St. Olaf Science facility.

Sources and Contacts

Interiors for Business
Batavia, Illinois.
Phone: 630-761-1070
Fax: 630-761-1065
http://www.interiorsforbusiness.com/
Direct link to the Kemresin Lite:
http://www.interiorsforbusiness.com/catalog/item.php?id=444&cat=EducLaboCase#

Tegan Marketing Trespa Toplab PLUS
410 Ferndale Road North
Minneapolis, MN 55447
phone: 763-475-1340
toll-free: 800-510-5836
http://www.teganmarketing.com/


Environ Biocomposites
Donna Robbins
221 Mohr Drive
Mankato, MN 56001
Phone: 507-388-3434
Toll Free: 800-324-8187
Fax: 507-388-3159
www.environbiocompites.com


Haldeman-Homme, Inc.
Ronald P. Johnson
430 Industrial Blvd.
Minneapolis, MN 55314
Phone: 612-362-2114
Cell: 612-812-8075
Fax: 612-378-2236
Email: Rjohnson@Haldemanhomme.com
http://www.haldemanhomme.com



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Appendices

A. Kewaunee Scientific Corporation Environmental Statement

B. Trespa Corporation Environmental Policies

C. Phenolic Resin Material Safety Data Sheet

D. Phenolic Resin Laminate Technical Bulletin

E. Phenolic Resin Work surface Price sheet Interiors for Business

F. Trespa Chemical Resistance Brochure

G. Trespa Material Safety Data Sheet













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A. Kewaunee Scientific Corporation Environmental Statement

Environmental Statement

Kewaunee Scientific Corporation recognizes that our environment is the responsibility of not
only the individual, but the corporate community as well. The success of our customers, our
employees, and our company depends on the ability of us all to sustain the resources that
underlie the products and services we offer and use.
1. To provide laboratory furniture, fume hoods, and accessories that minimize energy
consumption and adverse environmental impact by designing, engineering, and
manufacturing products
o that use renewable and recyclable resources,
o that use less energy and resources to install and operate, and,
o that match the building life cycle, withstanding the rigors of decades of use,
relocation and reuse.

2. To manufacture these products in an environmentally responsible manner.




taken from: http://www.kewaunee.com/environment.asp



















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B. Trespa Corporation Environmental Policies

MANUFACTURERS STATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

Quality, Environment, Safety and Health Policy:

Trespa International defines its core activities as the production, sale and marketing of high quality
decorative panels to provide innovative solutions to customers all over the world. A global market leader in High
Pressure Laminate (HPL)-compact, Trespa employs two proprietary technologies and produces four distinct product
lines or brands: Meteon, Athlon, Toplab and Virtuon.

As a commercial company, we set out to be successful in all of our activities and by doing so, rewarding
all stakeholders: customers, employees, shareholders and suppliers. We do, however, want to do this whilst striving
to maintain all aspects of fair play and respect for others, their property and the environment.

This policy encompasses three key areas:

Quality:
We set out to comply with but not limit ourselves by - all relevant industrial standards for quality
including ISO 9001, with due observance of the highest possible standards as part of a continuous improvement
programme. We want to be regarded as a leading supplier by all the industries we serve.

Environment:
We are aware that all of the worlds resources are finite and we want to act as responsible guardians of
the environment, with due respect to people, property and future generations. As good citizens, we want to live in
accordance with the standards as set out in ISO 14001 as well as all relevant legislation exceeding requirements
where possible and implementing the best practices throughout our organization. In addition, we place a strong
focus on continuous improvement and the prevention of negative environmental impact.

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Safety and Health:
It is our objective to ensure that every employee, customer or supplier who is present at any one of our
locations, deals with our products or works in any other way on our behalf should be safe. First and foremost we
place a personal responsibility with each individual to secure his/her own safety. Secondly, every one of us carries
the responsibility for overall safety and will be encouraged to bring to managements attention any unsafe
practices or situations, which need to be resolved without delay. We are living in accordance with safety & health
standard OHSAS 18001 and our working practices are subject to continuous improvement. In addition, we strictly
adhere to agreed safety standards, in legislation, best practices and common sense, to ensure that people are
safeguarded. Where there is a choice, safety will be put before any other considerations.

To ensure overall well-being, we set out to create an innovative and stimulating working climate.
Employees are encouraged to take advantage of and be open to new learning experiences as they present themselves
and, where possible, we will assist with the provision of such experiences.

To continuously improve our performance we have defined, in our Management Information System,
Critical Success Factors (CSF) as our significant risks and Key Performance Indicators as targets to monitor these
risks in relation to our Business Plan.

Additional Environmental Statement about Trespa Products:

Trespa products and the finished goods manufactured using Trespa panels can be evaluated for United
States Green Building Council (USGBC) credits under the USGBC LEED Rating System, Version 2.0. The
following sections would apply to Trespa panels and finished goods manufactured using Trespa panels: Material &
Resources, credits 3.1, 3.2, 4.1 or 4.2, 5.1 and 6.0 and Indoor Environmental Quality, credit 4.4.

The following facts represent Trespas material properties in respect to environmental topics such as
material composition, recycled content, air quality and Trespas commitment to environmental protection.

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Raw Material Composition:
Kraft Paper 70% of product
- U.S. point of origination
- Acquired by harvesting
- Does not contain post-consumer or post-industrial waste
Phenolic Resin
- 15% of product
- Local source or origin
- Acquired via the chemical manufacturing industry
- Does not contain post-consumer or post-industrial waste
Polycarbonate Resin
- 15% of product
- Local source of origin
- Acquired via the chemical manufacturing industry
- It is post-industrial waste

Recycled Content:
Total % of recycled material in the product is 15%
Total % of post consumer waste is 0%
Total % of post-industrial waste is 15%
Approximately 70% of materials used to manufacture Trespa products are derived from renewable
resources.
In-plant waste at the Trespa factory is reused and converted to product or energy.
Packaging materials are manufactured using renewable materials.
Energy conservation measures at the factory include, but are not limited to, energy generation
through burning scrap material, burning off-cuts and after-burning at drying ovens. This represents
21% of the factories energy usage and is derived from renewable energy sources.
Trespa panels can be easily removed and recycled.
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Trespa products can easily be disassembled or removed from a building and reused in new construction or
renovation of an existing building.
The life expectancy of Trespa products is 41 - 60 years.

Air Quality:
Trespa products contain phenol-formaldehyde resins. In accordance with ASTM D5116-90, emissions are
less than the permissible exposure limit and building occupancy criteria.
Trespa products do not contain any of the 17 chemicals targeted by the EPA for reduction.
Production processes are free from emissions of the oxide compounds of carbon, sulfur or nitrogen and
ozone depleting products such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs.

Commitment to environmental protection:
All wet products that are used for the assembly or installation of Trespa products are available in low
VOC or water based products.


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C. Phenolic Resin Material Safety Data Sheet


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D. Phenolic Resin Laminate Technical Bulletin
See electronic copy

E. Phenolic Resin Work surface Price sheet Interiors for Business


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F. Trespa Chemical Resistance Brochure
See electronic copy

G. Trespa Material Safety Data Sheet
See electronic copy