Arbitration Agreement: Crimes Status Family Law

By their nature, the subject matter of some disputes is not capable of arbitration.
In general, two groups of

legal procedures cannot be subjected to arbitration:
Procedures which necessarily lead to a determination which the parties to the dispute may not enter
into an agreement upon:
[8]

[9]
Some court procedures lead to judgments which bind all members of
the general public, or public authorities in their capacity as such, or third parties, or which are being
conducted in the public interest. For example, until the 1980s, antitrust matters were not arbitrable in
the United States.
[10]
Matters relating to crimes, status and family law are generally not considered to
be arbitrable, as the power of the parties to enter into an agreement upon these matters is at least
restricted. However, most other disputes that involve private rights between two parties can be
resolved using arbitration. In some disputes, parts of claims may be arbitrable and other parts not.
For example, in a dispute over patent infringement, a determination of whether a patent has been
infringed could be adjudicated upon by an arbitration tribunal, but the validity of a patent could not: As
patents are subject to a system of public registration, an arbitral panel would have no power to order
the relevant body to rectify any patent registration based upon its determination.
Some legal orders exclude or restrict the possibility of arbitration for reasons of the protection of
weaker members of the public, e.g. consumers. Examples: German law excludes disputes over the
rental of living space from any form of arbitration,
[11]
while arbitration agreements with consumers are
only considered valid if they are signed by either party,
[12]
and if the signed document does not bear
any other content than the arbitration agreement.
[13]

Arbitration agreement[edit]
See also: Arbitration clause
Arbitration agreements are generally divided into two types:
Agreements which provide that, if a dispute should arise, it will be resolved by arbitration. These will
generally be normal contracts, but they contain an arbitration clause
Agreements which are signed after a dispute has arisen, agreeing that the dispute should be
resolved by arbitration (sometimes called a "submission agreement")
The former is the far more prevalent type of arbitration agreement. Sometimes, legal significance
attaches to the type of arbitration agreement. For example, in certainCommonwealth countries, it is
possible to provide that each party should bear their own costs in a conventional arbitration clause, but
not in a submission agreement.
In keeping with the informality of the arbitration process, the law is generally keen to uphold the validity of
arbitration clauses even when they lack the normal formal language associated with legal contracts.
Clauses which have been upheld include:
"arbitration in London - English law to apply"
[14]

"suitable arbitration clause"
[15]

"arbitration, if any, by ICC Rules in London"
[16]

The courts have also upheld clauses which specify resolution of disputes other than in accordance with a
specific legal system. These include provision indicating:
That the arbitrators "must not necessarily judge according to the strict law but as a general rule ought
chiefly to consider the principles of practical business"
[17]

"internationally accepted principles of law governing contractual relations"
[18]

Agreements to refer disputes to arbitration generally have a special status in the eyes of the law. For
example, in disputes on a contract, a common defence is to plead the contract is void and thus any claim
based upon it fails. It follows that if a party successfully claims that a contract is void, then each clause
contained within the contract, including the arbitration clause, would be void. However, in most countries,
the courts have accepted that:
1. A contract can only be declared void by a court or other tribunal; and
2. If the contract (valid or otherwise) contains an arbitration clause, then the proper forum to
determine whether the contract is void or not, is the arbitration tribunal.
[19]

Arguably, either position is potentially unfair; if a person is made to sign a contract under duress, and the
contract contains an arbitration clause highly favourable to the other party, the dispute may still referred to
that arbitration tribunal.
[citation needed]
Conversely a court may be persuaded that the arbitration agreement
itself is void having been signed under duress. However, most courts will be reluctant to interfere with the
general rule which does allow for commercial expediency; any other solution (where one first had to go to
court to decide whether one had to go to arbitration) would be self-defeating.

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By their nature, the subject matter of some disputes is not capable of arbitration.

In general, two groups of

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