Reported Speech

1. For each numbered verb in brackets choose a suitable tense, whether for reported speech (dependent
upon the verbs in italics) or for direct speech (within quotation marks).
A. A spokesman for the environmental group Greenpeace said that fishing with drift-nets (1 kill) not only fish but also
seals, dolphins and sea birds, which ( not can) see the plastic-fibre filaments and so (! swim) into them, (" become)
entangled, and (# drown). $e pointed out that this type of net (% can) be up to ## km. long and 1#m. deep, and added that
a global ban on its use (& be) proposed and discussed at the 'nited (ations the following week. A fishermen)s
representative replied that his organisation (* oppose) any attempt to prohibit drift-net fishing until scientific research (+
produce) evidence to show that it (1, be) definitely harmful. )- suppose,) commented the Greenpeace spokesman, )that
when the research (11 be) finished all the marine mammals and sea birds (1 vanish).)
!. .he /ercian insurgents have announced that they (1! capture) 0evod. the country)s main port, from the government
forces. .heir leader General /ot told 1ournalists that they (1" launch) a new offensive last 2riday and (1# take) the town
early on 3unday morning. .he government, he said, (1% boast) that they (1& never 4give up) 0evod. )5ut,) he continued in
his e6cellent 7nglish, )they (1* have). 3o you (1+ can) see now, if you (, fail) to do so in the past, that they (1 make)
only idle boasts and that their final defeat ( be) certain.) General /ot declared a month ago that the capture of 0evod
(! be) a great propaganda coup for the insurgents, and he was right.
". Report the followin# direct speech. $f %ou can, make onl% one sentence for each number b% usin# links,
includin# adding that.... Suitable substitutes or additions to the verbs alread% #iven (said, asked etc.) in
some of the sentences would be suggested, admitted, pointed out, explained, was sure (all used, like said,
with that), and wondered (used like ask).
1 )Are you doing anything this evening8) - asked 9illie one day. )9ould you like to go to a disco8)
):ou may not believe this,) he replied, )but -)ve never been to a disco in my life, as -)m afraid - 1ust wouldn)t be able to
stand the noise.)
! )-t)s clearly high time you went to one,) - told him. )-)d take you where you)d be surprised at the gentle, civilised
atmosphere.)
" )3ounds idyllic,) said 9illie, )but if - go out this evening who)s to do all this work8 -t)s got to be done by tomorrow
morning.)
# )9ho are you doing it for8) - asked. );an)t it wait8 - had a lot of work myself the other day, but - didn)t let it spoil my
evening, - can tell you.)
% )-f my work spoilt my evenings< retorted 9illie, )- wouldn)t be an architect. - often have to work in the evenings.
3ome of my clients don)t like to be kept waiting, you know.)
& )5ut - bet your clients take time off,) - said. )-f you did the same how do you know you wouldn)t find a new one8 3ome
very moneyed people go where - propose taking you.)
&. 'onvert the followin# dialo#ue into a para#raph of reported speech, containin# 1()1* sentences.
Suitable reportin# verbs, all used with that, include indicated, warned, emphasised, assured, considered,
ventured to suggest.
3he (having 1ust finished playing a piece on the piano)= .hat was a ;hopin >relude. ?ifficult but rewarding.
$e= /arvellous). - can never hope to play like that. 5ut it inspires me to go on learning. ?o you know a good teacher
around here who)d give me lessons8
3he= 9ell, suppose - offered to teach you. 9hat would you say8
$e= @h, if only you wouldA -)d rather you taught me than anyone else.
3he= -)ll teach you only if you attend my lessons regularly and practise hard.
$e= :es, of course. :ou have such a good reputation as a teacher. 5ut - didn)t ask you because - didn)t think you)d have
time.
3he= 0emember, - never teach anyone who)s not prepared to practise hard, no matter who or what they are.
$e= ?on)t worry. -)ll practise as if it were a matter of life and death. And - won)t cut your lessons.
3he= Good. -t)s time we started the first lesson, then. ;ome over to the piano.
(5egin= Expressing her satisfaction, she ...)
$e= 7r - well - er - -)d have liked to start now but -)m afraid - can)t. -)ve got some important business to attend to. Also,
hadn)t we better settle the price first8 -t would be unbusinesslike if we didn)t.
3he= $mmA -f you don)t mind my saying so - think you)re in danger of starting off on the wrong note. 5usiness may come
before pleasure, but with me it doesn)t come before music. :ou)ll have to share that opinion with me if -)m to invite you
to the piano again.
+. Report the followin#, usin# if %ou can onl% one sentence for each number. ,erbs such as insist, inform
and explain can be used both as reportin# verbs and for direct speech as shown. -thers, such as
continue, answer and lie cannot, and %ou will need to find alternative verbs or phrases.
1 -t)s sad but we)ll have to get rid of /olly if she doesn)t mend her ways,) said $arry /cArthur. )After all, we can)t afford to be
too soft-hearted about our typists and secretaries if we)re to have an efficient firm.)
)- must,) he continued, )have told her at least three times about using the office phones. 3he should listen when - tell her
things. 3he must never call America without my permission.)
! )- think she may have done it again< said Georgina. )9hat shall - tell her if she has8)
" ):ou needn)t tell her anything< answered $arry, )because -)ll deal with the matter myself.)
# )- couldn)t ask /r /cArthur about the phone< said /olly, )because he)d gone out to lunch. 3o - thought - could use my own
discretion in the matter.)
% )3he must be very stupid to say things like that< said Georgina. )3hall - tell her she)s got the sack8)
& )(o one must tell her anything< insisted $arry. )@nly that she must come and see me. -t looks very much as if she)ll have
to be told her services are no longer reBuired<
* )According to regulations< he went on, )she must have a minimum of two weeks) notice or salary in lieu. 3he)s Buite
a nice kid, so -)ll be as generous as - can.)
+ )Although -)m afraid you must go,) he informed her, )you needn)t worry too much because -)ll give you a good
reference and three weeks) pay.)
1, );ould - have the reference now8) asked /olly. ).hen - could start looking for another 1ob at once.)
*. Report the followin# direct speech usin# different introductor% verbs.
1)Cet)s send away for this electric kettle advertised in the paper as a special offer,) said my wife.
-t was about three weeks later that - said= )9ill you plug it in while - get the cups8)
!):ou mustn)t,) - said, .ill it with the switch on, whatever you do.)
")3tand back,) - cried, )while - disconnect itA)
#)?on)t ever touch that kettle again< - said. )-t)s live.)
%)?on)t you think,) said my wife, )we should get a lawn-mower the ne6t time there)s a special offer8)
&)-f - were you,) said the girl from ne6t door, who)d 1ust come in, )-)d get the whole house rewired.)
*)- do hope you)ll follow such an e6cellent piece of advice,) said my wife.
+)/ind your own businessA) - snapped, still tense after the affair of the kettle.
1, )?on)t ever speak to me like that again,) she said, )if you want any more meals cooked.)
.mphasis/$nversion
1. Rewrite as man% as possible of the followin# sentences usin# sub0ect)verb inversion based upon the
lead words the% ma% contain or that ma% be added. 1eave an% sentences that %ou do not think can be
rewritten in this wa% as the% are.
1.he starter)s gun went bang and the runners went off at a good pace.
.hey)d scarcely covered the first lap when the leading runner, 0oger 5aines by name, slipped and fell.
!A runner called >lunger was behind him at the time.
"Although he tried hard, 0oger 5aines never made up the distance he had lost.
#At the start of the last lap he was lastD our friend Een was second from last.
%.he time had come for Een to make one of his famous sprints, so there we were, cheering our heads offA
&.he rest of the spectators sat around the track, silent but e6pectant.
*9e had hardly started cheering when Een responded= he shot forward, like a bolt from the blueA
+- well remember >lunger)s look when Een passed him ten metres from the tapeA
1, -)ve rarely seen anyone 1udge his final sprint so well.
11 .he thieves had hardly got round the corner when the engine of their car stalled.
1 .hey 1umped out and ran off up the street.
1! Fust at that moment a couple of police cars drove up.
1" 9indows flew open all along the street and a lot of heads popped out to watch the chase.
1# A church stands at the top of the streetD one of the fugitives darted into it.
1% Cady 5lenkinsop sat at the head of the table. 3ir Fames at the foot.
1& )- haven)t eaten a dinner as good as this since my wedding day< said 3ir Fames to himself.
1* -n replying to the guests) toast, he said= )A man begins truly to appreciate the Bualities of a wife like mine only after
thirty years of marriage.)
1+ )-f - had another chance,) he said, eyeing his wife, )-)d choose the same woman.)
, .he said woman was so overcome with emotion that two large tears rolled down her cheeks.
1 A loud guffaw came from the middle of the table. ).here goes my son,) thought 3ir Fames. )?isorderly and
disrespectful as usual. $e mustn)t be allowed to make a speech on any accountA)
A vision of his son .oby in twenty years) time, idle and useless, presiding over the death of the 5lenkinsop family,
suddenly appeared before 3ir Fames)s eyes.
! ).he social pressures to make one smoke are so strong that few can resist them.
" )-)ve been made tragically aware of this fact many times.)
# - was so amaGed by what -)d heard that - stood there speechless.
% - hadn)t heard such nonsense for a long time.
& -f you ever hear anyone say the same sort of thing, don)t believe them for a moment.
* )- shall never, never trust a man againA) cried $elen.
+ )@ne can have peace in this life only by avoiding them altogether< she said.
!, )A truer word has seldom been spoken< - said. )5ut who wants peace8)
". 2here possible rewrite the followin# usin# the appropriate form of inversion shown in the .3amples.
1eave as the% are an% sentences like those mentioned in the .3planation as unsuitable for inversion.
1 As soon as - come home in the evening - switch on the television.
- watch it all evening and - have it on for breakfast as well.
! As soon as - have time -)m going to get rid of the damned thing.
" As soon as they made the announcement share prices began to rise.
# 3hare prices rose and the dollar recovered as well.
% @f course we)d had no idea we were going to make a fortune.
& 0obert)s father owns half the land in the village and has bought three small hotels as well.
* -mmediately a hotel in the area comes up for sale he buys it.
+ And as soon as he buys it he starts making money out of it.
1, Hena gave him the use of her flat and lent him her car as well.
11 3he)d no idea he was a man on the run from the police.
1 -mmediately you have any news of him get in touch with her.
1! $e may pinch her car and he may ransack her flat into the bargain.
1" 9e never thought he was that sort of fellow.
1# -t was a long way, and it was a rough, winding road as well.
1% -mmediately we got to the hotel we collapsed, dead tired, into our beds.
1& 9e had no idea that there was worse in store for us the ne6t day.
1* Fust after we left it started to come down in buckets.
1+ .here was now e6tensive flooding as well as a bad surface to contend with.
, 9e little suspected when we started our holiday that it would be like thisA
4assive ,oice
1. 'omplete the sentence introduced in italics so that it has the same meanin# as the first sentence.
1 >eople have known 9illie stay up working in his office all night.<Willie ...
.hey say 9illie)s father was a chronic work addict too./Willie's father ...
! 'nfortunately we can)t find his secretary any where./Unfortunately his secretary is ...
! .hey say they saw her last in the 0ed Cion $otel./She ...
" .hey know for certain she was at the meeting./She ...
# .hey found she was a very conscientious worker./She ...
% Cast night they stopped Een on the motorway and made him show his licence./Last night en ...
& -t appears they didn)t detain him.<$e ...
* .hey say that both $elen and 3heila were with him at the time./!oth ...
1, 3ome people think he)s a dangerous driver./"e ...
11 .hey believe he has had his licence endorsed twice./"e ...
1 /any people consider that 9illie)s father was one of the best artists of his generation./Willie's father...
1! -t seems that most of the art critics ignored him./"e ...
1" >eople said that he)d insulted the critics in some way or other./"e ...
1# ;an one trust such people8/#re ... 8
1% .hey presumed the man was waiting for them outside.<$he %an ...
1& .hey couldn)t see him anywhere.<"e was ...
1* .hey should have made him pay the e6tra cost himself./"e ...
1+ @ne isn)t meant to use that kind of paint on walls./$hat ...
, @ne can seldom find real craftsmen nowadays.<&eal crafts%en are ...
". 5ransform the followin# into passives in which the #rammatical sub0ects are formed from the words in
italics. 2here clauses are to become the sub0ect (see b above), onl% that, and not the whole clause, is
italicised.
1 - hadn)t been with my firm for more than four months when they taught %e the elements of marketing and made %e a
sales representative.
.hey recently increased %y salary by thirty per cent. .he trouble is that at the same time they reduced %y e6pense
allowance by nearly half.
! ?enis says his firm has offered hi% a 1ob in 3ingapore, but that he won)t take it because someone else has promised
hi% a much better 1ob in Fapan.
" 3omeone has lent %e a book on computers and - now understand roughly how they work. (o one had ever e6plained
them to %e before.
# Cast year they overta6ed %e and now owe %e Buite a lot of money. - think that until they refund it to %e they should
pay %e interest on it, don)t you8
# .hey should do away with inco%e tax altogether. -f necessary, they could put up value added tax by way of
compensation. 5ut unfortunately you can always rely on this 'overn%ent not to do the right thing.
% 2rom the way people are speaking about this 'overn%ent, one might think that they will not vote it back into power
at the ne6t election. $owever, the proverb )5etter the devil you know than the devil you don)t) will probably decide
the result in the Government)s favour.
& @ver the years people have set up various s%all, friendly shops in this town, but they seldom survive long because the
supermarkets force their prices down and drive the% out of business. >eople have suggested that shop owners should
combine in an advertising campaign, but this would probably lead to the supermarkets beating the% yet again, this
time in a propaganda war.
* $ave people ever stolen your washing when you)ve hung it out to dry8 .hey have %ine. -n fact they)ve been stealing
%ine a bit at a time for the past month.
1, A couple of weeks ago they confiscated (eter's passport. .hey won)t return it to hi% now he)s been arrested.
11 .he latest news is that they)ve charged hi% with conspiracy, refused hi% bail, and 1ailed hi%. .hey may forbid you any
contact with him before the trial.
1 ?uring the war they used to open our letters and censor them. .hey told us, of course, that the censors would never
disclose or discuss our personal affairs.
1! >ublishers were always re1ecting the pieces & wrote, but now - am glad to say they are beginning to accept them. ('se
two au6iliary passives, beginning <....)
1" - thought they refused children admission to horror films, but the other day they allowed %y twelve)year)old niece in
to see that shocker at the >laGa.
1# 5renda >earl)s father left her a considerable sum of money but crafty lawyers took Buite a lot of it off her.
1% .hey)ve endorsed en's driving licence again, -)m afraid. .he ne6t time they catch hi% for speeding they)ll probably
disBualify hi% from driving for a year.
1& /y car broke down yesterday and they had to tow it to a local garage for repair. .hey)ll charge %e for the repair, of
course, but not for the tow, as my membership of the Automobile ;lub covers %e for that.
1* 3omeone once showed %e the way to the railway station, but - have now forgotten it, which is a pity, because people
freBuently ask %e it.
1+ >eople used to drum into %e as a child that those were the best days of my life. (5egin &... and follow with
introductory it.) .hey told %e wrong.
&. 5ranslate into .n#lish usin# 4assive ,oice where necessar%.
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Ad0ectives and Adverbs
1. 2rite out the sentences with the adverbials in suitable positions, of which there ma% be more than one. (Some of the
sentences do not make sense without the adverbials.)
1 *y car Een goes to work on most days.
though 3ometimes he leaves his car behind and goes by bus.
! never $e says he would drive to work if there was a better bus service.
" a<so 3heila usually drives to work.
# only 3he has to drive a few miles.
% +uic,er -n the rush hours she can get there and back by bicycle.
& seriously Are 3ir Fames and Cady 5lenkinsop still considering selling the $all8
* recently (o, they have changed their minds.
+ pro*a*ly Cady 5lenkinsop will 1oin her daughter in the '3A in the spring.
1, then 5lenkinsop $all may be closed.
11 only 5ut it will be closed temporarily.
1 unfortunately Cady 5)s son .oby hasn)t found a 1ob yet.
1! no longer Cuckily she considers he)s a genius.
1" slowly Actually .oby seems to be getting more sensible.
1# easily (o doubt 3ir Fames will win the by-election at ?oncaster in @ctober.
1% always - do not entirely agree with what he says in his speeches.
1& however - Buite agree with what he said in his /anchester speech on 2riday.
1* entirely ?id /arilyn set up her business by herself last year8
1+ eventually (o, she didn)t because her father rather unwillingly lent her some money.
, too Apparently 3heila invested a little money in /arilyn)s business.
1 .he car skidded, missed a lamp-post, and came to a halt, -*adly/finally/'in the *utcher's/.ust/only)
/y car was damaged, -also/*adly/in an accident/the other day/unfortunately)
! -t was not my fault, -definitely/in any way)
" .he other driver 1ammed on his brakes, -in front of %e/right/stupidly/very)
# $e thought the traffic lights had changed, -fro% green to red/.ust/possi*ly)
% 9illie was with me and confirmed everything - said, -at the ti%e/enough/fully/luc,ily)
& $e had returned, -apparently/fro% an architects' conference/in the States/only/the day *efore)
* ?id you know that 9illie can estimate the height of a building8 -accurately/alone/'*y
eye/so%eti%es)
+ - had got home when it started to snow, -hardly/in %y car/last night/suddenly)
1, -t is snowing, -hard/+uite/still/today)
11 -t is lying. -already/at least/twenty centi%etres deep)
1 -f it is snowing - shall stay, -at ho%e/at six o'cloc,/*y the television/co%forta*ly/pro*a*ly/still/the whole evening)
1! .ransport has been affected. -already/seriously/throughout the country)
1" .he trains have been brought to a standstill, -al%ost/even/in fact)
1# .he local authorities are not eBuipped to deal with heavy falls. -ade+uately/clearly/efficiently/such)
1% -t will snow. -as well/li,ely/to%orrow/very)
1& - have liked snow. -fran,ly/%uch/never)
1* ;hildren adore it because they rush out. -evidently/however/i%%ediately/into it)
1+ :ou would rather stay. -at your age/indoors/presu%a*ly/snugly)
, - would prefer to run about, -energetically/enough/%uch/outside/surprisingly)
1 - want to do the things - couldn)t do. -luc,ily/o*viously/only/rarely)
/y age prevents me from doing what - want to do. -exactly/in fact/seldo%)
! - go for long walks. -alone/occasionally/still/through the woods)
" - like to row. -a*out the la,e in the par,/also/gently/in the early autu%n/so%eti%es)
# .he leaves are turning and the grapes are ripe. -fully/.ust/then)
". 2rite out the followin#, choosin# from each pair of words the one %ou think should be used.
- remarked that it was better to approach Een (1) direct/directly and not through his secretary. $is secretary laughed out
() loud/loudly at my remark. - think really she was (!) deep/deeply offended by what -)d said.
@ld /r 7lkins is still going (") strong/strongly although he)s over ninety. $e says he)d like to reach a hundred, but admits
he may be aiming a bit (#) high/ highly. $owever, there)s a (%) wide/widely held belief in the village that he)ll get there.
Georgina was about to say something but stopped (&) short /shortly, and her eyes opened (*) wide/widely with
amaGement. 3omewhere in the house a horse had neighed (+) loud/loudly.
)$e told me to turn (1,) sharp/sharply left 1ust past the station.) )-f he told you that he told you (11) wrong/wrongly. 5ut
you got here in the end even though you were (1) wrong/wrongly directed.)
(1!) /aint //aintly in the distance we heard the noise of thunder. .hen the radio went -01) faint/faintly and we could (1#)
hard/hardly hear the news. 9e shut all the windows (1%) tight/tightly and waited for the storm.
/arilyn)s leaving (1&) short/shortly for the 'nited 3tates on a business trip. As she (1*) right /rightly says, there)s nothing
like personal contact for promoting one)s products. $er suitcase is so (1+) tight/tightly packed with samples there)s not
even room for a toothbrush. 3he refuses to take two suitcases because she wants to travel (,) light/lightly.
Een was driving along at about eighty miles an hour when a stone went (1) clean /cleanly through the windscreen and
hit him in the face. Afterwards he talked () light /lightly of the affair, but he was lucky to escape with his life.
.here)s a lot more to 9illie than one would think= still waters run (!) deep/ deeply, as they say. -)ve been following
his career (") close/closely, and think (#) high/highly of his ability as an architect. 5ut he)s inclined to work too
(%) hard/hardly, and the doctor has recently advised him to go (&) slow/slowly.
9hen - took my driving test, the e6aminer said - had done everything (*) right/rightly e6cept reversing, when - had
turned too (+) sharp/sharply and mounted the pavement. $e (!,) strong/ strongly recommended me to practise in a
smaller car than the one -)d been using.
?enis thinks up the most ludicrous schemes, which all fall (!1) flat /flatly. $elen)s parents are (!) flat /flatly opposed to
any idea of her marrying him. .hey say he was (!!) direct /directly involved in the recent financial scandal at the .own
$all.
.he struggles my parents had in the early years of their marriage brought them (!") closer /%ore closely together. .hings
often went (!#) *ad/*adly for them in those days, but look at them nowA .hings turned out (!%) right /rightly in the end.
'lauses
Result, cause
1. 5ransform the followin# b% usin# the words in italics.
1 so ... that As the lecturer spoke very fast - found it difficult to make any notes.
as $e also spoke with a strong accent, so that - didn)t understand all he said.
! so 3ince he)s a very keen fisherman, /r /cArthur spends a lot of time by the river.
" ,nowing /rs /cArthur knows that fishing is in his blood, and so doesn)t try to stop him.
# *ecause .here was a lot of rain last night and many of the roads are flooded.
% so (adverb) As the weather forecast is for more rain, - think we should postpone our trip.
& so that .wo years ago there was such a bad drought that the wells in our village began to dry up.
* such ... that 3oon there was a great shortage of water and we had to ration it.
+ since .he ne6t plane didn)t leave until the evening, and so they decided to spend the afternoon sightseeing.
1, so ... that $owever, they soon returned to the airport, as there was very little to see.
11 for -)d never talked to a film star before, so felt rather nervous.
1 ,nowing 3he knew how - felt and soon put me at my ease.
1! and so As my car wouldn)t start - had to take a ta6i.
1" realising - realised -)d be late for an appointment and phoned my secretary.
1# having - was getting rather worried, as - had heard nothing from my husband for over a week.
1% *eing Een is a friend of his and was getting worried too.
1& *ecause 9illie had sprained his ankle, so found walking painful.
1* such ... that $owever, being a very reticent sort of fellow he said nothing about it.
1+ so /y father retired early because his health was poor.
, finding $e found himself short of money, and so gave up smoking.
1 such ... that - kept my son home from school this morning as he had a very bad cough.
so ... that pery few of the children are well enough to perform in the school concert and so they)ve cancelled it.
! as -)ll be out Buite late tonight, so -)m going to take a front-door key with me.
"so /y father made such a fuss about my coming in late last night that - told him -)d go and look for
somewhere else to live.
#and therefore /any of the older children have very little leisure during the week because they are given a
considerable amount of homework.
". .3press the followin# usin# too.
1 .he lecturer spoke so fast - couldn)t take any notes.
/y dictionaries are very heavy, so - don)t bring them to class.
! -t)s a difficult sub1ect, and we can)t go into it now.
" $e said that no one was so old that they couldn)t work.
# 3ir Fames is an intelligent politician and wouldn)t have made a remark like that.
% .he coffee Hena served at her party was rather strong. - can)t say - liked it.
& .he swimming-pool was so shallow you couldn)t dive into it.
* .hose are very valuable antiBue chairs and no one should sit on them.
+ ?o you mean they)re so valuable they can)t be used8
1, -f raGors are blunt and you can)t shave with them, they have to be thrown away.
11 As an architect, 9illie)s such a perfectionist he couldn)t possibly be responsible for the error on the plan.
1 -t)s a very important matter, so don)t leave it to anyone but him.
1! .he lighting in the room was so dim you couldn)t read by it.
1" .he woman was sitting rather a long way away and we couldn)t see who it was. ('se far away.)
1# 3he looked Buite plump, so could hardly have been Hena.
1% .here)s a lot of difference in our ages, so -)m wondering whether our marriage will be a success. (5egin 2'%
wondering)
1& -t)s a good opportunityD /arilyn shouldn)t miss it.
1* 3he)s a smart businesswoman, and wouldn)t miss a chance like that.
1+ Een)s a terrible >hilistine and doesn)t like classical music.
, $elen)s very outspoken, and most people don)t like that.
&. .3press the followin# usin# enough.
1 $e was Buite old and could have been her father.
3he was very stupid and went and married him.
! $e wasn)t much of a manD he didn)t speak up in his own defence.
" $e didn)t have much sense and didn)t even realise what his rights were.
# 3he was honest, and did not try to deny all responsibility for the accident.
% 3he was also lucky, and had the services of a very good lawyer.
1 ?on)t you think she sang very well8 ;ouldn)t she have become a professional8
$er husband was undoubtedly a good guitarist and could have become a professional.
! - was such an idiot that - threw away an opportunity of going to university.
" - had no patience and would not even consider staying at school for the e6tra study reBuired. -ll haven)t much
time so
won)t be able to make a hotel reservation before - leave.
19ould you be so kind as to book a room for me8
1!.here are not many e6perienced political figures left, so the >resident will not be able to form an effective
government.
1"Een has a lot of athletic talent and could be very good indeed if he was well trained.
1#/arilyn didn)t have much money of her own, so couldn)t start a business by herself.
1%3heila did Buite well in the oral, and so made up for rather a poor paper in the written e6amination.
1&.he country has considerable natural resources, so could be practically self-sufficient in the event of war.
1*.here)s not much of the green paint leftD we won)t be able to finish the wall with it.
1+/y place of work isn)t very far from my home, and so - don)t Bualify for a travel allowance.
,.hese people are so fanatical in their cause that they would stop at nothing to gain their ends.
+. .3press the followin# usin# enough. 6ou will have to find a contrastin# adverb or ad0ective for most of them.
1.he lecturer spoke so fast - couldn)t take any notes.
.he swimming-pool was so shallow you couldn)t dive into it.
!-f raGors are blunt and you can)t shave with them, they have to be thrown away.
".he lighting in the room was so dim you couldn)t read by it.
#.he woman was sitting rather a long way away and we couldn)t see who it was.
%3he looked Buite plump, so could hardly have been Hena.
&Although it)s an hour after sunset, it)s still too hot for comfort, isn)t it8
*.he coffee was 1ust a little too strong for my liking.
+3ome people are foolish and don)t realise it is to their own advantage that others should not starve. (.wo possibilitiesA)
1, $owever, there are very few who are so mean that they won)t give at least a little of their money to charity. (.wo
possibilitiesA)
7odal ,erbs
Abilit%, 4ermission, 4ossibilit%
Replace the words in italics with a construction usin# a modal verb. For impersonal constructions, use one or you.
1- remember that if was possi*le for our parents to be very strict with us at times, but that on the whole they were a*le to
control us through kindness and laughter.
9e certainly weren't allowed to do e6actly what we wanted like Georgina)s children. #re your children allowed to do
e6actly what they want8
!2t's possi*le that mankind will have no future if it)s una*le to mend its ways.
"2t's possi*le that what they said wasn't true, but it wasn't possi*le for us to ignore it.
#Would you allow %e to use your phone for a moment8 2t's possi*le that - left my keys at home, and -)d like to ring and
ask my wife about them.
%2t would *e +uite i%possi*le for %e to pay back what - owe you by 3aturday. Wouldn't it *e possi*le for you to let me
have a little more time8
&?id you hear that noise8 - think it's possi*le that the clock has fallen off the wall in the room ne6t door. Would it *e
possi*le for you to go and see8
*2'% una*le to go myself because -)m una*le to leave the baby.
+/ary and $arry /cArthur have at last *een a*le to do what they have always wanted to do= visit Australia.
'nfortunately it wasn't possi*le for ;hristine to go with them.
1, -)m usually una*le to get a seat on the bus in the morning and have to stand, but - was a*le to get one this
morning.
11 9hen my grandfather was a young man it was possi*le to park your car almost anywhere you liked without difficulty.
5ut it)s i%possi*le to do that now.
1 -t)s possi*le to spend hours looking for a parking place. .he other day, when - was a*le to find one after only
twenty minutes, - was amaGed.
1! )'nder no circumstances,) shouted $elen)s father, 'will 2 allow my daughter to marry ?enis ;hambersA <)<< not let
hi% go around calling himself her fiancq any longerA)
1" '2t's i%possi*le to adopt that sort of attitude< said $elen)s mother. ):ou should know you)re una*le to stop ?enis
calling himself whatever he wants.)
1# ) Would you allow %e to make one small suggestion8) she went on.
) Wouldn't it at least *e possi*le for us to show some regard for $elen)s feelings by asking him to supper8)
4ast activit%, habit, refusal, etc.
Replace the words in italics with a construction usin# a modal verb.
1As a child, 9illie was in the ha*it of spending a lot of time reading his father)s books, and didn't usually play much
with other boys.
$e learnt to avoid their company because they persistently teased him about his bookish habits.
!9hen people asked him what he was going to be he always s%iled and said nothing.
"$here was a ti%e when he was very shy and never went to parties, but now he nor%ally accepts most of the invitations
that come his way.
#-n fact he often tells people that he ,ept himself to himself in the past so as to be able to get on with his studies.
%#lthough he kept Buiet on the sub1ect, he always knew what he wanted to be.
&#t one ti%e ?enis and $elen)s father weren)t on speaking terms, but now they)re as thick as thieves.
*:es, it's .ust li,e ?enis to know how to get round the bossA
+#lthough he is the boss)s future son-in-law, -)m damned if -)m going to run about for himA
1, 5oth of you are always criticising ?enis in this rather nasty way. 9hy8
11 ;harles, why do you insist on interrupting while -)m speaking to your father8 9hy do you refuse to wait till -)ve
finished8
1, ;harles refused to admit he was in the wrong. #lthough he)s a nice boy, he can be very stubborn.
11 - can see that your cat usually lies about doing nothing for most of the day like ours. 9as it more active at one ti%e8
1" @h yes, at one ti%e she was far more active. :ou should have seen her as a kitten, when she never ,ept still for an
instant. 5ut like everything else, cats insist on growing up, don't they8
1# >eople never stop leaving their litter about instead of putting it in litter baskets. $here was a ti%e when this picnic site
loo,ed Buite tidy, but now it)s a disgrace.
.3pectation, assumption, conclusion.
8se the verbs in brackets with the appropriate au3iliar% to e3press e3pectation, assumption or a conclusion.
Alternatives are sometimes possible. $f no verb is #iven ( 9999 ), then onl% the au3iliar% is needed.
)/y daughter works in 9ashington. .hey)re five hours behind us over there. Fust now, while we)re having our lunch, she
(1 go) to work.) ):ou)ve forgotten one thing. -t)s the fourth of Fuly, -ndependence ?ay in the 3tates. 3o they ( not go) to
work over there. .hey (! en1oy) a public holiday.) )@h, really8 - suppose they taught me that at school, but - (" forget) it.
Cook, there)s the postman. - wonder if he has brought anything for me. $e certainly (# rrrr ). .here (% be) at least one
letter from my daughter.)
):ou (& be) very e6cited at the prospect of seeing your daughter again after so long.) ):es - am. And she (* look forward)
to seeing me again too. -t)s one o)clock, so her plane (+ take off) already if it)s on schedule. 9ill we be at the airport in
time to meet her8) )9e (1, be) in plenty of time. -t)s normally only a two-hour run from here by car.)
)- can)t see my daughter among the passengers. 3he (11 miss) the flight.) )Cet)s ask the airline. -f she has missed the flight
they (1 know).) )>oor dearA 3he (1! be) frightfully worried if she has missed it.) ):our daughter, madam, (1" cancel) her
booking, because her name does not appear on the passenger list.)
).he light)s not on in the office. 9illie (1# go) home.) )(o, no. -)m sure he (1% not go) home yet. $e (1& sit) there in the
dark,
dreaming of his ne6t architectural creation.) )0eally8 $e (1* be) craGy.)
)Cook in the fridge and see if there)s enough milk in there for the weekend, will you8 .here (1+ be).) ($olding up the
bottle)= ):ou (, drink) much milk if you think this is enough. 3hall - get you some8 -t)s not eight yet, and so the
supermarket down the road (1 still be)open.)
)-s that the 0ed Cion $otel8) )1 don)t know. -t ( be) according to the map, but - don)t see any sign.) )- think we (! pass)
it back there in the dark.)
-bli#ation, absence of obli#ation
8se the verb in brackets with a correct form of au3iliar% (alternatives are often possible) to e3press obli#ation or
absence of obli#ation. $f no verb is #iven ( 9999 ), use onl% a correct au3iliar%.
)- (1 lock) my front door when - go outD this is a very honest neighbourhood.) ):ou)re luckyA 9e ( lock) oursA @ur
neighbourhood is far from honest.) )Cuckily enough - (! wait) more than a couple of minutes for a bus yesterday.) )@h, - ("
worry), then. - imagined you standing there in the freeGing cold for half an hour.)
):ou (# pay) me now if you are short of money.) )- (% rrrr ). -t)s a principle of mine never to owe money.)
):ou)re very fortunate, because in your kind of 1ob you (& get up) early in the morning if you don)t feel like it. -n mine - (*
get up) at si6 every morning whether - like it or not.) ):ou (+ get up) so early if you lived nearer your 1ob.)
)- realise that. 5ut - (1, pay) more rent.)
):ou (11 turn off) the radio, you know. -t wasn)t disturbing me.) )>erhaps not, but it was disturbing me. - (1 finish) this
work by five o)clock or - shall be in trouble.)
)>resumably when you marry ?enis you (1! go on) working if you don)t want to.) )-ndeed - (1" rrrr )A 9e)re going to be
as poor as church mice.)
)(1# you 4call) the doctor for ?ad last night8) )(o, we (1% rrrr ), -)m glad to say. $e)s much better.)
)Georgina has 1ust gone to the dentist. - hope she (1& have) any teeth out.) )3o do -. -f she has any more out she (1* have)
false ones.)
9e (1+ buy) any fish while we were on holiday because we caught them ourselves. 5ut we (, buy) a fishing licence
which was more than the price the fish would have beenA
):ou seeA 9hat did - tell you8 :ou (1 worry) like that, because everything has turned out all right.) ):es, - know, but -
feel one ( worry) sometimes so that everything will turn out all rightA)
- (! take) my car to the garage after allD - put it right myself. 5ut - (" take) it soon, because there)s something else
wrong with it which - can)t put right.
:ut%, arran#ement with non)fulfilment
8se the verbs in the brackets with modals and au3iliaries so as to e3press dut%, arran#ement etc. or their non)fulfilment.
Alternatives are sometimes possible.
)- do think ?enis and $elen (1 apologise) for not turning up yesterdayA 9e haven)t heard a word from them so far.)
)- Buite agree. >eople ( not behave) like that.)
)3heila (! go) to ;ambridge last 3aturday to see her brother. Een (" take) her in his car, but -)m told it was out of order, so
they may not have gone.) )- find that rather funny, as Een is always telling people they (# keep) their cars in good running
order.)
)@uchA At least you (% tell) me this handle was red-hotA - nearly dropped the soup all over the floor.) ):ou (& tell) me first
you were going to pick it up, and then - would have warned you.)
)- hear 3ir Fames (* retire) from his directorship at Amical Assurance ne6t year.) )(o, he (+ retire), but a ma1ority on the
board has persuaded him to stay on. >ersonally 1 think he (1, make) way for a younger man. )?id you know that 3ir
Fames (11 speak) at our political meeting, but couldn)t because of a sore throat8) )0eally8 :ou (1 get) his son .oby to
speak insteadA) ):ou (1! not make) 1okes like that about poor .oby. - know he)s not very
bright, but then not everyone is born to be a politician.)
-)m surprised Een lost to 9illie at tennis last week. $e (1" win). .hey (1# play) a return match yesterday, but it
rained. -t rained solidly the whole day. - do think it (1% stop) for Georgina)s cousin)s weddingA .here (1& be) a
reception in the garden, but of course they had to move it indoors.
/arilyn (1* return) from the 'nited 3tates at the end of this month, but she may have decided to prolong her stay. 3he
(1+ not 4delay) her return much longer, though, because her business over here in 7ngland needs looking after. )9hat
arrangement has $elen made with you8) )- (, wait) for her at the end of the road, where she (1 pick) me up in her
car.) )- think she ( offer) to call at your house instead of asking you to stand about in the cold.)
)Cook at the filthy mess on this picnic siteA - really do think people (! be) more careful where they throw their litter.) )-
agree. 5ut in such a popular place as this the local council (" provide) litter baskets.)
8se of should for su##estions, opinions, feelin#s etc.
Rewrite the followin# #roups of sentences usin# should where it is appropriate.
1 ?o you know what ?enis)s idea is8 -t is that we go into business with him in the hardware trade. -)ve told him it)s
essential for us to know e6actly the e6tent of our commitment before we make up our minds. -t)s obviously better for
us to be e6tremely cautious at this stage than to regret it later.
)@ur stockbroker recommends that we buy as many 9orthright shares as we can afford.)
)0eally8 -t)s odd that he has suddenly changed his mind about them.) )9hy is it odd8 -t)s only right for a stockbroker to
change his mind if the market itself changes. -t seems that you mistrust his motives. -)m sure he intends us to make
money, not lose it.)
! )-)m sorry there was no one at the airport to meet you. - told ?enis it was essential for him to be there by nine o)clock in
case the plane was early.) )?on)t worry. - naturally thought it strange there was no one there to meet me. 5ut why
should you take the blame8)
" )- really don)t see why some people get all the luck and others none at all. 9hy, after all, did $elen get the 1ob when it
ought to have been 3heila8) ).he simple reason is that $elen)s mother insisted on her daughter getting it. And $elen)s
mother is a woman of considerable influence.) )-t makes my blood boil to think that she)s able to influence things like
that. -)ve already suggested to the committee that we change the appointments procedure at once.)
)- don)t see why you are so upset about it. $elen)s a very competent girl in her way. 9hy shouldn)t she be up to the 1ob8)
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4repositions
For each number provide a preposition, but before doin# so run %our e%e over each #roup of sentences in order to
#rasp the #eneral meanin# and conte3t.
1
3heila)s very strict (1) the children in her class. 3he)s particularly strict () punctuality. $owever, her relationship (!)
the children is a happy one.
9e think that 5renda)s system of office filing is a great advance (") the old system. 9e should benefit a lot (#) it. :es, it
definitely has a lot of advantages (%) the old system.
- can)t possibly agree (&) your demands. 'nless you)re prepared to compromise we)ll never be able to agree (*) a sensible
way to deal with the problem of your monthly allowance. 9hy can)t you learn to agree (+) me sometimes - especially (+)
my ideas for your future8 .hey are in your interest, you know.
(owadays there)s no advantage (1,) being a woman. -n the old days a clever woman could take advantage (11) being
female. 5ut now the rules of social conduct apply (1) men and women alike.
?enis is always boasting (1!) his success as a salesman. $is behaviour is typical (1") the social upstart. $e)s Buite
incapable (1#) showing a bit of modesty.
.hings have changed considerably (1%) the worse, - am afraid. .here has been a serious deterioration (1&) the economic
situation. .he key (1*) recovery lies in our e6port trade.
Een has been charged by the police (1+) dangerous driving. $e is prepared to plead guilty (,) driving without due care
and attention but says he is not guilty (1) dangerous driving.
.he man confessed () stealing food, pleading that his children had been suffering (!) malnutrition and might well
have died (") starvation.
/any people say nuclear power stations are a potential danger (#) the local population and have little confidence (%)
the so-called safety measures. .hey are very concerned (&) what might happen in an emergency.
.hese revelations have done a lot of damage (*) 3ir Fames)s political reputation. -t is difficult to be critical, though, (+)
what he did. 7veryone is very curious (!,) what he will do ne6t.
"
/arilyn)s father is a dealer (1) antiBues. $e has a great reputation () honesty. $e)s an e6pert (!) eighteenth-century
porcelain.
$elen was very 1ealous (") her sister)s popularity. $er sister was very popular (#) the teachers at school. 3he impressed
them (%) her work and her personality.
9hat are this year)s figures (&) road accidents8 .here has been a slight increase (*) the total number of casualties. 5ut
there have been fewer actual deaths (+) road accidents this year.
.he members of the local garrison are confined (1,) barracks during the week. 5ut at the weekends the town swarms (11)
soldiers. - am glad to say that on the whole they make a good impression (1) the inhabitants.
.oby and his father differ a lot (1!) their views on life. .hey have very different attitudes (1") work. .oby disapproves
strongly (1#) working any harder than he feels like working.
9e shouldn)t discourage $elen (1%) being an actress. 9e)d only pre1udice her (1&) us. And it certainly wouldn)t cure her
(1*) stage fever.
-)m very surprised (1+) your doing a thing like that. >ersonally, 1 never interfere (,) other people)s affairs. And so -)m
rather disappointed (1) your behaviour.
)?enis ob1ects strongly () being called a nutcase. $e absolutely insists (!) an apology. An apology might be preferable
(") a fight.) )- never called him a nutcaseD - never even hinted (#) it. ?enis is famous (%) his wildly inaccurate
statements. $e has apparently fooled you (&) believing one of them.)
3heila need have no doubts (*) passing the e6am. 3he can be absolutely confident (+) success. - have complete
faith (!,) her ability to pass.
&
3heila)s very good (1) handling children. :es, she is indeed very good () children. 9hat)s the secret of her appeal (!)
children8
-t)s a wonderful opportunity (") /arilyn. @ne doesn)t often get such a good opportunity (#) seeing the world. 3he
shouldn)t miss the chance (%) a trip like that.
.hat .p serial they showed last year was an insult (&) one)s intelligence. - had every intention (*) writing and protesting
(+) the producer about it, but never had the time.
$elen)s always fishing (1,) compliments. -)m fed up (11) paying her compliments. >ersonally -)m not in the habit (1)
complimenting people.
.here)s going to be an improvement (1!) the weather. .he weather has a great influence (1") my mood. .here)s a definite
relationship (1#) my mood and the weather.
/y new secretary)s very pretty but is sadly lacking (1%) powers of concentration. 3he seems to be unable to concentrate
(1&) anything for more than two minutes at a time. -)ll clearly have to deal (1*) the important matters myself and leave
her to deal (1*) the visitors.
/arilyn has been ill in bed for three days (1+) influenGa. .here)s little hope (,) her getting up tomorrow. -t all depends
(1) what the doctor says.
- am full of admiration () 3heila)s mother. $er life has been one continual struggle (!) illness or poverty. 5ut she
has never surrendered (") despair.
Hena feeds her alligator once a week (#) raw eggs and scraps. .here)s little likelihood (%) its getting fat on that.
>erhaps one day it will avenge itself (&) its owner.
.he 9ar of -ndependence ended in victory for the '3A (*) the 5ritish. -n 1*1 the '3A itself declared war (+) 5ritain.
9hat are your views (!,) 5ritish policy at the time8
4
- hear they suspect ?enis (1) taking the money. Are you yourself suspicious () ?enis8 - can)t say that - would have
trusted him (!) all that cash.
Een has always said he would make another attempt (") beating the ",,-metre record, and is in fact making an attempt
(#) it today. $e has gained enormously (%) self-confidence, you know.
.he country is very poor (&) natural resources. -t is trying to become self-sufficient (*) food. .he Government has had
finally to decide (+) a definite agricultural policy.
:ou seem to be terribly envious (1,) your sister)s wealth. .here)s little point (11) being envious. /oney isn)t essential
(1) happiness.
-)d like to congratulate you (1!) your cooking. :ou)ve certainly succeeded (1") turning out a wonderful meal.
:ou)d have no difficulty (1#) finding a first-class 1ob as a chef.
0obert says he)s not going to sacrifice his ambitions as a footballer (1%) a safe, conventional career. 2uture security, he
says, is no substitute (1&) present success. $e adds that the great thing about football is that it)s independent (1*) wealth
or social statusD anyone can 1oin in.
Een)s gaining (1+) us rapidly in his 5angmobile. $e has the reputation (,) being a reckless driver. -)m going to try
and prevent him (1) passing.
?enis has virtually accused me () cheating him. $e says - cheated him two hundred pounds in a business deal. - take
the strongest e6ception his accusation.
3ir Fames succeeded (#) the hereditary title in 1+%+. $is father died in1uries received in a road accident. Although 3ir
Fames takes pride his ancestry, he)s no snob.
@nce a year in the 5ritish navy the officers wait (*) the seamen at table. .his custom seems to be good (+) discipline,
not bad. -s the custom peculiar (!,) the 5ritish navy8
*
/y wife now usually compliments me (-) my taste () clothes. 3he)s very particular (!) my appearance, which she says is
a great improvement (") what it was.
3ir Fames is always very honest (#) his dealings (%) us. $e)s always very honest (&) all of us. .here)s never any Buestion
(*) a limit being set (+) what he tells us.
Am - eligible (1,) this insurance scheme8 9ould it insure me fully (11) illness8 -)ve been told this scheme is
superior (1) anything else on the market. ?o you know (1!) any better8
9hat was 3heila so angry (1") yesterday8 3he was angry (1#) Een (1%) keeping her waiting. 3he was also angry (1&)
being told to be more patient in future.
3heila)s sister has grown (1*) a lovely girl. 2or a moment - mistook her (1+) 3heila herself. .hen - noticed how she differs
(,) 3heila. 2or one thing, - don)t think that 3heila)s sister has grown much (1) wisdom.
3ir Fames ended his speech () rather an e6travagant attack (!) the Government. $e said nothing was safe (") the
Government)s pernicious influence. $e blamed it (#) all our economic ills. $e even seemed to blame the bad weather
(%) it too.
/arilyn has made herself familiar (&) the latest developments (*) computer technology and has eBuipped her office
(+) all sorts of electronic gadgets. -n fact she has made her office (!,) a kind of laboratory.
;
Hena)s devoted (1) her pet alligator and says she)d never part () it. >ersonally - don)t know what she sees (!) the
creature. -t seems to be concerned only (") eating and sleeping.
?enis is never very free (#) his own money but he makes free (#) other people)s. .he other day he helped himself (%) most
of my cigars. -)ve a good mind to charge him (&) them.
9illie seldom takes people (*) his confidence, but last week he confided (+) me. $e told me he was keen (1,) 3heila.
.he snow storm resulted (11) most people being late at work. 3heila e6cused her children (1) being late for class that
morning. And she e6cused them (1!) attending afternoon school.
-)m disappointed (1") 3ir Fames. $e says he)s entering (1#) some sort of political agreement with the ?emocrats. -)m
opposed (1%) any deal of that kind.
$elen said she was now mercifully free (1&) ?enis. 9hat did she mean (1*) that strange remark8 -t sounds as if their
flirtation has ended (1+) a row.
3ir Fames won the last >arliamentary election (,) only a hundred and seven votes. $e says his party will soon be
forced by circumstances (1) an alliance with the ?emocrats. $e says both parties could profit () it.
At one time $elen was thinking (!) becoming a model like Hena. (ow she)s interested (") the stage. -n any case she
has a taste (#) the bright lights.
;ontrary (%) many people)s e6pectations, Cady 5lenkinsop)s farm is proving a success. .his year she)s planting one field
(&) maiGe, and is turning two more (*) a vineyard. .he area for graGing is being reduced (+) half, (!,) a little over
twelve hectares.
<
3ir Fames said we should guard (1) any restrictions () our freedom. :et he failed to mention that many of us are
threatened (!) the loss of our 1obs. .he threat (") unemployment is a threat (#) our freedom.
3ir Fames)s son .oby is certainly living (%) his reputation as a ne)er-do-well. $e lives entirely (&) his wits and (*) credit.
.hey say he)s living (+) the day his father dies.
9hat she said about .oby was news (1,) us. 3he obviously had a very low opinion (11) him. - think she should have kept
her opinions (1) the sub1ect herself. .here were one or two people there who were highly indignant her remarks.
9e had heard that Cady 5lenkinsop had been robbed (1#) her 1ewels. 3o we listened (1%) news of the robbery on the
radio. And we watched (1&) it on television too. 5ut no one mentioned it on either.
:ou say we)re a country rich (1*) tradition. 3urely that)s true (1+) most countries. 9hat)s important (,) us is that we
should remain true (1) our best traditions.
- am not convinced () the general value of a university education. -t is clearly an advantage (!) some, but its benefits
(") others can be very limited. 9hat is important is that it should not be restricted (#) those who can afford it.
$elen is always greedy (%) praise. /ind you, - don)t hold this (&) her, because -)m fully aware (*) the difficulties she
has had to face in her life. - really feel Buite friendly and well disposed (+) her. 2eelings of animosity are foreign (!,)
my nature.
=
3heila)s applying (1) a headmistress)s post. 3he may well get it, since her aunt has influence () the educational
authorities. Also 3heila)s well Bualified (!) the post in her own right.
.he international relief organisations have appealed (") the public (#) aid (%) the victims of the earthBuake. .hey hope to
provide everyone (&) adeBuate shelter by winter. .o allow the homeless to remain in tents is to condemn them (*) death.
@ne naturally has a lot of sympathy (+) the people in their terrible plight. - shall certainly contribute (1,) the fund.
/artyrs are people who suffer (11) their beliefs and sometimes die (1) them. .hey are not prepared to bargain (1!) their
persecutors (1") their lives. (or do they e6pect people to have pity (1#) them. .here is therefore little danger (1%) the
world becoming crowded (1&) martyrs.
3ome people think that universal, formal education is an obstacle (1*) an individual)s full mental development. @thers
think that without it there is no hope (1+) society)s future. (o one can afford to be indifferent (,) the problem.
According to ?arwin)s .heory of natural selection there is a struggle (1) survival () individuals and () species.
-t seems to me that $omo sapiens has to struggle mainly (!) his own nature. .here are times when his prospects of
survival do not look too good (") me.
3heila)s noted (#) her success (%) young children. 3he cares (&) them as individuals, not as playthings. .hey don)t
have to conform (*) some preconceived notion of what a child should be. 3heila devotes a lot of her own time (+) the
children at her school, especially (+) those deprived (!,) parental affection.
>
-)m usually in complete sympathy (1) 3ir Fames)s views, but you can)t e6pect me to feel sympathetic () him when he
speaks (!) wishing to lead his party (") an alliance with the ?emocrats.
- don)t approve (#) his son)s recent activities either. ?o you know that .oby 5lenkinsop)s debts now amount (%) over
twenty thousand pounds8 -)m sorry - consented (&) his using my name in a 1ob application.
9hen - come home from the office - change (*) casual clothes. - then feel free (+) the restraints of my working life. /y
mood, in fact, changes (1,) the clothes - wear.
Een)s competing (11) some of our best local runners (1) the Athletic ;lub .rophy. -)ve warned him (1!) the dangers
involved (1") competing (1#) this event, as some of the runners will resort (1%) all sorts of dirty tricks in order to win. -n
particular -)ve warned him (1&) a fellow called >lunger who specialises (1*) 1abbing his opponents with his spiked shoes.
- carry a scar that resulted (1+) that fellow)s attentions.
Hena says that if one is patient (,) alligators and doesn)t interfere (1) them or their habits they behave very well. 3he
says they)re very sensitive () changes (!) the environment. - should have thought that Hena)s alligator would find her
flat a great change (") the swamps of 2lorida.
9illie is an architect. At present he)s working (#) a town development scheme. $e works very hard (%) his 1ob and
seems to find great pleasure (&) puGGling (*) the problems of his profession. 3ometimes he)s so occupied (+) his work
that he)s scarcely conscious (!,) the passage of time.
1(
9illie beat Een (1) tennis the other day. Een is now determined to have his revenge () 9illie (!) his defeat, and says he
will show no mercy (") 9illie in their ne6t match. 9illie, for his part, says he will have no mercy (#) Een either. $e says
a good racket is essential (%) victory, and has fitted his (&) a special grip.
As a public figure, a /ember of >arliament is responsible not only (*) his constituents but (*) the public at large (+) his
conduct. - am glad to say that 3ir Fames is an /> who has never been concerned (1,) any scandal at all.
0obert has now decided (11) university and football in favour of the latter. $e says he can)t share his time or his
enthusiasm for football (1) anything else. -t)s impossible to reason (1!) him (1") the sub1ect, as he has clearly made up
his mind (1#) it. 0obert)s father, who until recently was ignorant (1%) his son)s decision, seethed (1&) anger when
informed (1*) it.
A few people may criticise modern domestic gadgetry, but most of us are highly satisfied (1+) it. .hings like a washing
machine give relief (,) drudgery, so that we can attend more (1) our own interests, while television and hi-fi can
provide the intellectual stimulation that is often missing () the daily round.
3ince it is important (!) many parents that their children should be provided (") after their own deaths, a large part of
their time is spent (#) finding ways round the inheritance laws. .hey do not see why they should not invest (%) their
children)s future if they want to.
.he firm that supplies us (&) nuts and bolts say that they are having production difficulties and that we must allow (*)
considerable delays (+) delivery when we order. -s there any possibility (!,) our getting them any where else8