Aix Tuning

Advanced Technical Skills
2013 IBM Corporation

December 5, 2013
AIX Performance:
Configuration & Tuning for Oracle & Oracle RAC
Vijay Adik
vadik@us.ibm.com
ATS - Oracle Solutions Team
2
December 5, 2013
Legal information
The information in this presentation is provided by IBM on an "AS IS"
basis without any warranty, guarantee or assurance of any kind. IBM also
does not provide any warranty, guarantee or assurance that the
information in this paper is free from errors or omissions. Information is
believed to be accurate as of the date of publication. You should check
with the appropriate vendor to obtain current product information.
Any proposed use of claims in this presentation outside of the United
States must be reviewed by local IBM country counsel prior to such use.
IBM, RS6000, System p, AIX, AIX 5L, GPFS, and Enterprise Storage Server
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Oracle, Oracle9i, Oracle10g and Oracle 11g are trademarks or registered
trademarks of Oracle Corporation.
All other products or company names are used for identification
purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective owners.
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December 5, 2013
AIX Configuration Best Practices for Oracle
Memory
CPU
I/O
Network
Miscellaneous
Agenda
4
December 5, 2013
The suggestions presented here are considered to
be basic configuration starting points for
general Oracle workloads
Your workloads may vary
Ongoing performance monitoring and tuning is
recommended to ensure that the configuration is
optimal for the particular workload characteristics
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December 5, 2013
Memory
CPU
I/O
Network
Miscellaneous
Agenda
8
December 5, 2013
The AIX vmo command provides for the display and/or
update of several parameters which influence the way AIX
manages physical memory
The -a option displays current parameter settings
vmo a
The -o option is used to change parameter values
vmo o minfree=1440
The -p option is used to make changes persist across a reboot
vmo p o minfree=1440
Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) Tuning
On AIX 5.3, number of the default vmo settings are not optimized for
database workloads and should be modified for Oracle environments
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December 5, 2013
Kernel Parameter Tuning AIX 6.1/7.1
AIX 6.1/7.1 configured by default to be correct for most
database workloads.
Many tunable are classified as Restricted:
Only change if AIX Support says so
Parameters will not be displayed unless the -F option is used
for commands like vmo, no, ioo, etc.
When migrating from AIX 5.3 to 6.1/7.1, parameter override
settings in AIX 5.3 will be transferred to AIX 6.1/7.1
environment
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December 5, 2013
General Memory Tuning
Memory Use 9/20/2007
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Process% FScache%
Two primary categories of memory pages: Computational and File System
AIX will always try to utilize all of the physical memory available (subject to vmo
parameter settings)
What is not required to support current computational page demand will tend to be used for
filesystem cache
Raw Devices and filesystems mounted (or individual files opened) in DIO/CIO mode do not use
filesystem cache
Requests for new memory pages are satisfied from the free page list
Small reserve of free pages maintained by stealing Computational or File pages
AIX uses demand paging algorithm generally not written to swap file until stolen
Memory Use
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December 5, 2013
Memory Usage in an Oracle Database Environment
Computational
Some used for AIX kernel processing
Some used by Oracle/client executable programs
Includes Oracle SGA and PGA memory
File System Cache
May be used for caching or pre-fetching of Oracle .dbf files
Only for local file system based (non-RAC) environments where Direct I/O
(or Concurrent I/O) is not used
May be used for other Oracle related files
Archive logs, export/import files, backups, binaries, etc.
May be used for non-Oracle related files
Application files, system files, etc.
Virtual Memory Management Priorities
Always want to keep computational pages in memory -- System
paging/swapping may degrade Oracle/application performance
Allocate enough physical memory to support computational footprint
requirement + small file cache
When necessary, steal filesystem pages, not computational
September 2012
13
December 5, 2013
AIX System Paging Concepts & Requirements
By default, AIX uses a demand paging policy
For Oracle DB, the goal is ZERO system paging activity
Filesystem pages written back to filesystem disk (if dirty); never to system paging space
Unless otherwise specified, computational pages are not written to paging space unless/until they
are stolen by lrud. (*1)
Once written to paging space, pages are not removed from paging space
until the process associated with those pages terminates
For long running processes (e.g. Oracle DB), even low levels of system paging can result in
significant growth in paging space usage over time
Paging space should be considered a fail-safe mechanism for providing sufficient time to identify and
correct paging issues, not a license to allow ongoing system paging activity
Paging space allocation Rule-of-Thumb:
the physical memory + 4 GB, with the following cap:
Resolve paging issues quickly:
Reduce effective minimum file system cache size (minperm)
Reduce Oracle SGA or PGA size
Add physical memory
Physical
Memory
lower or
equal to
Paging
Space
Max
128GB 60GB
256GB 100GB
512GB 150GB
1TB 200GB
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December 5, 2013
14
JFS2 utilizes two caches - one for inodes and
one for metadata
Caches grow in size until maximum size is
reached before cache slots are reused
Default values are tuned for a file server!
Each entry in the inode cache requires about
1KB of physical memory
1MB of memory can cache about 1000 files
Configured via ioo parameters:
j2_inodeCacheSize (Default: 400 = 10%) *1
j2_metadataCacheSize (Default: 400 = 4%) *1
The current memory use can be verified via:
cat /proc/sys/fs/jfs2/memory_usage
metadata cache: 31186944
inode cache: 34209792
total: 65396736
JFS2 inode / metadata caches
Inode cache
metadata cache
AIX pinned
System memory
10% *1
4% *1
Process
File cache
Unused
100%
physical
memory
Can not
be paged
!
*1 Note: Default values in AIX 7.1 are 200 (5%) , 200 (2%)
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December 5, 2013
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

M
e
m
o
r
y
Time
numperm% comp% Free% maxperm%
maxfree minfree minperm%
Virtual Memory Management (VMM) Thresholds
Start stealing pages when
free memory below minfree
Stop stealing pages when
free memory above maxfree
When numperm% >
maxperm%, steal only file
system pages
When minperm%<
numperm% < maxperm%,
steal file system or
computation pages,
depending on repage rate
When numperm% <
minperm%, steal both file
system and computational
pages
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December 5, 2013
Page Steal Method
Historically, AIX maintained a single LRU list which contains
both computational and filesystem pages.
In environments with lots of computational pages that you want to
keep in memory, LRUD may have to spend a lot of time scanning the
LRU list to find an eligible filesystem page to steal
AIX 6.1 introduced the ability to maintain separate LRU lists
for computational vs. filesystem pages.
Also backported to AIX 5.3
New page_steal_method parameter
Enabled (1) by default in 6.1/7.1, disabled (0) by default in 5.3
Requires a reboot to change
Recommended for Oracle DB environments
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December 5, 2013
Large Segment Aliasing (AIX 6.1 TL06, AIX 7.1)
Feature allows user applications to automagically use 1TB
segments.
1 SLB entry in POWER7 can now address 1TB of memory.
Segment Lookaside Buffer (SLB) fault issue no longer relevant
Immediate performance boost for applications, new and legacy
Significant changes under the covers
New address space allocation policy
Attempts to group address space requests together to facilitate
1TB aliasing.
Once certain allocation size thresholds have been reached, OS
automatically aliases memory with 1TB aliases.
256MB segments still exist for handling IO
Aliasing only available for shared memory regions at this point.
vmo p o esid_allocator = 1 and shm_1tb_unsh_enable = 0
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December 5, 2013
Recommended vmo Starting Points - Review
Parameter Recommend
Value
AIX 7.1
Default
AIX 7.1
Restricted
AIX 6.1
Default
AIX 6.1
Restricted
AIX 5.3
Default
minperm% 3 3 No 3 No 20
maxperm% 90 90 Yes 90 Yes 80
maxclient% 90 90 Yes 90 Yes 80
strict_maxclient 1 1 Yes 1 Yes 1
strict_maxperm 0 0 Yes 0 Yes 0
lru_file_repage 0 N/A N/A 0 Yes 1 or 0(*1)
lru_poll_interval 10 10 Yes 10 Yes 10
minfree 960 960 No 960 No 960
maxfree 1088(*2) 1088 No 1088 No 1088
page_steal_method 1 1 Yes 1 Yes 0
memory_affinity 1 1 Yes 1 Yes 1
v_pinshm 0 0 No 0 No 0
lgpg_regions 0 0 No 0 No 0
lgpg_size 0 0 No 0 No 0
maxpin% Leave at Default 90(*3) No 80(*3) No 80
*1 Depending on AIX 5.3 TL level *2 Do not reduce below default *3 Depends on LSA use LSA active 90, otherwise 80
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December 5, 2013
Memory cards are associated with every Multi
Chip Module (MCM), Dual Core Module (DCM) or
Quad Core Module (QCM) in the server
The Hypervisor assigns physical CPUs to a dedicated CPU
LPAR (or shared processor pool) from one or more MCMs,
DCMs or DCMs
For a given LPAR, there will normally be at least 1 memory
pool for each MCM, DCM or QCM that has contributed
processors to that LPAR or shared processor pool
By default, memory for a process is allocated
from memory associated with the processor that
caused the page fault.
Memory pool configuration is influenced by the
VMO parameter memory_affinity
Memory_affinity=1 means configure memory pools based on
physical hardware configuration (DEFAULT)
Memory_affinity=0 means configure roughly uniform memory
pools from any physical location
Number can be seen with vmstat v |grep pools
Size can only be seen using KDB
LRUD operates per memory pool
p590 / p595 MCM Architecture
Understanding Memory Pools
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December 5, 2013
Oracle Memory and Memory Affinity
Oracle SGA is striped across all the available memory in the LPAR
If the LPAR configuration has a combination of near, local and far memory allocated
to it, SGA will be (more or less) evenly spread across all of it
The greater the number of CECs involved, the greater the likelihood of remote
memory accesses
Oracle PGA for a given process tends to be allocated in the near memory of the
processor that process was running on when the memory was allocated
The AIX dispatcher will attempt to maintain affinity between a given process and the
processor that process gets scheduled on
rsets may (optionally) be used to force affinity to a subset of available processors
(e.g. those on a given chip, or within a given CEC), although this could potentially
cause dispatching delays in heavily loaded environments
vmo enhanced_affinity_private (vmo restricted parameter)
The percentage of application data that is to be allocated local, with the remaining
memory to be striped across all available memory in the LPAR
Default value is 20% in AIX 6.1 TL5 and 40% in AIX 6.1 TL6+ and AIX 7.1
A value of 100% has been used in a number of Oracle performance benchmarks, but
before changing a restricted parameter, contact IBM support.
24 24
September 2012
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December 5, 2013
AIX Multiple Page Size Support
4K (Default)
All memory pages in the filesystem cache are 4K in size!
Can be paged to paging space
4K pages can be combined to a 64K page if not enough 64K pages are available
64K, available with POWER5+ and later & AIX 5.3 TL4+
Can be paged to paging space
Can be converted to 4K pages if not enough 4K pages are available
Kernel page size used in AIX 5.3 TL4+ and above (can be configured)
Can be utilized for application code, data and stack as well, but requires specific
configuration
16M available with POWER4 hardware (or later) (also referred to as Large Pages)
Requires pinned memory and explicit configuration
Can not be paged to paging space
16G available with POWER5+ & AIX 5.3 TL4+
Cannot be used with Oracle
Can not be paged to paging space
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December 5, 2013

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Time
M
B

u
s
e
d
4KB_used MB 4KB_free MB 64KB_used MB 64KB_free MB 16MB_usedMB 16MB_freeMB
4K - 64K - 16MB Page Dynamics
4KB pages
64KB pages
16MB pages
4kb used
4kb free
64kb used
64kb free
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December 5, 2013
AIX Multiple Page Size Support
User/Application must request preferred page size
64K page size is very promising, since they do not
need to be configured/reserved in advance or
pinned
export
LDR_CNTRL=DATAPSIZE=64K@TEXTPSIZE=64K@STACKP
SIZE=64K@SHMPSIZE=64K to use the 64K pagesize for
stack, data & text
Will require Oracle to explicitly request the page
size (10.2.0.4 & up plus Oracle patch# 7226548)
If preferred size not available, the largest available
smaller size will be used
Current Oracle versions will end up using 64KB pages even if
SGA is not pinned
Refer: http://www-
03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_p_os_aix_whitepa
pers_multiple_page.pdf
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December 5, 2013
Large Page Support 16mb (optional)
Pinning shared memory
AIX Parameters
vmo p o v_pinshm = 1
Leave maxpin% at the default of 80% unless the SGA exceeds 77% of real memory
Vmo p o maxpin%=[(total mem-SGA size)*100/total mem] + 3
Oracle Parameters
LOCK_SGA = TRUE
Enabling Large Page Support
vmo p o lgpg_size = 16777216 o lgpg_regions=(SGA size / 16 MB)
Allowing user oracle to use Large Pages
chuser capabilities=CAP_NUMA_ATTACH,CAP_BYPASS_RAC_VMM,CAP_PROPAGATE oracle
Using Monitoring Tools
svmon G
svmon P
Oracle metalink note# 372157.1
Note: It is recommended not to pin SGA, as long as you had configured the VMM, SGA & PGA
properly.
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December 5, 2013
Determining SGA size
SGA Memory Summary for DB: test01 Instance: test01 Snaps: 1046 -1047
SGA regions Size in Bytes
------------------------------ ----------------
Database Buffers 16,928,210,944
Fixed Size 768,448
Redo Buffers 2,371,584
Variable Size 1,241,513,984
----------------
sum 18,172,864,960
lgpg_regions = 18,172,864,960 / 16,777,216 = 1084 (rounded up)
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December 5, 2013
Oracle Memory Structures Allocation
11g : Automatic Memory Management (AMM)
memory_target (dynamic parameter) specifies the total memory size
to be used by the instance SGA and PGA. Exchanges between SGA
and PGA are done according to workload requirements
If sga_target and pga_aggregate_target are not set, the policy is to
give 60% of memory_target to the SGA and 40% to the PGA.
memory_max_target (static parameter) specifies the maximum
memory size for the database instance.
To use Automatic Memory Management, memory_target must be >0.
Can not be used together with LOCK_SGA=TRUE
See Metalink notes 443746.1 and 452512.1 explaining AMM and these new parameters.
AMM dynamic resizing of the shared pool can cause a fair amount of cursor: pin s wait time. One
strategy to minimize this is to set minimum sizes for memory areas you particularly care about.
In addition you can change the frequency how often AMM analyzes and adjusts the memory
distribution. See: Metalink note: 742599.1 ( _memory_broker_stat_interval)
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December 5, 2013
SGA_MAX_SIZE and LOCK_SGA implications (11g, 10.2.4.0+)
LOCK_SGA=false Preferred
Oracle dynamically allocates memory for the SGA only as needed up to the size
specified by SGA_TARGET
SGA_TARGET may be dynamically increased, up to SGA_MAX_SIZE
64K pages automatically used for SGA if supported in the environment. If needed,
4K (or 16M) pages are converted to 64K pages.
LOCK_SGA=true Discouraged
Oracle Automatic Memory Management (AMM) cannot be used
(MEMORY_TARGET)
Oracle pre-allocates all memory as specified by SGA_MAX_SIZE and pins it in
memory, even if its not all used (i.e. SGA_TARGET < SGA_MAX_SIZE)
If sufficient 16M pages are available those will be used. Otherwise, all the SGA
memory will be allocated from 64K (if supported) or 4K pages (if 64K pages are not
supported). If needed, 4K (or 16M pages will be converted to 64K pages, but 16M
pages are never automatically created.
If a value for sga_max_size is specified larger than the amount of available memory
for computational pages, the system can become unresponsive due to system
paging.
If the specified SGA_MAX_SIZE is much larger than the currently available pages
on the combined 64K and 16M page free lists, the database startup can fail with
error: IBM AIX RISC System/6000 Error: 12: Not enough space. In this case re-try
to start the database.
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December 5, 2013
AIX dynamic LPAR with Oracle AMM
34
December 5, 2013
Memory Usage in an Oracle Environment
Computational
Some used for AIX kernel processing
Some used by Oracle/client executable programs
Includes Oracle SGA and PGA memory
File System Cache
May be used for caching or prefetching of Oracle .dbf files
Only for local filesystem based (non-RAC) environments
where Direct I/O (or Concurrent I/O) is not used
May be used for other Oracle related files
Archive logs, export/import files, backups, binaries, etc.
May be used for non-Oracle related files
Application files, system files, etc.
Virtual Memory Management Priorities
Always want to keep computational pages in memory --
System paging/swapping may degrade Oracle/application
performance
Allocate enough physical memory to support
computational footprint requirement + small file cache
When necessary, steal filesystem pages, not
computational
35
December 5, 2013
Oracle Server Architecture Memory Structures
Source: Oracle Database Concepts
11g Release 1 (11.1)
Part Number B28318-05
36
December 5, 2013
Displaying Memory Usage Statistics
The vmstat command provides information on current memory usage: ( reported in 4K pages)
# vmstat -v
1048576 memory pages
1002006 lruable pages
812111 free pages
1 memory pools
141103 pinned pages
80.0 maxpin percentage
3.0 minperm percentage
90.0 maxperm percentage
3.2 numperm percentage
32779 file pages
0.0 compressed percentage
0 compressed pages
0.0 numclient percentage
90.0 maxclient percentage
0 client pages
0 remote pageouts scheduled
0 pending disk I/Os blocked with no pbuf
0 paging space I/Os blocked with no psbuf
2484 filesystem I/Os blocked with no fsbuf
0 client filesystem I/Os blocked with no fsbuf
0 external pager filesystem I/Os blocked with no fsbuf
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December 5, 2013
Displaying Memory Usage Statistics
The svmon -G command provides information on current memory usage per page size: (general
numbers are reported in 4K pages)
# svmon G on AIX 5.3 / vmstat P ALL on AIX 6.1 & 7.1
size inuse free pin virtual
memory 1179648 926225 290287 493246 262007
pg space 1572864 5215
work pers clnt other
pin 91390 0 0 74176
in use 258573 4316 335656
PageSize PoolSize inuse pgsp pin virtual
s 4 KB - 477713 5215 94606 141175
m 64 KB - 7552 0 4435 7552
L 16 MB 80 0 0 80 0
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December 5, 2013
AIX Paging Space
Allocate Paging Space:
Configure Server/LPAR with enough physical memory to satisfy memory requirements
With AIX demand paging, paging space does not have to be large
Provides safety net to prevent system crashes when memory overcommitted.
Generally, keep within internal drive or high performing SAN storage
Monitor paging activity:
vmstat -s
sar -r
nmon
Resolve paging issues:
Reduce file system cache size (MAXPERM, MAXCLIENT)
Reduce Oracle SGA or PGA (9i or later) size
Add physical memory
Do not over commit real memory!
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December 5, 2013
A few important notes
AIX 6.1 kernel pinning :
vmo -r -o vmm_klock_mode=2
It is enabled by default in 7.1 and can be enabled on 6.1 TL6.
There were cases of Oracle RAC node eviction due to higher memory allocation and/or bug/feature
Make sure you are in this release : AIX 6.1 TL6 SP5+, plus APAR IZ95744
USLA heap issue:
With the release of 11gR2, Oracle introduced a new feature called on line patching and is
supported on AIX 6.1 TL02 and 7.1 TL0 onwards
Upgrade to AIX 6.1 TL07 or AIX 7.1 TL01, and then apply the Oracle bug patch 13443029 for
database 11.2.0.2 and 11.2.0.3
If you cannot upgrade to AIX 6.1 TL07 or 7.1 TL01, then apply Oracle patch 10190759, which will
have a reduced online-patch functionality
It is recommended to use AIX 6.1 TL07 SP02 or AIX 7.1 TL01 SP02
P7 special patch:
Patch 6784747 - Wasted memory in koh-kghu allocations. Free extents of memory might not get
used.
This bug impacts 10.2.0.4/5 and 11.1.0.x releases. This fix is not included in any of the PSU. This
issue is fixed in Oracle 11.2.0.1 onwards
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December 5, 2013
Memory
CPU
I/O
Network
Miscellaneous
Agenda
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December 5, 2013
CPU Considerations
Oracle Parameters based on the # of CPUs
DB_WRITER_PROCESSES
Degree of Parallelism
user level
table level
query level
MAX_PARALLEL_SERVERS or
AUTOMATIC_PARALLEL_TUNING (CPU_COUNT *
PARALLEL_THREADS_PER_CPU)
CPU_COUNT
FAST_START_PARALLEL_ROLLBACK should be using UNDO
instead
CBO execution plan may be affected; check explain plan
44
December 5, 2013
AIX 5.2
LPAR
SMT=off
AIX 5.3
LPAR
SMT=on
AIX 5.3
Micro
Partition
SMT=on
AIX 6.1
Micro
Partition
SMT=off
AIX 7.1
Micro
Partition
SMT-4
V V V V V V V V V
13 CPU Shared Processor Pool*
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
2.1 Proc. Units 0.8 Proc Units 1.2 Proc Units
2 CPUs
(dedicated)
1 CPU
(dedicated)
16 CPU SMP Server
Think PVL P=Physical V=Virtual L=Logical (SMT)
Physical, Logical, Virtual Layers
* All activated, non-dedicated CPUs are automatically placed into the shared processor pool.
Only 2.1+0.8+1.2 = 4.1 processor units of desired capacity has been allocated from the pool of 13 CPUs
Virtual
L
L Logical
Physical
Shared Pool 0 Pool 1
L L L L L L
45
December 5, 2013
Virtual Shared Processor Pools - Benefits
LPAR1
i5/OS
LPAR2
AIX
Oracle
DB
LPAR3
Linux
Physical Shared Pool (9 processor cores)
1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
LPAR4
Uncapped
AIX
Oracle DB
VP = 5
Ent. = 2.5
LPAR5
Uncapped
AIX
Oracle DB
VP = 4
Ent. = 1.70
LPAR6
Uncapped
AIX
OAS
App 1
VP = 4
Ent. = 2.00
LPAR7
Uncapped
AIX
OAS
App2
VP = 6
Ent. = 2.00
LPAR8
Uncapped
AIX
OAS
App 3
VP = 3
Ent. = 1.00
POWER6/7 Multiple shared pools:
Can reduce the number of
software licenses by putting a
limit on the amount of processors
an uncapped partition can use
Up to 64 shared pools
Virtual Shared pool #1
Max Cap: 5 processors
Virtual Shared pool #2
Max Cap: 6 processors
Oracle cores to license:
1 from dedicated partition LPAR2
5 from pool 1
= 6
Server with 12 processor cores
OAS cores to license:
6 from pool 2
= 6
Oracle DB core license factors:
Power5 and earlier: 0.75
Power6: 1.0
Power7: 1.0
46
December 5, 2013
Virtual Processor - Folding
Dynamically adjusting active Virtual Processors (VPs)
System consolidates loads onto a minimal number of VPs
Scheduler computes utilization of VPs every second
If VPs needed to host physical utilization is less than the current active VP count, a VP is
put to sleep
If VPs needed are greater than the current active VPs, more are enabled
On by default in AIX 5.3 ML3 and later
vpm_xvcpus tunable
vpm_fold_policy tunable
Increases processor utilization and affinity
Inactive VPs dont get dispatched and waste physical CPU cycles
Fewer VPs can be more accurately dispatched to physical resources by the
Hypervisor with potential for improved processor cache efficiency
When to adjust Check with IBM support before changing!
Burst/Batch workloads with short response-time requirements may need sub-second
dispatch latency
Disable processor folding or manually tune the number of VPs
# schedo o vpm_xvcpus=[-1 | N]
Where N specifies the number of VPs to enable in addition to the number of VPs needed to
consume physical CPU utilization
A value of -1 disables CPU folding
50
December 5, 2013
DLPAR SMT
Micro-
Partition
AIX 5.2
AIX 5.3
AIX 6.1
Oracle 9i
Oracle 10g
Oracle 11g
LPM
AIX 7.1
*1
*2
WPAR
*3
*4
AME
*5
*1 - 10.2.0.4 with minimum of AIX 5.3 TL8 SP4 or AIX 6.1 TL2 SP3
*2 - 11gR1 with AIX 6.1 TL3 SP1, 11gR2 with AIX 5.3 TL9 SP6, 11gR2 with AIX 6.1 TL4 SP1
*3 10.2.0.4 with minimum AIX 6.1 TL2 SP2 (No AIX 7.1 support at this time)
*4 11.2.0.2 with minimum AIX 6.1 TL2 SP2 (No AIX 7.1 support at this time)
*5 11.2.0.2 and above with minimum AIX 6.1 TL6 SP5 and AIX 7.1
Note: Live partition mobility is certified for 10.2.0.4 and AIX 5.3
TL8 SP4 & 6.1 TL2 SP3.
Oracle RAC 10.2.0.3 on VIOS 1.3.1.1 & AIX 5.3 TL07 and
higher are certified.
51
December 5, 2013
Memory
CPU
I/O
Network
Miscellaneous
Agenda
52
December 5, 2013
Application memory area caches data to
avoid IO
NFS caches file attributes
NFS has a cached filesystem for NFS clients
The AIX IO stack
JFS and JFS2 cache use extra system RAM
JFS uses persistent pages for cache
JFS2 uses client pages for cache
Queues exist for both adapters and disks
Adapter device drivers use DMA for IO
Disk subsystems have read and write cache
Disks have memory to store commands/data
IOs can be coalesced (good) or split up (bad) as they go thru the IO stack
Write cache
Read cache or memory area used for IO
Disk
Disk subsystem (optional)
Adapter Device Drivers
Disk Device Drivers
LVM (LVM device drivers)
R
a
w

d
i
s
k
s
R
a
w

L
V
s
Application
Logical file system
JFS JFS2 NFS Other
VMM
Multi-path IO driver (optional)
53
December 5, 2013
AIX Filesystems Mount options
Journaled File System (JFS)
Better for lots of small file creates & deletes
Buffer caching (default) provides Sequential Read-Ahead, cached writes, etc.
Direct I/O (DIO) mount/open option no caching on reads
Enhanced JFS (JFS2)
Better for large files/filesystems
Buffer caching (default) provides Sequential Read-Ahead, cached writes, etc.
Direct I/O (DIO) mount/open option no caching on reads
Concurrent I/O (CIO) mount/open option DIO, with write serialization
disabled
Use for Oracle .dbf, control files and online redo logs only!!!
GPFS
Clustered filesystem the IBM filesystem for RAC
Non-cached, non-blocking I/Os (similar to JFS2 CIO) for all Oracle files
GPFS and JFS2 with CIO offer similar performance as Raw Devices
54
December 5, 2013
Direct IO (DIO) introduced in AIX 4.3.
Data is transfered directly from the disk to the
application buffer, bypassing the file buffer
cache hence avoiding double caching
(filesystem cache + Oracle SGA).
Emulates a raw-device implementation.
To mount a filesystem in DIO
$ mount o dio /data
Concurrent IO (CIO) introduced with JFS2 in
AIX 5.2 ML1
Implicit use of DIO.
No Inode locking : Multiple threads can
perform reads and writes on the same file at
the same time.
Performance achieved using CIO is
comparable to raw-devices.
To mount a filesystem in CIO:
$ mount o cio /data
Bench throughput over run duration higher
tps indicates better performance.
AIX Filesystems Mount options (Contd)
55
December 5, 2013
Cached vs. non-Cached (Direct) I/O
Oracle 9i Oracle 10g/11g
JFS
Set filesystemio_options=SETALL
-or-
Use dio mount option
Set filesystemio_options=SETALL
-or-
Use dio mount option
JFS2
Use cio mount option Set filesystemio_options=SETALL
-or-
Use cio mount option
File System caching tends to benefit heavily sequential workloads with low
write content. To enable caching for JFS/JFS2:
Use default filesystem mount options
Set Oracle filesystemio_options=ASYNC
DIO tends to benefit heavily random access workloads and CIO tends to
benefit heavy update workloads. To disable JFS, JFS2 caching, see the
following table:
Note: Refer Metalink Note #s 272520.1, 257338.1, 360287.1, 232935.1
56
December 5, 2013
CIO/DIO implementation Advices
mount -o rw mount -o rw
mount -o rw mount -o cio *
(1)
Cached by Oracle
Cached by AIX
mount -o rw mount -o cio (jfs2 + agblksize=512)
Cached by Oracle
Cached by AIX
mount -o rw mount -o rbrw
Use JFS2 write-behind
but are not kept in AIX Cache.
mount -o rw mount -o rw
Oracle bin and shared lib.
with Standard mount options with optimized mount options
Cached by AIX Cached by AIX
Oracle Datafiles
Oracle Redolog
Cached by Oracle
Cached by Oracle
Cached by AIX Cached by AIX
Cached by AIX
Oracle Archivelog
Oracle Control files
*(1) : to avoid demoted IO : jfs2 agblksize = Oracle DB block size / n
Flash Recovery Area mount = rbrw
57
December 5, 2013
CIO Demotion and Filesystem Block Size
Data Base Files (DBF)
If db_block_size = 2048 set agblksize=2048
If db_block_size >= 4096 set agblksize=4096
Online redolog files & control files
Set agblksize=512 and use CIO or DIO only for RDBMS 11.1 or less
Set agblksize=4096 and create redolog with blocksize 4096 for
RDBMS 11.2
Mount Filesystems with noatime option
AIX/Linux records information about when files were created and last
modified as well as last accessed. This may lead to significant I/O
performance problems on often accessed files such as the contents
of the $ORACLE, /tmp.
65
December 5, 2013
I/O Stack Tuning Options (Device Level)
Disk
queue_depth - maximum # of concurrent active I/Os for an hdisk / hdiskpower; additional
I/O beyond that limit will be queued. Recommended/supported maximum is storage
subsystem dependent.
max_transfer - the maximum allowable I/O transfer size (default is 0x40000 or 256k).
Maximum supported value is storage subsystem dependent. All current technology supports
1MB (0x100000) or more I/O size set to 0x200000.
Fiber Channel Disk Adapter (fcsn)
num_cmd_elems - maximum number of outstanding I/Os for an adapter.
set to 1024 or 2048 (within storage subsystem vendor guidelines)
max_xfer_size - Increasing value (to at least 0x200000) will also increase DMA size from
16 MB to 256 MB, but this should only be done after IBM support has directed you to do so,
as it can lead in specific configurations to system stability issues or AIX not being able to
boot.
dyntrk - when set to yes (recommended), allows for immediate re-routing of I/O requests to
an alternative path when a device ID (N_PORT_ID) change has been detected; only applies
to multi-path configurations.
fc_err_recov - when set to fast_fail (recommended), if the driver receives an RSCN
notification from the switch, the driver will check to see if the device is still on the fabric and
will flush back outstanding I/Os if the device is no longer found.
September 2012
To validate / change current parameter settings use: lsattr, chdev
66
December 5, 2013
AIX IO tuning LVM Physical buffers (pbuf)
66
-Does apply to ASM on top of raw LV !
-Absolute value is not important, only
increase rate in give time interval
-Show lvmo command to get info per VG
67
December 5, 2013
AIX IO tuning HBA tuning (num_cmd_elems)
67
num_cmd_elems
num_cmd_elems
num_cmd_elems
num_cmd_elems Num HBA
num_cmd_elems
69
December 5, 2013
Looking for Buffer Structure Shortages
# vmstat -v |tail -5 we only need to look at the last 5 lines
0 pending disk I/Os blocked with no pbuf
if blocked on pbuf, increase
pv_min_pbuf (ioo restricted) and
varyoff/varyon VG
0 paging space I/Os blocked with no psbuf
if blocked on psbuf, stop paging or
add more paging spaces
2484 filesystem I/Os blocked with no fsbuf
if blocked on fsbuf (JFS), increase
numfsbufs (ioo restricted) to 1568
0 client filesystem I/Os blocked with no fsbuf
if blocked on client fsbuf (NFS) ,
increase nfso nfs_vX_pdts and
nfs_vX_vm_bufs values (X = 2,3, or 4)
0 external pager filesystem I/Os blocked with no fsbuf
if blocked on JFS2 fsbuf,
1) increase j2_dynamicBufferPreallocation (ioo) to 32 (or higher)
2) If that is not sufficient, increase j2_nBufferPerPagerDevice (ioo restricted)
to 2048 and unmount/remount JFS2 filesystems
Collect vmstat v output at multiple times and compare statistics
Look for the values that increase significantly over time
70
December 5, 2013
Allows multiple requests to be sent without to have to wait until the disk subsystem has
completed the physical IO.
Utilization of asynchronous IO is strongly advised whatever the type of file-system and mount
option implemented (JFS, JFS2, CIO, DIO).
IO : Asynchronous IO (AIO)
Posix vs Legacy
Since AIX5L V5.3, two types of AIO are now available : Legacy and Posix. For the moment, the
Oracle code is using the Legacy AIO servers.
aio
Q
Application
aioservers
Disk
1
2
3 4
71
December 5, 2013
IO : Asynchronous IO (AIO) fastpath
FS with CIO/DIO and AIX 5.3 TL5+ :
Activate fsfast_path (comparable to fast_path but for FS + CIO/DIO)
AIX 5L : adding the following line in /etc/inittab: aioo:2:once:aioo o fsfast_path=1
AIX 6.1/7.1 : ioo p o aio_fsfastpath=1 (default setting)
Raw Devices / ASM :
check AIO configuration with : lsattr El aio0
enable asynchronous IO fast_path. :
AIX 5L : chdev -a fastpath=enable -l aio0 (default since AIX 5.3)
AIX 6.1/7.1 : ioo p o aio_fastpath=1 (default setting)
Application
Disk
1
2
3
With fast_path, IO are queued directly from the application into the LVM layer without any
aioservers kproc operation.
Better performance compare to non-fast_path
No need to tune the min and max aioservers
No ioservers proc. => ps k | grep aio | wc l is not relevent, use iostat A instead
AIX Kernel
72
December 5, 2013
Asynchronous I/O for filesystem environments
Monitor Oracle usage:
Watch alert log and *.trc files in BDUMP directory for warning message:
Warning lio_listio returned EAGAIN
If warning messages found, increase maxreqs and/or maxservers
Monitor from AIX:
pstat a | grep aios
Use -A option for NMON
iostat Aq (new in AIX 5.3)
73
December 5, 2013
GPFS I/O Related Tunables
Refer Metalink note 302806.1
Async I/O:
Oracle parameter filesystemio_options is ignored
Set Oracle parameter disk_asynch_io=TRUE
Prefetchthreads= exactly what the name says
Usually set prefetchthreads=64 (the default)
Worker1threads = GPFS asynch I/O
Set worker1threads=550-prefetchthreads
Set aio maxservers=(worker1threads/#cpus) + 10
Other settings:
GPFS block size is configurable; most will use 512KB-1MB
Pagepool GPFS fs buffer cache, not used for RAC but may be for
binaries. Default=64M
mmchconfig pagepool=100M
74
December 5, 2013
AIX rendev command with ASM
rendev command is used for renaming devices which are listed in
ODM
Syntax / Description
rendev l <original name> -n <new name>
The device entry under /dev will be renamed corresponding to <new name>
Certain devices such as /dev/console, /dev/mem, /dev/null, and others that are identified
only with /dev special files cannot be renamed
Command will fail for any device that does not have both a Configure and an
Unconfigure method
Any name that is 15 characters or less and not already used in the system can be used
If used to rename hdisk devices for ASM use, it is recommended that you keep the
"hdisk" prefix, as this will allow the default ASM discovery string to match the
renamed hdisks. Corresponding rhdisk is renamed as well.
Example:
# rendev l hdisk10 n hdiskASM10
# ls /dev/*ASM*
/dev/hdiskASM10
/dev/rhdiskASM10
September 2012
75
December 5, 2013
AIX lkdev command with ASM
The lkdev command locks the specified device. Any attempt to modify device
attributes by using the chdev or chpath command is denied. In addition, an
attempt to delete the specified device or one of its paths from the ODM by using
either the rmdev or rmpath command is denied.
Syntax:
lkdev [ -l <Name> -a | -d [ -c <Text> ] ]
<Name> Name of device to be changed (required)
-a Locks the specified device.
-d Unlocks the specified device.
-c <Text> Specifies a text of up to 64 printable characters with no embedded
spaces.
Examples:
To enable the lock for the hdiskASM10 disk device and create a text label, enter the
following command:
# lkdev -l hdiskASM10 -a -c ASMdisk
To remove the lock for the hdisk1 disk device and remove the text label, enter the
following command:
# lkdev -l hdiskASM10 -d
Note: The text label of a locked device can not be changed! Instead, the
device needs to be first unlocked and then locked again with the new text
label specified.
September 2012
76
December 5, 2013
ASM configurations
AIX parameters
Async I/O needs to be enabled, but default values may be used
ASM instance parameters
ASM_POWER_LIMIT=1
Makes ASM rebalancing a low-priority operation. May be changed dynamically. It is
common to set this value to 0, then increase to a higher value during maintenance
windows
PROCESSES=25+ 15n, where n=# of instances using ASM
DB instance parameters
disk_asynch_io=TRUE
filesystemio_options=ASYNCH
Increase Processes by 16
Increase Large_Pool by 600k
Increase Shared_Pool by [(1M per 100GB of usable space) + 2M]
77
December 5, 2013
I/O Pacing
I/O Pacing parameters can be used to prevent large I/O
streams from monopolizing CPUs
System backups (mksysb)
DB backups (RMAN, Netbackup)
Software patch updates
When Oracle ClusterWare is used, use AIX 6.1/7.1 Defaults:
chgsys -l sys0 -a maxpout=8193 a minpout=4096 (AIX defaults)
nfso o nfs_iopace_pages=1024 (AIX defaults)
On the Oracle clusterware set : crsctl set css diagwait 13 force
This will delay the OPROCD reboot time to 10secs from 0.5secs during node
eviction/reboot, just enough to write the log/trace files for future diagnosis. Metalink
note# 559365.1
78
December 5, 2013
Memory
CPU
I/O
Network
Miscellaneous
Agenda
79
December 5, 2013
Grid Interconnect Redundancy Recommended
Etherchannel (802.3ad)
Up to 8 primary adapters per etherchannel
All adapters in the etherchannel should be the same, and should be configured identically (e.g., gigabit
full duplex)
All adapters constituting an etherchannel must be connected to the same switch
Switch support for etherchannel (may be called aggregation or trunking) required
Network Interface Backup
One per etherchannel
No switch requirements
Provides backup capability only, no increased throughput like etherchannel
Shared Ethernet Adapter (SEA) Failover
VIOS based failover and load balancing
New in 11.2.0.2 Oracle HAIP
Up to 4 primary adapters can be aggregated for redundancy and bandwidth
Requires multicast communication on 230.0.1.0 network, although 224.0.0.251 will work with patch
9974223
11.2.0.3 HAIP will work with broadcast communication
80
December 5, 2013
Network Options (no) Parameters
use_isno = 1 means any parameters set at the interface level override parameters
set with no
DEFAULT (restricted) in AIX 6.1
If use_isno = 0, any parameters set with no override interface-specific parameters
If use_isno = 1, set parameters for each interface using ifconfig or chdev
Refer to the following URL for a chart on appropriate interface-specific parameters:
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/topic/com.ibm.aix.prftungd/doc/prftungd/prftungd.pdf
Generally appropriate parameters for 1 or 10 Gigabit Ethernet Oracle public network
interfaces:
tcp_sendspace = 262144
tcp_recvspace = 262144
rfc1323 = 1
Examples:
# no -p -o tcp_sendspace=262144
# no -p -o tcp_recvspace=262144
# no -p -o rfc1323=1
81
December 5, 2013
TCP/IP Ephemeral Ports
Oracle 11gR2 checks the current TCP/IP ephemeral port range at binary
install time
If the current tcp and udp ephemeral port ranges are not set to 9000 65500, the
Oracle installer will generate warning messages
If the default range (32768 65535) is sufficient to support the anticipated
server workload, the warnings may be ignored
If the workload will require a high number of ephemeral ports, such as
high node counts or heavy use of Parallel Query or to avoid the install
time warning messages, the ephemeral port ranges may be re-configured
Examples:
# no -p -o tcp_ephemeral_low=9000
# no -p -o tcp_ephemeral_high=65500
# no -p -o udp_ephemeral_low=9000
# no -p -o udp_ephemeral_high=65500
82
December 5, 2013
Additional Network (no) Parameters for RAC:
Set udp_sendspace = db_block_size *
db_file_multiblock_read_count
(not less than 65536)
Set udp_recvspace = 10 * udp_sendspace
Must be < sb_max
Increase if buffer overflows occur
Ipqmaxlen=512 for GPFS environments
Use Jumbo Frames if supported at the switch layer
Examples:
no -a |grep udp_sendspace
no o -p udp_sendspace=65536
netstat -s |grep "socket buffer overflows"
83
December 5, 2013
Memory
I/O
Network
Miscellaneous
Agenda
84
December 5, 2013
Miscellaneous parameters
User Limits (smit chuser) /etc/security/limits
Soft FILE size = -1 (Unlimited)
Soft CPU time = -1 (Unlimited)
Soft DATA segment = -1 (Unlimited)
Soft STACK size -1 (Unlimited)
Sys0 maxuproc attribute
Should be >= 16384
For workloads with a large number of concurrent connections an/or parallel servers, should
be at least 128 plus the sum of PROCESSES and PARALLEL_MAXSERVERS for all
instances in the LPAR
Environment variables:
AIXTHREAD_SCOPE=S
LDR_CNTRL=DATAPSIZE=64K@TEXTPSIZE=64K@STACKPSIZE=
64K@SHMPSIZE=64K
101
December 5, 2013
Show me the
I/O Speed
103
December 5, 2013
Sample Configuration
Redo, Undo, temp,
System, Sysaux
Data, index
Data
Indexes
P770 32core
3.55ghz 256gb
memory
AIX 7.1 / Oracle
11.2.0.3
Existing SAN
storage
RamSan 820 / 10-20 TB
Read IOPS 450 K IOPS
Read Latency: 110 s
Write IOPS: 400 K IOPS
Write Latency: 25 s
RamSan 630 / 10TB
Read IOPS 1 M IOPS
Read Latency: 250 s
Write IOPS: 1 M IOPS
Write Latency: 80 s
Fiber Channel/
InfiniBand
Fiber Channel/
InfiniBand
PCIe
RamSan 70
2-4gb Fiber
Channel
104
December 5, 2013
Where to find the
documentation/
reference/wiki
105
December 5, 2013
IBM TechDocs - Technical Sales Library
http://www.ibm.com/support/techdocs
Oracle Architecture and Tuning on AIX v2.20
http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/WP100883
Configuring IBM TotalStorage for Oracle OLTP Applications
Diagnosing Oracle Database Performance on AIX Using IBM NMON and Oracle
Statspack Reports
Breaking the Oracle I/O Performance Bottleneck
http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/PRS3885
Oracle Technology Essential White Papers
There are many more Oracle related white papers especially
covering Oracle RAC with IBM servers and IBM storage.
Regularly Updated!
106
December 5, 2013
Oracle Documentation
My Oracle Support: http://support.oracle.com
282036.1 - Minimum Software Versions and Patches
Required to Support Oracle Products on IBM Power
Systems
756671.1 - Oracle Recommended Patches -- Oracle
Database
Oracle Reference Manuals:
http://otn.oracle.com/documentation/index.html
Oracle Certification Info (on MOS as well):
http://otn.oracle.com/support/metalink/index.html
Regularly Updated!
107
December 5, 2013
AIX
AIX 5.3 Product Documentation.
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.pseries.doc/hardware.htm
AIX 6.1 Product Documentation
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp
AIX 7.1 Product Documentation
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v7r1/index.jsp
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/cgi-bin/searchsite.cgi?query=sg247910 (IBM AIX Version 7.1 Differences
Guide)
IBM Wikis
https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/dashboard.action
AIX Wiki
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/Home
AIX Performance Tools (nmon, nmon analyser/consolidator, etc)
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/nmon
AIX DeveloperWorks
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix
AIX multiple page supprt
http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_p_os_aix_whitepapers_multiple_page.pdf
Tuning IBM AIX 5L V5.3 and AIX 6.1 for Oracle Database on POWER systems
http://www-
304.ibm.com/partnerworld/wps/servlet/ContentHandler/whitepaper/aix/oracle/performance_analysis
PowerVM Wiki
https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/virtualization/Home
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December 5, 2013
AIX / POWER
AIXpert Blog on Local, Near and Far Memory
https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/aixpert/entry/local_near_far_memo
ry_part_1_large_power7_boxes_more_local_memory26?lang=en
Oracle Database and 1 TB Segment Aliasing (TD105761)
http://www.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/TD105761
IBM EnergyScale for POWER7 Processor-Based Systems
ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/pow03039usen/POW03039USEN.PDF
Active Memory Expansion: Overview and Usage Guide
ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/common/ssi/sa/wh/n/pow03037usen/POW03037USEN.PDF
IBM PowerVM Virtualization Active Memory Sharing
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/redp4470.html?Open
IBM System p Advanced POWER Virtualization (PowerVM) Best Practices
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/redp4194.html?Open
Power Systems Enterprise Servers with PowerVM Virtualization and RAS
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247965.html?Open
109
December 5, 2013
Thank
You
110
December 5, 2013
The following are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. For a complete list of IBM Trademarks, see www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml: AS/400,
DBE, e-business logo, ESCO, eServer, FICON, IBM, IBM Logo, iSeries, MVS, OS/390, pSeries, RS/6000, S/30, VM/ESA, VSE/ESA, Websphere, xSeries, z/OS, zSeries, z/VM
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* All other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
NOTES:
Performance is in Internal Throughput Rate (ITR) ratio based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput that any user will experience will
vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be
given that an individual user will achieve throughput improvements equivalent to the performance ratios stated here.
IBM hardware products are manufactured from new parts, or new and serviceable used parts. Regardless, our warranty terms apply.
All customer examples cited or described in this presentation are presented as illustrations of the manner in which some customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual
environmental costs and performance characteristics will vary depending on individual customer configurations and conditions.
This publication was produced in the United States. IBM may not offer the products, services or features discussed in this document in other countries, and the information may be subject to change without notice.
Consult your local IBM business contact for information on the product or services available in your area.
All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.
Information about non-IBM products is obtained from the manufacturers of those products or their published announcements. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the performance, compatibility, or
any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.
Prices subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography.
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