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    Part One Geometrical Optics: Light Rays

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    goran physya
    This document discusses key concepts in geometrical optics and light waves. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and discusses the wave-particle duality of light. Specifically, it describes how the photoelectric effect and Compton effect demonstrated that light behaves as both a wave and particle. The document also defines photons as elementary particles of light that have energy proportional to their frequency. In less than 3 sentences.

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    Part One Geometrical Optics: Light Rays

    Uploaded by

    goran physya
    69 views13 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in geometrical optics and light waves. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and discusses the wave-particle duality of light. Specifically, it describes how the photoelectric effect and Compton effect demonstrated that light behaves as both a wave and particle. The document also defines photons as elementary particles of light that have energy proportional to their frequency. In less than 3 sentences.

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    Part One Optics(1)

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    This document discusses key concepts in geometrical optics and light waves. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and discusses the wave-particle duality of light. Specifically, it describes how the photoelectric effect and Compton effect demonstrated that light behaves as both a wave and particle. The document also defines photons as elementary particles of light that have energy proportional to their frequency. In less than 3 sentences.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    69 views13 pages

    Part One Geometrical Optics: Light Rays

    Uploaded by

    goran physya
    This document discusses key concepts in geometrical optics and light waves. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and discusses the wave-particle duality of light. Specifically, it describes how the photoelectric effect and Compton effect demonstrated that light behaves as both a wave and particle. The document also defines photons as elementary particles of light that have energy proportional to their frequency. In less than 3 sentences.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    Part One

    Geometrical Optics
    ?why optics 1-1

    .Why study optics? Lasers and fiber optics will soon replace most wires

    :Light rays 1-2


    Electromagnetic Spectrum
    We can see from about 400 nm to 700 nm
    This is known as the visible spectrum
    The Electromagnetic Spectrum

    Shortest wavelengths
    (Most energetic photons)

    E = hν = hc/λ
    [h = 6.6x10-34 [J*sec
    (Planck’s constant)

    Longest wavelengths
    (Least energetic photons)

    ___________________________________________________________________________________________

    :The Theories of Light 1-3


    The wave –particle Duality

    OR
    Ray Wavelength(λ) Frequency (ν) Hz Energy (E) ev
    Gamma 10-2 – 10-6 nm 3x1019-3x1022 19.86x104-19.86x107

    X 10-6 – 10 nm 3x1022-3x1016 19.86x107-19.86x101

    Ultra 10- 100 nm 3x1016-3x1015 19.86x101-19.86x100

    Visible 100 nm – 1 µm 3x1015-3x1014 19.86x100-19.86x10-1

    Infrared 1µm – 1 mm 3x1014-3x1011 19.86x10-1-19.86x10-4

    Microwave 1mm – 10 cm 3x1011-3x1010 19.86x10-4-19.86x10-5

    Radio wave 10 cm – 100km 3x1010-3x106 19.86x10-5-19/86x10-9


    Light Waves

    Until about 1900, the classical wave theory of light described most observed
    .phenomenon
    :Light waves

    :Characterized by

    (Amplitude (A 
    Frequency 
    ((ν
    Wavelength 
    ((λ

    :Wave /Particle duality for light(*)


    Photon=elementary light particle
    Mass=0
    Speed(c)=3×108m/sec
    Energy=hν
    h=planck's constant=6.6262×10-34 J.sec
    "c=λν "dispersion relation
    (ν=frequency (sec-1
    (λ=wavelength (m

    …And then there was a problem

    However, in the early 20th century, several effects were observed which could not be
    .understood using the wave theory of light

    :Two of the more influential observations were

    The Photo-Electric Effect (1

    The Compton Effect (2


    (Photoelectric Effect (I -
    Classical” Method“ ?What if we try this

    Increase energy by Vary wavelength, fixed amplitude


    increasing amplitude
    electrons electrons
    ? emitted ?emitted
    No
    No
    No Yes, with
    low KE
    No
    Yes, with
    No high KE

    No electrons were emitted until the frequency of the light exceeded a critical
    !frequency, at which point electrons were emitted from the surface
    (Recall: small λ  large ν )

    If light was really a wave, it was thought that if one shined light of a fixed wavelength on
    a metal surface and varied the intensity (made it brighter and hence classically, a more
    .energetic wave), eventually, electrons should be emitted from the surface

    -(Photoelectric Effect (II


    Electrons are attracted to the (positively charged) nucleus by the*
    electrical force
    In metals, the outermost electrons are not tightly bound, and can*
    .be easily “liberated” from the shackles of its atom
    …It just takes sufficient energy*
    Classically, we increase the energy of an EM wave by increasing the intensity
    (e.g. brightness)

    Energy α A2

    ?? But this doesn’t work

    .A=amplitude of the wave


    -(PhotoElectric Effect (III
     An alternate view is that light is acting like a particle
     The light particle must have sufficient energy to “free” the
    electron from the atom.
     Increasing the Amplitude is just simply increasing the number
    of light particles, but its NOT increasing the energy of each one!
     Increasing the Amplitude does diddly-squat!
     However, if the energy of these “light particle” is related to their
    frequency, this would explain why higher frequency light can
    knock the electrons out of their atoms, but low frequency light cannot…

    -Photo-Electric Effect (IV)


     In this “quantum-mechanical” picture, the energy of the
    light particle (photon) must overcome the binding energy of the
    electron to the nucleus.
     If the energy of the photon does exceed the binding energy, the
    electron is emitted with a KE = Ephoton – Ebinding.
     The energy of the photon is given by E=hγ, where the
    constant h = 6.6x10-34 [J s] is Planck’s constant.

    “Light particle”

    Before Collision After Collision


    Photons:
     Quantum theory describes light as a particle
    called a photon
     According to quantum theory, a photon has
    an energy given by
    E = hγ = hc/λ h = 6.6x10-34 [J*sec]
    Planck’s constant, after the scientist Max Planck.
     The energy of the light is proportional to the frequency, and inversely
    proportional to the wavelength! The higher the frequency (lower wavelength)
    the higher the energy of the photon!
     10 photons have an energy equal to ten times a single photon.
     The quantum theory describes experiments to astonishing precision,
    whereas the classical wave description cannot.

    p=h/
    -de Broglie’s Relation λ
     The smaller the wavelength the larger the photon’s momentum!
     The energy of a photon is simply related to the momentum by:

    E = pc (or, p=E/c )
     The wavelength is related to the momentum by: λ= h/p
     The photon has momentum, and its momentum is given
    by simply p = h /λ.

    -Momentum of Photons
    ?If I have a photon with energy E=1 [GeV], what is its momentum
    !p = E / c = (1 [GeV])/c = 1 [GeV/c] … That’s it

    ?If I have a photon with momentum 5 GeV/c, what is its energy


    ! E = pc = (5 GeV/c) * c = 5 [GeV] … whallah
    So, the only difference between a photons’ energy and momentum is:
    Energy  [GeV]
    momentum  [GeV/c]

    Don’t forget though that the “c” in [GeV/c] really means 3x108
    [m/s].
    Scattering Problem
    Incident X- Electron
    ray initially at
    wavelength
    rest λ f
    λ i= 1.5 [
    nm]
    e e

    ]KE=0.2 [keV
    Before
    Before After
    After

    Compute the energy of the 1.5 [nm] X-ray photon.


    E = hc/λ = (6.6x10-34 [J s])(3x108 [m/s]) / (1.5x10-9 [m])
    = 1.3x10-16 [J]

    Scattering Example (cont)


    Express this energy in [keV].
    1.3x10-16 [J] * (1 [eV] / 1.6 x10-19 [J]) = 825 [eV] = 0.825 [keV]

    What is the magnitude of the momentum of this photon?


    [p = E / c = 0.825 [keV]/ c = 0.825 [keV/c

    After the collision the electron’s energy was found to be 0.2 [keV]. What is the energy of
    the scattered photon?
    A) 0.2 [keV] B) 0.625 [keV] C) 1.025 [keV] D) 0.825 [keV]

    ]Since energy must be conserved, the photon must have E=0.825-0.2 = 0.625 [keV

    What would be the wavelength of the scattered photon?


    HW exercise !

    Summary of Photons
     Photons can be thought of as
    “packets of light” which behave as a
    particle.
     To describe interactions of light with matter, one generally has to appeal to the
    particle (quantum) description of light.
     A single photon has an energy given by
    E = hc/λ,
    where
    h = Planck’s constant = 6.6x10-34 [J s] and,
    c = speed of light = 3x108 [m/s]
    λ = wavelength of the light (in [m])
     Photons also carry momentum. The momentum is related to the energy by:
    p = E / c = h/λ

    Matter Waves ?
    One might ask:
    “If light waves can behave like a particle, might particles act like waves”?
    The short answer is YES. The explanation lies in the realm of
    quantum mechanics, and is beyond the scope of this course.
    However, you already have been introduced to the answer.
    λ = h/p = h / mv
    Particles also have a wavelength given by:

    Thatis,
    That is,the
    thewavelength
    wavelengthofofaaparticle
    particledepends
    dependsononits
    itsmomentum,
    momentum,
    justlike
    just likeaaphoton!
    photon!
    Themain
    The maindifference
    differenceisisthat
    thatmatter
    matterparticles
    particleshave
    havemass,
    mass,and
    and
    photonsdon’t
    photons don’t! !

    Matter Waves (cont)


    Compute the wavelength of a 1 [kg] block moving at 1000 [m/s].

    λ = h/mv = 6.6x10-34 [J s]/(1 [kg])(1000 [m/s]) = 6.6x10-37 [m].

     This is immeasureably small. So, on a large scale, we cannot


    observe the wave
    Compute behavior ofofmatter
    the wavelength an electron (m=9.1x10-31 [kg])
    moving at 1x107 [m/s].

    λ = h/mv = 6.6x10-34 [J s]/(9.1x10-31 [kg])(1x107 [m/s])


    = 7.3x10-11 [m].

    This is near the wavelength of X-rays


    Remarks on Particle Probes
     We have now asserted that high energy particles (electrons in the
    case of a SEM) can provide a way to reveal the structure of matter
    beyond what can be seen using an optical microscope.
     The higher the momentum of the particle, the smaller the
    deBroglie wavelength.

     As the wavelength decreases, finer and finer details about the


    structure of matter are revealed !
     We will return to this very important point.
     To explore matter at its smallest size, we need very high
    momentum particles!
     Today, this is accomplished at facilities often referred to as
    “atom-smashers”. We prefer to call them “accelerators”
     More on this later !
    Huygens’ Principle
    In the 17th Century, Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) proposed what we now know as
    Huygens’ Principle, one of the fundamental concepts of waves and wave optics.

    A typical statement of the principle is “every point on a wavefront acts as a source


    of a new wavefront, propagating radially outward.”

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