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    Alcohol Octane

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    toanvmpetrologx
    This document analyzes the octane synergies between ethanol, MTBE, and TAME when blended into gasoline at various concentrations. The study found that adding ethanol to the gasoline base stock resulted in greater increases in research octane number when ethers were also added compared to gasoline without ethanol. Specifically, blending 3% ethanol increased the research octane number gains of MTBE and TAME by 2-4 points when added at concentrations from 1-10% compared to the base gasoline alone. Additionally, the blending octane values of ethers were higher in a petroleum-derived gasoline base compared to a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic gasoline base, likely due to differences in olefin content between the fuels.

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    Alcohol Octane

    Uploaded by

    toanvmpetrologx
    69 views18 pages
    This document analyzes the octane synergies between ethanol, MTBE, and TAME when blended into gasoline at various concentrations. The study found that adding ethanol to the gasoline base stock resulted in greater increases in research octane number when ethers were also added compared to gasoline without ethanol. Specifically, blending 3% ethanol increased the research octane number gains of MTBE and TAME by 2-4 points when added at concentrations from 1-10% compared to the base gasoline alone. Additionally, the blending octane values of ethers were higher in a petroleum-derived gasoline base compared to a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic gasoline base, likely due to differences in olefin content between the fuels.

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    This document analyzes the octane synergies between ethanol, MTBE, and TAME when blended into gasoline at various concentrations. The study found that adding ethanol to the gasoline base stock resulted in greater increases in research octane number when ethers were also added compared to gasoline without ethanol. Specifically, blending 3% ethanol increased the research octane number gains of MTBE and TAME by 2-4 points when added at concentrations from 1-10% compared to the base gasoline alone. Additionally, the blending octane values of ethers were higher in a petroleum-derived gasoline base compared to a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic gasoline base, likely due to differences in olefin content between the fuels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views18 pages

    Alcohol Octane

    Uploaded by

    toanvmpetrologx
    This document analyzes the octane synergies between ethanol, MTBE, and TAME when blended into gasoline at various concentrations. The study found that adding ethanol to the gasoline base stock resulted in greater increases in research octane number when ethers were also added compared to gasoline without ethanol. Specifically, blending 3% ethanol increased the research octane number gains of MTBE and TAME by 2-4 points when added at concentrations from 1-10% compared to the base gasoline alone. Additionally, the blending octane values of ethers were higher in a petroleum-derived gasoline base compared to a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic gasoline base, likely due to differences in olefin content between the fuels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 18

    Accurate Determination of Ether/Alcohol Octane

    Synergies in Specific Base Fuel Matrices


    Jacques van Heerden; Petrus N. J. Roets;
    Johan J. Botha; Heinrich F. Strauss
    ISAF XV
    International Symposia on Alcohol Fuels
    September 26 28, 2005
    Overview
    ~ Background
    ~ Objectives
    ~ Methodology
    ~ Results
    ~ Conclusions
    Background - Pressures on refiners
    ~ Vehicle manufacturers are
    demanding higher octane
    unleaded gasoline
    ~ Use of oxygenates is an
    alternative to reduce carbon
    monoxide emissions
    ~ J anuary 2006 total Pb phase
    out in SA oxygenates to
    cater for octane deficit
    Background - Sasols Experience with Oxygenates
    ~ Experience with alcohol 8-12
    vol % in gasoline 1981-2001
    ~ Experience with alcohol below
    2 vol % in gasoline since
    2000
    ~ Experience with TAME since
    introduction of unleaded
    gasoline in the South African
    market in 1996
    ~ Have previously shown that
    there are synergistic effects
    when blending alcohol and
    ether in same gasoline blend
    (ISAF XIV, Thailand, 2002)
    Physical and Chemical Properties
    Oxygenate Ethanol MtBE TAME
    Chemical Formula C
    2
    H
    6
    0

    CH
    3
    CH
    2
    -0H
    C
    5
    H
    12
    0

    CH
    3
    -O-C(CH
    3
    )
    3

    C
    6
    H
    14
    0

    C
    2
    H
    5
    C(CH
    3
    )
    2
    -O-CH
    3

    Chemical Structure



    Molecular Weight 46.07 88.15 102.18
    Density, kg/l 0.789 0.740 0.764
    Composition, weight
    %

    Carbon 52.2 68.1 70.5
    Hydrogen 13.1 13.7 13.8
    Oxygen 34.7 18.2 15.7
    Boiling
    Temperature, C
    77-79 54-56 85-87
    Research Octane
    Number
    129 116 112
    Motor Octane
    Number
    96 101 99
    Reid Vapour
    Pressure, kPa
    15.86 53.78 10.34
    Flash Point, C
    12 -28 -11
    Water Solubility
    (g/100mL)
    Miscible
    10
    5.1 <0.1???

    Background - Ethers vs. Ethanol
    ~ Maximum allowable: 15 vol. % vs. 10 vol. % -
    3.7 mass% O
    2
    ~ Traditionally ethers transported in gasoline via
    pipeline ethanol cannot be handled in multi-
    product pipelines
    ~ Ethanol blends are not sent through pipeline
    systems because they may pick up water and
    other impurities in transit.
    ~ Sasol has successfully transported alcohol
    blended in gasoline via pipeline since 1998
    ~ Gasoline RVP: MTBE & TAME very similar to
    gasoline ethanol increases RVP
    ~ Refiners must reduce lighter components in
    summertime to reduce VOCs
    vs
    Objectives
    ~ The objective of this blending study was to verify/quantify the
    possible octane benefits of using fuel alcohol (EtOH) and the
    ethers (MTBE and TAME) as co-oxygenates in unleaded
    gasoline blending.
    ~ This study comprises the blending octane properties of 95/5
    Sasol Fuel Alcohol (SFA) (95% ethanol and 5% propanol)
    produced by the Sasol Synfuels facility, and TAME and MTBE
    over a concentration range of 3% and 1 10% respectively.
    Methodology - Octane Synergies
    ~ Synthetic and Petroleum derived unleaded gasoline containing 3
    volume percentage Sasol Fuel Alcohol (SFA) were used as base fuels
    ~ Ether (MTBE and TAME) was added, at increasing addition rates by
    volume, to determine the effect of the oxygenates on the octane
    numbers (RON and MON)
    ~ As a reference, gasoline blends with no oxygenates were used and the
    ethers were added in same ratios as mentioned above
    ~ Octane ratings of the blends were determined as per ASTM standard
    test methods
    ~ The blending octane of the oxygenates was determined using linear
    equations
    Results - Blending Research Octane Number
    105
    110
    115
    120
    125
    130
    TAME in FT Base MTBE in FT Base TAME in Pet Base MTBE in Pet Base
    0 vol% SFA
    3 vol% SFA
    ~The increase of the BRON when SFA is added petroleum based
    gasoline is significantly higher if compared with FT based gasoline
    Results - Blending Motor Octane Number
    94
    96
    98
    100
    102
    104
    106
    108
    110
    TAME in FT Base MTBE in FT Base TAME in Pet Base MTBE in Pet Base
    0 vol% SFA
    3 vol% SFA
    ~The addition of SFA reduce the BMON of both TAME and MTBE
    for FT base gasoline
    Results - RON Gain in F-T Base Gasoline
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 % MTBE 3% MTBE 6% MTBE 10% MTBE 1% TAME 3% TAME 6%TAME 10% TAME
    Ether Content
    w/o SFA With 3-vol% SFA
    Base RON = 88.5
    Results - RON Gain in Petroleum Base Gasoline
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    1 % MTBE 3% MTBE 6% MTBE 10% MTBE 1% TAME 3% TAME 6%TAME 10% TAME
    Ether Content
    w/o SFA With 3-vol% SFA
    Base RON = 90.8
    Results Ave Delta in Blending Research Octane Number
    0
    2
    4
    6
    8
    10
    12
    14
    TAME in FT Base MTBE in FT Base TAME in Pet Base MTBE in Pet Base
    Results Ave Delta in Blending Motor Octane Number
    -6
    -5
    -4
    -3
    -2
    -1
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    TAME in FT Base MTBE in FT Base TAME in CO Base MTBE in CO Base
    Discussion
    ~ The research octane number gain with the addition of ether in
    a base gasoline, which contains alcohol, is higher than with a
    base gasoline that does not contain any alcohol.
    ~ The blending octane values of the ethers in the crude oil
    based material are higher than the corresponding values in
    the Fischer-Tropsch derived material.
    ~ This may be attributed to differences in olefin content between
    the two base fuels without alcohol.
    Conclusions
    ~ The blending octane ethers compares very well with that of
    the values given in literature.
    ~ Even the addition of low concentrations of alcohol to the
    unleaded base fuel has a significant effect on the octane
    number of the resulting gasoline-oxygenate blend.
    ~ The gain in octane with the addition of ether is higher with a
    base fuel containing alcohol.
    ~ The composition of the base fuel appear to have significant
    effect on the blending octane number of the oxygenates, i.e.
    high olefin content affects lower blending octane of
    oxygenates and vice versa
    Questions?
    Background - Properties of commonly used Oxygenates

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