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    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear Worm-Hobs: Dénes HOLLANDA, Márton MÁTÉ

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    This document discusses the geometry of paloid bevel worm hobs used for cutting paloid gears. Paloid worm hobs have a variable tooth thickness along the rolling tape generator to ensure optimal contact between the gear teeth. This tooth thickness variation causes the flank line of the plain gear tooth to be a paloid curve rather than a theoretical involute. The document presents the mathematical model for how the tooth thickness variation is generated, using an elliptical relieving tool trajectory as an example. It derives the parametric equations for the surface of the worm hob tooth flank based on the radius modification function that describes the variable tooth thickness.

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    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear Worm-Hobs: Dénes HOLLANDA, Márton MÁTÉ

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    julio_rodrigues
    66 views7 pages
    This document discusses the geometry of paloid bevel worm hobs used for cutting paloid gears. Paloid worm hobs have a variable tooth thickness along the rolling tape generator to ensure optimal contact between the gear teeth. This tooth thickness variation causes the flank line of the plain gear tooth to be a paloid curve rather than a theoretical involute. The document presents the mathematical model for how the tooth thickness variation is generated, using an elliptical relieving tool trajectory as an example. It derives the parametric equations for the surface of the worm hob tooth flank based on the radius modification function that describes the variable tooth thickness.

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    This document discusses the geometry of paloid bevel worm hobs used for cutting paloid gears. Paloid worm hobs have a variable tooth thickness along the rolling tape generator to ensure optimal contact between the gear teeth. This tooth thickness variation causes the flank line of the plain gear tooth to be a paloid curve rather than a theoretical involute. The document presents the mathematical model for how the tooth thickness variation is generated, using an elliptical relieving tool trajectory as an example. It derives the parametric equations for the surface of the worm hob tooth flank based on the radius modification function that describes the variable tooth thickness.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    66 views7 pages

    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear Worm-Hobs: Dénes HOLLANDA, Márton MÁTÉ

    Uploaded by

    julio_rodrigues
    This document discusses the geometry of paloid bevel worm hobs used for cutting paloid gears. Paloid worm hobs have a variable tooth thickness along the rolling tape generator to ensure optimal contact between the gear teeth. This tooth thickness variation causes the flank line of the plain gear tooth to be a paloid curve rather than a theoretical involute. The document presents the mathematical model for how the tooth thickness variation is generated, using an elliptical relieving tool trajectory as an example. It derives the parametric equations for the surface of the worm hob tooth flank based on the radius modification function that describes the variable tooth thickness.

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    Acta Universitatis Sapientiae

    Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, 2 (2010) 159-165



    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear
    Worm-Hobs
    Dnes HOLLANDA, Mrton MT

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences,
    Sapientia University, Tg. Mure,
    e-mail: hollanda@ms.sapientia.ro, mmate@ms.sapientia.ro

    Manuscript received November 11, 2010; revised November 24, 2010.
    Abstract: The paper discusses the generating surfaces of the paloid bevel worm hob
    used for paloid gear cutting. A pitch modification is required by this type of tool in
    order to ensure the optimal contact pattern by gearing. As a consequence of this
    modification the flank line of the plain gear tooth results as a paloid- a more general
    shaped curve than the theoretical involute of the basic circle. Equations of the
    generating surfaces result as equations of a generalized arhimedic bevel helical surface
    presenting those modifications that arise from the variation of the tooth thickness.
    The first subsection discusses the essential geometrical peculiarities of the paloid
    worm hob. Here it is to remark that the most important characteristic of the tool is the
    variation of the tooth thickness on the rolling tape generator. The tooth thickness has its
    minimum value at the middle of the generator, and is maximum on the extremities. As a
    consequence, the generated gear tooth presents an opposite variation of thickness. The
    thickness variation is realized by moving the relieving tool on an ellipse, but this is not
    the only possible trajectory to be used.
    The second subsection presents the generalized mathematical model of the tooth
    thickness variation. Starting from the ellipse used by classical relieving technologies,
    and writing the equation of the ellipse reported to the coordinate system of the paloid
    hob it results the radius function of the revolved surface of the reference helix. This
    function is used in its condensed form. With this, the developed mathematical model
    can be used for other forms of the relieving tool trajectory.
    The next paragraphs present the matrix transformations between the coordinate
    systems of the hob and the relieving tool. Finally the parametric equations of the hob
    tooth flank are obtained. These equations depend on the radius modification function.
    Using other relieving trajectories that differ from an ellipse, other tooth flank forms will
    be obtained. Using this model, the flanks of the cut gear tooth can be easily written for
    all types of trajectories.
    160 D. Hollanda, M. Mt


    Keywords: paloid bevel worm hob, tooth thickness modification, generating
    surface.
    1. General description
    Paloid bevel gears are realized on Klingelnberg type teething machine-tools,
    using paloid bevel gear worm-hobs [1], [6]. These tools present a straight-
    shaped edge in their axial section. As a conclusion, the origin surface of the
    paloid worm hob is an Arhimedic bevel worm having the half taper angle of 30
    as shown in Fig. 1. [4], [5]. The chip-collecting slots are axially driven. In order
    to realize the clearance angle on all edges, a helical relieving, perpendicularly
    oriented to the bevel generator is allowed.

    Figure 1: The paloid worm hob characteristic dimensions.
    In order to ensure the good positioning of the contact patch by paloid gears,
    the pitch of the tool is variable but the tooth thickness (measured on the rolling
    taper generator) must increase at the extremities of the tool. Using this principle,
    the tooth thickness on the rolling tape generator increases in both directions
    starting from the point N (Fig. 2).
    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear Worm-Hobs 161


    Figure 2: The tooth thickness distribution along the cone generator.
    The thickness of teeth in case of gears manufactured using the worm-hob
    described above results smaller at the tooth extremities and larger in the middle
    of it. This localizes the contact pattern in the middle of the tooth-flank when
    gearing. This modification causes the deformation of the tooth line on the plain
    gear too, transforming the theoretical involute into a more general shaped curve
    named paloid.
    Both the threading and the relieving operation are realized on a relieving
    machine, where the axis of the worm-hob is declined with a 30 angle reported
    to the axis of the chuck, in a horizontal plain containing the axis. This way the
    taper generator becomes parallel with the direction of the longitudinal slider.
    The curved generator of the worm-hob is realized through leading the cutter
    slider by a profiled turning-template. The same template is used by the
    threading and relieving operations.
    Bevel worm hobs present one thread, and allow the cutting of any teeth
    number by a fixed module and pressure angle. The pitch is normalized along the
    rolling cone generator and can be calculated using the formula:
    N N
    m p = .
    The axial pitch (defined on the worm hobs axis) is determined by

    30 cos =
    N A
    m p .
    162 D. Hollanda, M. Mt


    2. The geometry of the tooth thickness modification
    Considering the bevel worm-hob as a helical bevel surface, like any bevel
    thread, it is to mention that next to the axial pitch, a radial pitch can be defined,
    depending on the axial pitch and the half taper angle of the rolling cone (30
    o
    ). If
    the generator of the worm hob were a straight line, the radial pitch value would
    satisfy the expression . 30 tg
    o
    A
    p h = However, the generator is curved and the
    radial pitch is calculated taking into account the fact that the endpoint of the
    characteristic radius must be on that generator. Considering the tools pressure
    angle , the distance between the curved and the straight generators (based on
    the dimensions of the tool profile indicated in [1], [2], [6]) can be calculated
    using the formula
    tg 2 / 01 , 0 tg 2 / ) 01 , 0 (
    1
    = + =
    N N N N
    m p m p
    applicable for point A (Fig 3). The same distance is indicated related to point C
    (Fig 3). In point D, the distance discussed above will increase to double as
    follows from the formula
    1 2
    2 tg 2 / ) 02 , 0 ( = + =
    N N N
    p m p .
    The curved generator is usually an arc of ellipse of which major axis
    (superposed to the Ox) is parallel to the rolling cone generator, and its minor
    axis (superposed to Oy) passes through point B (Fig 3), situated at a distance of
    N eo
    p F 2 + from the top of the rolling cone.

    Figure 3: The elliptically curved generator.
    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear Worm-Hobs 163

    It is to remark that the ellipse passes through the following points:
    ) , (
    1
    a p A
    N
    ; ) , 0 ( a B ; ) , . 2 (
    1

    N
    p C and ) , . 4 (
    2
    a p D
    N
    .
    The canonic equation of an arbitrarily shaped ellipse, reported to its axes, is:
    0 1
    2
    2
    2
    2
    = +
    b
    y
    a
    x
    (1)
    Writing the equation of the ellipses passing through the points A, B, C and D
    a system of equation will result, of which solution leads to the reference radius
    endpoint function e.g. ) 30 cos / (
    o
    N
    p f h = . In this paper the radial pitch is
    accepted having a general form as expressed by the above formula. As a
    consequence, the relations deduced in the following can be used for other forms
    of the curved generator too. Using this form, the essential aspects of the
    dependences will not be influenced by the very sophisticated expressions of the
    radial pitch [3].
    The matrix equation of the bevel worm hobs edge, reported to the self
    coordinate system, is:
    1
    0
    cos
    )] 30 sin( )] 30 sin( 30 tg 30 [cos
    4

    + +

    =
    N
    eo
    M
    m
    F
    r (2)
    This edge is fixed to the mobile coordinate system
    M M M M
    Z Y X O
    superposed at the initial moment with the fixed coordinate systemOXYZ . The
    parametric form of the edge expressed in the mobile system will is denoted by
    r
    M
    but it keeps the form of r
    t
    given by (2).
    The surface of the generator flank of the bevel worm hob can be obtained
    considering the followings: the edge is fixed to the mobile coordinate system
    (Fig 4) that executes a helical motion reported to the stationary system. The
    origin moves in the direction of axis with an amount of
    A
    p , simultaneously
    with a rotation by angle of the worm-hob (representing the workpiece in the
    above case).

    164 D. Hollanda, M. Mt



    Figure 4: The position of the right edge related to the used reference system.
    First the edge must be reported to an auxiliary coordinate system. Between
    this and the auxiliary system
    M M M M
    Z Y X O there exist only translations by
    amounts of 2 /
    A
    p and 2 / h respectively. A transfer matrix describing
    the above translations is:
    1 0 0 0
    0 1 0 0
    2
    0 1 0
    2
    0 0 1

    h
    p
    M
    A
    aM
    = (3)
    After that the edges equation is transformed to the stationary system,
    mentioning that auxiliary system executes only a rotation around its X axis,
    characterized by the matrix
    1 0 0 0
    0 cos sin 0
    0 sin cos 0
    0 0 0 1


    =
    Oa
    M (4)
    On Some Pecularities of Paloid Bevel Gear Worm-Hobs 165

    The pointing vector of the bevel helical surface described by the edge,
    reported to the stationary reference system is obtained from the following
    matrix equation
    M OM M aM Oa
    r M r M M r = =
    .
    (5)
    Multiplying
    Oa
    M by
    aM
    M it results

    1 0 0 0
    sin .
    2
    cos sin 0
    cos .
    2
    sin cos 0
    2
    0 0 1

    h
    h
    p
    M
    A
    OM

    = (6)
    Finally, the matrix expression of the pointing vector is:
    1
    .
    1 0 0 0
    sin .
    2
    cos sin 0
    cos .
    2
    sin cos 0
    2
    0 0 1
    1
    M
    M
    M
    A
    Z
    Y
    X
    h
    h
    p
    Z
    Y
    X

    = (7)
    Expression (7) realizes the matrix form of the right flank of the bevel worm-
    hob tooth, reported to the stationary system OXYZ, attached to the hob.
    Analytical expression is obtained after multiplying the matrices in the
    equation before. Similarly results the equations of the opposite flank, if starting
    the calculus with the equations of the opposite edge.
    References
    [1] Krumme, W., Klingelnberg-Spiralkegelrder Dritte neubearbeitete Auflage, Springer
    Verlag, Berlin, 1967.
    [2] *** MASINOSTROIENIE- ENCYCLOPEDY, Vol.VII., Masghiz Moskou.
    [3] Mt, M., Hollanda, D. The Enveloping Surfaces of the Paloid Mill Cutter, in Proc. 18
    th

    International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Baia Mare, 23-25 April 2010, pp.
    291-294.
    [4] Michalski, J., Skoczylas, L. Modeling the tooth flanks of hobbed gears in the CAD
    environment", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 36,
    no. 7-8, 2008.
    [5] Shu-han Chen, Hong zhi Jan, Xing-zu Ming, Analysis and modeling of error of spiral
    bevel gear grinder based on multi-body system theory", Journal of Central South
    University of Technology, vol. 15, no. 5, 2008.
    [6] Klingelnberg, J. Kegelrder- Grundlagen, Anwendungen, Springer Verlag, 2008.

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