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Polymer Fundamentals for Coatings
Werner J. Blank
King Industries, Inc.
Science Road, Norwalk CT. 06852
werner@wernerblank.com

Introduction
Understanding some of the basic properties of the polymers used in coatings is
essential for the formulator to understand the problems one encounters. Many of the basic
properties of polymers are predictable based on their structure.
The total market for coating polymers is approximately 6.5 billion pounds. In the
last 12 years, this market has enjoyed a compounded growth rate of 3.5 % in the OEM
area and approximately 4.6 % in the architectural field. The specialty coating market was
during this time period static.
The solvent consumption has essentially not changed during this time period.
Considering the growth rate of the industry, the solvent use has actually declined. This
decline has no doubt been a result of environmental regulations.

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
M
M

l
b
s
1985 1997
Year
SPECIAL
ARCHIT
OEM
RESIN CONSUMPTION
1985 - 1997
3.5 %
4.6 %
SL2375
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
G
A
L
L
O
N

M
M
85 act 90 pred. 97 act 02 pred
YEAR
THINNERS
WATER BASED
SOLV BASED
SOLVENT CONSUMPTION
ACTUAL & PREDICTED
SL2374

These numbers would indicate an average solids content of 50 % in 1985 and over 60 %
in 2000.

Market
The coating market consists of three different areas. OEM (Original Equipment
Manufactures), Architectural and Specialty Coatings. The OEM market covers all the
factory applied coatings, such as automotive, can coatings and wood coatings. The
Architectural market is essentially the do it yourself market. The Specialty Market
consists of the professionally non-factory applied market, such as automotive refinishing,
machine coatings and traffic paint.

Polymers used in coatings
Because of the diversity in coating enduses and applications, not a single
technology controls the coating market. Because of different performance requirements
certain enduses and applications are being controlled by certain coating systems.

Polymer Architecture
Independent of polymer composition, polymers can be distinguished solely by
their architecture. Architectural features such as linearity, branching, rigidity or flexibility
of the polymer chain have a profound effect on properties. Branching can have an effect
on the distribution of functional groups, solubility of the polymer and also on the
viscosity of a solution.

Linear Branched
Highly branched Dendrimer

Monomer units in a polymer chain can be arranged at random, alternate or
in block form. The nature of the sequence will effect physical properties, solubility and
mechanical properties. A random copolymer will have more of the average properties of
both monomers. A block polymer still can have the properties of both co-monomers. A
block polymer can have the Tg of the flexible and the rigid part of a polymer chain. For
many block polymers the two or more blocks are not compatible. This leads to phase
separation of the two blocks. In coatings phase separation is not desired because it leads
to roughness of the surface and to lower gloss. Block polymers are used in coatings as
additives to improve the compatibility between two different phases.

Random Block

The flexibility of a polymer chain or the freedom of each chain fragment to rotate
determines many of the physical properties of a polymer and the films made from a
polymer. It is clear from above pictures of branching that high degree of branching will
restrict the mobility of a chain. Aliphatic chains offer usually the highest degree of
rotational freedom. Longer aliphatic chains, because of the regularity of the chain, can
lead to orientation of the chain and to crystallization. This crystallization will also reduce
mobility and raise the Tg. Aromatic chains, ladder polymers produce polymer chains with
very limited mobility. These polymers have a high Tg, poor solubility in many solvents
and a high viscosity.

Flexible Rigid

Polymer Properties

Large progress has been made in the past years to correlate chemical composition
of a polymer to its properties. Computer programs can now predict many of the
properties of polymers based on group contribution of the individual components of a
polymer.
Not knowing the composition of a polymer, a chemist can from certain polymer
properties predict how a polymer will perform in an applications.
Glass transition temperature. (Tg) For the coating chemist the glass transition
temperature (Tg) is a useful property. The glass transition temperature of the polymer or
oligomer can be related to the viscosity of the polymer solution and the viscosity of the
polymer at different temperatures. The Tg of a polymer can be understood in terms of the
free volume concept. A polymer at Tg or below its Tg has no free volume for the polymer
chains to move. Heating a polymer above its Tg increases the free volume and makes the
mobility of the polymer chains possible. This concept of the free volume is expressed in
the WLF
1
equation (William, Landel and Ferry). Below is a modification of this equation,
which uses universal constants according to Nielsen
2
.

log T = 13 -
17.44(T-Tg)
51.6+(T-Tg)

is the viscosity (Poise) at the
temperature T. Tg is the glass transition
temperature of the polymer. 13, 17.44
and 51.6 are constants.

The Tg of a polyester depends on the MW, MW distribution and on the flexibility of the
polymer chain. A variety of diols and diacids are commercially available to prepare
polyester with Tg's ranging from -60C to as high as 200C for an all aromatic polyester.
Most coatings utilize polyester with a Tg from as low as -20 to 100C. The effect of Tg
of a polymer on the viscosity of a polymer at different temperatures can be seen in the
figure below.
The Tg of acrylate copolymers can be calculated using the Fox equation.


1
Tg
=
W
1
+
Tg
1
Tg
2

Tg is the glass transition of the copolymer, Tg
1
and
Tg
2
are the glass transition temperature of a
homopolymer of monomer 1 or 2 respectively. W
1

and W
2
are the weight fraction of monomer in the
copolymer.


1E-1
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
V
I
S
C
O
S
I
T
Y
,

P
O
I
S
E
0 20 40 60 80 100
TEMPERATURE C
VISCOSITY as a FUNCTION OF Tg
WILLIAMS,LANDEL,FERRY EQUATION
Tg of polymer
17
7
-13
-33
-53
-73
SL1513bw


Molecular weight. The viscosity of linear polymers as a function of molecular
weight has been addressed by Flory
3
(eq. 1). He found that the molecular weight of
polyesters prepared by condensation polymerization follows this equation (1). This is a
simplified form or the Mark Houwink equation.

log = A+CMw

(1)

Wherein M
w
is the weight average molecular weight and A and C are constants specific
for a certain polymer composition.
The relationship of MW of a polymer and viscosity can also be addressed by
looking at the lowering of the Tg of the oligomers

Tg
o
= Tg -
k
M
n

-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T
g

i
n

K
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Tg vs MOLECULAR WEIGHT
OF OLIGOMERS
k=100000
k=25000
k=50000
SL1504
Tgo and Tg represent the glass transition
temperature of the oligomer or of the
polymer of high molecular weight. In this
equation
4
k is a constant, for polyester
oligomers we observed a k value of about
0.5 to 0.9x10
5
.

0.00
0.04
0.08
0
20
40
60
80
100
A
R
E
A
,

%
1E2 1E3 1E4
MOLECULAR WEIGHT GPC
PUR DISPERSION XM-1
\ GPC \ 32479 \ XM2311
Most polymers have a statistical
distribution in MW. The high MW end of
the distribution has a large effect on the
viscosity of the polymer. A narrower
distribution can substantially reduce the
viscosity of the polymer. Polymerization
procedures are available which permit the
preparation of narrow MW polymers.
The addition of solvent to a polymer can be viewed as a plastification of the polymer.
This results in a lowering of the Tg value. Solvents which can strongly interact with a
polymer will show the largest reduction in Tg and also have the largest effect on the
reduction of viscosity.

Tg
s
= C
o
- C
1
x W
s

This equation works quite reliable in a dilution of
between 0-40 % of solvent. Loren Hill
5
has demostrated
that in combination with the WLF equation this is a
reliable tool to predict the dilution of polymers. C
o
and
C
1
are constants. W
s
is the weight fraction of solvents

-1
1
3
5
V
I
S
C
O
S
I
T
Y

,

L
O
G

P
O
I
S
E
,

2
5

C
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
WEIGHT FRACTION OF SOLVENT
METHANOL WATER ACETONE BU ACETATE
VISCOSITY OF K-FLEX UD-320-100
SL1507
For a polyurethane diol an excellent fit was
found for a number of different solvents.
The correlation coefficient r
2
was 0.9997
between measured and calculated results.
C
o
= 243.9
C
1
= 365 Methanol
C
1
= 339 Water
C
1
= 326 Acetone
C
1
= 230 n-Butylacetate
For

a 100 % polymer C
o
represents the Tg
of the polymer in K

Solubility. The solubility of a polymer can be defined by its solubility parameter. The
solubility parameter defines the interaction of a polymer with solvents. London forces
(dispersion or hydrophobic), hydrogen bonding and polar interactions make up the
solubility parameter.
2
=
d
2
+
p
2
+
h
2
. (Hansen solubility parameter
6
). An additive
approach can be used calculate the solubility parameter of a polymer from its fragments.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons have a low solubility parameter and their interactions are solely
dispersion forces. The major contribution to the solubility parameter for aromatic
hydrocarbon are again dispersion forces and some contribution to due polar interaction.
Alcohols, esters, ethers and ketones have besides the dispersion and polar also hydrogen
bonding contribution to solubility. Water is unusual as a solvent because of the very
strong contribution of hydrogen bonding to the solubility parameter. The units used in the
figures below are cal
1/2
cm
-3/2
.
Polymers are soluble in solvents with a similar solubility parameter.

0 20 40
OCTANE
m-XYLENE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
METHYLISOBUTYLKETONE
2-METHOXYPROPYLACETATE
BUTYL ACETATE
ACETONE
2-BUTOXYETHANOL
N-BUTANOL
2-METHOXYPROPYLENE GLYCOL
METHANOL
WATER
S
o
l
v
e
n
t
Dispersion Polar Hydrogen
Solubility Parameter
SL2386
0 5 10 15
POLYSTYRENE
ALKYD LONG
POLYISOBUTYLENE
ALKYD SHORT
PMMA
NITROCELLULOSE
PV ACETATE
HMMM
CELLULOSE ACETATE
EPOXY MW 1000
R
e
s
i
n
Dispersion Polar Hydrogen
Solubility Parameter
SL2387

Surface Tension. Application of coatings requires wetting and flow of a polymer.
The surface free energy or surface tension plays an important role in this field. Surface
tension of a polymer depends on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic character of a molecule
and can be related to the solubility parameter of the polymer.

= k
2
V
1/3

This equation related surface tension with solubility parameter for
non-polar solvents. A value of k = 1.8 x 10
-9
mol
1/3
was found by
Schonhorn
7
.

Beerbower
8
related the surface tension to non-polar, polar and hydrogen bonding
solubility parameter.

Polymer Form

For a polymer to be applied as a coating it has to be brought into a suitable form.
Present coating application processes permit the application of liquids and solids. Most of
the polymers used in coatings can be applied from a solvent solution. Because of
environmental regulations, there is a large interest to develop coatings low in solvent
content. These low volatile organic content (VOC) coatings require lower MW resins and
crosslinking to achieve film properties. Other approaches have been the design of
waterborne coatings or powder coatings.
The effect of MW on polymer solution viscosity has been discussed in the section
on polymer properties and is well understood.

Waterborne polymers: Essentially all polymers used for surface protection in
coatings are predominately hydrophobic polymer and not soluble or dispersible in water.
Either incorporating ionic charged or nonionic groups or the use of external surfactants is
required to bring a polymer into water. The most common method of achieving water
solubility/dispersibility is the use of anionic charges such as carboxyl groups.
Depending on the amount of charge and or surfactant, the polymer might be
classified as soluble, dispersed or a colloidal solution
9
. Water-soluble polymers will
rearrange in water to form a hydrophilic shell and a hydrophobic core. This core shell
structure can remain in the film after film formation. Most waterborne polymers behave
in water as dispersed polymers and not as solutions
10
. Hill observed that these polymers
follow the Mooney equation for randomly packed spheres. See figure below.
These polymers also do not have Newtonian rheology and show shear-thinning
behavior. The structure of a water dispersed polymer is shown below.

Vi = volume fraction of solid phase, e =
viscosity of the continuous medium, ke =
shape dependant constant for spheres 2.5,
= packing factor for uniform spheres
randomly packed.


1E-1
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
V
I
S
C
O
S
I
T
Y
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
VOLUME FRACTION
SPHERE SPH SW SPH FLOC
VISCOSITY OF DISPERSION
SL2094
Continous phase

Crosslinking: For most industrially applied coatings, crosslinking of the polymer is
required to achieve the required performance. The cross-linking process itself represents a
random process of interaction of functional sites, which can be described according to
Gordon
11
by the theory of stochastic branching processes. Miller and Macosko
12
have
used the basic assumptions laid out by Flory
13
to postulate that: All functional groups of
the same type are equally reactive; All groups react independently of one another. That
no intramolecular reactions occur in finite species allowing for a newer and simpler
method for deriving average properties of non-linear polymers. The method uses the
recursive nature of the branching process and an elementary law of conditional
expectation and can be used past the gel point to study weight fractions of solubles and
cross-link density.

Most normal networks are not perfect.
Incomplete reactions lead to partially crosslinked
networks that do not give optimum properties. In
this network, some of the junction points are
only di or tetra functional. The lower than
theoretical crosslink density will give coatings
with increased flexibility, decreased hardness
and lower tensile strength.

In the figure below, Ws represents the soluble weight fraction, Mw the weight
average molecular weight, Mn is the number average molecular weight, P(X3) and P(X4)
are tri or tetra functional junction points respectively. For a polymer system consisting of
a tetra functional polymer and a di functional crosslinker the gel point is at a conversion
of functional groups of approximately 0.58. At this point, the MW reaches infinity. Only
one polymer chain has reached infinite MW, the weight soluble fraction is still 1. Past the
gel point the soluble fraction declines drastically and the amount of tri functional junction
points increases. Only during the later stages of the crosslinking reaction the tetra
functional junction points are formed and the tri functional junction points decline. The
soluble weight fraction approaches zero at approximately 0.9-0.95 conversion of
functional groups.

NETWORK FORMATION
A4 + B2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CONVERSION
D
E
G
R
E
E

O
F

P
O
L
Y
M
E
R
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
F
R
A
C
T
I
O
N
Mw
Mn
Ws
P(X3)
P(X4)


Crosslinking of a polymer changes many other characteristics of a polymer.
Crosslinking reduces the mobility of polymer chains. This reduction in mobility shows in
form of increased stress in a polymer on extension. Below figure shows the increase in
stress of a polymer network on elongation as a function of distance between junction
points. The total elongation at break is also reduced by crosslinking a polymer. Solvent
swelling is reduced on crosslinking. Linear swell ratio is shown in a polymer as a
function of MW between crosslinks.

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
S
T
R
E
S
S
,

P
S
I
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
EXTENSION RATIO
500 1000 1500 2000
STRESS-STRAIN
FRONT FACTOR = 1
\ HILTON93\ NETWROK3\
SL1707
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
M
W

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

X
-
L
I
N
K
S
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
SWELL RATIO
SWELL RATIO AND MWxl
SL1756
\ HILTON93\ SWELCOM1

Polymer Chemistry

Acrylic polymer
Main feature carbon-carbon backbone, large variety of co-monomers.

Properties Thermoplastic Thermoset
MW >50,000 2000-20,000
Crosslinking No Self crosslinking external
Functional groups type COOH
COOH, OH, Amide, Epoxy,
Alkoxymethyl,
Amount Low no functional groups 0.5-2.0 Meq/g
Crosslinking Self, Amino, COOH, Isocyanate
Film property Film forming Heat cure or ambient
Hard and brittle or soft and flexible Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Poor Excellent
Chemical resistance Poor Excellent
Exterior durability Excellent Excellent
System Water, solvent Water, solvent, powder, UV
Application Architectural, inks, lacquers OEM



Acrylic/methacrylic
Monomers
Polymer Property/Use
R= C
1
to C
8
; R' = H, CH
3
High UV resistance,
hydrolytic stability
Functional Groups: R= H, -
CH
2
CH
2
OH, -CH
2
CHCH
3
OH
High solids, waterborne
Automotive clearcoats
O O
R
R'

O O
R
R'
n

O

Powder coating
NH O
R
R'


R'= H (acrylamide), CH
3

(methacrylamide) -CH
2
OR
(alkoxymethyl, R= C
1
-C
4
)

Reactive self crosslinking.
Waterborne


Styrene High Tg,
Hydrolytic stability
Low cost


Acrylonitrile Polar
Solvent resistance
Waterborne
High Tg


Vinyl chloride Low cost
Problem with chlorine
High Tg


Vinyl acetate Waterborne
Solvent borne
Adhesion
Architectural coatings
Low cost
Tg at room temperature

Alkyd Resins

Properties Oxidative Drying (long oil) Thermoset (short medium oil)
MW 500-2000 500-2000
Crosslinking Oxidative, air Melamine, isocyanate
Functional groups type Unsaturation OH, COOH
Amount Low no functional groups 3-5 Meq/g
Crosslinking Self crosslinking External
Film property Film forming Heat cure or ambient
Hard and brittle Hard and brittle
Solvent resistance Poor Excellent
Chemical resistance Poor Excellent
Exterior durability Poor Medium-Excellent
System Solvent, Water Solvent, Water
Application Architectural, inks, lacquers OEM
Reactants

Mono carboxylic acids Fatty acids, Linseed oil, soya, Tung oil, coconut, tall oil, C
12
-C
18

Di carboxylic acids o-phthalic acid/anhydride, isophthalic acid, adipic, maleic, fumaric
Tri carboxylic acid trimellitic anhydride
Diol/polyol Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, glycerol,
trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, methyl glucoside,
Polyester Resin
Ester containing backbone, predominately diols and diacids are used

Properties Thermoset
MW 500-10,000
Crosslinking Melamine, isocyanate, epoxy
Functional groups type OH, COOH
Amount 0.2-4 Meq/g
Crosslinking External
Film property Heat cure or ambient
Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Excellent
Exterior durability Medium-Excellent
System Water, solvent, powder
Application OEM, Specialty

Reactants for preparation of polyester

Di carboxylic acids
o-phthalic acid/anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic, adipic, azelaic, glutaric,
maleic, fumaric, dimeric fatty acid
Tri carboxylic acid trimellitic anhydride
Diol/polyol
Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, glycerol,
cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,6-hexanediol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol,
methyl glucoside,
Lactones Caprolactone
Hydrox acids Hydroxy stearic acid

Polyurethane Resin
Ester or ether and urethane containing backbone, predominately diols and diacids and
diisocyanates are used
Properties Thermoplastic Thermoset
MW >20,000 500-10,000
Crosslinking No
Melamine, isocyanate, epoxy,
Bl. NCO, UV
Functional groups type COOH OH, COOH, NCO, unsaturation
Amount <0.5 Meq/g 0.2-4 Meq/g
Crosslinking No External, Self
Film property Flexible Heat cure or ambient
Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Poor to medium Excellent
Chemical resistance Poor to medium Excellent
Exterior durability Good Medium-Excellent
System Water, solvent Water, solvent, powder
Application OEM, Architectural OEM, Specialty

Reactants (Diol, triol + diisocyanate)

Polyester component
Di carboxylic acids
o-phthalic acid/anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic, adipic, azelaic,
glutaric, maleic, fumaric, dimeric fatty acid
Tri carboxylic acid trimellitic anhydride
Diol/polyol
Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, glycerol,
cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,6-hexanediol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol,
methyl glucoside,
Lactones Caprolactone
Hydroxy acids Hydroxy stearic acid, dimethylolpropionic acid

Polyether component
Oxirane Propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, butylene oxide
Tetramethylene glycol Tetrahydrofurane
Diol, triol, polyol starter Water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, sucrose,

Diisocyanate
Aromatic Toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 4,4-diisocyanate
Aliphatic
Hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, tetramethylxylelen
diisocyanate, bis(4-isocyanato cyclohexyl) methylene

Epoxy Resins
Properties Thermoset
MW 500-20,000
Crosslinking Self crosslinking, external
Functional groups type Epoxy, Hydroxyl
Amount 0.5-4.0 Meq/g
Crosslinking Self, COOH, Isocyanate, Amine
Film property Heat cure or ambient
Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Excellent, corrosion resistance
Exterior durability Poor (aromatic)
System Water, solvent, powder, UV cure
Application OEM, Maintenance, Primer

Epoxy resins

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
Amine, RCOOH, phenol,

Application: Industrial primers, adhesives
Polymeric bisphenol A diglycidyl ether.
Amine, RCOOH, phenol, amino
Applications: Bake, primer, can coatings
Cycloaliphatic epoxide
RCOOH, cationic

Applications: Cationic UV cure, heat cure self
polymerization
Epoxidized Oil
RCOOH
Applications: Reactive diluent

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate CAB


R = Acetyl, butyrate


Properties Thermoset-Thermoplastic
MW 15,000-60,000
Crosslinking External
Functional groups type OH
Amount 1.0-3.5 Meq/g
Crosslinking Amino, Isocyanate
Film property
Dust free, adhesion, pigment grinding, stain
resistance, reduced blocking
Solvent resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Excellent
Exterior durability Excellent
System Water, solvent, powder, UV
Application
OEM, specialty, automotive refinishing, wood
coatings, plastic


Nitrocellulose (Cellulose Nitrate)

Properties Thermoplastic - Thermoset
MW High
Crosslinking External
Functional groups type OH
Amount 1.0-3.5 Meq/g
Crosslinking Urea formaldehyde, Isocyanate
Film property
Dust free, adhesion, pigment grinding, stain
resistance, reduced blocking
Solvent resistance Poor-good
Chemical resistance Poor-good
Exterior durability Medium
System Solvent
Application Wood coatings, plastic, lacquers, paper


Crosslinking

Isocyanate

R-NCO + R'-OH R-NH-CO-OR' urethane linkage, reaction catalyzed (DBTDL)

R-NCO + R'-NH
2
R-NH-CO-NHR' urea linkage, reaction extremely fast

Properties Crosslinker
MW 450-800
Crosslinks with OH, COOH, NH
Functional groups type Isocyanate
Amount 0.5-6.0 Meq/g
Reacts with Hydroxyl, COOH, Amine, moisture
Film property Ambient or Heat cure
Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Excellent
Exterior durability Excellent (aliphatic) Poor (aromatic)
System Water, solvent,
Application OEM, Specialty


Isocyanate structure Name feature

Hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer, Isocyanurate
trimer
Efficient crosslinker
Excellent exterior durability


Isophorone diisocyanate, preparation of
prepolymers, two isocyanate groups with different
reactivity.
Isocyanurate trimer available as crosslinker

Diphenylmethane 4,4-diisocyanate (MDI)
Polymeric MDI.
Aromatic isocyanate, faster reacting, moisture
curing elastomers

2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI)
Mixture 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI
Preparation of prepolymers, urethane alkyds


Blocked Isocyanates

R-NHCO-Bl R-NCO + Bl-H deblocking on heating

Blocked Isocyanates
Properties
MW 450-800
Crosslinks with OH, NH
Functional groups type Blocked isocyanate
Amount 0.5-6.0 Meq/g
Reacts with Hydroxyl, COOH, Amine, moisture
Film property Heat cure (100-150C)
Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Excellent
Exterior durability Excellent (aliphatic) Poor (aromatic)
System Water, solvent,
Application OEM, Specialty


Blocking Agent Structure Cure Temperature
Malonate/ acetoacetate

>100C, (transesterification reaction)
Ketoxime

>140C
Pyrazol

>130C
Phenol

>140C
Alcohol

>150C
Caprolactam

>160C
Uretdione

>170C, no volatile reaction products

Amino Resins

N N
N N N
N
CH
2
OR
CH
2
OR
ROH
2
C CH
2
OR
ROH
2
C
CH
2
OR

Hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM)
Substitution, R = C
1
to C
4

Strong acid catalysis, sulfonic acids, specific acid
catalysis
N N
N N N
N
CH
2
OR
CH
2
HOH
2
C CH
2
OR
H
CH
2
OH

Polymeric melamine, imino, partially alkylated,
Substitution R= C
1
to C
4
Weak acid, general acid catalysis, carboxyl groups.

Amino Resins

Properties Thermoset
MW 400-1500
Crosslinking Self crosslinking, external
Functional groups type Alkoxymethyl, methylol
Amount 3-12 Meq/g
Crosslinking with OH, COOH, Amide
Film property Heat cure or ambient
Hard and flexible
Solvent resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Excellent
Exterior durability Excellent, acid etch problems
System Water, solvent,
Application OEM


Acknowledgement

I would like to thank King Industries for permission to publish this paper and also
thank Dr. Leonard J. Calbo and Dr. Alex He for proofreading it.

References

1
M.L.Williams, R.F.Landel and J.D.Ferry, J.Am.Chem.Soc.77,3701(1955)
2
L.E.Nielsen, Polymer Rheology, Marcel Dekker, 1977,pp.33,74,133
3
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