Ayahuasca

Ayahuasca being prepared in the Napo region of

Ecuador. Freshly harvested caapi vine ready for preparation Banisteriopsis
caapi preparation Beaten caapi ready for boiling Caapi cooking over an open
fire
This entry focuses on the Ayahuasca brew; for inforation on the
vine of the sae nae! see Banisteriopsis caapi
Ayahuasca ayawaska pronounced a"a waska in the #uechua language is any
of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared fro the
Banisteriopsis spp. vine! usually i$ed with the leaves of
diethyltryptaine%containing species of shrubs fro the &sychotria genus.
The brew! first described acadeically in the early '()*s by +arvard
ethnobotanist ,ichard Evans -chultes who found it eployed for divinatory
and healing purposes by Aerindians of Aa.onian Colobia! is known by a
nuber of different naes see below.
Contents
' &reparation
/ Naes
0 Cheistry
1 2sage
1.' 3ntroduction to Europe and North Aerica
1./ Ayahuasca touris
1./.' 3nitiation
) 4odern descriptions
).' ,elated phenoena
5 &lant constituents
5.' Traditional
6 7egal status
8 3nternational research
( -ee also
'* ,eferences
'*.' Bibliography
'*.'.' Nonfiction
'*.'./ Fiction
'*.'.0 9ocuentaries
'*.'.1 Fictional fils
'*./ Notes
'' E$ternal links
&reparation
-ections of B. caapi vine are acerated and boiled alone or with leaves
fro any of a nuber of other plants! including &sychotria viridis
chacruna or 9iplopterys cabrerana also known as chaliponga. The
resulting brew contains the powerful hallucinogenic alkaloid
N!N%diethyltryptaine 94T! and 4A: inhibiting harala alkaloids! which
are necessary to ake the 94T orally active. Though B. caapi is a central
ingredient in traditional ayahuasca brews! harala%containing plants fro
other plant%edicine cultures! such as -yrian ,ue! can be used instead of
the vine to ake an ayahuasca analogue! yet it isn;t considered ayahuasca!
as Caapi vine is considered the ain plant in the brew.citation needed
Brews can also be ade with no 94T%containing plants; &sychotria viridis
being substituted by plants such as <usticia pectoralis! Brugansia! or
sacred tobacco! also known as 4apacho Nicotiana rustica! or soeties
left out with no replaceent. The potency of this brew varies radically
fro one batch to the ne$t! both in potency and psychoactive effect! based
ainly on the skill of the shaan or brewer! as well as other adi$tures
soeties added and the intent of the cereony.citation needed Natural
variations in plant alkaloid content and profiles also affect the final
concentration of alkaloids in the brew! and the physical act of cooking ay
also serve to odify the alkaloid profile of harala alkaloids.'/
3ndividual polyorphiss in the cytochroe &1)*%/95 en.ye affect the
ability of individuals to etaboli.e harine.0 -oe natural tolerance to
habitual use of ayahuasca roughly once weekly ay develop through
upregulation of the serotonergic syste.1 A phase ' pharacokinetic study
on Ayahuasca as +oasca with ') volunteers was conducted in '((0! during
the +oasca &ro"ect.) A review of the +oasca &ro"ect has been
published.5
Naes
cip= generic vine! liana! caapi! hoasca! vegetal! daie
or santo daie in Bra.il
yag> or ya"> both pronounced ?a he in Tucanoan;
populari.ed in English by the beat generation writers @illia -. Burroughs
and Allen Ainsberg in The Bage 7etters.
ayahuasca or ayawaska -pirit vine or vine of the soulsC in
#uechua! aya eans spirit while huasca or waska eans vine in Ecuador!
Bolivia and &eru! and to a lesser e$tent in Bra.il. The spelling ayahuasca
is the hispanici.ed version of the nae; any #uechua or Ayara speakers
would prefer the spelling ayawaska. The nae is properly that of the plant
B. caapi! one of the priary sources of beta%carbolines for the brew.
nate aongst the indigenous -huar people of &eru.
Arandother
4olecular structure of +arine. 4olecular structure of +araline. 4olecular
structure of Tetrahydroharine.
Cheistry
+arine copounds are of beta%carboline origin. The three ost studied
beta%carboline copounds found in the B. caapi vine are harine! haraline
and tetrahydroharine. +arine and haraline are selective and reversible
inhibitors of 4A:%A! while tetrahydroharine is a weak serotonin uptake
inhibitor. This inhibition of 4A:%A allows 94T to diffuse unetaboli.ed
past the ebranes in the stoach and sall intestine and eventually get
through the blood%brain barrier to activate receptor sites in the brain.
@ithout ,34As or the 4A:3 of 4A:%A! 94T would be etaboli.ed in the
digestive tract and would not have an effect when taken orally6.
2sage
2rarina shaan! '(88
Ayahuasca is used largely as a religious sacraent. Those whose usage of
ayahuasca is perfored in non%traditional conte$ts often align theselves
with the philosophies and cosologies associated with ayahuasca shaanis!
as practiced aong indigenous peoples like the 2rarina of &eruvian
Aa.onia.8 The religion -anto 9aie uses it.
@hile non%native users know of the spiritual applications of ayahuasca! a
less well%known traditional usagespecify focuses on the edicinal
properties of ayahuasca. 3ts purgative properties are highly iportant
any refer to it as la purga! the purge. The intense voiting and
occasional diarrhea it induces can clear the body of wors and other
tropical parasites!( and harala alkaloids theselves have been shown to
be anthelintic'* Thus! this action is twofold; a direct action on the
parasites by these harala alkaloids particularly harine in ayahuasca
works to kill the parasites! and parasites are e$pelled through the
increased intestinal otility that is caused by these alkaloids.
9ietary taboos are often associated with the use of Ayahuasca''. 3n the
rainforest! these tend towards the purification of one;s self % abstaining
fro spicy and heavily%seasoned foods! e$cess fat! salt! caffeine! acidic
foods such as citrus and se$ before! after! or both before and after a
cereony. A diet low in foods containing tyraine has been recoended! as
the speculative interaction of tyraine and 4A:3s could lead to a
hypertensive crisis. +owever! evidence indicates that harala alkaloids act
only on 4A:%A! in a reversible way siilar to oclobeide an
antidepressant that does not reDuire dietary restrictions. &sychonautic
e$perients and the absence of dietary restrictions in the highly urban
Bra.ilian ayahuasca church 2niEo do Fegetal also suggest that the risk is
uch lower than perceived! and probably non%e$istent.'/
The nae ;ayahuasca; specifically refers to a botanical decoctions that
contains Banisteriopsis caapi. A synthetic version! known as pharahuasca
is a cobination of an appropriate 4A:3 and typically 94T. 3n this usage!
the 94T is generally considered the ain psychoactive active ingredient!
while the 4A:3 erely preserves the psychoactivity of orally ingested 94T!
which would otherwise be destroyed in the gut before it could be absorbed
in the body. Thus! ayahuasDueros and ost others working with the brew
aintain that the B. caapi vine is the defining ingredient! and that this
beverage is not ayahuasca unless B. caapi is in the brew. The vine is
considered to be the spirit of ayahuasca! the gatekeeper and guide to the
otherworldly reals.
3n soe areasspecify! it is even said that the chakruna or chaliponga
adi$tures are added only to ake the brew taste sweeter. This is a strong
indicator of the often wildly divergent intentions and cultural differences
between the native ayahuasca%using cultures and psychedelics enthusiasts in
other countries.
3n odern Europe and North Aerica! ayahuasca analogues are often prepared
using non%traditional plants which contain the sae alkaloids. For e$aple!
seeds of the -yrian rue plant can be used as a substitute for the ayahuasca
vine! and the 94T%rich 4iosa hostilis is used in place of chakruna.
Australia has several indigenous plants which are popular aong odern
ayahuasDueros there! such as various 94T%rich species of Acacia. Ayahuasca
cooking in the Napo region of Ecuador.
3n odern @estern culture! entheogen users soeties base concoctions on
Ayahuasca. @hen doing so! ost often ,ue or B. caapi is used with an
alternative for of the 94T olecule! such as psilocin! or a non%94T based
hallucinogen such as escaline.citation needed Nicknaes such as
&silohuasca! 4ush%rue%asca! or ;-hroo%a%huasca! for ushroo based
i$tures! or &edrohuasca fro the -an &edro Cactus! which contains
escaline are often given to such brews. The psychedelic e$perientalist
trappings of such concoctions bear little reseblance to the edicinal use
of Ayahuasca in its original cultural conte$tcitation needed! where
ayahuasca is usually ingested only by e$perienced entheogen users who are
ore failiar with the cheicals and plants being used.
3ntroduction to Europe and North Aerica
Ayahuasca is entioned in the writings of soe of the earliest issionaries
to -outh Aerica! but it only becae coonly known in Europe and North
Aerica uch later.specify The early issionary reports generally clai
it as deonic! and great efforts were ade by the ,oan Catholic Church to
stap it out.citation needed @hen originally researched in the /*th
century! the active cheical constituent of B. caapi was called
telepathine! but it was found to be identical to a cheical already
isolated fro &eganu harala and was given the nae haraline. The
original botanical description done was the +arvard ethnobotanist ,ichard
Evans -chultes.citation needed +aving read -chultes;s paper! Beat writer
@illia Burroughs sought yag> still referred to as telepathine in the
early '()*s while traveling through -outh Aerica in the hopes that it
could relieve or cure opiate addiction see The Bage 7etters. Ayahuasca
becae ore widely known when the 4cGenna brothers published their
e$perience in the Aa.on in True +allucinations. 9ennis later studied the
pharacology! botany! and cheistry of ayahuasca and oo%koo%he! which
becae the sub"ect of his aster;s thesis.
3n Bra.il! a nuber of odern religious oveents based on the use of
ayahuasca have eerged! the ost faous of the being -anto 9aie and the
2niEo do Fegetal or 29F! usually in an aniistic conte$t that ay be
shaanistic or! ore often as with -anto 9aie and the 29F! integrated
with Christianity. Both -anto 9aie and 2niEo do Fegetal now have ebers
and churches throughout the world. -iilarly! the 2- and Europe have
started to see new religious groups develop in relation to increased
ayahuasca use.'0. &a9eva! an Aerican @iccan group! has becoe the first
incorporated legal church which holds the use of ayahuasca central to their
beliefs.citation needed -oe @esterners have teaed up with shaans in
the Aa.on rainforest regions! foring Ayahuasca healing retreats that
clai to be able to cure ental and physical illness and allow
counication with the spirit world. Anecdotal reports and scientific
studies affir that rituali.ed use of ayahuasca ay iprove ental and
physical health.'1
-everal notable celebrities have publicly discussed their use of ayahuasca!
including -ting detailed in his /**0 eoir Broken 4usic! 9avid 3cke!
Tori Aos! and &aul -ion who wrote the song -pirit Foices about his
e$perience with the brew in the Aa.on.citation needed
,ecent years have seen notable edia attention to the position of the 29F
church in the 2nited -tates. After having their iportation and use of
+oasca tea challenged by the 2.-. 9epartent of <ustice! and then having
the issue settled in their favor by the 2.-. -upree Court! the church
gained soe notoriety. This irrors in soe ways the e$periences of 29F and
-anto 9aie churches in Europe! where legal authorities have taken interest
in their activities in France! Aerany! +olland and -pain.
+olland was an early @estern conte$t for the spread of ayahuasca use.
-upporting a large Bra.ilian population! -anto 9aie ebers in particular
ade efforts to spread the philosophy of rituali.ed ayahuasca use. 3n the
id%to%late '((*s one group! the Asterda%based Friends of the Forest! was
fored by -anto 9aie ebers to introduce ayahuasca to Europeans and
others with allergies to Christianity.citation needed They did this by
introducing New Age rituals incorporating basic ritual structure!
celebrating with songs in the 9aie tradition &ortuguese walt.es! English
language songs! abient usic and antras and kirtan. They e$isted at least
until the 9utch authorities raided a -anto 9aie ritual in progress! and
other ayahuasca%oriented groups sensed that an obvious public profile was
not in their best interest. Asterda is also aong the few cities in
Europe where one can find! in addition to cannabis! psilocybin ushroos
and peyote! ayahuasca vine! chacruna leaves! and plants for ayahuasca
analogues in the tradition of <onathan :tt;s so%called ayahuasca
borealis.citation needed
Ayahuasca touris
Ayahuasca tourist refers to a tourist wanting a taste of an e$otic ritual
or who partakes in odified services geared specifically towards
non%indigenous persons. -oe seek to clear eotional blocks and gain a
sense of peace. :ther participants include e$plorers of consciousness!
writers! edical doctors! "ournalists! anthropologists! ethnobotanists!
philosophers and spiritual seekers. Ayahuasca touris is greatest in &eru!
and attracts visitors fro all over the world! especially fro Europe! 2-A!
Australia! and -outh Africa! but also fro other 7atin Aerican countries
like Argentina! Chile! Costa ,ica! Colobia and 4e$ico.
3nitiation
2sually a visitor who wishes to becoe a dietero or dietera! that is! a
ale or feale apprentice%shaan learning the way of the teacher plants!
undergoes a rigorous initiation. This can involve spending up to a year or
ore in the "ungle. This initiation challenges and trains the initiate
through e$tree circustances involving a special diet and nuerous
different plant edicines to copleent the Ayahuasca! the lack of western
food and conveniences! the harsh environental conditions of heavy rains!
stors! intense heat! insects! and poisonous anials. The initiate is also
tested for their unwavering coitent to Ayahuasca and the shaan who
oversees the training.
4odern descriptions
4atthew Thopson gives in 4y Colobian 9eath nonfiction! /**8 a detailed
account of taking part in an e$treely harrowing yage cereony % an
e$perience which gives the book its title. Thopson visited an indigenous
shaan outside the town of Auarne in AntioDuia 9epartent! Colobia. After
drinking a cup of yage! Thopson collapses and voits and grows terrified!
believing hiself to be dying and then dead! and undergoing agonies of
purgation and transforationC
3; in the wrong body! the wrong for! the wrong thoughts! the wrong life.
... 3; the ask! painted and epty! nothing ore than a vessel for other
entities to see through. Talons curl into the eyeholes to twist and stretch
e apart. 4y tongue is torn loose and y stoach ripped through y throat.
Burning and liDuefying. All is olten rubber! stinking and agoni.ing. 3;
changing.')!
@ade 9avis author of The -erpent and The ,ainbow non%fiction'5'6
describes the traditional i$ture as tough in his book :ne ,iverC The
sell and acrid taste was that of the entire "ungle ground up and i$ed
with bile. p. '(1
@riter Gira -alak describes her personal e$periences with ayahuasca at Blue
4orpho Tours in &eru in the 4arch /**5 issue of National Aeographic
Adventure aga.ine'8'( The article includes a candid description of how
ayahuasca cured her depression! as well as provides detailed inforation
about the brew. +ere is an e$cerpt fro the article about 9r. Charles
Arob;s landark findings/*C
The taking of ayahuasca has been associated with a long list of docuented
curesC the disappearance of everything fro etastasi.ed colorectal cancer
to cocaine addiction! even after "ust a cereony or two. 3t has been
edically proven to be nonaddictive and safe to ingest. Bet @estern
scientists have all but ignored it for decades! reluctant to risk their
careers by researching a substance containing the outlawed 94T. :nly in the
past decade! and then only by a handful of researchers! has ayahuasca begun
to be studied. At the vanguard of this research is Charles Arob! 4.9.! a
professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at 2C7A;s -chool of 4edicine.
3n '((0 9r. Arob directed the +oasca &ro"ect! the first in%depth study of
the physical and psychological effects of ayahuasca on huans. +e and his
tea went to Bra.il! where the plant i$ture can be taken legally! to study
ebers of a church! the 2niEo do Fegetal 29F! who use ayahuasca as a
sacraent! and copared the to a control group that had never ingested the
substance. The studies found that all the ayahuasca%using 29F ebers had
e$perienced reission without recurrence of their addictions! depression!
or an$iety disorders. 2nlike ost coon anti%depressants! which Arob says
can create such high levels of serotonin that cells ay actually copensate
by losing any of their serotonin receptors! the +oasca &ro"ect showed that
ayahuasca strongly enhances the body;s ability to absorb the serotonin
that;s naturally there 1. ;Ayahuasca is perhaps a far ore
sophisticated and effective way to treat depression than --,3s
antidepressant drugs!; Arob concludes! adding that the use of --,3s is ;a
rather crude way; of doing it. And ayahuasca! he insists! has great
potential as a long%ter solution in aintaining abstinence.
Chilean novelist 3sabel Allende told The -unday Telegraph in 7ondon that
she once took the drug in an attept to punch through writer;s block/'.
The paper wroteC
But after forcing down the foul%tasting brew! she was catapulted to a place
so dark her husband feared he had ;lost his wife to the world of spirits;.
+er life flashed before her as the hallucinogen took hold. -he faced
deons! saw herself as a terrified four%year%old and curled up on the
floor! shivering! retching and uttering for two days.
;3 think 3 went through an e$perience of death at a certain point! when 3
was no longer a body or a soul or a spirit or anything!; Allende says
atter%of%factly. ;There was "ust a total! absolute void that you cannot
even describe because you are not. And 3 think that;s death.;
Nevertheless! the process proved transforative. Allende eerged aching but
lucid and was able to coplete a trilogy she was writing! now being
adapted for fil by the co%producers of The Chronicles of Narnia.
,elated phenoena
There have been reports that a phenoenon siilar to folie H deu$ had been
induced ost recently by anthropologists in the -outh Aerican rainforest
by consuing ayahuasca// and by ilitary e$perients for cheical warfare
in the late 5*;s using the incapacitating agent BI. 3n both incidents there
were very rare clais of shared visual hallucinations.
&lant constituents
Traditional
Traditional Ayahuasca brews are always ade with Banisteriopsis caapi as a
4A:3citation needed! although 94T sources and other adi$tures vary fro
region to region. There are several varieties of caapi! often known as
different colors! with varying effects! potencies! and uses.
94T adi$turesC
&sychotria viridis Chacruna % leaves
9iplopterys cabrerana Chaliponga! Banisteriopsis rusbyana % leaves
&sychotria carthagenensis Ayruca % leaves
:ther coon adi$turesC
<usticia pectoralis
Brugansia To>
Nicotiana rustica 4apacho! variety of tobacco
3le$ guayusa! a relative of yerba ate
4A:3C
+aral &eganu harala! -yrian ,ue % seeds
&assion flower
synthetic 4A:3s
94T adi$ture sourcesC
Acacia aidenii 4aiden;s @attle! Acacia phlebophylla! and other
Acacias! ost coonly eployed in Australia % bark
Anadenanthera peregrina! A. colubrina! A. e$celsa! A. acrocarpa
4iosa hostilis <urea % root bark % not traditionally eployed
with ayahuasca by any e$isting cultures! though likely it was in the past.
&opular in Europe and North Aerica.
7egal status
3nternationally! 94T is a -chedule 3 drug under the Convention on
&sychotropic -ubstances. The Coentary on the Convention on &sychotropic
-ubstances notes! however! that the plant itself is e$cluded fro
international controlC/0
The cultivation of plants fro which psychotropic substances are obtained
is not controlled by the Fienna Convention. . . . Neither the crown fruit!
escal button of the &eyote cactus nor the roots of the plant 4iosa
hostilis nor &silocybe ushroos theselves are included in -chedule '! but
only their respective principles! escaline! 94T and psilocin.
A fa$ fro the -ecretary of the 3nternational Narcotics Control Board to
the Netherlands 4inistry of &ublic +ealth sent in /**' goes on to state
that ConseDuently! preparations e.g.decoctions ade of these plants!
including ayahuasca! are not under international control and! therefore!
not sub"ect to any of the articles of the '(6' Convention./1
The legal status in the 2nited -tates of 94T%containing plants is soewhat
Duestionable. Ayahuasca plants and preparations are legal! as they contain
no scheduled cheicals. +owever! brews ade using 94T containing plants are
illegal since 94T is a -chedule 3 drug. That said! soe people are
challenging this! using arguents siilar to those used by peyotist
religious sects! such as the Native Aerican Church. A court case allowing
2niEo do Fegetal to use the tea for religious purposes in the 2nited
-tates! Aon.ales v. : Centro Espirita Beneficente 2niao do Fegetal! was
heard by the 2.-. -upree Court on Noveber '! /**); the decision! released
February /'! /**5! allows the 29F to use the tea in its cereonies pursuant
to the ,eligious Freedo ,estoration Act. 3n a siilar case an Ashland!
:regon based -anto 9aie church sued for their right to iport and consue
ayahuasca tea. 3n 4arch /**(! 2.-. 9istrict Court <udge &anner ruled in
favor of the -anto 9aie! acknowledging its protection fro prosecution
under the ,eligious Freedo ,estoration Act./)
,eligious use in Bra.il was legali.ed after two official inDuiries into the
tea in the id%'(8*s! which concluded that ayahuasca is not a recreational
drug and has valid spiritual uses./5
3n France! -anto 9aie won a court case allowing the to use the tea in
early /**); however! they were not allowed an e$ception for religious
purposes! but rather for the siple reason that they did not perfor
cheical e$tractions to end up with pure 94T and harala and the plants
used were not scheduled. Four onths after the court victory! the coon
ingredients of Ayahuasca as well as harala were declared stup>fiants! or
narcotic schedule 3 substances! aking the tea and its ingredients illegal
to use or possess.citation needed
3nternational research
The 3nstitute of 4edical &sychology at the 2niversity +ospital in
+eidelberg! Aerany has set up a ,esearch 9epartent Ayahuasca J -anto
9aie /6! which in 4ay /**8 held a 0%day conference under the title The
globali.ation of Ayahuasca % An Aa.onian psychoactive and its users/8.
There are also the investigations of the huan pharacology of ayahuasca
done by the tea of 9octor <ordi ,iba! in Barcelona! -pain
6!/(!0*!0'!0/!00!01!0)!05!06! and the work of ,afael A.
dos -antos and collaborators! in Bra.il 08!0(!1*!1'. And there are
also the studies i.e. +oasca &ro"ect and others by 9r. Charles Arob and
collaborators e.g.! 9r. Callaway and 9r. 4cGenna! already cited! done in
Bra.il! 2nited -tates and Finland. 3n Bra.il! the 2niversity of -Eo &aulo
is doing a study led by psychiatrist 9artiu Kavier da -ilveira to establish
the risks of ayahausca.
-ee also
3caro
Chakapa
,eferences
Bibliography
Nonfiction
+arris! <oel ,. 3nto the heart of the Aa.on in search of Truth./**8
3-BN (68%'11*1'8188
Thopson! 4atthew. 4y Colobian 9eath. -ydneyC &icador! /**8. 3-BN
(68%*%00*%1/0(/%/
,a.a! ,ak. AyaC A -haanic :dyssey. 3caro &ublishing! /**(. 3-BN
(68*(8*5186*5.
Adelaars! Arno. Ayahuasca. ,ituale! IaubertrLnke und visionLre
Gunst aus Aa.onien! 3-BN (68%0%*08**%/6*%0
@illia -. Burroughs and Allen Ainsberg Ainsberg! Allen. The Bage
7etters. -an FranciscoC City 7ights Books! '(50. 3-BN *%86/85%**1%0
9avid 3cke. /**0 Tales Fro the Tie 7oop. @ildwood! 4o.C Bridge
of 7ove &ublications. 3-BN *%()088'*%1%*
4arlene 9obkin 9e ,ios. Fisionary FineC +allucinogenic +ealing in
the &eruvian Aa.on! /nd ed.. &rospect +eights! 37C @aveland! '(81. 3-BN
*%88'00%*(0%*
4arlene 9obkin de ,ios ,oger ,urrill. A +allucinogenic Tea! 7aced
with ControversyC Ayahuasca in the Aa.on and the 2nited -tates. @estport!
CTC &raeger! /**8. 3-BN (6%*%0'0%01)1/%)
Araha +ancock! -upernaturalC 4eetings with the Ancient Teachers of
4ankind. 7ondonC Century! /**). 3-BN '811'058'6 /
,oss +eaven and +oward A. Charing. ;&lant -pirit -haanisC
Traditional TechniDues for +ealing the -oul;. FerontC 9estiny Books! /**5.
3-BN '%)(166%''8%(
Bruce F. 7ab. ,io Tigre and BeyondC The Aa.on <ungle 4edicine of
4anuel C=rdova. BerkeleyC North Atlantic! '(8). 3-BN *%(08'(*%)(%8
7uis Eduardo 7una. FegetalisoC -haanis aong the 4esti.o
&opulation of the &eruvian Aa.on. -tockholC AlDvist @iksell
3nternational! '(85. 3-BN ('%//%**8'(%)
7uis Eduardo 7una &ablo Aaringo. Ayahuasca FisionsC The ,eligious
3conography of A &eruvian -haan. BerkeleyC North Atlantic! '(((. 3-BN
'%))510%0''%)
7uis Eduardo 7una -tephen F. @hite! eds. Ayahuasca ,eaderC
Encounters with the Aa.on;s -acred Fine. -anta Fe! N4C -ynergetic! /***.
3-BN *%(*66('%0/%8
E. <ean 4atteson 7angdon Aerhard Baer! eds. &ortals of &owerC
-haanis in -outh Aerica. AlbuDuerDueC 2niversity of New 4e$ico &ress!
'((/. 3-BN *%8/50%'01)%*
Terence 4cGenna. Food of the AodsC A ,adical +istory of &lants!
9rugs! and +uan Evolution.
,alph 4et.ner! ed. AyahuascaC +allucinogens! Consciousness! and the
-pirit of Nature. New BorkC Thunder;s 4outh! '(((. 3-BN '%)5*/)%'5*%0
,alph 4et.ner or -acred Fine of -piritsC AyahuascaC &ark
-treet &ress!2.-.; / ion <an /**5. 3-BN ')(166*)0*! 3-BN
(68%')(166*)0'
<erey Narby. The Cosic -erpentC 9NA and the :rigins of Gnowledge.
New BorkC <erey &. TarcherJ&utna! '((8. 3-BN *%86166%(''%'
&. <. :;,ourke! All the Trouble in the @orld. New BorkC The Atlantic
4onthly &ress! '((1. 3-BN *%86''0%5''%/
<onathan :tt. Ayahuasca AnaloguesC &angMan Entheogens. Gennewick!
@ash.C Natural &roducts! '((1. 3-BN *%(5'1/01%)%)
<onathan :tt. &haracotheonC Entheogenic 9rugs! Their &lant -ources
and +istory &aperback. Natural &roducts Copany; / ion February
'((0. 3-BN *(5'1/01(8. 3-BN (68%*(5'1/01(*
:tt! <. '(((. &harahuascaC +uan pharacology of oral 94T plus
harine! <ournal of &sychoactive 9rugs 0'/C 363%'66.
<ohn &erkins. The @orld 3s As Bou 9rea 3tC -haanic Teachings fro
the Aa.on and Andes. ,ochester! Ft.C &ark -treet! '((1. 3-BN *%8(/8'%1)(%1
0
9aniel &inchbeck. Breaking :pen the +eadC A &sychedelic <ourney into
the +eart of Conteporary -haanis. New BorkC Broadway! /**/. 3-BN
*%656(%*610%1 1
Ale$ &olari de Alverga. Forest of FisionsC Ayahuasca! Aa.onian
-pirituality! and the -anto 9aie Tradition. ,ochester! Ft.C &ark -treet!
'(((. 3-BN *%8(/8'%6'5%K
Aerardo ,eichel%9olatoff. The -haan and the <aguarC A -tudy of
Narcotic 9rugs Aong the 3ndians of Colobia. &hiladelphiaC Teple
2niversity &ress! '(6). 3-BN *%866//%*08%6
,ichard Evans -chultes ,obert F. ,affauf. Fine of the -oulC
4edicine 4en! Their &lants and ,ituals in the Colobian Aa.onia. :racle!
AIC -ynergetic! '((/. 3-BN *%(*66('%/1%6
Benny -hanon. The Antipodes of the 4indC Charting the &henoenology
of the Ayahuasca E$perience. :$fordC :$ford 2niversity &ress! /**/. 3-BN
*%'(%(/)/(0%(
&eter A. -tafford. +eavenly +ighsC Ayahuasca! Gava%Gava! 9t! and
:ther &lants of the Aods. BerkeleyC ,onin! /**1. 3-BN '%)6()'%*5(%8
,ick -trassan. 94TC The -pirit 4oleculeC A 9octor;s ,evolutionary
,esearch into the Biology of Near%9eath and 4ystical E$periences.
,ochester! Ft.C &ark -treet! /**'. 3-BN *%8(/8'%(/6%8
-ting. Broken 4usic. New Bork! NBC Banta 9ell! /**0. 3-BN
(68%*%11*%/1'')%6
4ichael Taussig. -haanis! Colonialis! and the @ild 4anC A -tudy
in Terror and +ealing. ChicagoC 2niversity of Chicago &ress! '(85. 3-BN
*%//5%6(*'/%5
Bartholoew 9ean /**( 2rarina -ociety! Cosology! and +istory in
&eruvian Aa.onia! AainesvilleC 2niversity &ress of Florida 3-BN
(68%*8'0*0068 )
<oan &arisi @ilco$ /**0. AyahuascaC The Fisionary and +ealing
&owers of the Fine of the -oul. ,ochester! Ft.C &ark -treet. 3-BN
*%8(/8'%'0'%)
<aya Bear Aa.on 4agicC The 7ife -tory of AyahuasDuero -haan 9on
Agustin ,ivas FasDue.. 7ibros Colibri <anuary /***. 3-BN *(561/))*5.
3-BN (68%*(561/))*
Fiction
Bruce Balfour &roetheus ,oad! 3-BN *%11'%*'//'%0
Alice @alker Now is the Tie to :pen your +eart! 3-BN
*%8'/(%6'0(%5
9ocuentaries
Alistair Appleton! The 4an @ho 9rank the 2niverse! 0* in. /**)
9ean <efferys; -haans of the Aa.on! )/ in. Australia /**'
<an Gounen! Autres ondes
Alenn -witkes! Night of the 7iana! 1) in. Bra.il /**/
Arand BE,NA,93! 7;Ayahuasca! le -erpent et 4oi! )/ in. France /**0
Anna -tevens! @oven -ongs of the Aa.on! )1 in. /**5
,udolf &into do Aaral +arald -cher.! +eaven Earth! 5* in.
&eruJAustria /**8
Geith Aronowit. 4ETA4:,&+:-3- () in. J /**( :fficial website
4adventures -eason 0 Episode 'C ,iku Tunna venture deep into the
Aa.on to find theselves and drink ayahuasca with a shaan.
&iers Aibbon! <ungle Trip % Channel 1 2G fro Aoogle Fideo
,ichard 4eech! Fine of the -oulC Encounters with Ayahuasca! )8 in.
Canada /*'*
Fictional fils
<an Gounen! Blueberry l;e$p>rience secrNte! '/1 inutes
Notes
O Callaway <C /**). Farious alkaloid profiles in decoctions of
Banisteriopsis caapi. <ournal of &sychoactive 9rugs 06/C ')'%'))
O Callaway <C! Brito A- Neves E- /**). &hytocheical analyses of
Banisteriopsis caapi and &sychotria viridis. <ournal of &sychoactive 9rugs
06/C '1)%')*.
O Callaway <C /**). Fast and slow etaboli.ers of hoasca. <ournal
of &sychoactive 9rugs 06/C ')6%'5'.
O Callaway <C! Airaksinen 44! 4cGenna 9<! Brito A- Arob C- '((1.
&latelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers of ayahuasca.
&sychopharacology ''50C 08)%086.
O Callaway <C! 4cGenna 9<! Arob C-! Brito A-! ,ayon 7&! &oland ,E!
Andrade EN! Andrade E: '(((. &haracology of hoasca alkaloids in healthy
huans. <ournal of Ethnopharacology 5)0C /10%/)5.
O 4cGenna 9<! Callaway <C! Arob C- '((8. The scientific
investigation of ayahuascaC A review of past and current research. The
+effter ,eview of &sychedelic ,esearch 'C 5)%66.
O a b ,3BA! <. +uan &haracology of Ayahuasca. 9octoral ThesisC
2niversitat AutPnoa de Barcelona! /**0.
O 9ean! Bartholoew /**( 2rarina -ociety! Cosology! and +istory in
&eruvian Aa.onia! AainesvilleC 2niversity &ress of Florida 3-BN
(68%*8'0*0068 '
O Andrit.ky! @. '(8(. -ociopsychotherapeutic functions of
ayahuasca healing in Aa.onia. <ournal of &sychoactive 9rugs. /''! 66%8(.
O +assan! 3. '(56. -oe folk uses of &eganu harala in 3ndia and
&akistan. Econoic Botany /'C 081.
O :tt! <. <onathan :tt. Ayahuasca AnaloguesC &angaean Entheogens.
Gennewick! @AC Natural Books! '((1.
O :tt! <. <onathan :tt. Ayahuasca AnaloguesC &angaean Entheogens.
Gennewick! @AC Natural Books! '((1.
O 7ABATE! B.C.; ,:-E! 3.-. -ANT:-! ,.A. Ayahuasca ,eligionsC a
coprehensive bibliography and critical essays. -anta Cru.C
4ultidisciplinary Association for &sychedelic -tudies % 4A&-. /**8.
O -ee research by 9octor <ohn +alpern in New -cientist
O
httpCJJwww.tieoutsydney.co.auJbooksJe$tract%fro%y%colubian%death.asp$
O There is a '(88 Aerican horror fil! directed by @es Craven and
starring Bill &ullan. The fil is very loosely based on a non%fiction book
by ethnobotanist @ade 9avis. -tateent by 4r. 9avisC ;;9avis has freDuently
voiced his displeasure with the final fil. @hen 3 wrote y first book!
;The -erpent and the ,ainbow;! it was ade into one of the worst +ollywood
ovies in history. 3 tried to escape the hysteria and the edia by going to
Borneo.
O httpCJJwww.ed.psu.eduJicikJ/**1&roceedingsJsection6%davis.pdf
O -alak! Gira. +E77 AN9 BACG. National Aeographic Adventure.
httpCJJwww.nationalgeographic.coJadventureJ*5*0JfeaturesJperu.htl.
O -alak! Gira. Ayahuasca +ealing in &eru.
httpCJJwww.kirasalak.coJAyahuasca.htl.
O Arob C-! 4cGenna 9<! Callaway <C! Brito A-! Neves E-! :berlander
A! -aide :7! 7abigalini E! Tacla C! 4iranda CT! -trassan ,<! Boone GB
'((5. +uan psychopharacology of +oasca! a plant hallucinogen used in
ritual conte$t in Brasil. <ournal of Nervous and 4ental 9isease
'81/C85%(1.
O 3sabel AllendeC kith and tell % Telegraph
O AyahuascaC +uan Consciousness and the -pirits of Nature! ed
by ,alph 4et.ner! Thunder;s 4outh &ress! NB
O 4A&-C 94T % 2N report
O Erowid Ayahuasca Fault C 7aw C 2N9C&;s Ayahuasca Fa$! <an '6
/**'
O ,uling by 9istrict Court <udge &anner in -anto 9aie case in
:regon
O 4ore on the legal status of ayahuasca can be found in the Erowid
vault on the legality of ayahuasca.
O ;,esearch 9epartent Ayahuasca J -anto 9aie; at the 2niversity
+ospital in +eidelberg! Aerany
O Conference schedule The globali.ation of Ayahuasca 4ay /**8!
+eidelberg! Aerany
O ,3BA! <. BA,BAN:<! 4.<. Bringing ayahuasca to the clinical
research laboratory. <ournal of &sychoactive 9rugs! 06 /C /'(%/0*. /**).
O ,3BA! <. BA,BAN:<! 4.<. Ayahuasca. 3nC &E,3-! <.C.! I2,3 ?N!
<.C.! 4A,T ?NEI! A.C. FA77A9:739! A.,. eds.. Tratado -ET de Transtornos
Adictivos. 4adridC Ed. 4>dica &anaericana! /**5. pp. 0/'%0/1.
O ,3BA! <.! ,:9,3A2EI%F:,NE77-! A.! -T,A--4AN! ,.<. BA,BAN:<!
4.<. &sychoetric assessent of the +allucinogen ,ating -cale. 9rug and
Alcohol 9ependence! 5/ 0C /')%//0. /**'a.
O ,3BA! <.! ,:9,3A2EI%F:,NE77-! A.! 2,BAN:! A.! 4:,TE! A.!
ANT:N3<:AN! ,.! 4:NTE3,:! 4.! CA77A@AB! <.C. BA,BAN:<! 4.<. -ub"ective
effects and tolerability of the -outh Aerican psychoactive beverage
Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. &sychopharacology Berl! ')1 'C 8)%().
/**'b.
O ,3BA! <.! AN9E,E,! &.! 4:,TE! A.! 2,BAN:! A.! <ANE! F.! -A7ET2! B.
BA,BAN:<! 4.<. Topographic pharaco%EEA apping of the effects of the
-outh Aerican beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. British <ournal of
Clinical &haracology! )0 5C 5'0%5/8. /**/a.
O ,3BA! <.! ,:9,3A2EI%F:,NE77-! A.! BA,BAN:<! 4.<. Effects of
ayahuasca sensory and sensoriotor gating in huans as easured by &)*
suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle refle$! respectively.
&sychopharacology Berl! '5) 'C '8%/8. /**/b.
O ,3BA! <.! FA77E! 4.! 2,BAN:! A.! B,3T3A! 4.! 4:,TE! A. BA,BAN:<!
4.<. +uan pharacology of ayahuascaC sub"ective and cardiovascular
effects! onoaine etabolite e$cretion! and pharacokinetics. <ournal of
&haracology and E$periental Therapeutics! 0*5 'C 60%80. /**0.
O ,3BA! <.! AN9E,E,! &.! <ANQ! F.! -A7ET2! B. BA,BAN:<! 4.<.
Effects of the -outh Aerican psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca on regional
brain electrical activity in huansC a functional neuroiaging study using
low%resolution electroagnetic toography. Neuropsychobiology! )* 'C
8(%'*'. /**1.
O ,3BA! <.! ,:4E,:! -.! A,A-A! E.! 4ENA! E.! CA,,3R! 3. BA,BAN:<!
4.<. 3ncreased frontal and paralibic activation following ayahuasca! the
pan%aa.onian inebriant. &sychopharacology Berl! '85 'C (0%(8. /**5.
O -ANT:-! ,.A.! 4:,AE-! C.C. +:7AN9A! A. Ayahuasca e reduSEo do
uso abusivo de psicoativosC eficTcia terapUutica? &sicologiaC Teoria e
&esDuisa! // 0C 050%06*.
/**5.httpCJJwww.scielo.brJscielo.php?scriptVsciWartte$tpidV-*'*/%
066//**5***0***'1lngVennrVisotlngVpt.
O -ANT:-! ,.A. ABA+2A-CAC NeuroDuXica e Faracologia. -4A9 %
,evista EletrYnica -aZde 4ental ?lcool e 9rogas! 0 '. /**6.
httpCJJpepsic.bvs%psi.org.brJscielo.php?scriptVsciWartte$tpidV-'8*5%
5(65/**6***'****6lngVptnrVisotlngVpt.
O -ANT:-! ,.A.! 7AN9E3,A%FE,NAN9EI! <.! -T,A--4AN! ,.<.! 4:TTA! F.
C,2I! A.&.4. Effects of ayahuasca on psychoetric easures of an$iety!
panic%like and hopelessness in -anto 9aie ebers. <ournal of
Ethnopharacology! ''/ 0C )*6%)'0.
/**6.httpCJJwww.aps.orgJw0pbJnewJ/**6J/**6W-antosW//(0/W'.pdf.
O -ANT:-! ,.A. -T,A--4AN! ,.<. Ayahuasca and &sychosis e7etter.
British <ournal of &sychiatry online! 0 9eceber
/**8.httpCJJb"p.rcpsych.orgJcgiJelettersJ'(*J'J8'%a[//))5.
#uestion book%new.svg
<anuary /**8
E$ternal links
Ayahuasca churches
Ayahuasca -haanic Aa.on &erZ % Cusco
3randade Beneficente Nature.a 9ivina
&a9eva Church
-anto 9aie English
Ayahuasca -anto 9aie in the Netherlands English
-oga del Ala
The Teple of the @ay of 7ight
2niEo do Fegetal &ortuguese
7aw
<ustices Take 3ssue @ith Ban :f ,eligious Tea
Tea Case Could Cause ,eligious 7iberty Tepest backgrounder wJsources
Ayahuasca Coponents and 3nforation
3poruru! Caapi Fine! Chaliponga! 4iosa +ostilis! -yrian ,ue! and Chachruna
Native Centres in the Aa.on
:nanyan -hobo! Native -hipibo Centre run entirely by 3ndigenous &eopleC
Ayahuasca! -haanic rituals and Traditional &lant Apprenticeship
:ther
Ayahuasca retreats and therapies with teacher plants
The Ayahuasca Foundation % 3Duitos! &E,2 % Non%profit educational
organi.ation
3ntentional Ayahuasca +ealing and 7earning Counity with Native -haan % in
a sall village % Faily and 9eaf%Friendly % @orkJTradeJApprenticeships available
Ayahuasca Esoteric +ealing Center J -chool % &eru +ealing % <avier 9a-ilva;s
site
Ayahuasca +ealing Center J -chool %Bacu &ua% <uan Tangoa &aia;s site
Arand4aa Ayahuasca +ealing Cereony % An Earth -tahr &lant 9eity J
-pecialist Ayahuasca +ealing J Authentic 3ndigenous -haanis
www.ayahuasca.co ,esearch pro"ect devoted to ayahuasca
3nforational and E$periential Conferences
A general introduction to Ayahuasca botany! usage! cheistry! news etc.
4. Aoldberg! E. 4osDuera! ,. Arawan.a! and E. ,odrigue.! Ethnobotany and
Bioactivity of Ayahuasca
Aeneral resource for ayahuasca and any other psychotropic substances
erowid.org
National Aeographic Adventure article on ayahuasca
Ayahuasca and other plant teachers%educational potential?
7ila C -haanis and Ayahuasca 7ibrary
The Alobali.ation of AyahuascaC +ar ,eduction or Benefit 4a$ii.ation?
3nternational <ournal of 9rug &olicy! vol. '(! no. 1! /**8
Ayahuasca +ealing Beyond the Aa.onC The Alobali.ation of a Traditional
3ndigenous Entheogenic &ractice Alobal NetworksC A <ournal of Transnational
Affairs! vol. (! no. '! /**(
Aathered accounts on ayahuasca e$perience fro lycaeu.org
v d e Traditional edicine
East Asian Traditional Chinese edicine \ Gapo \ Traditional Gorean
edicine \ Traditional 4ongolian edicine \ Traditional Tibetan edicine &al
Fruit 3 34A /'**."pg
-outh -outheast Asian Ayurveda \ -ri 7ankan Ayurveda \ <au \ -iddha
edicine \ Thai traditional edicine \ 2nani
4erranean Near Eastern By.antine edicine \ Ancient Egyptian
edicine \ Ancient Areek edicine \ 4edieval 3slaic edicine \ Ancient 3ranian
4edicine \ ,oan edicine
African 3nyanga \ 4uti \ Nganga \ -angoa \ Boruba edicine
Aericas Ayahuasca \ A.tec \ Traditional Bra.ilian edicine \ 4aya
Australasia :ceania Bush edicine
Aeneral Alternative edicine \ +istory of alternative edicine \
+ealth care \ +erbal edicine \ 4edieval edicine \ Naturopathic edicine \
&rehistoric edicine
v d e 4onoaine o$idase inhibitors
+araline Nialaide -elegiline 3socarbo$a.id 3pronia.ide 3proclo.ide
4oclobeide &henel.ine Tolo$atone Tranylcyproine
v d e +allucinogens
&sychedelics
)%+T/A, Agonists
7ysergaidesC A7%7A9 A79%)/ B2%7A9 CB&%7A9 9A4%)6 9iallyllysergaide
Ergoetrine Ergonovine! Ergobasine ET+%7A9 7AE%0/ 7-A Ergine! 7ysergaide 7-9
7-+ 7&9%8/1 7-4%66) 7ysergic Acid /%Butyl Aide\7-B 7ysergic Acid /!1%
9iethyla.etidide 4ethylergoetrine 4ethylisopropyllysergaide 4ethysergide
479%1' &A,AB%7A9 &,:%7A9;
&henethylainesC Aleph /C%B /C%B%F7B /CBFly%NB:4e /C%C /C%9 /C%E /C%F /C%A
/C%3 /C%N /C%: /C%:%1 /C%& /C%T /C%T%/ /C%T%1 /C%T%6 /C%T%8 /C%T%( /C%T%
'0 /C%T%') /C%T%'6 /C%T%/' /C%TF4 /C%BN /CBCB%NB:4e /)B%NB:4e /)3%NB49
/)3%NB:+ /)3%NB:4e 0C%E 0C%& Br%9F7B 9E-:KB 9449A 9449A%/ 9:B 9:C 9:EF
9:ET 9:F 9:3 9:4 9:N 9:&, 9:TF4 Escaline Aanesha +:T%/ +:T%6 +:T%'6
3soproscaline <iscaline 7ophophine 49A 49EA 494A 449A 449A%/ 449A%0a
4494A 4acroerine 4escaline 4ethallylescaline &roscaline TCB%/ TF4Fly T4A;
&ipera.inesC pF&& T4F&&;
TryptainesC '%4ethyl%)%etho$y%diisopropyltryptaine /!N!N%T4T 1!N!N%T4T 1%+:%
)%4e:%94T 1%Aceto$y%9ET 1%Aceto$y%93&T 1%Aceto$y%94T 1%Aceto$y%9&T 1%Aceto$y%
4i&T 1%+:%9&T 1%+:%4ET 1%&ropionylo$y%94T 1%+ydro$y%N%4ethyl%]!N%
triethylenetryptaine )%4e%43&T )%N!N%T4T )%Ac:%94T )%4e:%/!N!N%T4T )%4e:%
1!N!N%T4T )%4e:%]!N!N%T4T )%4e:%]%ET )%4e:%]%4T )%4e:%9A7T )%4e:%9ET )%4e:%
93&T )%4e:%94T )%4e:%9&T )%4e:%Ei&T )%4e:%4ET )%4e:%43&T )%4etho$y%N%ethyl%
]!N%triethylenetryptaine 6!N!N%T4T ]!N!N%T4T ]%ET ]%4T A7%060)*A Baeocystin
Bufotenin 9BT 9ET 93&T 94T 9&T Ei&T Ethocin Ethocybin 3procin 4ET
4iprocin 43&T Norbaeocystin &i&T &silocin &silocybin; :thersC A7%08*//A
3bogaine Noribogaine Foacangine
9issociatives
N49A, Antagonists
AdaantanesC Aantadine 4eantine ,iantadine;
Arylcyclohe$ylainesC 9ieticyclidine Esketaine Eticyclidine Aacyclidine
Getaine Nerae$ane &hencyclidine ,olicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletaine;
4orphinansC 9e$troethorphan 9e$trorphan 4ethorphan ,aceethorphan 4orphan
,aceorphan; :thersC /%49& 8A%&9+# Aptiganel 9e$o$adrol 9i.ocilpine 4G%8*'
Eto$adrol 3bogaine 4idafotel NEFA Nitrous :$ide Noribogaine &er.infotel
,eaceide -elfotel Kenon
9eliriants
ACh, Antagonists 0%#uinuclidinyl ben.ilate Atropine Benacty.ine
Ben.atropine Ben.ydaine Biperiden Bropheniraine CA,%//5!*85 CA,%0*'!*5*
CA,%0*/!'(5 CA,%0*/!/8/ CA,%0*/!058 CA,%0*/!)06 CA,%0*/!558 Chlorpheniraine
Chloropyraine Cleastine C-%/601( Cycli.ine Cyproheptadine 9icycloine
9icycloverine 9ienhydrinate 9iphenhydraine 9itran 9o$ylaine EA%0'56 EA%
0110 EA%0)8* EA%0801 Eleicin Flavo$ate +ydro$y.ine +yoscyaine 4ecli.ine
4yristicin N%Ethyl%0%piperidyl ben.ilate N%4ethyl%0%piperidyl ben.ilate
&yrilaine :rphenadrine :$ybutynin &heniraine &henyltolo$aine &rocyclidine
&roetha.ine -copolaine +yoscine Tolterodine Trihe$yphenidyl Tripelennaine
Triprolidine @3N%//((
4iscellaneous Atypicals
Cannabinoids
CB', Agonists Cannabinol C&%16!1(6 C&%))!/11 C&%))!(1* 94+& +2%/'* <@+%*'8
<@+%*0* <@+%*60 <@+%*8' <@+%/** <@+%/)* Nabilone Nabitan Nantradol
&arahe$yl T+C 9ronabinol @3N%))!/'/%/
3nhalants
4i$ed 4:A Acetone Butane Chlorofor 9iethyl Ether Ether Enflurane Freon
Aasoline &etrol Gerosene &araffin &ropane
Narcotics
?:, Agonists /%E4-B /%44-B Ala.ocine Brea.ocine Butorphanol Cycla.ocine
Cyprenorphine 9e.ocine Enadoline +erkinorin +I%/ 3bogaine Geta.ocine
4eta.ocine Nalbuphine Nalorphine Noribogaine &enta.ocine &hena.ocine
-alvinorin A -piradoline Tifluado 2%)*188
TranDuili.ers
AABAA, Agonists Es.opiclone Aabo$adol 3botenic Acid 4usciol Ialeplon
Iolpide Iopiclone
:thers Efaviren. Alaucine 3soainile Narcotine Noscapine