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TECHNICAL REPORT ON DARK ENERGY CAMERA

E MANOJ

(13L228)


Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of


BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

Branch: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING



of Anna University








June - 2014


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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution)COIMBATORE 641 004
TECHNICAL REPORT ON DARK ENERGY CAMERA

Bona fide record of work done by

D GOVARDHANAN (13L115)



Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

Branch: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

of Anna University

June 2014



... ...
Dr. S.Subha Rani


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Faculty guide Head of the Department
\
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. R. RUDHRAMOORTHY,
Principal, PSG College of Technology, for his kind patronage.

I am indebted to Dr. S. SUBHA RANI, Professor and Head of the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for her
continued support and motivation.

I would like to express my gratitude to my technical report guide
Mrs. RAMYA, Assistant Professor(SR), Mr. K.R. RADHAKRISHNAN, Assistant
Professor and Dr. U. SARAVANAKUMAR, Assistant Professor Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for their constant
motivation, direction and guidance throughout the entire course of our
technical report.

I am grateful to the support extended by my class advisor Dr. SIVARAJ,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

I thank all the staff members of the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for their support.Last but not the least I thank
the Almighty and my family members who have been a guiding light in all
our endeavors.



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ABSTRACT
Wi-Fi, also spelled Wifi or WiFi, is a local area wireless technology that allows an
electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and
5 GHz SHF radio waves. The name is a trademark name, and is a play on the audiophile
term Hi-Fi. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN)
products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE)
802.11standards".However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards,
the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi
products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully
may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark.
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g., personal computers, video-game consoles,
smartphone, some digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These
can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access
point.


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Table of contents
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4







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INTRODUCTION
Wireless Technology is an alternative to wired technology, which is commonly used
for connecting devices in wireless mode.Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity is a generic term that
refers to IEEE 802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area
Networks.(WLANs).Wi-Fi network connect computers to each other ,to internet and
to wired networks. The term Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August
2000. A Wi-Fi-enabled device can connect to the Internet when within range of a
wireless network which is configured to permit this. The coverage of one or more
(interconnected) access points called hotspotscan extend from an area as small as
a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may
require a group of access points with overlapping coverage.

Figure 1


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Wifi network:
Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies to transmit and receive data at high speed.
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE-(Institute of electrical and Electronic Engineers).
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b, is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless
networking specification that extends throughput up to 11 Mbit/s using the same
2.4GHz band This specification is marketed as Wi-Fi and has been implemented all
over the world. A related amendment was incorporated into the IEEE 802.11-2007
standard.
802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission
methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g,
802.11n and 802.11ac versions to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office
and some commercial establishments. 802.11b is used in a point-to-multipoint
configuration, wherein an accesspoint communicates via an omnidirectional antenna
with mobile clients within the range of the access point. Typical range depends on
the radio frequency environment, output power and sensitivity of the receiver.
Allowable bandwidth is shared across clients in discrete channels. A directional
antenna focuses output power into a smaller field which increases point-to-point
range. Designers of such installations who wish to remain within the law must
however be careful about legal limitations on effective radiated power.



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IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a was an amendment to the IEEE 802.11
wireless local network specifications that defined requirements for an
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system.
It was originally designed to support wireless communication in the
unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NII) bands (in the 56 GHz
frequency range) as regulated in the United States by the Code of Federal
Regulations. The 802.11a amendment to the original standard was ratified in
1999. The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol as the original
standard, operates in 5 GHz band, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data rate of 54
Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s
Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the
2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation
caused by such conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and
degradation of service.
The effective overall range of 802.11a is slightly less than that of
802.11b/g; 802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b
because they are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in
their path and because the path loss in signal strength is proportional to the
square of the signal frequency.



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IEEE 802.11g:
IEEE 802.11g-2003 or 802.11g is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 specification that
extended throughput to up to 54 Mbit/s using the same 2.4 GHz band as 802.11b. This
specification under the marketing name of Wi-Fi has been implemented all over the world.
The 802.11g protocol is now Clause 19 of the published IEEE 802.11-2007 standard, and
Clause 19 of the published IEEE 802.11-2012 standard. 802.11g is the third modulation
standard for wireless LANs.
It works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate
of 54 Mbit/s. Using the CSMA/CA transmission scheme, 31.4 Mbit/s
[1]
is the maximum net
throughput possible for packets of 1500 bytes in size and a 54 Mbit/s wireless rate

It is mor expensive and used only in highly authorized organisation.



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WiFi- router:
A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router but also
includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is commonly used to provide
access to the Internet or a computer network. It does not require a wired link, as the
connection is made wirelessly, via radio waves. It can function in a wired LAN (local
area network), in a wireless-only LAN (WLAN), or in a mixed wired/wireless network,
depending on the manufacturer and model.
Most current wireless routers have the following characteristics:
one or multiple NIC supporting Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet integrated
into the main SoC.
One or multiple WNICs supporting a part of the IEEE 802.11-standard family
also integrated into the main SoC or as separate chips on the Printed circuit
board. Some wireless routers come with either xDSL modem, DOCSIS
modem, LTE modem, or fiber optic modem integrated.
Some dual-band wireless routers operate the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
simultaneously.ct card connected over a MiniPCI or MiniPCIe interface.
Some wireless routers have a USB port specifically designed for connecting
3G mobile broadband modem aside from connecting the wireless router to a
xDSL modem.



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VIRTUAL WIFI ROUTER:
Virtual Wi-Fi Router is a free utility that is designed to turn any Wi-Fi enabled
Windows PC into a wireless access point for Internet access.
This utility has a very clean and easy to use interface that allows you to assign a
password to your virtual access point to prevent unauthorized access. The interface
even offers a tab that lets you confirm who is using the wireless access point.


HOTSPOT SHIELD:
Hotspot Shield is a free utility that is designed to help protect your privacy
when you connect to public Wi-Fi hotspots.
The program has a very simplistic interface, but that doesn't mean that it doesn't
work well. Once protection is enabled you can click on a Test Protection link to verify
that the utility is working. Doing so takes you to TestMyIP.org. In my case, my static
IP was hidden and TestMyIP.org thought that I was located somewhere in Los
Angeles instead of on the east coast where I actually reside.

WIFI GUARDIAN:
WiFi Guardian is designed to protect your privacy by redirecting your Internet
connectivity to a proxy server that allows your session to be encrypted and made
anonymous. The software does require you to create an account and to choose a
WiFi Guardian server to use as a proxy. Servers are available in the United
Kingdom, France, and Australia.


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WiFi Guardian sells for $49.95, but a free 3-day trial is available for download.


XIRRUS WIFI INSPECTOR:

Xirrus Wi-Fi Inspector is a free tool designed to help you to verify the
health of your wireless network. Upon launching the tool, you must select your
computer's wireless network adapter. After doing so, the utility will display some vital
statistics for your Wi-Fi connection, such as the SSID, IP address, etc.
The utility also keeps track of your wireless signal strength on a graph at the bottom
of the interface. Buttons at the top of the interface link to external Web sites that can
be used to test your connection speed and quality.
Wifi profile manager:
Wifi profile manager is a free utility that is designed to manage
wireless network connections on a computer that is running Windows 8. The utility
can make a Wi-Fi connection the default for your computer and can move access
points up and down a list by order of priority. A Properties screen displays vital
statistics (such as the encryption key) for connections.


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One of the nice things about this utility is that it is completely portable. The utility
consists of a single executable file that can be run on any Windows 8 PC without
having to be installed.




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WiFi modes of operation

There are several kinds of hardware that may be used to implement a WiFi wireless
network:
Wireless adapters or network interface controllers (NICs for short) are
network cards with the 802.11 standard which let a machine connect to a
wireless network. WiFi adapters are available in numerous formats, such as
PCI cards, PCMCIA cards, USB adapters, and CompactFlash cards. A
station is any device that has such a card.
Access points (AP for short; sometimes called hotspots) can let nearby wifi-
equipped stations access a wired network to which the access point is directly
connected.
The 802.11 standard defines two operating modes:
Infrastructure mode, in which wireless clients are connected to an access
point. This is generally the default mode for 802.11b cards.
Ad hoc mode, in which clients are connected to one another without any
access point.
Infrastructure mode
In mode infrastructure, each station computer (STA for short) connects to an
access point via a wireless link. The set-up formed by the access point and the
stations located within its coverage area are called the basic service set, or BSS for
short. They form one cell. Each BSS is identified by a BSSID, a 6-byte (48-bite)
identifier. In infrastructure mode, the BSSID corresponds to the access point's MAC
address.


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It is possible to link several access points together (or more precisely several BSS's)
using a connection called a distribution system (DS for short) in order to form an
extended service set or ESS. The distribution system can also be a wired network, a
cable between two access points or even a wireless network.
AD-HOC mode:
Wireless client machines connect to one another in order to form peer to peer
network. The set-up formed by the stations is called the independent basic service
set, or IBSS for short.
An IBSS is a wireless network which has at least two stations and uses no
access point. The IBSS therefore forms a temporary network which lets people in the
same room exchange data. It is identified by an SSID, just like an ESS in
infrastructure mode.
In an ad hoc network, the range of the independent BSS is determined by
each station's range. That means that if two of the stations on the network are
outside each other's range, they will not be able to communicate, even if they can
"see" other stations. Unlike infrastructure mode, ad hoc mode has no distribution
system that can send data frames from one station to another. An IBSS, then, is by
definition a restricted wireless network.




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Adavantages of wifi:
High security when compared to other wireless devices
High Bandwidth
Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
The main advantages of using Wi-Fi technology is the lack of wires. This is
a wireless connection that can merge together multiple devices.
Wi-Fi network is particularly useful in cases where the wiring is not
possible or even unacceptable. For example, it is often used in the halls of
conferences and international exhibitions. It is ideal for buildings that are
considered architectural monuments of history, as it excludes the wires.






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DISADVANTAGES:
High power consumption
They have limited range
Requires high hardware equipment Call quality is greatly influenced by
the environment, is particularly sensitive to electromagnetic radiation
generated by household appliances. This primarily affects the speed of
data transmission.
Despite the global standardization, many devices from different
manufacturers are not fully compatible, which in turn affects the speed
of communication.
Wi-Fi has a limited radius of action and it is suitable for home
networking, which is more dependent on the environment. For
example, a typical home router with Wi-Fi in the room has a range of
up to 45 meters and up to 450 meters outside.
At high density Wi-Fi-points operating in the same or adjacent
channels, they can interfere with each other. This affects the quality of
the connection. This problem is common in apartment buildings, where
many residents are using this technology.

CONCLUSION:
Wi-Fi is one of the fastest growing technologies. The demand for connecting
devices without use of cables is increasing everywhere as people want to connect in
wireless.






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REFERENCES:
www.wikipwdia.com
www.wifitech.com
www.howthestuffworks.com
www.wifiindailyworld.com