TibetanGrammarJaeschke Text
TibetanGrammarJaeschke Text
TibetanGrammarJaeschke Text
COLT^CTTON OF SIMPUFIED
GRAMMARS
TIBETAN- GRAMMAR
h.^a;jaschk:.
I
^
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TEUBNER'S COLLECTION
OF
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ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAUES.
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vn.
TIBETAN.
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EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., Ph.D.
"
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London: TROenER & CO., Ludgate
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I
TIBETAN GRAMMAR
,.^'
'#
H. A. JASCHKE
ORiTIAN UiaSIOKAKY.
-<s4:^^K^
SECOND EDITION
PREPARED BY
Dr. H. WENZEL.
LONDON:
TRtBNER
& CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL.
1883.
[A/I rig/Us risen/ed.]
'- ! ^;.^^/''r ."^ '1. '
'?
Preface.
The present new edition of Mr, JXschke's Tibetan
Grammar scarcely needs a word of apology. As the first
edition which was lithographed at Kyelan in 1 865 in a limited
number of copies has long been out of print, Dr. RosT
urged the author to revise his grammar for the purpose of
bringing it out in an improYed form. The latter, prevented
by ill-health from undertaking the task, placed the matter
in my hands, and had the goodness to make over to me
his own manuscript notes and additions to the original
work. Without his personal cooperation, however, I was
unable to make any but a very spariBg use of these, add-
ing only a few remarks from Gyalrabs and Milaraspa, with
some further remarks on the local TCinacular of Western
Tibet,
Indeed, special attention has been paid throughout
to this dialect; it is the one with which the author during
his long
residence at Kyelan had become most familiar,
and with which the English in India are most likely to be
brought into direct contact,
Besides the above mentioned additions, I have taken
a
number of examples from the Dzahlan, to make clearer
some of the rules, and, with the same view, I have altered,
here and there, the wording of the lithographed edition.
sasa
PU,, I II'
VI
Preface.
Abbreviations,
The order of tie paragraphs has been retained throughout,
and only one (23.) has been added for completeness' sake.
The system of trans!it.eration is nearly the. same as in
the Dictionary, only for ny, n is used, and instead of e, a
(respectively ) has been thonght to he a clearer represen-
tation of the sound intended. For the niceties of pronun-
ciation the reader is referred to the Dictionary, as in this
Grammar only the geneial rules have been given.
Finally I must express my warmest thanks to Dr. Host,
to whose exertions not only the printing of this Grammar
is solely due, but who also rendered me much help in the
correcting of the work.
Mavence, May 1883.
^
'
H. Wenzgl.
Abbreviations.
act. = active.
C or CT = Ceutral Tibet, espe-
cially tile provinces of U and
Taan.
cf. = confer, compare.
Dzl. = Bzatlim.
e. g. = exempli gratia, for in-
stance.
ET = East Tibet.
fut. = future.
imp. = imperative.
inf. = infinitive.
i. o, = instead of.
Kopp. = Koppen.
Kim. = Kunawur, province under
English protection.
Ld.
= Ladak, province.
Mil. = Milaraspa.
nentr. ~ neuter verb,
perf. or pf. = perfect,
pres. = present,
s. = see.
tenn. = terminative case.
Thgj.
- Thar
- gyan , scientific
treatises.
v. = vide, see.
vulg. = vulgar expression.
W or WT = Western Tibet.
Contents.
I. Phonology.
FagB
1. Alphabet 1
2. Remarks
'
, . . 3
3. Vowels 3
i. Syllables 4
6. l?inal Consonants 5
6. Diphthongs 6
7. Compound Consonants ^
S. Prefixed Letters 11
9. Word; Accent; Quantity 12
10. Punctuation
14
II. t } m !
g y.
1. Article.
11. Peculiarities cf the Tibetan Article 17
12. Difl'erence of the Articles 18
13. The Indefinite Article 19
n. Substantive.
14.
Number
20
15.
Declension
. 21
III. Adjective,
16.
Eelafion to the Substantive 25
I''-
Comparison
26
IV. Namerals.
lo-
Cai'diual
numerals
28
19.
Ordinal
numerals
31
20.
Eemarks
31
21.
Distributive
numerals
33
^2. Adverbial
numerals
33
'''*
fractional
numerals
33
Ki ^
yjlj
Contents.
V. Pronoun B.,
24. Personal pronouns . . - - -
-_ ,
.
25. Posaessiye pronouns
^^
26. Refleotiye pronouns
^7
27. Demonstrative pronouns
.81
28. Interrogative pronouns
"
29. Belative pronouns
^
VI. Verb.
30. Ibtroduction
^0
31. Inflection
^1
32. Infinitive
.... 42
33. Participle
43
34. Finite Verb
45
35. Present
^^
36. Preterit
^'^
37. Future
^8
38. Imperative ......."
49
39. Intensive
50
40. Substantive Verbs . 51
41. Gerunds and Supines
&*
42. VII. Adverb
65
43. VIII. Postposition
67
44. IX. Conjunction
"J*
45. X. Interjection
76
XI. Derivation:
46. Derivation of Substantives
'''
47. Derivation of Adjectives
'^8
HI. Sjntax.
48. Arrang'ement of Words
SO
49. Use of the Cases . ^h.
60. Simple Sentences
82
51. Compound Sentences 83
Appendix.
Phrases 86
Reading Exercise
92
Verbs
99
^
3, line
4, .
4, ,
4, ,
4,
4,
4,
5,
"',
1,
8,
8,
9=
10,
11,
12,
13,
13,
14,
20,
20,
20,
21,
Errata.
13 read at instead of in.
2
respectively.
7
,
which instead of whom.
9
under particular.
14 SjtS> instead of iUj*P.
20 , exertion.
21 dele to.
5 dele down,
4 read succession instead of conjunction.
5
,
each instead of either.
11
preceding-.
6
, exclamation,
3
indiscriminately,
5 superseded.
19
,
But,
5 . adds.
pag
'^.
2
i. The Alphabet.
It is seen from this table tliat several sigos bave been
added to express sounds that are unknown in Sanscrit.
The sibilants
^'
e^'
^' evidentlywere differentiated from the
palatals. But as in transcribing Sanscrit words the Tibetans
substitute their sibilants for the palatals of the original (as
yS' for
^^),
we must suppose that the sibilisation of
those consonants, common at present among the Hindus
on the Southern slopes of the Himalaya (who speak tsar
for
^T^,
four etc.), was in general use with those Indians
from whom the Tib. Alphabet was taken (cf. also the Afghan
i. and j, likewise sprung from and
y
Q'
is differentiated
from R',
which itself often is pronounced n, as shewn in
the sequel; in transcribing Sanscrit, ^ and
^
both are given,
generally, by ^ only. (^' seems to be formed out of -/^'
to which it is related in sound. S' evidently is only the
inverted E'.
^'
corresponds with Sanscrit ^.
1^'
is newly
invented; for its functions see the following .
The
letters which are peculiar to Sanscrit are espressed, in
transcribing, in the following manner, a) The Unguals,
simply by inverting the signs of the dentals: thus,
?'
Z, p'
"3, ?'
^, Jfi' ^. b) The sonant aspirates, by
putting ^' under the sonants: thus, ^"^.
E' ^,
?'
5.
1^'
*) A very clear exposition of the ramification of Indian alphabets
by Dr, Haas is to be found in the Publications of the Palaeo-
graphical Societj Oriental Series IV, pi XLIV.
2. Eemarkg, Z. Vowels. 3
2. Remarks. 1. Regarding the pronunciation of the
single letters, as given above, it is to be bom in mind, that
surds 'H' y
CJ' are uttered without the least admixture of
an aspiration, viz. as k,
% p
are pronounced in the words
skate, stale, spear; the aspirates R' ^'
^ forcibly, rather
harder than the same in Kate, tale, peer; the sonants ^'
ly
CJ" like
(/,
d, h in gate, dale, heei: 2. The same difference
of hardness is to be observed in
5'
c&' E' or <-, c,
}
(c oc-
curs in church; !;, the same without aspiration;
)
in judge)
and in
^' ^' ^'
or ils, is, ds. 3. I^' is the soft modifica-
tion of s or the s in leisure (French j in jamah, but more
palatal). 4. C is the English ng in sing, but occurs in
Tibetan often in the commencement of a syllable. 5. 5i' n
is the Hindi sij, or the initial sound in the word new, which
would be spelled
%'
nu. 6. In the dialects of Eastern or
Chinese-Tibet, however, the soft consonants =f|' ^'
R' E" E',
when occurring as initials, are pronounced with an aspi-
ration, similar to the Hindi ^, ^, tn, ^,
or indeed so that
they often scarcely differ from the common English k, t,
p,
ch; also 1^' and
3'
are more difficult to distinguish from
-i^' and 5^ than in the Western provinces (Exceptions s.
^ 8).
3. Vowels. 1. Since every consonant sign implies, like
its Sanscrit prototype, a following a, unless some other
vowel
sign is attached to it, no particular sign is wanted
to
denote this vowel, except in some cases specified in the
1*
4
i. SjllaWes.
following . The special vowel signs are ^, ^-, ^^,
^,
pronounced respeetivily as e, *, o, u are in German, Italian
and most other European languages, viz.
^^
like ay in saj/,
or e in ten;
'^
like i in machine, fin; ^^ like o in so, on;
^
like M in rule, pull. It ought to be specially remarked
that all vowels, including e and o (unlike the Sanscrit vowels
from whom they have taken their signs) are short, since
no long vowels at all occur in the Tibetiin language, except
particular circumstances, mentioned below (a.
9. 5, 6).
2. When vowels are initial, \^ is used as their base, as is
1 iu Urdu, e- g-
^'^'
ania, , mother'. 3, ^ is originally
different from t?J', as the latter denotes the opening of the
previously closed throat for pronouncing a vowel with that
slight explosive sound which the Arabs mean by i
("J***),
as the a in the words: the lily, an endogen, which would
be in Tibetan characters fij'n^'I^I^i';
Q^
on the contrary is
the mere vowel without that audible opening of the throat
(as Arabic 1 without *), as in Lilian, OJ'nj'fl^S' In Eastern
Tibet this difference, is strictly observed; and if the vowel
is or M the intentional esercion for avoiding the sound of
l?l' makes it resemble to too and u-m: R^'SJ' ,the milk', al-
most like ico-ma, ^^'^' ,the owl' = imtg-pa. In western
Tibet this has been obliterated, and
0^'
is there spoken just
like J^'
4. Syllables. The Tibetan language is monosyllabic,
that is to say all its words consist of one syllable only,
which indeed may be variously composed, though the
6. Pinal cousonants.
5
componend parts cannot, in every case, be recognised in
their individuality. The mark for the end of such a syllable
. is a dot, called
S^j' fseg, put at the right side of the upper
part of the closing letter, such as ^' the syllable ka. This
(seg must invariably be put down at the end of each written
syllable, except before a kad
( 10), in which case only
t^' na retains its fseg. If therefore such a dot is found after
two or more consonants, this will indicate that all of them,
some way or other, foi-m one syllable with only one vowel
in it:
Tj'a^'
ka-ra, Tj^' kar (cf.
5. 8).
5. Final consonants. 1. Only the following ten: =T1' E^'
^V^'
q- 5^- f^-
J:;-
Oi' ^y (and the four with afExed
^,
V. 5) occur at the end of a syllable, 2. It must be observed,
that ^1"
^' CJ' as finals are never pronounced like the Eng-
,liah
(J, ti, b in leg, bad, cab, but are transformed differently
m the different provinces. In Ladak they sound like k, t,
p
e.
g. ^- ^ sock, 9]=^' = got,
'^'=
top. S. In all Central
Tibet,
moreover, final ^' and S', sometimes even ^', modi-
fy
the sound of a preceeding vowel: a to a (similar to
the
English a in hare, man), o into o (French eu in jeu),
w mto w (French u in mur). In most of the other provinces
'^ and ^' are uttered so indistinctly as to be scarcely aud-
ible, so that {=I|', 9]s:' become sci', (;5'. In Tsang even final
"^ is
scarcely perceptible, and final ^V, particularly after o,
IS
almost
dissolved into a vowel sound = a: ?|oj'CI" so-wa.
g
G. Diphthongs.
JsJilS'S^S^' kon-c/wa.*) i. Final
^'
is sounded as s only
in Northern Ladak; elsewhere it changes into i or
dissappears entirely, prolonging, or even modifying at the
same time the preceding vowel. Thus the following words:
5y5J'
,barley', ^^' ,know', S;:^' ,figure',
^'
,religion', !^^'
jbody', are pronounced in Northern Ladak: nds, scs, m,
cos, Zws; in Lahoal: nai, shei, n, co, lu; in Lhasa, and
consequently by everyone who wishes to speak elegantly:
na, se, ri, co, lu. 5. In some words final
5^' occurs as
a second closing letter (affix), after ^"
C
^'
?J',
as in
3;=T|:^" ,forest', 'Vp^' ,glacier-ice', i^SJ^' ,means', ^5|^'
,indigo'; these are pronounced in N. Ladak : nacks, ga/'is, iaps,
ramSj elsewhere nack (in U: ww), ffa/l (ET gl'Mng), tap, ram.
6.
5j' before CJ" and 5J"
is especially in ET very often pro-
nounced m., e.g.^'CJ' w(Mn-pa,^w'^' )7om-pa,5j^'C]' nern-pa.
6. Dipthongs. 1. They occur in Tibetan writing only
where one of the vowels i, o, u have to be added to a word
ending with an other vowel (s. 15.
1
; 33.
1
; 45. 2). These
additional vowels are then always written (i^, CS^, fl,',
never
^'
etc. (of.
3.
3)
; and the combinations ai, oi, ui
(as in CITjI^"^ ^^f^', ^'^') ^""^ pronounced very much
like ,'
;7, u, so that the syllables 50^', -JJP^
, ^\\ , cb K^
,
*) This ia the form in which the word, chosen hy the missionaries
to express the Christian Go(t" (cf. diet.}, has found its way into
seveial popular works.
7. Componnd consonants.
7
!^(!^' can only in some vulgar dialects be distinguished from
those mentioned in 5. 4. 2. The others ao, eo, io, oo, uo,
au,eu,m(qrTfi;;^
f^,
^5^',
^^K '^^K ^^^
qG",
135')
^''^ pronounced in rapid conjunction, but
cither vowel is distinctly audihle. In prosody they are ge-
nerally regarded as one syllable, but if the verse should
require it they may be counted as two,
7. Compound consonants. 1. They are expressed in
writing by putting one below the other, in which case
several change their original figure.
Subjoined consonants. 2. The letter 1/
subjoined
to another is represented by the figure -^, and occurs in
connection with the three gutturals and labials, and with
m, thus |Tj"
R"
3' 9'
S* S' S''
'^'^
former three have
preserved, in most cases, their original pronunciation kya,
%*! 9ya (the latter in ET: ghj/a s. 2. 6). In the Mongol
pronunciation of Tibetan words, however, they have been
corrupted into c, c,j respectively, a well known instance of
which is the common pronunciation Kanyur i. o. kangyur,
or eleg.
ka-ffyur ('^'^l^''^3^')- 9",
S", 9
^'^ almost
everywhere spoken without any difference from 5, S, E
(except in the Western dialect before e and i, where the
y
"is dropped and CJ^
i^^
q alone are pronounced).
^
is
spoken ny = ?i, 3, ? occurs at the foot of the gutturals,
dentals,
labials, of
5
,
5J ^ ^ ^
and
^
, in the shape of
_j.
In some parts of the country, as in Purig, these combina-
^
8
8. Compound consonantg,
tions are pronoanced literally, like kra, khra etc., but by
far the most general custom is to sound tliem like the In-
dian cerebrals, viz. 1]',
5, 5
indiscriminately =
^
t\
|g,
^^^=^Si1i;
^, 5.
g^^^' (inCT: (M); only iu the
case of 5 the literal pronunciation hr is not uncommon.
In Si, and 51 both letters are distinctly heard;
^
sounds like
shr in skri^, and so does
5J
generally. In U this r is dropped
nearly in all cases : thus,
^ P'^-'
5J
'* ^^"^^ ^- ^'^ letters
are often found with an 0^ beneath: ^' 31'
S' ^1' ^' ^'
in these the OJ alone is pronounced, except in S', which
sounds da. 5. The figure -J, sometimes found at the food
of a letter is used in Sanscrit words to express the subjoined
^, as in ^I'^fl' (cf. 9. 6) for
^t^t!
^^^ '^ '^^w pronounced
by Tibetans '= 0: soha; in words originally Tibetan it now
exists merely as an orthographical mark, to distinguish
homonymes in writing, as
5'
(sa!,hot'and iS' fsa,salt'; but,
as it is spoken, in some words at least, in Balti (e. g.
^
rfswa
,
grass', it must be supposed that, in the primitive
form of the language, it was generally heard. iVbfe. Of
such compoands, indeed, as ^' ,lot' it is difficalt to under-
stand, how they can have been pronounced hterally, if the
V was not, perhaps, pronounced before the
y.
Superadded consonants. 6. f above another con-
sonant is written ", and 11 contonants have this sign:
'fj'
^
'
^' ^' ^'
Sf Si'
"
S',
above ^' it preserves
7. Compound consonants. Eicamples. 9
its full shape, as better adapted to the form of that letter:
thus, ^'. In speaking it is seldom heard except provincially,
and in some instances in compound words after a vowel thus,
I?r^^' Vrffi/dn^ Urgym, ancient name of the country of
Lahore; r'g' cJ^jj^'e ,<yra'. Ladakees often pronounce it =s:
'
sta ,borse' elsewhere ta. 7. Similar is the usage in those
with a superadded OJ (namely: the surds and sonants of the
first four classes, the guttural nasal, and ^9), which latter
is often softly heard in WT, but entirely dropped else-
where, except in the ease of
^,
which is spoken = flj
in
WT, but with a distinct aspiration = hla or Iha in ET.
8. ?J is superadded to the gutturals, dentals and labials
with exception of the aspiratae, then ^' and \ It is, in
many cases, distinctly pronounced in Ladak, but dropped
elsewhere"). 9. =I|-
^
q- g-
^"-
with any superadded
letter lose the aspiration mentioned in
2. 6 and sound
=
9>
d, b,
},
<h 10. ^' g" g" often lose even the inherent
(-sound in pronunciation and are spoken like
),
s, z.
*) This win be indicated in the following examples by including
the s in parentheses, as (s)/;(>m.
1^'^x* kyir-kyir, round,
' "=>
circular.
h/i, dog.
3^''^"
gyen-la, upwards.
^^y ZltgCs), U: ?M, cattle.
Examples.
J^'
^j/M, hook.
Q^' Kyod, C: %6", yc
^^I'iJ' cug-jio, rich.
|j^' W: ped, C: ce\ half.
roil.
um^
\i-
10
Examples.
..jj; W: jd-mo, 0: ja-mo,
hen.
F^'
J.
W: a-wdjs, C: -nan,
misery.
^TjSl" torn, cabbage.
155^54' fim(s), judgement.
znr^- W: dan-mo, C: r?"-
-1
cold.
g=n'=r' ?M^-9M, child.
iiT-H- sran-ina, srart-vna,
-\\
pea.
=[]' ;, wages.
SC,'(f) knf-poj, wind.
S'O'
<^'*-w (s-
11 note),
S moon.
gj-'J'ji non-po, C: 710m-
fo,
^ sharp.
f^Cp' jafl-Ku (Ld, ?/), green.
^S|' (sj^ojw, thirst.
^' (sj^o, door.
^x'a*
(s)gyur-v;a, to alter,
S turn.
SS' W: (s)pin, C: &'*, glue.
^(^" fe-M, Ld : sre-M, monkey,
sji- W: (sjmara, C: man,
W I m.edieine.
3 sand.
^^'^' fiur-du, quickly,
W3J' fiji, tax.
,- W: di, fU (Pur: jfW),
-J knife.
rr-r W: dan-po, C:
if",
^ straight.
5^' dag, d^ag (brag), rock.
SflJ'i]' h-ul-po, ragged.
jS'SJ' Id-ma, priest.
S'5^' Id-mo, easy.
jflC'CJ' kan-pa, foot.
g-j- W: SWM, C; (fejm, lie,
^
I untruth.
rac-^
fcf(^mo {Ld. i(), C:
71 td'-mo, spectacle,
g-W: 5m*), C: to, hair.
S' (/a(vuIg:)'a),sound, voice.
^'
fy^M, small hair.
fk'q'
W:f3)t'0(i-a, C:a6"-
'
pa, to behave,
sjq- "W: Csb)nd, C: rfwi,
^
snake.
^j-ji- W: 'lion-pa, C: jiow-
S^ ya, mad.
8. Prefixed letters.
11
*) The concurrence of superadded ^' with a consonant already
8. Prefixed fetters. 1 The five letters =T|' ir q- 5|- Q^'
frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other
words, but are seldom pronounced, except in sirailar cases
/ as
7. 6. =T]' occurs before
5"
f J
'^
^"
'
(^'
3'
WJ-
fT 5^'
; ^
before the gutturals and labials with exception
of the aspiratae;
^'
before 'Tj' ET|',
the palatals, dentals and
palatal sibilants with the same exception as under =\, then
(^'
3'
^ -A"
^T; ^ before the guttarals, palatals, dentals
and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; (^ before the as-
piratae and sonants of the five classes. In C.T,, to pro-
nounce them in any case, is considered vulgar. 2. The
ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing
before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the
vowel being the unwiitten a,
e. g. in the syllable
^^',
which, if
^
is radical, has to be pronounced dag, if prefixed
ga, is avoided by adding an OJ in the latter case: thus,
'^EHQ^'. Other examples are: ^=v'^a(?
C/a"^
and ^Tl^Q^'
da; CJ^' has (bq, da) and ^^IR' M; 5!^' mad(mff)&D&
51^Q' da;
^^^^
g^- This OC is added, though the radical
be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ^^f^^' kd. 3.
^
as a prefix and
^'
as first radical annul each other, so that
only the following sound is heard, as wiU be seen in the
eompound produces inW.T some irregularities, which cannot all be
specified here (see the diction,. The custom of C.'l'., according to
which the ?]' is enthely neglected is in this instance easier to Tie
followed.
12
9. Word; Accent; Quantity.
followiDg examples (S^C' etc.)- 4. Another irregularitj'
is the nasal pronunciation of the prefixed
^'
in compoaiids
after a vowel, which is often heard e.g.
^J7|'Q,^i5' pronounced
gen-dun, gen^di'm, but eleg.: ge-dun^ , clergy'; ^'^f^,''^^^*
kam-bum, eleg. ka-bdm, ,ljie 100 000 precepts' (title of a
book). Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft
consonants in ET the prefi.ted letters have the same in-
finence as the superadded ones
7. 9,
Examples.
?1^^' ^?i
hos grunniens.
r^-x- fe-va (Ld: spe-ca).,
1 book.
CJS^'iJ" zdn-po, good.
Q^qq'C]' bab-pa, to descend.
^ClC^'wa^i, vulg.O:a,power.
rnjj'
Tf
Dame of the Lhasa
>3^ y-'
district.
^^S'CJ' en-pa, solitude.
^5^^'
y^KO:
*^5 figure.
^TI^'CJ' kdr-po, white.
^^I'q^'
dd-wo, enemy.
5IC^'*j'
ndt'-Tiio, sweet.
^ N fourteeD.
^^' M, resp, head.
^g^'^n' ijar-ka, summer.
^g'^'.i/e-tfja,e-M,'a, difference.
9. Word; Accent; Quantity. 1. The peculiarity of the
Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-
syllables, but not the words (c 4) composed of two or
more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be
regarded as one word. 2. There exist a great number of
9. "Word: Accent: Quantity.
13
small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different
shades of notions, grammatieal relations etc., and are post-
poned to the word in question; but nevei- alter its original
shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced
by its fioal consonant (cf. 15). 3. Such monosyllables
may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming
one word together with the proceeding nominal or vei'bal
root. 4. The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given
to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part
of the composition, as:
Sjcn'
j^j^^ ,eye', ^^'^l' mig-gi, ,of
the eye';
[^J?]'
lag, ,hand', flJ^T] -f^q^' lag-^u6(s), ,haad-
covering, glove'. 5. Equally natural is, in W.T, , the
quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing
the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long
as in the English words bee^ stay^ or Hindi l:=.L etc.),
otherwise short, as ^ ml ,man', 3^'OJ" m'l-ld ,to the man',
but 5!^' mur, , butter', In CT, however, even accentuated
and closiog vowels are uttered very shortly: ml, ml-ld etc.,
and long ones occar there only in the case of
5, 4. 5. and
8,2., as W5^' iu' ,work'; 5^' tv7 , religion'; ^^H^' da
, arrow'; ^3^" ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: 5!^51'
na ,forest'; fS^^l^J'^l' le-pa ,good'; ^=T1?^' j-i ,class, sort';
OJ^?J" lo jSide'; !^^^' lH , manner'. In Sanscrit words
. the long vowels are marked by an
1^'
beneath the conso-
nant, as: S'SI"
{srmi
,caUed', SI'ry
(j^)
,root' (s. 3).
!
w
10. Pauctuatiou.
10. Puncfuation. Fnr separating ihe members of a longer
period, a vertical stroke:
|,
called -A^' sad Qa), is used,
wliich corresponds at once to our comma, semicolon and
colon; after the closing of a sentence the same is doubled;
after a longer piece, e g. a chapter, four sads are put. No
marks of ioterrogation or exlamation exist Jo punctuation.
j
*^"
sume
"y
and
^5^'.2. These additional syllables are omitt-
ed a) in imperative sentences, 6) in the latter member of
a double question, c) when the question is expressed al-
ready by an interrogative pronoun or adverb, d) in coor-
dinate members of a period, with exception of the last one,
e) commonly, when the principal verb is the verb substan-
tive
[^3j-, Cfs;- etc. (40. 1.).
EaiampleB. a) ^C ,go!',
'^S'^''^'
^come here!'.
h)
5i^-C;5I-j-Si^- ,do you see or not?' - c) ^S^^'^^^
,who is there?', SSI'q^q' ,when did (he, you etc.) arrive?'.
,the
houses were destroyed, the men killed, the whole town
annihilated*.
e) =r]^C'qi^"|'5J''^*'']?^*^'W=;
f
,hi the
sand
of the river is gold'.
Note. In conversation the o is generally omitted, and
46
35. Present.
the in of the interrogative termination dropped, so that
merely the vowel a is heard, e. g- the question Sf^'CSJ'
,do (you) see' and the answer 3^"^^ ,(1)
see', are com-
monly spoken in WT: fon-nat Ion.
35. Present Tenses. 1. Simple Present Tense. This is
the simple root of the verb, which always will be found
in the dictionary; in WT, as mentioned above, of verbs
with more than one root, only the Perfect root is in use;
if, therefore, stress is laid on the Present signification, re-
coarse must be had te one of the following compositions,
(8. 31. and Note). Thus, SJ^' ,(I, thou, he etc.) see, seest
etc.', ^n^^fc' ,(1 etc) give' through all persons; in the end
of a sentence: SI^C'K^I
^'^'\
2. Compound Present Tenses, a)
^^
(s- 40,
1)
is
added to the root: ?|^'n=S=^' '
^<^^''
^^^"'^J^'
'C^)
give'. This is common in the dialect of WT especially.
6) The Participle connected with ^S^
,
^^'^"^^ .(1)
see'. In WT tiiis, of course, is changed to sl^'S^pS^'^N^'
.
W har-yol Kyon-na son. Go to fetch the china!
- -
len-na hog. Come to take away - -.
Phrases.
89
W cu ddri-mo^^) dan tn~na If you wash with cold ft'ater,
kar-y6P^) mi dag (or the china does not become
kar-yol la^-mo mi &- clean; wash it well with
yin); t'sdn-te Ug Idri,- some hot (waler)!
te gyaUla tu gos (go),
CM dd-A m tu na Jtar-yol
mi dag; tsdm-mo si'g
gi leg (la) -pa- tu. sog.
W Ids {la)-ka fsari-ma tsar- Unless all the work is done,
nq mdn-na ma ta, don't go! (or) you must
C mam-pa do'^) mi not go.
cog.
W aol-cog^^) fal-dig'^2) co-a, Shall I makethe tableready?
C _;e' gyu yi7irna(m).
W o-nd; cog-idn tiri'^^) ton, Yes; lav (spread) the
C yd-^a; cog-tan tiri-eig.
cloth!
W tib-rillinan-nacumdri- Is there much waler in the
po yod-da nuri-riuydd,
teapot, or little?
C gyi-nan-na cu mdn-
po yS'-dam nuri-nu yd'.
W nnn 7iu Ug yod (a-fsig (But) a little.
man-na med),
C riiiri nu big y6\
W tib^ilcu kari'^'^)-teliyon, Fill the teapot with water,
C - - <Su kdn-na Kur hog. and bring it!
W tib-ril dzag dug. The kettle leaks.
W
hdr-ya^^')danjm'^)gos It must be soldered (fastened
(geX with pewter),
G
kdr-ya(or&a-kar-gyi)
jar go.
^ gar-wqP) tsar^ Uyer, . Takeittothe blacksmith's.
C l^w son.
//
mmtm-
90
Phrases.
Phrases.
91
W sel-kor gas (ga) soi,
C Sel-por ga sm.
W ndmazer-naHn'malcyon,
ser-na h/aP^).
W sab mol-na Ihjon yin^
C sa-kib sun-^)-na hyalgyu
The
tumbler (glass-cup)
has got a crack.
Unless I tell yon, do not
bring wood!
When master coramands,
I shall bring.
ym.
W nab gd-zug mol, C na-
"What did you say, sir (did
Mb ^an sun wa yin.
the gentleman say)?
W ma^an^^yMdmah-g^^),
Don't cast it away! Do not
C ma 6or-wa /e'; fiw' ma
bug.
WC rig-pa dwi^), W ^a-
dar do.
W ndn^)-ie man,
C ndn gyu min.
W i}ds^)-si (da-i) lag-ma
ti^^-te bor,
C da-kj)ilhdg-m,a fsag ja.
W lag-ma mi dug, can ma
lus (lu).
W o-ma lud ma iug^
C
vio-ma lu' ma hug.
W ^n-pa^'') ma tuh^^)'te
sdn-te Myon,
fsdn-ma (or
g'dn-mo) Icur-iog.
W a~lu Su-te tub tm,
C kyi-u (or t?o-ma^^)^M-
te tub-dig.
man-pb (or yun rin-mo)
ma gor.
let it slip!
Take care! Cautiously!
You must not press!
Put by the remainder of the
rice!
There is no remainder,
nothing is left.
Do not let the milk run over
!
Kot cutting the liver, bring
it as a whole!
Feel the potatoes, and cut
them in pieces!
"W gyog^a (C gyog-po, gyo-
po) sog.
W ma jed^),
C ma je^.
W yid-la zuirt^''-) tuh-ba,
sem-la ne (uh-ha.
W yid-la zum gos (go),
C ne-pa
fe' go.
nan-du son; nan-du hog.
W nan-du hjod^%
C nan-du peb.
W dodi^\
da',
hig^).
Come soon!
1. Do not forget! 2. (I) did
not forget.
Can you r erne mberit(b ear
it in mind)?
You mnat bear it in mind,
(malse it certain).
Go in! Come in!
Go (or come) in, sir!
Sit down!
Please sit down, sir!
Don't tarry much!
1) ^^' 2)
|aj-q-
3)
n^-
4}
^- 5)
^\sf
6)
=rif
=i|-
7)^- 8)=^^- 9)^- I0)=r|-a^5?j-
ii)^ig- l2)^\sf
13) CI(^- 14) O^^q^J-q- iprv. 15) SC^^ 16} Q^^'
17) 1^5^'^' iprv. 18)
^f^-
19) ^^Tjs^-Dvfoj-
20)
Q^^
21)
CT|?|a]-|=T|-
22) O^^at'O^f=!] 2.S) ^Z: prf of ^^
24)
qTj^- prf. of (^^SjC^CI'
25J
i;^rT|s;-q|lsJfa^-
26) S^'
prf. of g^-q-
27) ^=r|^-qq;-
28)
g"^'
29)
qgoj-
prf. of
|arq-
30) CTj^r 31) Q^Z: iprv. of Q^S^^' 32) CJ^CTj-
prf.of n^|cr|-q-
33)a^^si' 34)2r]5j5j' 35)a^g?f
36)^^
37) 5?^-q-
38) R^' prf. of q^q-q'
39) ^5^-
40)
l'^'
41)^5^-i.o.qg^-fromQy5j-q-
42)
J^'
43)^- 44)q(^cr|5^-
92
Keading Exercise.
Reading
Exercise.
The Story of Yug-fa-ian the Brahman 0-
''K,
''-'
'123/
L.J. ju- i^
1) From the Dzan-hm (5J^i;^'g3j').
'i) 13.
3) 15^
5.
_
4)
gs^-CI", perf.g^', futg',
iv.g^-,tomake,
do' in some cases: ,to say, caU', ^'^'^I'
,so to be caUed,
so called'.
=:g=TlTJ'53i' is a translation of the Sanscrit
name
t^^^.
-
5) 40. 1. c. -
6) 41. A. 1
.
-
7)
4fl. 1.
?<
and 47. 3. b.
-
8) 34. 1. and 40. 1. ^.
-
9)
15. 5.
-
10)
42. 3. -
11)
perf. of
'^'fi'R'
,to give; to send, let go'.
-
12)
perf. of njCq' ,to rise'. 13) s. 4).
Reading Exercise.
'
93
14) 41. A. 7.
15) imp., of 5j"q' ,to give',
^^"'
,to return'.
16) 37. 2.
17) =lj^"q" s. 11); ,don't let
pass'; 38. 2.
18) perf. of qa^'q' ,take, seize'. 19) perf.
of
Q^^^j-CI' ,to throw, fling'.
20)
perf. of =r|^-q- ,to
break'.
21) s. 14).
22) 43. 2.
23) perf. o
'^^'^'
ito
prepai-e, purpose'.
24) rule 30. is not always strictly
observed.
^^
31
94
EeadiDg Eseroise,
25)
43. 2,
26) perf. of ^Cq'
,to fall'.
27) perf.
of C^^^r ,to seize'.
-
28) 43. 2, b.
29) 41. 6. S; (^^"
= ^^'^^'^^'-
30) 49.
31)
,from the inner (i.e. other)
side to this', ,across'.
32) carpenter (lit. ,laknwald\ cf.
12. 1.).
33)
perf. of
n^l'q'
,to ask'. 34) 40. ^.g.
35) 41. A. 8.
~
36)
perf. of
g^'^' ,to throw down'.
Beading Esercise.
95
37) s. 29).
38) ,sat down'.
39) if the verb is in
the infv., the subject is usuaUy put in the accus., when we
use the genitive.
40) , returning it so that the owner
saw it'; 41. B. 2. J.
41) ,1 did not return it with the
mouth i. e. by saying anything',
42) , because (41 . A,
8)
that Yugp. did not say it (viz: I give back)'.
43) 41. B.
2. a.
44) 41. A. 5.
45) perf. of
Q^'^^J-q" ,to tie,
fasten'. ~
46) impv. of ^5'q' ,to take out, pull out' etc.
47) ,firstly', less frequent and somewhut different from
^'^^'
(22).
48) ,my' (24).
mm BWBH
ITYIZ-W:::
96
Beading Exercise.
^?^-|5^-q5|-|-^-%qi
|^5q|-q-53^-^-^''^(^qc;^-q?T-
qa|-q-^i^-%q|
j
|j-^?j-|^-q
] q||q|
jqs^q|-^^-q^^
|
cf|^-^-qs^cr|'q|-|'cri5=^'q'q5|| sg=ri'q-53j-gq'q=^'
^g^'S^'S'^ 1 1
^=Tqa;'^c;-5T^'|^'q
i =^=T^'^'
49)
,seDondly'.
50) 17. 1.
51) ,it is better that
Y. should be the -winner, than that besides having been
robbed of my ox, I should lose my eyes into the bargain.
52)
,aiiotber said: god! etc' (gi' used in addressing a
king like Sanscr. ^).