Now there's

a new breed of
Beckman hand-held
DMMs tough
enough to withstand
accidental drops,
input overloads
and destructive environments.
The new HD100 and HD110
DMMs are drop-proof, packed
with overload protection and sealed
against contamination. You won't
find more rugged meters than the
Beckman HDs. Inside or out.
Drop Proof
Constructed of double-thick
thermoplastics, the HD100 series
DMMs resist damage even after
repeated falls. All components are
heavy-duty and shock mounted.
Contamination Proof
The HD series meters are
designed to keep working even
around dirt, heavy grime, water
and oil. The special o-ring seals,
ultrasonically-welded display
window and sealed input jacks pro-
tect the internal electronics of the
HD meters. The oops-proof meters
are sealed so tightly, they even
float in water.
Accidental Overload
Protection
All DC voltage inputs are
protected up to 1500 Vdc or 1000
Vrms. Current ranges are pro -
tected to 2A/600V with resistance
ranges protected to 600 Vdc. Tran -
sient protection extends up to 6KV
for 10 microseconds.
More Meter for
Your Money
For starters you can get 2000
hours of continuous use from a
CIRCLE 100 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
common 9Vtransis-
tor battery. You can
run in-circuit diode
tests and check con-
tinuity. You even get
a one year warranty.
The 0.25% basic de volt accu-
racy HD meters serve you with 7
functions arid 27 ranges. The HD
110 also gives you 10 AMPS ac and
de. With one simple turn of the
single selector switch, you can go
directly to the function and range
you need. There's less chance of
error.
Also available is the electrical
service kit. It includes the meter
of your choice, a current clamp,
deluxe test leads and a heavy-duty
case designed to carry both meter
and accessories, conveniently.
Feature for feature you can't
find a more dependable meter
with prices starting at just $169
(D. S. only).
'Ib locate your nearest dis-
tributor, write Beckman Instru-
ments, Inc., Instrumentation
Products, 630 Puente Street,
Brea, CA 92621; (714)773-8453.
BECKMAN
Probably
thesecond
most important
boOk youcan
turntofor
guidance. .
Electronics dealers andrepair experts know
they candepend onPhilips ECG"Replace-
ment Semis tofit andtowork-reliably.
Andtheyknow they candepend on
thenew ECG Semiconductor Master
Replacement Guide tosave them
time, money andaggravation when
ordering theparts theyneed.
545 pages. 3,100 ECGSemi-
conductor types. More than700
newproducts including transient
voltage suppressors, micro-
processor ICs, thermal cutoffs,
solid state relays andmore.
It's the only book ofits
kind you'll ever need this
year, andyou canget it
from your nearest ECG
distributor. Just call
1-8002258326
toll-free for hisname
andphone number(in
Massachusetts, call
1-617-890-6107).
If it's ECC.it fits. And it works.
PhilipsECG
A North American Philips Company
CIRCLE 47 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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NEWl

I
Scanners
Communications Electronics:
the wor ld's largest distributor of radio
scanners, introduces new models
with special savings on all radio
scanners. Chances are the police,
fire and weather emergencies you'll
read about in tomorrow's paper are
coming through on a scanner today.
We give you excellent service be-
cause CE distributes more scanners
wor ldwide than anyone else. Our ware-
house facilities are equipped to pro-
cess thousands of scanner orders
every week. We also export scanners
to over 300 countries and military
install ations. Almost all items are in
stockforquickshi pment, so if you' re
a person who prefers fact t o fantasy
and who needs to know what's really
happening around you, order your
radio today from CEo
NEW! Regenc}lf MX5000
List price $599.95/CE pri ce $379.00
"'ultl-Band, 20 Channel . No- c r ystal s can ner
Search Lockout . Pr i or i t y. AC/DC
Select able A"'-F'" modes . LCD display
World's first continuous coverage scanner
Frequency range: 25-550 MHz. continuous coverage.
Never bef ore hav e so man y feat ures come in
suc h a small package. The Reg ency MX5000
mobi le or hom e scanne r has co nt inuous cover-
age f rom 25 to 55 0 MHz. That means you can
hear CB, Television audio, FM br oadcast st a-
t ion s, all air craft bands including military and
the normal scanner bands, all on your choi ce of
20 programmabl e channels.
NEW! Regency MX3000
List pric e 52 99. 95/CE price $181 .00
6-Band, 30 Channel No-crystal scanner
Search. Lockout . Priority . AC/DC
Bands: 30-5 0, 144-1 74, 440-51 2 MHz.
The Regen cy Tou ch MX3000 pro vides the ease
of compute r co nt rolled, touch- entry program-
ming in a com pact-siz edscannerf or use at home
oron the road. Ent er yourfavorite publ ic se rvice
fr equ enci es by simply t ouching the numbered
pressure pads. You' ll even hear a " beep" ton e
that let s you know you've made co nt act.
In addit io n to scanni ng th e pr ogrammed
channe ls, th e MX3000 has t he ability to search
through as much as an ent i re band fo r an acti ve
fr eq uency. The MX3000 includes channel 1
pri ori ty, dual scan speeds, sca n or sea rch del ay
and a brightness switch for day or night operation.
NEW! RegencyZ30
List pri ce 5269. 95/CE price $179.00
6-Band, 30 Channel No-crystal s canner
Bands: 30-50, 144 -174,440-5 12 MHz.
Cover you r choice of over 15,000 frequ enci es
on 30 channels at t he touch of yo ur finger.
NEW! JIL SX-200
CE price $264.00/NEW LOW PRICE
S-Band, 16 Channel No-crystal scanner
Quartz Clock A",/F", AC/DC
Bands: 26-88, 108-1 80, 380- 51 4 MHz.
Tune Military, F.B.I. , Space Sat ell it es, Poli ce &
Fire, D. E.A., Def ense Department, Aeronaut ical
AM ban d, Aero Navigat ion Band , Fish & Game,
Imm igr ati on, Par amed ics, Amateur Rad io, Jus-
t ice Department , Stat e Depa rt ment, plus t hou-
sands of other restr ict ed radi o frequencies no
other scanner is pr og rammed to pick up.
RegencyHX1000
Allow 60- 120 days for deli very after receipt of
orde r due to the high demand for this product.
Li st pr ice 5329.95/CE price $209.00
6-Band, 20 Channel No Crystal scanner
Search Lockout Priority Scan delay
Sidelit liquid crystal display
Frequency range: 30-50,144-174,440-5 12 MHz.
The new handheld Regency HX1 000 scanner is fully
keyboard programmable for t he ultimate inversatil-
ity. You canscan up to20 channeisatth esametime.
When youact ivate the priorit y control, youautomat -
ically overri de all other cal lsto listen to your favorite
fr equency. The LCD disp lay is even sidelit for night
use. A die-cast al uminum chasis makes this the
most rugged and durable hand-held scanner avail-
able. There Is even a backup lit hiumbattery to main-
tain memory for two years. Incl udes wall charger,
carrying case, belt clip, flexibl e antenna and nicad
batte ry. Reserve your Regency HX1000 now.
RegencyR106
List pr ice 5 149.95/CE price $92.00
5-Band, 10Channel. Crystal scanner. AC/DC
Frequency range.' 30-50, 146-174, 450-51 2 MHz.
A versatil e scanner, The Regency R-106 is bui lt
to pr ovide maximum recept ion at hom e or on
th e road. Rugged cabinet protects the advanced
desi gn circuit ry allowing you ye ars of depend-
abl e list ening.
NEW! Regency 0810
Li st pri ce 5399.95/CE price $244.00
B-Band, 50 Channel Crystal/ess AC only
Bands: 3D-50, 88-108,118-136, 144-174, 44D-512MHz.
This scanner offe rs Publ ic serv ice bands, plus
Aircr aft and FM broadcast stat ion s. You can
listen to Bach or a Boeing 747 , th e Rolling
St on es or t he riot squad, or any of 50 channels.
Plus special direct access keys let you listen to
pol ic e, fire, emergency , or any of your favorite
channels just by pushing a button.
RegencyR1040
List pr ice 5 19 9. 95/ CE price $124.00
6-Band, 10 Channel. Crystal/ess AC only
Frequ ency rang e: 30-50, 144-1 74, 440-512 MHz.
Now you can enjoy computerized scanner ver-
satility at a price t hat' s less than some crystal
units. The Reg ency R1040 let s you in on all t he
action of poli ce, fire, weat her, and eme rge ncy
calls. You' ll eve n hear mobile telephones.
Programming the R1040 is easy. Merely touch
th e keyboard and ent er any of over 15,000
fr equ encies on yo ur choice of 10 channels.
NEW! Regency HX650
Li st pr ice 5119.95/CE price $79.00
5-Band, 6 Channel. Handheldcrystal scanner
Bands: 30-50, 146-1 74, 450-5 12 MHz.
Now you can tune in any emergency around
t ow n, from wherever you ar e, th e second it
happ ens . Adv anced ci rcuit ry gives you the
wor ld's small est sc anner. Our low CE price in-
cl udes bat tery charge r/A. C. adapte r.
QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE
Order two scan ners at the same tim e and dedu ct
1%, for t hre e scanners deduct 2%, fourscanners
deduc t 3%, five scanners dedu ct 4% and six or
mo re scanners purchase d at the same time
earns you a 5% discount off our super low
si ngl e unit price.
R.gency
HXfJ50
CIRCLE 35 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
OTHER RADIOS & ACCESSORIES
Regency' C403 Scanner.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. $59.00
Regency' Z10 Scanner $149.00
Panasonic RF'9 Shortwave rece iver $84.00
Panasonic RFB50 Shortwave receiver $129.00
Panasoni c RF799 Shortwave rece iver $2 19.00
Panasonic RF-2600 Shortwave receiver $199 .00
Panasonic RF2900 Shortwave receiver $249.00
Panasonic RF31 00 Shortwave receiver $279.00
Panasonic RFB300 Shortwavereceiver $195.00
Panasoni c RFB600 Shortwave receiver $429.00
Panasonic RF-6300 Short wave rece iver $539.00
Bearca!" t 350 Scanner $399.00
Bearca!" 300 Scanner $349.00
Bearca!" 260 Scanner $259.00
Bearca!" 250 Scanner $279.00
Bearcat' 200 Scanner $189.00
Bearca!" 21OXLScanner $229.00
Bearca!" 20/20 Scanner. $289.00
Bearcat' 151 Scanner S169.00
Bearcat' 100 Scanner $289.00
Bearca!" Five-Six Scanner $129.00
Bearcat' DX1000 ShortwaveReceiver $489.00
Bearcat' Weather Alert 549.00
Freedom Phone' 4000 Cordlesstelephone $239.00
Fanon FCT2oo Cordless telephone 5139.00
SP55Carryingcasefor Bearcat Five-Six $15.00
MA506 Carringcasefor Regency HX650 $15.00
FBE Frequency Directory for EasternU.S.A. $12.00
FBWFrequency Directoryfor Western U.S.A $12.00
TSG"TopSecrerRegistryof U.S.Government Freq $15.00
RRF RailroadFrequency Directory $10.00
ESD Energy ServicesDirectory $10.00
ASD Frequency Directoryfor Aircraft Band $10.00
SRFSurvival Radio Frequency Directory $10.00
TICTechniques for InterceptingComm. Manual $12.00
CIECovertIntelligence,Elect.EavesdroppingMan $12.00
1.2 VAM Ni-Cad batteries(set of four) $9.00
B61.2 VAA NiCad batteries(set of four) $12.00
A135c Crystal certificate $3.00
A60Magnet mount mobileantenna $35.00
A70Base stationantenna $35.00
Add $3.00 shi pping for all accesso ries ordered at the same ti me.
Add $12.00 per shortwave receiver for U.P.S. shipping.
Add$3.00 shippingper scanner antenna.
BUY WITH CONFIDENCE
To get the fastest delivery from CE of any
scanner, send or phone your order directl y to our
Scanner Distribu ti on Cente r" Be sure to calculate
your price using the CE prices in this ad. Michigan
residents please add 4% sales tax or suppl y your
tax I.D. number. Written purchas eorders areaccep-
ted fromapproved government agencies and most
well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30
billing. All sales are subject to availability, accept-
ance and verificati on. All sales on accessories are
final. Prices, terms and speci fications are subject
to change without notice. All prices are in U.S.
dollars. Out of stock it ems will be placed on back-
order aut omati cally unless CE is instru cted dif-
ferently. A $5.00 addit ional handling fee will be
charged for all pr epaid orders under $50 .00 or
pur chase 'orders under $200.00. Shipments are
F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan . No COD's. Most pro-
ducts that we sell have a manufacturer's warrant y.
Free copi es of warranties on these products are
availabl e prior to purchas e by writing to CEoInter-
nati onal orders are invited with a$20.00 surcharge
for speci al handli ngin addit ion to shipping charges.
All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michiga n. No
COD's please. Non-cert ified and foreign checks
require bank clearance.
Mai l orders to: Communicat ions El ect ron-
Box 1002, Ann Arbor, Mic higa n 48 106
U.S.A. Add 57. 00 per scanner fo r U. P.S. ground
sh ipping and handling in the co ntinenta l U.S.A.
For Canada, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Alaska, or
APO/FPO de livery, sh ipping charges are t hree
times cont inental U.S. rates. If you have a Visa
or Master Card, you may ca ll and place a credit
card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Dia l
800-521 -441 4. In Canada, order toll-f ree by
ca lling 800-265-4828. Tele x CE anytime, dia l
810-223-2422. If you are outside the U.S. or i n
Michigan dial 3 13-973-8888. Order today.
Scanner Distribution Center' and CElogos are trade-
marks of Communications Electronics"
t Bearcat is afederally registeredt rademarkof Electra
Company, a Division of Masco Corporation of Indiana.
*Regencyisafederally registeredtrademarkof Regency
Elect ronics Inc. AD#031584A
Copyright 1984 Communications Electronics
OrderToll Free ... call
1-800-521-4414

..ELECTRONICS
Consumer Products Division
818 Pho eni x 0 Box 1002 0 Ann Arbo r, Michigan 48 106 U.S.A.
C. II TOLL-FREE 800-521-4414 or outside U.S.A. 313 -973-8888
alli8-
lealra i
THE MAGAZINE FOR NEW
IDEAS IN ELECTRONICS
Electronics publishers since 1908 MAY 1984 Vol. 55 NO.5
100 SERVICE CLINIC
How to test TV IF's and tuners. Jack Darr
103 SERVICE QUESTIONS
Radio-Electronic's Service Editor solves technicians' problems.
104 COMMUNICATIONS CORNER
Digital communications and RFI. Herb Fried man
COMING NEXT MONTH
On Sale May 22
Satell ite TV. A special section
that deals with antennas, down-
converters, receivers, and more,
including a look at DBS.
Repair ing PC Boards. It' s
easy-we'll show you
Tuning Microwave Downcon-
verters. It's easier than you think
and you don't have to perch your-
self on your roof!
And lots more!
WILL THERE EVER BE A 3-DTV system that will
give us more than eye str ain? Carl Laron, our
Associate Editor takes a look at three systems
that look promi sing. Each has its own advan-
tages-and drawbacks. But one thing is sure:
You' ll be heari ng alot more about those systems
In the future. But read about them here f irst,
starti ng on page 57.
ON THE COVER
Does your state requirethat your car
pass an annual emissions tests? In
those states that do, many "do-it-
yourselfers" are beginning to feel left
out. After all, who else but the state-
licensed inspection shop can make
the emission test? If you build this
month's featured project, you'll be
able to keep tabs on your own emis-
sions-even while you're driving !
The story begins on page 47.
DRAWING BOARD
Bipolar power supplies-a look at reader responses.
Robert Grossblatt.
SATELLITEITELETEXT NEWS
The latest happenings in communications technology.
Gary H. Arlen
VIDEO ELECTRONICS
Tomorrow's news and technology in this quickly changing industry.
Davi d Lachenbruch
DESIGNER'S NOTEBOOK
How to expand the range of the 4017 counter. Rober t Grossblatt
MAKING MEASUREMENTS ELECTRONICALLY
We'll introduce you to a variety of transducers and show you how
you can use them effectively. Harry L. Trietley
DESIGNING WITH LINEAR IC'S
Part 2. We'll look at the inverting follower and how to solve some
problems commonly encountered with op-arnps. Joseph J. Carr
HOBBY CORNER
Finding the location of a transmitter. Earl " Doc" Savage, K4SDS
STATEOF SOLID STATE
A spatial, stereo, and pseudo-stero sound IC. Rober t F. Scott
NEW IDEAS
A proximity power switch.
57 WHAT'S NEW IN 30 TV
A look at three different methods of achieving three-dimensional
effects. Carl Laron
79 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
An introduction to computer-communications hardware and
software. Herb Friedman
47 AUTOMOTIVE GAS ANALYZER
Does your state require an annual emissions test? Now you can
be sure that your car will pass. Philip M. Van Praag
61 NO MORE WRONG NUMBERS
Part 3. We start this month with details on construction. Then we'll
show you how to hook everything up to keep those unwanted calls
away. Gary McClellan
64 HOME CONTROL COMPUTER
Part 2. We'll take our first look at the computer's second board,
which contains the power-supply and remote-control circuitry.
Then we'll look at the I/O system. Steven E. Sarns
RADIO
VIDEO
BUILD THIS
COMPUTER'S
TECHNOLOGY 4
12
CIRCUITS AND 38
COMPONENTS
40
42
75
80
92
96
As a service to readers, Radio-Electronics publishes available plans or information relatins to newsworthy product s. techniques and scientific and technological developments. Because of possible
vanances In the quality and condition of materials and workmans hip used by readers, Radio-Electronics disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper functioning of reader-built projects based
upon or from plans or informati on published in this magazine. .
94 COMPUTER CORNER
Getting started with computer-literacy machines. Lou Frenzel
22 Kaypro Inc. Kaypro 10 Hard-Disk Computer
27 Heath EE3201 Digital Techniques Course
A stamped self-addressed envelope must accompany all
submitted manuscnpts and or artwork or photographs If their
return is desired should they be rejected. We disclaim any
responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscr ipts and'or
artwork or photographs while In our possession or otherwise.
Radio -Elect ronics, (ISSN 0033-7862) Published monthly
by Gernsback Publications, Inc.. 200 Park Avenue South,
New York. NY 10003. Second-Class Postage Paid at New
York. N.Y. and additional mai ling offices. One-year subscri p-
tion rate: U.S.A. and U.S. possessions. 514.97. Canada.
517.97. Other countries . 522.47 (cash orders only. payable in
U.S.A. currency). Single copies 51.75, c. 1984 by Gernsback
Publications. Inc. All rights reserved. Printed In U.S.A.
POSTMAST ER: Please send address changes to RADIO-
ELECTRONICS. Subscription Dept.. Box 2520. Boulder, CO
80322 .
108 New Books
109 New Literatur e
31 New Products
8 Publisher's Lett er
6 What's News
EQUIPMENT
REPORTS
DEPARTMENTS 8 Advertising and Sales Offices
138 Advertising Index
139 Free Information Card
14 Letters
111 Market Center
3
VIDEO ELECTRONICS
DAVID LACHENBRUCH
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
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8mm
CAMCORDER
TINY CAMERAS
THE SWITCH TO
VHS
Eastman Kodak's debut in video has upset the plans of the Japanese VCR establishment.
Kodak jumped the gun on what seemed to be a taci t agreeme nt to hold up introduction of the
new 8mm-Video format until 1985, at the earliest, by demo nstrati ng two one-piece camera-
recorder combinations slated for sale in the U.S. in July. (See left- hand photo.) Kodak's
machines weigh about 5V2pounds with battery and the little cassette, which is about the size
of an audio cassette. The camera sect ion contain s a newly desi gned Y3-inch Newvi con pickup
tube , a V2-inch electronic viewfinder, and a 6:1 power zoom; the recorder section has two video
heads, fast-forward , reverse, and visual scan. The del uxe model adds autofocus, fade-in and
fade-out , three heads, sti ll-frame, and the abi lity to superimpose the date on the recorded
picture.
For playback , the entire camcorder is placed in a "cradle," whic h contains RF ci rcuitry and a
battery charger. An accessory to the cradle is a slip-in tuner-timer for recording off the air or
from cable. The cassettes init ially will be available in 30-,60- and 90-minute lengths, in either
metal powder or metal evaporated tape . Suggested list prices of the camcorders are $1,599
and $1,899; the oblig atory cradle is $199, and the tuner-ti mer $300. However, the products
actuall y are expected to sell for considerably less. The camcorders are.made by Matsushita,
the tape by TDK, both in Japan.
Just about the time that 8mm is being introduced, along comes a barrage of miniaturized,
lightweight cameras designed to be used with portable VCR's. Sony has introduced a camera
using a CCD pickup; it weighs two pounds five ounces and sel ls for $1,350. (See right -hand
photo.) RCA countered with a palm-s ized MOS camera, weighi ng two ounces less, for $995.
But the lightest one int roduced to date has a pickup tube instead of a solid-state sensor. It's
made by Konika and weighs less than one pound ten ounces, has a new V2-inch "Cosvicon"
tube , and sells for $750 . Its light weight is due partially to the fact that it lacks such features as
electronic viewfinder and motorized zoom lens- it has a 3:1 manual zoom and a through-the-
lens viewfinder. Upcoming are solid-state cameras from Sanyo and Fisher patterned after
35mm still-film cameras.
As I forecasted in this space last month , Zenith has dropped its line of Beta VCR's and joined
the VHS camp with a line of recorders made to its specifications by JVC. Incl uded in the five-
unit line is the miniaturized Video Movie camcorder, the hit of Berl in's Audio-Video Fair
(Radio-Electronics, December 1983). Video Movie uses the 20-minute VHS-C cassett e,
which can be played back on any VHS deck by placing it in an adaptor. Zenith's home decks all
feature remote contro l units that will operate any Zenith infrared remote-control TV set that was
made since 1977. In addition to Zenith , NEC-Iong a Beta stalwart- has added VHS to its
new line in the United States , but NEG is also retaining its line of Aeta machi nes. Thus NEG,
with nine different VCR models, including the Betamovie camcorder, has moreVCR'sthan any
other brand . R-E
TEK
2213A12215A
60 MHZOSCILLOSCOPES
THE PERFORMANCE!
PRICE STANDARD
Tek's best-selling
.60 MHz scopes:
Now25 ways better for
not a penny more!
InOregon call collect:
(503) 627-9000 Ext. 156,
giving these scopes the final measure
of convenience.
Triggering, sweep accuracy,
CMRR andmanymore major
specifications arebetter than ever.
Check the performance chart: not
bad for scopes already considered
the leaders intheir class!
Theprice: still
$1200* forthe
2213A, $1450* for
the2215A. Or, step
up to the100 MHz
2235for just $1650*!
You can order, ob-
tain literature, or
get expert tech-
nical advice,
throughTek's
National Market-
ing Center.
Direct orders
include oper-
ator manuals,
two 10X probes,
15-day return policy,
world-wide service back-
up and comprehensive
3-yearwarranty.
Talk toourtechnical
experts.
Call toll-free:
1-800-426-2200
Ext. 156.
250 kHz
2.0 div compos. sync
4:1
10,000 to 1 (2215)
5,000 to 1 (2213)
Not specified
10t01 at10MHz
10 kv accel. potential
2213/2215
0.4 div at 2 MHz
30 pF
5%, 20to 30C
3%, +20' to 30' C
10:1
TV triggering 1.0 div compos. sync
Channel isolation 100:1 at 25 MHz
A Trigger sensitivity (int) 0.3 di v at 5 MHz
Sweep accuracy (in 10X) 4%, 15to 35C
Chop rate 500 kHz
Vertical accu racy 3%, 0' to 50' C
Delay jitter 20.000 to 1 (2215A)
10,000 to 1 (2213A)
CMRR 10 to 1 at 25 MHz
Input capaci tance 20 pF
Specif ication
enhancement 2213/2215 "A" Series
CRT brightness 14 kv accel. potential
NowTek hasimproved its
2213/2215 scopes withbrighter
displays. Greater accuracy.
And moresensitive triggering.
At noincrease inprice.
The60 MHz 2213 and dual time
base 2215 have been the most
popular scopes in Tektronix
history. Now, Tek
introduces an ''A''
Series update with
more than 25 speci-
fication and feature
enhancements-
things you have
asked for such as
single sweep-all
included at no
added cost.
A brighter
display andnew
vertical ampli-
fierdesign
provides sharp,
crisp traces.
That makes the 2213N
2215A a prime candidate
for taskslike TVtrouble-
shooting and testing,
where fast sweeps are
typical.
Newfeatures include
10MHzbandwidth limit
switch, separate AlB
dual intensity controls
(2215A only), andpower-
onlight: additions custom-
ers have suggested for :..: H.::..c 0I.:..: do::..: ff...:...R:.:::. an..:.; gc::. e :..:...:... _
COMMITTEDm EXCEllENCE
' Price F.OS. Beaverton, OR.
All scopes are UL Listed and CSA
approved. 3-year warranty inc ludes
CRT and applies to 2000 family osc illo-
scopes purchased afte r 1/1/83
Copyright c1984. Tektroni x, Inc. All rights reserved . TIA438
5
WHAT'S NEWS
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Philips and Sony agree
on a CD read-only
memory format
Philips and Sony have an-
nounced agreement on a basic
format for a Compact -Disc Read-
Only Memory system. Details will
be formalized shortly.
The new format is based on the
Compact-Disc Digital-Audio Sys-
tem sound-reproduction format.
Sin ce Jun e, 1980, Phil ips and
Sony have been studying the pos-
sibilities of using the CD as a read-
only memory, to take advantage of
its large capacit y, compactness,
and ease of operation.
The CD read-only memory has a
st orage capacity of 550 mega-
bytes, which is 500 to 1,000 times
that of conventional floppy disks.
The 12-cm disc can contain the
contents of up to 12,000 standard
typewritten sheets.
The new CD read-only memory
standard format comes as an addi-
tion to the existing CD standard for
audio appli cations, which remains
unchanged.
MCI plans new services
to Belgium and Greece
MCI, an international voice- and
data-communications services
company, is preparing to test di-
rect-dial voice services to Greece
and Belgium in preparation for im-
plementing service between the
United States and those countri es.
MCI offic ials have stated that ,
with the encouragement of the
Federal Communicat ions Com-
mission-which has urged U.S.
carriers to seek arrangements to
provide internati onal services-
negoti at i ons with Belgi um and
Greece have reached the stage
where MCI has asked the FCC for
permission to conduct the tests.
Games and education
software to boom?
"If 1982 was 'the year the com-
puter came home'," says Frost &
SUllivan, international market re-
searchers, "the year 1983 is pro-
grammed to be the beginning of a
home-computer software boom. "
But games and education , rather
than home-finance and word-pro-
cessing programs, will dominate.
Softwar e for machines costing
less than $1,000 should increase
70 percent per year between 1984
and 1986. Games will represent
well over 50 percent of the software
sold for home use. Educational
software will advance from almost
3 million units in 1983 to more than
18 million in 1986, according to the
report. That will increase its share
of the market to 20 percent.
Home-management software
has not been as popular, partly be-
cause low-end home computers
lack the memory needed by many
of the programs. With the coming
of more powerful small computers,
however, the segment is expected
to increase its present 5 percent
share over the next few years.
Navigation satellites
outlive expectations
The U.S. Navy Transit satellites
pl aced in orbit in the ear ly 7 0's
have greatly surpassed their ex-
pected lifetimes. RCA Astro Elec-
tronics made fifteen satellites for
the Navy's Strategic Systems Proj-
ect Office, three of which were im-
mediately launched, wh ile the
others were held as spares. Twoof
the original three are still operating.
Their long life and high reliability
have kept the remaining twelve in
ground storage.
Those drum-shaped satellites,
traveling in polar orbits, beam sig-
nals to ground every two minutes.
Using those signals, ships or air-
craft with the required on-board
equipment can ascertain the ir
positions on or over Earth'ssurface
within a few hundred feet.
RCA Astro-Elect ronics is now
modifying eight of the remaining
Transit satellites for dual launches,
beginning in 1985. That operation
is known as Stacked Oscars in Ser-
vice. The satellites will be kept in
orbital storage where they will be
mo re read il y ava ilabl e when
needed.
Videocassette sales
pass $3-million mark
Sales of videocass ette record-
ers (VCR's) in 1983 had topped the
$3-mil lion mark in October, the
Electronic Industries Association's
Consumer Electronics Group re-
ports. Sales to that date amounted
to nearly 400,000 units, up 91.8
percent over the same period in
1982.
Color TV's also registered im-
pressive gains. Sales up to Octo-
ber exceeded 11 million units, an
improvement of more than 20 per-
cent over the first 10 months of
1982. Black-and-white- TV sale s
were slightly lower than in the
same period the previous year.
RCA builds three
advanced satellites
Three Advanced TIROS-N sat-
ell ites are being built for NOAA
( Nat i o nal Oc eanic and At-
mospheric Agency) under the su-
pervision of NASA's Godd ard
Space Flight Center in Greenbel t,
MD. Advanced TIROS-N's are the
fourth generation of satellites built
since the launch of the first weather
satellite, TIROS-1, in 1960. They
will bring the TIROS-N series to 11
spacecraft.
Each satellite is equipped with
systems to collect meteorological
data from several-hundred data-
collection locations. Those supply
informat ion for weather forecast-
ing, hurricane tracking and warn-
ings, agriculture, fishing, and other
activit ies. Since 1966 no storm
anywhere in the world has gone
undetected by those satellites.
All 29 of the nation's polar-orbit-
ing weather satellites have been
provided by RCA Astro-Elec-
tronics.
EIA sets new standards
for silicon digital IC's
The Engineering Depart ment of
the Electronic Industries Associa-
tion has established JEDEC Stan-
da rd No .7, sett ing i ndus t r y
specifications for three series of
new high-speed silicon-gate digital
IC's.
The 54/74HC series includ es
buffered CMOS logic devices with
the primary characteristic of V
1L
(logical low-input voltage) and V
1H
(logical high input voltage) ratings
for good noise immunity in CMOS
system designs. The 54/74HCU
series includes a limited number of
unbuffered (1 active logic circuit)
inverters or gates where V
1L
and
V
1H
ratings are less than those of
the HC series. The third series is
designat ed 54/74HCT, having V
1L
and V
1H
ratings of 0.8- and 2-volts
respectively for direct interfacing
with TTL logic IC's.
New G.E. picture tube
adds more color to TV
Introducing Neo-Vision, a new
picture tube whose faceplate con-
tains neodymimum oxide. General
Electr ic claims two advantages:
First, the new blue neodymimum
glass absorbs the usually yellow-
ish room light ; thus produces
richer, more natural colors and is
less affected by the ambient il-
lumination.
The second advantage is the ap-
pea rance of the blue-tube set
when turned off, a distinct improve-
ment over the "dull, drab, greenish-
grayish blank screen of present-
day sets," says G.E.
The Neo-Vision tubes will ap-
pear in nine models, including the
"Command Performance" series.
Police radar inaccurate
another test shows
In a recent release, Regency
El ect roni cs of Indianapoli s, IN
urges both police and drivers to be
suspicious of the accuracy of po-
lice speed radars, citing a report of
tests of six speed-measuring radar
units; the tests were prepared by
the National Bureau of Standards.
GB transmissions in particular
were cited as one cause of inac-
curacy. While police transmissi ons
from the vehicle in which the radar
was operated had a limited effect:
"CBtransmission in the same vehi-
cle aff ected nearly all rada rs."
When radar and CB radi o were
connect ed to the same batt ery,
readings on the radar target read-
out depended on the frequency of
the CB audio. "CB radio mounted
in a pickup caused readings of 60
to 70 mph at distances upto 75 feet
from patrol car . . .t oo-watt police-
radio transmission did not interfere
with the radar units at distances
beyond 30 feet from the vehicle in
which the radar was operated."
Other sources of error were
shadowing, or the tendency of a
moving-mode radar to use a slow-
moving large vehicle rather than
the ground to measure the speed
of the patrol car; and batching, or
target speed bumping, a change in
the target-vehicle speed display
when th e pat rol car changes
speed. Shadowing was observed
to some extent in all but one of the
six radars tested and target-speed
bumping was seen in three. R-E
Fluke 77
$129'
Fluke 75
$99'
Fluke 73
$85'
The Digital
vs.Analog
battleis over.
$85* buysyou the new champion.
The new Fluke 70 Series.
They combi ne digital and analog displaysfor
an unbeatable two-punchcombination,
Now, digital usersget theextra resolution of a
3200-count LCD display.
While analog users get an analog bar graph for
qui ck visual checks of continuity,peaking,nulling
and trends.
Plus unparalleled operating ease, instant
autoranging, 2,000+ hour battery lifeand a
3-year warranty.
All in one rnaer
Choose fromthree new models. TheFluke
73, the ultimate in simplicity. Thefeature-packed"
Fluke 75. Or the deluxe Fluke 77, with its own
multipurpose protective hol sterand unique
"TouchHold" function(patent pending) that cap-
tures and hol dsreadings, then beeps to alert you.
Each isFluke-toughto takeabeating.
American-made, toboot. And priced to be, quite
simply, aknockout.
Foryour nearest distributor or afree brochure,
call toll-free anytime 1-800-227-3800,
Ext. 229. From outside U.S.,call1-402-496-1350, Ext.229.
FROMTHE WORLDLEADER
IN DIGITAL MULTIMETERS.
Analog/digitaldisplay
Volls, ohms. IDA. diode
test
Analog/digital displ ay
Volis. ohms. IDA. mA,
diode test
Anatog/digital diSplay
Volls, ohms, IDA, mAo
diodetest
Autorange
0.7%basic dcaccuracy
2000+ hour battery lite
3-year warranty
Audible continuit y
Autorange!range hold
0.5%baSIC deaccuracy
2000+ hour batterylite
3-year warranly
Audiblecontinuity
"TouchHold" tunction
hold
03%basicdcaccuracy
2000+ hoor batterylife
:>-Ylllr warranty
Muillpurposeholster
C1003 JohnFlukeMfg. Co., Inc All rightsresevec
' Suggested u.S. listprice. eltectiveOctober 1.1983
7
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8
PUBLISHER'S LEITER
As I promised last month, thisissue of Radio-Electronics
includes something new. Directly following pages 106, you'll find
the premier issue of ComputerDigest. Yes; Volume 1, Number
1 has arrived. Please note that it is a separate tear-out section.
Wehave tried to put together a package you will enjoy, find
valuable, and onethat meets your needs asan electronics
professional.
Wedo expect the section to grow, but it will not take anyspace
away from the regular Radio-Electronics editorial lineup of
features that you areaccustomed to receiving each month.
Whats inside? Four feature articles. The lead story presents a
quick comparison of LISA - PC- MACINTOSH - PEANUT. Then
wego on with a feature that tells howyou can upgrade budget
printers....present a lookat thenewMacintosh....and show you
why CP/M is an operating system you should learn more about.
If you like ComputerDigest, takea moment to tell methat you
do and whyyou do. If you don't like it, I'dlike to know why.
Remember, this is onlythebeginning. As ComputerD.igest
grows, we'll be able to bring you even more computer coverage
designed for the interests of theelectronics professional. ...you
andother readers just like you.
Nowgo ahead and enjoy thisaction-packed issue of Radio-
Electronics andthe bonus 16-page issue of ComputerDigest.
LARRY STECKLER
Publisher
Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967) founder
M. Harvey Gernsback, editor-in-chief
Larry Steckler, CET. publisher
Arthur Kleiman, editor
Carl Laron, WB2SLR, associate
editor
Brian C. Fenton, assistant technical
editor
Robert A. Young, assistant editor
Jack Darr, CET. service editor
Robert F. Scott, semiconductor
editor
Herb Friedman, communications
editor
Gary H. Arlen, contributing editor
David Lachenbruch, contributing
editor
Earl " " Doc" Savage, K4SDS. hobby
editor
Lou Frenzel , contributing editor
RUby M. Yee, production manager
Robert A. W. Lowndes, production
associate
Dianne Osias , producti on
assistant
Joan Roman , circulation director
Arline R. Fishman,
advert ising coordinator
Cover photo by Robert Lewis
Radio-Electronics is indexed in Ap-
plied Science & Technology Index and
Readers Guide to Periodical Literature.
Gernsback Publications, Inc.
200 Park Ave. South
New York. NY 10003
Chairman of the Boar d.M, Harvey Gernsback
President: Larry Steckler
ADVERTISING SALES 212-777-6400
Larry Steckler
Publisher
EAST/SOUTHEAST
Stanley Levitan
Radio-Electronics
200 Park Ave. South
New York. NY 10003
212-7776400
MIDWESTlTexas!ArkansasiOkla.
Ralph Bergen
Hadio-Electronics
540 Frontage Road-Suite 325
Northfield. Illinois 60093
3124461444
PACIFIC COAST
Mountain States
Marvin Green
Radio-Electronics
15335 Morrison St., Suite 227.
Sherman Oaks. CA 91403
818986-2001
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IFLUKEI ~ r 0 DORIC I H ICKOK
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PRICE DOES NOT INCLUDE
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WHEN PURCHASED WITH SCOPE.
$15 SHIPPING WITHIN
CONTINENTAL U.S.
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V222 .
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The DM 77 gives you
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amps acldc
measurement
capability. You simply
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Circu itmate DM 45 -
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Circuitmate DM 20-
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Circuitmate DM-25-
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MODEL
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Identifies all three tran-
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Random lead connection
Audibly and visually in-
dicates GOOD transistor
Analog Display Rotary Knob Volts AC &
DC Resistance to 32 MO. 10 Amps Diode
Test 3200 Counts Fast Autoranging Function
Annunciators in Display Power-Up Self Test
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Functions as three separate
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Variable and fixed TTL outputs
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Push button range and function
selection
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Employs TV sync separator circuitry with one
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vertical signals.
Delayed sweep f unct ion with one touch control
10 x magnification.
Trace rotation system for easily adjusting trace
inclination caused by terrestrial magnetism.
Fine adjusting click positioning function enhances
measuring efficiency.
Signal output: Vertical output terminal to
Frequency Counter, etc.
Z axis input provided - possible to use as CRT
display.
One touch shifting of waveform slopes for easy
observation of rise and fall of waves.
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OSCILLOSCOPES
Vertical Deflection
Sensitivity 5mV/diY t o 5V/diy 5%, 10 cali brated steps
l mV/ diY to l V/diy 6%
(When using x5 amp lifier)
Un catlbrated continuous cont rol between
steps 1: < 2.5 (provided wi th c1ick.-pos itioning
function)
Bandwidth DC t o 15MH z, -3dB l at 4 dj vl
DC to 7MHz, -3dB l at 4 dlv)
(When usi ng x5 amp li f ier)
Rise Time 24ns, I f or x5 ) 70n s tvc
Signal Delay Line -
Max. Input Voltage 600Vpp or 300V I DC + AC peak , at 1kHz)
Input Coupling AC .GND. DC
Input Impedance Di rect 1M ohm , aporox. 30pF
Op er ating Modes Sing le-t race
X-V Op eration Extern al t rigger Input : X axis,
Vert ical Input : Yaxis
Sensit ivity X axis: approx. 200mV/di ll.
Y axis : same as Ver t ical input
Phase Difference DC to 10 kHz wi th in 3
X Bandwidth DC t o 500kHz , -3dB
Dynamic Range 4 d ill or mo re
Vertical Output
Output Voltage 20 mV/d i" or more (te rminated into 500)
Bandwidth 50Hz t o 5MHz, - 3dB
Ou tput Impedance Approx.50n
Horizontal Defl ection
Tr igger Mod es AU TO, NORM, TV 1+), TV 1-)
Tri gger Source LI NE, EXT
Tr igger Coupling AC
TV Sync TV sync-sepa ration circuit
Internal 1 di ll or more (V sync-signal)
External 1Vp -p or mo re (V sync-signal)
Trigger Sen sit ivity I
Fr equ e ncy I Intern al I External I
I 20Hz to 2MHz I O.5di y 1200 mV I
I 2 t o 15MH z I 1.5di v I 800mV I
AUTO Low Bandwidth 30Hz
Tr igger Slope
Ext ernal Tri gger Input Input imped ance : ap orox. 1M ohm,
30pF or less
Max. input voltage: l00V
I DC + AC peak at 1kHz)
Swee p Time 0.2lls/div t o 0.2s/d iy. 5%
19 calibrated ste ps
Uncalibrated cont inuous control between
step s 1: < 2.5 (provided with click -posit ion ing
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Sweep Time Magnifier 10 times 17%)
Max _Sweep Tim e 100ns/ div 120ns/diy and 50ns/d iv. not
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Waveform Approx. 1kj-lz 10% (t vol. SQuare wave
Voltage 0.5V 5%
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THE TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS
ADVANC-..,
~ l.ECTRONIC
SATELLITE/TELETEXT NEWS
GARY ARLEN
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
(J)
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12
TELETEXT TEST
ENDS
AUDIO ADD-ON
DIGITAL
TELETEXT IC'S
DOWNLOADING
TEXT TO
COMPUTERS
DBS
DEVELOPMENTS
Several teletext/videotex projects closed down at the end of 1983, forcing reevaluations of the
immediate prospects for developing such systems in the U.S. Time Teletext ended its $25
million, two-year teletext experiment, which had involved satellite-cable TV transmission of a
5,000-page teletext database. Matsushita, which had been working with Time to build a low-
cost teletext decoder, will continue its efforts to design teletext equipment using the NABTS
format. Meanwhile, ConTelVision , a videotex project in Manassas, Virginia, run by one of the
nation's largest independent phone companies, shut down until videotex technology becomes
more clearly defined . Another videotex experiment in Connecticut, run by the Southern New
England Telephone Co. , was temporarily closed after a legal settlement with the state's
newspaper publisher's association, which opposes phone-company involvement in videotex
operations. And the pioneering British Columbia Telidon trial in Canada has taken a hiatus
until commercial operations can be defined.
XCom, a French videotex company, has introduced an audio enhancement that brings digital
sound to online systems. The device, called Demosthene, permits audio to be linked to
individual videotex frames , with digital audio encoded at 2.4 kilobits-per-second. Seventy
videotex frames can carry up to eight minutes of sound. The technology costs about $2,500
per unit , far higher than the price planned for a prototype Japanese audio add-on for
videotex-but the XCom system is envisioned primarily for public-access videotex terminals,
. replacing other audio-visual technologies now used.
In a move that could accelerate teletext introduction throughout the U.S., Zenith may begin
installing teletext receivers in some 1985 model television sets late this year, using new digital
IC's developed by ITT in Europe. Zenith's exclusive deal gives the company a lead of one or
two years over other U.S. manufacturers in incorporating a low-cost teletext device into TV
sets. The ITT Digivision IC's are built to specifications for British-formafteletext service, being
sold in the U.S. as "World System Teletext." ITT's teletext processor ICset (MAA 2700) is one
of three new integrated circuits developed at ITT's German technology center. Target price is
$10 per set when production begins this spring.
Financial News Network , a satellite-programming service used by cable TV and some
broadcast television stations , is laying the groundwork for a financial-data teletext service to
be sent to personal computers via the vertical blanking interval of the business-news channel
(Westar IV, transponder 10). The service , due for late-1984 start-up, would download data to
home computers, eliminating the need for expensive teletext decoders. Material would be
formatted into pages consistent with ateletext standard . Computer software sold as part of the
FNN package would format and analyze information as it is fed into the unit.
Skyband Inc., the DBS company owned by media mogul Rupert Murdoch , has delayed its
DBS service until late 1985 at the earliest. Skyband , which will use an existing 14/12-GHz
satellite operated by Satellite Business Systems, had intended to go up in mid-1984. Now it
wants to wait until a new generation of higher-powered birds is ready-which is more than a
year away.
Home Box Office is working with Turner Broadcasting Co. (which owns Superstation
WTBS and Cable News Network) to develop a quasi-DBS service . The service, which could
begin by late 1984, would use the newly launched Galaxy I satellite , a 4/6-GHz bird which is
becoming a major cable TV programming source. Galaxy I's transponders are turning out to
be 60% more powerful than expected, encouraging the belief that dishes as small as 4 to 6 feet
in diameter could pick up a high-quality video signal. HBO and Turner are negotiating with
other Galaxy programmers (including Group W, Disney, Spanish International , and C-SPAN)
about using signals from that bird for direct-to-home service , aimed primarily at areas where
there are no cable-TV systems. R-E
DC power to test logic or mobile
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adjustment to within 0.1V. Two 3-digit
LED displays permit cont inuous
monit oring of both voltage and
current duri ng use. Current limi ting
cont rol with instant pushbutton reset.
The WP-709 is like two precision
power supplies for a price less than
you might pay for one- PLUS two
digital DCvolt meters.
VIZ Supplyst T.M
power supplies with digital displays of voltage and current
Ful ly regulated, adj ustable curre nt l imiting power sup-
plies, PLUS two built-in digi tal DC voltmeters in a single
qual ity unit. Digitall y monitor output vol tage or current,
or two external voltages.
\lI Z
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WP-706 $341.00
Sing le output
0-25VDC. 0-4A.
WP-708 $489.00
Triple output Two Q-20VDC. Q-2A.
One 5VDC. 0-4A.

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Single WP-703A $11900 Single WP-704A $125 95
0-20VDC. Q-500mA 0-40VDC. Q-250mA
.------- - VIZ RELIABILITY ----------,
VIZ is a 50 year-old company. Our instrument s are
fully warranted. parts and labor. for a year.
All items tested to NBS standards. We off er serv ice and parts
avai lability for a mi nimum of te n years. Over 15 repair depots in U.S.A.
WP-705 $325.00
Single output
0-50VDC. 0-2A.
WP-707 $423.00
Dual output
Two 0-25VDC. Q-2A.
VIZ DCpower supplies
Full y regul ated, conti nuously adjustable voltage
outputs wit h short circuit prot ection.
Analog meters and overload indicators.
Want full technical detai ls and a demonst ration ? Call toll -free. 1-800-523-3696, for the VIZ distributor nearest you
Look to VIZ for value, quality, availability.
Over 70 instruments in the line- PLUS full accessories.
VIZ Mfg. Co., 335 E. Price St., Phil adel phia, PA 19144
CIRCLE91ONFREEINFORMATION CARD
13
LETTER
Address your comments to: Letters, Radio-Electronics,
200 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10003
COMPUTER SECURITY
I would like to comment on Les Spindle's
article on page 111 of the February 1984 is-
sue, entitled "Computer Security." He fails to
discuss call-back units, an important and rel-
atively new protection device that prevents
unauthorized remote-comput er access. The
unit is placed between the phone line and
your modem. When a call is placed to that
phone line, the call-back unit receives the call
but does not produce a carrier tone; in fact,
there is no sound produced at all. Using a
tone-phone, you enter a security -access
code that indicates who and where you are.
Then you hang up, and if the code you have
entered is valid, you will be called back auto-
matically at a pre-designated phone number.
That prevent s the seq uenti al auto-dia ler
search depicted in War Games (see photo).
There are many companies which sell these
units: Digital Pathways, 1060 East Meadow
Circle, Palo Alto, CA 94303, (415) 493-5544;
International Mobil Machines Corp., 100 N.
20th Street, Philadelphia , PA 19103, (215)
569-1300; LeeMAH, 729 Filbert Street, San
Francisco, CA 94133, (41 5) 434-3780, and
Western Datacom Co., 5083 Market Street,
Youngston, OH 44512, (216) 788-6583.
One other point needs correction. The arti-
c1e states: "When the security problem is not
one of remote on-line access (for example, an
on-premises computer used by several peo-
ple), another protection scheme is possible.
Passwords can be assigned.. .". However
passwords are useful, and necessary, re-
gardless of whether the access is from on-
premises or off-premises. In fact, passwords
are probably the least expensive and most
beneficial security mechanism.
I enjoy reading your magazine. Despitethis
long letter about computer security, I read
your magazine for the electronics articles .
Keep up the good work. In fact, I discontinued
my subscription to Popul ar Electronics when
the name was changed to Comput ers and
Electronics. I do not believe that one maga-
zine can successf ully cover both subjects.
TONY S. PATTI
Arlington, VA
continued a ll page 20
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25 mechanical and electr ical parts with one
convenient order.
For full information, see your RCA
Parts Dist ributor. Also ask him for the RCA
VCR Parts Cross Reference (Form 1F6627)
and VCR Tool Catalog (Form 1F6857).
:J)
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CIRCLE 86 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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REPRINT APPRECIATED
Thank you for the. great idea of this reprint
(The Electro Importing Catalog). I am and
always will be in love with Hugo Gernsback
and all of his publications. If you ever decide
dB. Since the coils have a loaded Q of 38,
each coil has a bandwidth of 12 kHz, and that
bandwidth might be what the author had in
mind when he made his statement.
F. DAVID HARRIS
West Hartford, Connecticut
to reprint any other items, please keep me in
mind; price is no object. Use the best grade of
paper and the latest techniques, you will find
that the collect ing fraternity is not a penny-
pinching crowd. Thanks again.
PHIL WEINGARTEN
Forest Hill, N. Y.
COMREX
The article on the abilities of the Comrex to
improve the frequency response of remote
broadcasting using a telephone company dial
line (Radio-Electronics, January 1984-
"Communications Corner"), was great as far
as it went. However, your readers might be
interested in another product line that does a
much better job. The C.N. Rood BAX 114
portable transmitter and 1100 receiver, when
hooked toget her through two telephone dial-
up lines, will deliver the sports announcer's
voice to the control room with his/her "studio"
sound. .
The Rood transmiVreceive pair has the fre-
quency response and signal-to-noise ratio of
a 5 kHz equalized telephone company line
from anywhere in the world. Briefly, the trans-
mitter circuits include a band splitter (50 Hz to
2.5 kHz and 2.5 kHz to 4.95 kHz), an audio
compressor for each band, a 350 Hz slide up
for the low band and a 2.1 kHz slide down for
the high band. The receiver circuits include
an audio expander for each band, a 350 Hz
slide down for the low band, and a 2.1 kHz
slide up for the high band. The two bands are
then sent through a combining networ k.
The result can be consider ed " nothing
short of a miracle" as one grizzled old radio
engineer puts it. That "miracle" , however,
does not come cheap. (Name me a miracle
that does!) Expect to pay close to $9,500 for
the required transmiVreceive pair.
. C. JOHN WEED
ABC Radio Network
Larchmont, N. Y.
R-600 Genera l coverage recei ver' 150
kHz - 30 MHz. di gital display. 2 IF filt er s
PLL UP convers ion . n oi se bl anker. RF
at te n uator front spea ke r ' 100 -2 40 VAC
(Optional 13 .8 VDC).
f- 0
-5
UJf- -l0
::::;; - 15
f- a - 20
:3 Ci - 25
UJ :::> _ 30
c:: -c - 35
20
50 1002 00 500 l K 2K 5K 10K
FREQUENCY-Hz
R-1000 High performance recei ver
200 kHz- 30 MHz . di git a l di splay/clock /
tim er e 3 IF filt ers. PLL UP conversion
noise blanker. RF s te p a tte nuator 120-
240 VAC (Opt ional 13 .8 VDC).
FIG. 1
ticular radio, which is still better than the typi-
cal AM radio.
The 12-656A uses the standard arrange-
ment of 2 IF amplifiers with 3 singly tuned
transformers. The adjacent channel selec-
t ivity is set by those coils, and, assuming that
t he loaded Q's of the coils are equal, an audio
response of 3 kHz means that the attenuation
at plus and minus 10 kHz is only 18 dB. The
attenuation at plus and minus 20 kHz is 33
Optional accessories:
VC- IO 118 -174 MHz converte r.
HS-4. HS-5 . HS- 6 . HS -7 h eadphones .
DCK-I DC cable kit.
YG-455C' 5 00 -Hz CW filt er.
HC-IO World di gital qu artz clo ck .
AL-2 Surge Shunt
TRIO"KENWOOD COMMUN ICATIONS
1111 West Walnut/Compton, CA 90220
Teleph one: (213) 639 9000
KENWOOD
LETTERS
AM STEREO
Marty Bergan's recent construction article
dealing with AM stereo (Radio-Elect roni cs,
January 1984) was a real delight, but there is
one statement that should be more fully ex-
plained so that readers will not assume that
there are consumer-type AM radios available
that are capab le of hi-fi performance. The
author states that the Realistic 12- 656A has a
3-dB bandwidth of 12 kHz. He is clearly refer-
ring to the IF bandwidth, but that would imply
that the 3-dB audio bandwidt h is 6 kHz. The
test data (see Fig. 1) shows that the 3-dB
audio bandwidth is under 3 kHz for that par-
continued fro m page 14
R-2000
SSB, CW, AM, FM, digital
VFO's, 10 memories, memory/
band scan, optional 118-
174 MHz coverage...
The R-2000 is an innovative all-mode
8SB, CW, AM, FM receiver that covers
150 kHz-30 MHz, with an optional
VC-I0 VHF converter unit to provide
coverage of the 118-174 MHz
frequency' range.
R -2000 FEATURES:
Covers 150 kHz - 30 MHz in 30 bands . UP/
DOWN band switch es . VFO 's tu n e across 150
kHz-30 MHz.
All mo de : US B, LSB. CWoAM. FM.
Digi ta l WOs. 50-Hz. 500-Hz or 5- kHz s teps.
F. LOCK s witch.
Ten memori es s tore fr equency, band. a nd
mode data . Each memory may be tuned as
a VFO. Original memory fr equency may b e
recalled .
Lithium ba tt. memory back-up. (Est. 5 yr. life) .
Memory scan. Scans a ll or se lec te d memories .
Programmable band scan. Sca ns within pro-
gr ammed bandwidth.
Fluores cent tube di gita l di splay of fre quency
(100 Hz resolution) or tim e . DIM switch .
Dual 24-hour quartz clo cks . wi th timer .
Three bu ilt-in IF fili ers with NARROW/WIDE
s el ector swit ch. (CW filt er optional.)
Squelch ci rc u it. a ll mode , built-in.
Noise blanker built-in.
Tone control.
La rge front mounted s peaker.
RF st ep a tte nuator. (0-10-20-30 dB.)
AGC switch. (Slow-Fast .)
"S" met er. with SI NPO "S" sc ale .
High an d low imped ance a nte n na terminals .
1001120/ 220/ 240 VAC. or 13 .8 VDC (Option)
opera ti on.
RECORD output j ack
Timer REMOTE output (not for AC power)
"Beeper"
Carrying handle .
o
2
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10
CIRCLE 45 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Look
for trouble
... and find it.
Add ress _
Name _
Crrv _
Texas Instruments
P.O. Box 3640, MIS 54
Dallas, Texas 75285
Add $1.25 per book for postage and handling. Prices
subject to change without notice.
Enclose check or money order with sales tax (except
AK, DE, NH, OR) . Foreign orders must bein U.S.
dollars and include shipping charges. No phone
orders, please.
Mail to:
ry, as it isn't used.
With some LM3089 IC's, squelch operation
may be poor or nbnexistent. You can easily
snap up the squelch performance by building
the circuit shown in Fig. 3 onto the back of the
board. No foil cuts are necessary, but you
must remove all parts connected to pins 5 and
12 before start ing the wiring. Pin 10 wi ring
stays as is.
And finally, for those readers who made
their own circuit boards, thereis troubleshoot-
ing assistance available, if needed. Please
send a SASE to the suppli er address given in
the article.
GARY McCLELLA N
La Habra, CA R-E
New "Understanding Digital Troubleshooting"
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leads you through to accurate troubleshoot ing
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.j>.
--------FIG. 2--------"
pressor, I altered the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
If the fuse blows, the relay drops out and stays
out to protect the equipment. Disconnect the
relay from FL1 and reconnect it to fuse top-
-see Fig. 2.
I would appreciate it if you would publish
this letter, so readers could make thi s modi-
fication to their transient suppressors.
ERIC DEUTSCHMANN
Spence Bay, Carrada
TV SOUND CONVERTER
The articl e on the "TV Sound Converter",
that appeared in the November, 1983 of Ra-
dio-Electronics seems to have gener ated
quite a bit of interest and has brought an
excell ent response from the readers!
Many people have asked questi ons regard-
ing the circuitry. Here are a few answer s to the
most frequent ones.
If you wish to use the project with your
stereo ampl ifier, simply tap off the audio at
switch S1. In additi on, it will probably be nec-
essary to connect a 1f.lF capacitor in series
with the hot lead to remove the DC-offset
voltage. If you chose to do that, it may not be
necessary to build the rest of the audio circuit-
POWERLINE TRANSIENT
SUPPRESSOR
In reference to the powerline transient sup-
pressor, Radio-Electonics, September
1983, pages 57-58:.As that circuit is pre-
sented, when an excessive transient causes
fuse F1 to blow, whatever is plugged into the
suppressor is not protected from any further
transients that may occur.
When I built this powerline transient sup-
NO MORE COMPUTER MAGAZINES
Why don't you tell Edward W. Loxterkamp
of New York, that if he wants to read more
about computers, there are plenty of maga-
zines he can buy. I defi nitely agree with Step-
hen F. Wil ey. You don't nee d any mor e
emphasis on computers than you have now.
Radio-Electronics is the last good gener-
al -int er est electr onics mag azi ne on t he
stands. I have subscribed to both Radio-
Electronics and Popular Electronics since
1976. As long as you stay the all-around elec-
tronics magazine that you are, I plan to be a
subscriber for life.
The February 1984 issue of Computers &
Electronics I just received doesn't have a sin-
gle article dealing with anything but comput-
ers. The next renewal slip I get from them
goes in the round file.
RICHARD D. TAYLOR
Shorewood, IL
21
EQUIPMENT REPORTS
Kaypro 10 Hard Disk
Computer
This portable computer comes
complete with a hard disk and
bundled software.
CIRCLE 101 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
FOR J UST A FEW DOLLARS MORE THAN THE
cost of addin g a separate hard-disk unit to
an existing computer system, you can
have a full -featur ed port abl e computer
with hard-di sk mass storage from Kaypro
Inc. (533 Stevens Ave., Solona Beach,
CA 9207 5). The computer system, priced
at $2795, features a built-in lO-megabyte
hard di sk, a doubl e-density two-sided
floppy-disk drive, and most of the soft-
ware you' ll ever need .
Description
Out wardl y, the Kaypro 10 closely re-
sembles the well-known Kaypro 11 in
overall size and appearance, though it' s
slightly heavier at 311bs. The computer is
housed in a metal cabinet with a carrying
handl e on the top. When placed flat on a
tabl e, two catches release the keyboard
unit revealing the front panel of the com-
puter. The typewriter-style keyboard con-
tains four- way dir ectional keys and a
separate 14-key calculator-style numeric
keypad. The front panel of the computer
continued on page 25
CIRCLE 17 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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MODEL DM-6590
ELECTRO-PROBfM DMM
Lowest price available!
863
75
Including case
The hottest new instrument to hit the
market. Contains features such as:
Autoranging
Data Hold Button
Shock Resistant Housing
Continuity Buzzer
200 hr. Battery Life
RANGES
AC/DC Volts: Resistance:
2/20/200/500V 2kl20k/200k/2000kO
For more information on the DM-6500 and
DM-6590 see your local distributor or con-
tact A.W. Sperry Instruments Inc., P.O.
Box 9300, Smithtown, N.Y. 11787. Phone:
800-645-5398 Toll-Free (N.Y., Hawaii, Alaska
call collect 516-231-7050).
Good idea! You told us you wanted to build
larger projects. And, that you needed bigger
soldertess breadboards to build them.
Well, our two new A PPRODUCTS All Circuit
Evaluators are just what you had in mind.
The ACE245 has 25% more capacity than
our previous largest breadboard. It has a
circuit building matrix of 4520 solderless,
plug-in tie-points. And, if
bigger is better our new
ACE254 has a circuit
building matrix of 5424
solderless tie-points.
For the A PPRODUCTS
dealer near you
call Toll Free
800-321-9668.
In Ohio, call collect
(216)354-2101.
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CIRCLE 87 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
continlied from page 22
EQUIPMENT REPORTS
B. S. DEGREE
may fill an important need for you.
This is a comprehensive correspond-
ence program in which you first review
some things you already know, in
preparation for the studies that come
later. Some previous knowledge in the
field is presumed, but is thoroughly
reviewed in depth, so as to give you
a thorough foundation for the level of
studies you have not previously under-
ta ken . Even though some st udents
hold associate degrees before enrol-
ling, an A. S. Degree is awarded along
the way t oward the B. S. Degree.
Grantham College of Engineering is
a specialized institution catering to
mature individuals who are employed
in electronics and allied fields such as
computers. The field of electronics is
so enormous th at opportunity for
ad vancement is always present Pro-
motions and natural turnover make
desirable positions available to those
who are prepared to move up!
Ad vancement in electronics is made
easier and more certain by (1) superior
knowledge, and (2) documentation of
that knowledge. Grantham specializes
in making both 1 and 2 as listed above
available to you.
Grantham's home-study program
leading to the
Software
'Die list of software provided by Kaypro
at the time this report was prepared in-
cluded: MBASIC, an easy-to-use BASIC
language for the beginner and exper i-
enced programer; SBASIC, an advanced
BASIC language that you can use to write
your own progra ms. There's also Perfect
Writer '(a word-processo r program) and
Perfect Speller (a spelling checker), The
Word Plus (a highly rated spelling check-
er), and Perfe ct Filer (a database pro-
gram). In addition there's Perfe ct Calc (a
" What If... '!" progr am), Prof it Plan
(" What If.. ,T" business planning), and a
"
Nocommuting to class, Study at your
own pace, whi le you continue on
your present job. Learn from easy-to-
understand lessons, with help from
your instructors when you need it.
Grantham has been training stu-
dents for electronics degrees longer
than any other home-study, indepen-
dent-study, or correspondence insti-
tution. Grantham is the only school
in' the United States offering an ac-
credited B. S. Degree in electronics
by home study, independent study, or
corresp ondence.
Our free bulletin gives full details
of the home-study program, the de-
grees awarded, and the requirements
for each degree. Write for our free
Bulletin 5-84.
in your Eledronics Career through
Earn Your
DEGREE
Put Professional Knowledge and a
COLLEGE DEGREE
HOME
STUDY
Where's Your ELECTRONICS CAREER Headed?
Grantham College of Engineering
2500 So. La Cienega Blvd.
P. O. Box 35499
Los Angeles, CA 90035
For full information, write for Bulletin 5-84.
sive that it uses more than 2.S-megabytes
of storage, thus the hard disk comes with
almost 6 megabytes already in use. -
If t he u s er in ad vert entl y
" blows'Terases) a program on, say, dri ve
A; it can recopi ed on drive A from drive B
using the PIP (copy) command. The flop-
py-di sk dri ve is used as dri ve C and
provides 390K of storage . That drive can
be used to make back-up copies . Almost
all the software can be transferred to flop-
py disk, thereby freeing the hard disk for
data storage. (As you can see from the
preceedin g, the system is extremely flexi-
ble and easy to handle. )
Kaypro 10
EASE
OFUSE
OVERALL
PRICE
PRICE/
/VAWE
Kaypro
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
Turning to the rear of the computer we
find a power-cord receptacle along with
stor age clips for the cord , the power
switch, a reset switch, a bri ghtness con-
trol , and a parall el-printer output with a
Centronics-type connector. The rear panel
also contains two standard RS-232 I/O
ports-c-one that can be used for a ser ial
printer and the other for a modem- and a
modul ar telephone connector for an op-
tional light pen . In addition, there is an-
other modul ar connect or for the con-
necting cable that is used to connect the
keyboard to the computer.
The main features of the Kay-pro 10 are
the intern al lO-megabyte hard-disk, a
CPIM operat ing system, and an extensive
bundle of software. (Bundle means soft-
ware supplied with the computer at no
additional cost. ) The hard disk has a basic
capacity of la-megabytes and is automat-
ically partitioned to function as dri ves A
and B. Almost all the softwear is dupli-
cated on dri ves A and B and is so exten-
contains an SO-col umn x 24-row 9-inch
green monochrome anti-glare CRT dis-
play. To the right of the display there's a
power-indicator lamp, a hard-di sk-ready
lamp, and a ver tically mounted hal f-
height floppy-disk drive.
A swing-out ti lt bracket elevates the
front of the computer so that its bottom is
level with the top of the keyboard. The tilt
bracket allows easy access to the floppy-
disk drive. It also positions the display
screen so that it's tilted directl y toward the
user 's eyes, making it one of the few com-
puter displays that won't give you a stiff
neck after extended use. Unfortunately,
most computer displays are too high , and
you' ll reall y appre ciate having the tilt
bracket after several hours at the computer
punching in data .
In addition, the di splay is recessed so
that it' s shielded from overhead lights and
its face is etched to sharply reduce the
affects of room glare . The screen position
and antiglare precautions make that dis-
play one of the best we've seen for long-
term viewing.
2
game package. Also included are the usu-
al CP/M utilities such as PIP and SUB-
MIT, as well as some unusual but
extremely convenient routines. For exam-
ple, one utility allows the user to in-
stantaneously select the baud rate for the
modem RS-232 port, while another utility
allows the simultaneous selection of a dif-
ferent baud rate for the second RS-232
port . (Since two serial ports have been
provided, you, of course, can have both a
modem and a serial printer connected at
the same time; the modem does not dis-
able the printer.)
There's also Kayprc's version of the
.public -domain utility XDIR that provides
an alphabetized directory showing the
size of each program and the free space on
the disks . Kaypro also provides a dumb-
terminal program and a utility called
SAFETY.
SAFETY is the software that permits
the hard disk to be truly portable. As you
might have wondered, how does one pre-
vent knocks and jolts from causing the
hard disk's heads from crashing into the
disk and damaging the magnetic surface?
The very last thing the user does before
shutting down is to run the short and fast
SAFETY program that parks the heads on
a safe area of the disk. With the heads
parked, knocking the computer around
causes no damage to the surface of the
hard disk.
Keep in mind that in the past Kaypro
has continuously upgraded and changed
the software bundled with their comput-
ers, so that by the time you read this report
the bundled software that is being
provided with the computer might be
completely different. There might even be
several different packages. In that case,
you might even be allowed to choose be-
tween different software packages at no
extra cost.
CIRCLE 28 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
6-inch rectangular, parallax-free CRT
TV-V trigger
Variable sweep length
Double Lissajousfigure
1 mV/div to 10 V/div sensitivity
100 ns/div to 0.2 s/div sweep
Differential input with ADD mode
Instructions
We had the fourth draft of Kaypro 's own
preliminary operating manual for the
computer. It was excellent: notably clear,
well organized, with an excellent table of
contents (among the best operating man-
uals we have seen). Unfortunately, the
same cannot be said for the other soft-
ware, whose documentation is the origi-
nal from the software houses . Except for
The Word Plus documentation, the re-
mainder of the software documentation
was the usual wordy, dull, tutorial style
that has come to characterize personal-
computer manuals . The CP/M documen-
tation that was provided was the version
by Digital Research, which is virtually
incomprehensible to anyone except a
computer specialist or engineer. (We wish
that most of the documentation were re-
written by Kaypro!)
There is not much negative to say about
the computer itself because it worked
flawlessly, even after being subjected to
some rather rough handling for two
months. However, we must point out that
we were extremely careful at all times
about always parking the hard disk's
heads with the SAFETY program.
The screen display is quite bright and
razor sharp, with an outstanding, easily
readable font (type style). The display
looks as good as what you'd expect from a
high performance typewriter or printer.
As mentioned, the overall handling of the
unit was exceptional , though we're not
fond of the locking lever on the half-height
floppy-disk drive (most half-heightdrives
have a similar lever).
The only real complaint with the com-
puter is the female Centronics-type socket
connector used for the parallel printer out-
put; it's the wrong gender. A socket is
generally used on a printer. The computer
should have a plug connector so a stan-
dard extension or connecting cable can be
used . (And anyone who's ever looked
knows, it's not easy to locate a male-to-
male cable in local computer stores .)
Other than the printer connector there
are no complaints, not even nit-picking.
The Kaypro 10 does exactly what it's sup-
posed to do-and it does it remarkably
well. R-E
AN INNOVATIVE
20 MHz
OSCILLOSCOPE
THAT EMPHASIZES
OPERABILITY
$535*



Sales, Service, Rental/Leasing Programs ' l'!S4' I
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The Professional Test Equipment Source
un

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5
Heath EE-3201 Digital
Techniques Course
Learn all about digital
electronics with this home-study
course.
CIRCLE 102 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
IF THER E IS ONE WORD WHICH TY PIFIES
the world of electronics today, the word is
digit al. There is no escaping it. Every-
where we turn in thi s electronics world-
whether we 're invol ved with it for hobby
or business purposes-we encounter the
need to be fami liar with di gital tech-
niques.
It doesn 't matt er whether we're in-
volved with computers, radio , television ,
or cons umer-electronics rep air because
they are all using digit al cir cuitry in one
way or another. And, since that is the
case , it makes sense to learn about digital
theor y and applications .
But , where do you begin the learning
proce ss? If you are in school, then you
have no problem because it' s what you are
studying. Otherwise , you have the alter-
natives of goin g to the library and trying
to teach yourself from the books on the
shelf; buying every modern book on the
subjec t and studying them thoroughl y;
signing up for an evening course at a local
school or college, or taking a home-study
course.
A home-study course
Some of the best home-study material
on the market is provided by the Heath
Co. (Benton Harbor, MI 49022) via their
series of continuing education courses.
Those courses provide the type of training
needed for the person who wants some
knowledge, but does n't need the fu ll
course provided by a traditional corre-
spondence school. To be sure, you can
use the Heath series in such a manner.
But, if you are si mply looking for specific
training on a spec ific topic, then Heath 's
courses provide an ideal program .
The course we will be looking at this
month is their -3201 Digital Tech-
niques course. Using well -writt en , highl y
illustrated textual mater ial , that course
takes you through every step you need to
become full y familia r and comfortable
with digit al theory and electronics . The
course relies not only on the traditional
question-and-a nswer technique of leam-
ing, but also provide s positi ve reinforce -
ment to that learning with short tests at the
end of each learnin g unit and with a final
examination at the end of the course. The
unit exams allow youto test your knowl-
edge and give you the opportunity of re-
viewing any material on which you may
be a little weak , whi le the final exami na-
tion tests your overall learni ng of the ma-
terial. It is returned to Heath for grading
and , if you pass the course, you can earn
continuing education credits.
As with other Heath cours es, pro -
grammed experiments are used to help
you appreci ate and gain a bette r under-
standing of what you have leamed. Like
all Heath products, the company supplies
you with all the discrete components you
will need to complete the experiments.
However, co mpleti ng tho se experi-
ment s does requ ire that you to invest in
2-05 BANTA PLACE
FAIR LAWN. NJ. 07410
TEL: 201- 796-1720
TELE: 968771
THE PCBH-50
ANDPCBH-60
PCBH-SO
This compact and rugged
Printe d Circuit Board
Holder and Solder Station
with self locking end
support slides easily
to suit board
..
.. width. Board
_ holders are spring
loaded for easy board removal. Board may
berotated a full 360" for easy access
to bot h sides. Includes
soldering iron holder and
tip clea ning sponge.
CIRCLE 54 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
(jfa5rDAVLETECHINC
ELECTRONIC TOOLS '" ACCESSORIES
Thlo print drcukboon! hoIdorwill
grady increue produdMty in PCB
ueembJyand TIMhoIdfts are
conotnldl of rugged....I
comporwntsfordurabilityas well
a sta bilttyin UM.
rotatna full360 drgreuand
....IbacklloamCOIICTopens
to apoMcompoMnt .kte of
PC board Ioratufflng
eomponmts. tntJng or
-.nbIy....t<. CIoH
and&oc:kcowr to
holdc:omponmt ,ln
pIocetbmRIpcoer
&"amc onptvotto
allow lorRnalwork
onPCII.1Il'ing-
loadedgWdn to
accommodate various
boon!_wIIho<otsoparat.

ntalnlng COIICTthat acbp<s automMkallY
to vartoua sUacomponmts. removable
OllIIa'barto fadllhte mounting ofMWfai smal l
-.... oncaor .... largor board. andd<tachablo
....which can be: usedas. can1n'.
CIRCLE 8 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 82- 90
27
What's covered
The purp ose of all of that is to make you
co mpletely comforta ble when working
with digital cir cuitry. By the time you
finish the course, you will be able to di s-
cuss the advantages and benefits of using
digital techniques in electronic equip-
ment. You will also be able to name the
major applications of di git al techniques in
electronics, convert between the binary
and decimal number systems , and recog-
ni ze the most co mmo nly used binary
codes.
Further, you will also be able to name
the major co mpone nts used in imple-
me nting digital circui ts , such as gates and
flip-flops, and explain how they operate .
You wi ll also be able to identify the more
commonly used integrated circuit fam-
the ET-J200B Trainer, wh ich provides not
only three built-in , regulated power-sup-
pli es . but also four logic switches , a
three- frequ ency cl ock. and a solderless
breadboard . You can assemble thi s kit
yourself or have it preassembled from the
factory. The kit costs $99.95, while the
assembled version costs $179.95. Eit her
way, it does increase the $89. 95 cost of the
course . although you can buy bot h the
course and trainer kit for $174. 90.
That added investment is well ju sti fied
if you intend to continue wi th other Heath
courses. or if you do breadboard circuits
and need a way to test them as part of your
hobb y or profes sional work .
Furt her, the course doe s require you to
have a mult imeter and single-trace os -
cillos cope , which, if you are ju st purchas-
ing them for the first time, can also rai se
th e cos t of thi s course appreci ab ly.
However. once you have that import ant
test equipme nt. it is always there on your
bench for you to use .
As wit h all Heath co urses, Di git al
Techniques comes with high-quali ty vinyl
binder s that hold the course material, and
all of the components needed for the ex-
periments. At one time . Heath offere d
audio learning aides as part of the course,
but that policy has now change d and the
co mpany makes them avai la ble as a
519.95 option.
Heath
OVERALL
PRICE
EASE
OFUSE
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
PRICE/
/VALUE
EE-3201
ilies used in digital equipme nt , as well as
be able to discuss their operation, charac-
teri stics , and features.
Other topics covered in the course in-
clude Boo lean algebra and how to use it to
expre ss logi c operations and minimize
logic ci rcuit s in design. Among the digi -
tal circuits examined are binary and BCD
counters, shift reg isters and a variety of
other sequential and combinati onal logi c
circui ts.
Also covered is how to design com-
binati onal and sequential logic circuits for
a given applica tion, the operation and ap-
pl icati on of di git al counters in time and
frequency measurement s , and how a digi -
tal computer is org anized and how it oper-
ates. Finally, the cours e concludes with a
thorough di scussion of mi croprocessor s ,
including a look at their operation and
appli cations.
Through all of the lessons in the course
you are constantly performing experi-
ment s to help increase your knowledge
and reinforce what you've already learn-
ed. It is a very goo d teaching method.
Overall , we found the Heath -3201
Digit al Techni ques course to be worth the
time and effort involved . Itwas well-writ-
ten and easy to use . We would have liked
to see the audio aids still included as part
of the unit as they do help. As such we
reco mme nd their purchase . R-E
CIRCLE 32 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
SENTRYNET P.O. Box 1208 Evanston, Illinois 60204
DEALERINQUIRI ES INVITED.
. . . ROUT BURGLARS WHILE THEY'RE STILL OUTSIDE
. PROVIDE SAFETY LIGHTING ON DEMAND - SAVE ENERGY
Illinois residents add 6% to cover state tax.
MONEY ORDER. VISA OR MASTERCARD ACCEPTED.
The Sentrynet Mode l PD-245 is an f:asiry install ed, self-contai ned fie ld disturbance
sensor. Mount a nywhe re with ad hesive backing or $Crews - plug it in - ope ratel
The Sent ry net Mode l PD. 245 is not one of those timer syste ms or simplistic alarms that
profenional thiefs have gott en used to, or ore ab le to def eat I
The Senlrynel Model PD24S l urns on Ihe Iighl or alarm device of your choi ce
when a protected area (adjustable) has been penetrated, and keeps it on as
long as penetration persi sts , plus a generous delay (adiustabl e). It "sees" the
penetrator even through wooden doors, walls, and windows if desired, unlike
ultrasound or infrared systems.
Range de pendabl y adju stabl e to tailor to precise needs a nd avoid fals e
activation. You can use as many c s needed , even in overlapping zones, without mutual
interference. Range 5-25 feet or more . Size 5" x 5" x Dri; es up to 250W A.C.
To order your unit, send $69 .96 (includes shippi ng) to -
CIRCLE 70 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
28
(f)
o
Z
o
c:
f-
o
W
-l
W
o
o
<t:
c:
TheBearcafDXIOOO
makestuninginLondon
as easyas dialingaphone.
Direct access keyboard tuning scannlnq" during key openings.
brings a new level of simplicity The digital dis-
to shortwave radio. With the play measures
Beeicet" OX 1000, dialing in the frequenc ies to
SSC in London is as easy as 1 kHz, or at the
dialing a telephone. And you can touch of a but-
switch from the SSCto Peruvian ton, doubles as
Huayno music from Radio Andina a two time zone, 24-hour digital
instantly. Without bandswitching. quartz clock. A built-in timer
Featuring the innovative wakes you to your favorite
microprocessor digital technology shortwave station. Or, it can be
made famous by Bearcat scanner I programmed to activate
radios, the OX 1000covers 10kHz I peripheral equipment like a tape
to 30 MHz cont inuously, with PLL ~ recorder to record up to five
synthesized accuracy. But as n different broadcasts-s-any
easy as it is to tune, it has all nfrequency, any mode-while you
the features even the most are asleep or at work.
sophisticated "DXer" could want. The OX 1000also incl udes
1amemory channels let you independent selectivity selection
store favorite stations for instant to help you separate high-
recall-or for faster "band- powered stations on adjacent
frequencies. Plus a noise blanking
system that stops Russian
pulse radar interference.
There's never been an
easier way to hear what the
world has to say. With the
Bearcat OX 100ashortwave
radio, you have direct access to
the world.
For the name of your
nearest retailer dial toll-free...
1-800-SCANNER.
Frequency Range: 10 kHz to 30 MHz continu-
ously. Tuning: Direct keyboard entry. selectable
3 or 24 kHzper revolution knobtuning. or manual
step tuning in selectabl e 1-99 kHz steps. Sensi-
tivity: 1.0 p. V AM. 0.5 p.V CW/SSB/ FM. 1.6-30
MHz. Image and IF Rejection: 70 dB or more.
Memory: 10 frequency capacity. Frequency
Stability: Better than 100 Hz after warm-up.
Modes: AM/ LSB/ USB/CW/FM. AGe: Select-
ableFast! Slowreleasetimes.Filter Bandwidths:
2.7 kHz, 6 kHz and 12 kHz. Filt er Selection
Independent of Mode.
~ X I
shortwave radio.
Direct Access ToTheWorld.
THE POMONA PROMISE
Our constant goal is to provide the design engineer
with the best DIPIe test clips made in this country.
Or anywhere.
I I
The best.
Yes, we know that's a big
statement, the kind that puts your
reputation on the line.
But that's okay with us be-
cause it's what we've been saying
ever since we started in business
back in 1951. So it's only natural
that when we began producing
en test clips for dual in-line integrated
circuit packages we would prom-
ise design engineers only one kind
t; of performance. The best.
Well, we' ve been making the
o Dip Clip for quite a while now, and
o the professionals in the electronics

a: industry who have used our prod-

30
ucts will tell you plainly and sim-
ply that we kept our promise.
At ITT Pomona Electronics,
we know there is no such thing as
standing pat. We also know that
your needs change and your ex-
pectations become greater as the
demands become more severe. To
this end we will continue to create
a better way. A better product.
That' s a promise.
All of our products ar e
described and illustrated in our
General Catalog, and it's free. Just
call (714) 623-3463 or 623-6751.
TWX 910-581-3822. Write to us at
ITT Pomona Electronics, a Divi-
CIRCLE 37 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
sion of ITT Corporation, 1500 E.
Ninth St., Pomona, CA 91766.
In Europe: ITT CANNON
BELGUIM S.A.lN.V. Rue Colonel
Bourg Str. 105 Space A (B.3) 1140
Brussels , Belgium. Phone: 02-735-
6094.
Our products are available
through your favorite electronics
parts distributor.
"Dip Clip is a trademark for a Pomona Electronics test clip .
ITT Pomona Electroni cs
NEWPRODUCTS
Electronic Troubleshooting
VVlNNER
For more details use the free
information card inside the back cover
MOBILE SCANNER, model MX-3000 is a
compact-size unit with computer touch-entry
programming and six-band coverage, with 30
channels, designed for use at home or on the
road. Programming is simple and a "beep"
tone veri fies entry.
The model MX-3000 can also search for
active channels through as much as an entire
reply; if scan delay is not selected; scanning
resumes in about six-tenths of a second.
Scanning can be at either 5 or 15 channels
per second . A channel-locko ut feature ex-
cludes selected channels from the scan ; that
keeps generally busy channels programmed
into the scanner, while preventing them from
"locking in" on each scan.
Hickok's MX333 wi t h
VARI-PITCH and LOGI-TRAK
Instantaneous VARI -PITCH speeds:
Voltage tracing
Troubleshooting in hard-to-
reach locations
Tuning type adj ust ment s
Resistance checks
Digital logic troubleshooting
And . , . Detects signal charac-
teristics and abnormalities not pos-
sibl e with digital or analog meters.
LO G1-T RA K replaces the best
100MHz logic probes and offers:
Eyes on the probe tip, HI / LO
i nd i cati on
CIRCLE 101 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
band; when one is found, its frequency wil l
appear on the digital display. Search can then
resume, or the new frequency can be stored
in one of the 30 scan channels. A selected
priority frequency can be programmed into
Channel 1; if active, it automatically overrides
any other signal. A scan-delay feature holds a
channe l open for approximately two seconds
at the end of a transmission to wait for any
The mul tifunction dig ital displ ay shows
channel numbers when scanning, the chan-
nel and frequ ency when receiving, delay-
fun ct ion and channe l-lockout stat us, and
searc h-mode operation. A brightne ss switch
can be set for day or night operation,
The model MX-3000 is price d at
$299.95.- Regency Electronics, Inc., 7707
Record Street , Indianapolis, IN 46226 .
Inst ant ident ification of margi-
nal states and f au l t condi tions
100MHz response
.5n sec pulse detection
LISTEN to what the MX333 can
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At CIE,youget electronics
careertraining from specialists.
Hyou're interested in learning howto fix air conditioning,
service cars or install heating systems- talk. to some other
school. But if you're serious about electronics... even earning an
Associate Degree... come to CIE -The Electronics Specialists.
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C I E
Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc.
1776 East 17th Street , C leveland, Ohio 44114
Accredited Member Nat ional Hom e Stud y Coun ci l
RE 84
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in Electronics Engineering Tech-
nology. Any CIE career course
can offer you credit toward the
degree...more than half of the
number needed in some cases.
You can also prepare for the
government-administered FCC
(Federal Communications
Commission) Radiotelephone
License, General Class. It can be
a real mark in your favor...
government-certified proof of
your specific knowledge and
skills.
Shop around...but send for
CIE'sfree school catalog
first! .
Mail the card. If it's gone, cut out
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to write, mention the name and
date of this magazine. We'll send
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answer your questions.
Mail the card or coupon-
or write: CIE, 1776
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MAll.. TODAY!
Address Apt, _
City State Zip _
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Check box for G.!. Bill information: D Veteran
YES... I'm shopping around for the rig)}! kind of career training in electronics-
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be into digital theory-essential
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For example, you'll compare
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learn to make binary to decimal
conversions and to work with
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You'llbuild yourMicroproc-
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Earn An Associate Degree
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Why trust your education

and career future to any-
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You shouldn't. And you
certainly don't have to.
If you talked to some of our
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a lot of them shopped around
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And they picked CIE as
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Be sure to shop around.
Because, frankly, CIE isn't for
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There are other options for the
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What you should look
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37
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HOW MANY T IMES HAVE YOU COME YOUR
home with your arms loaded down wit h
packages and, after great difficul ty, man-
aged to turn on the light? And how often
have you wished for an eas ier way? Thi s
mont h we' ll look at a little gadget that
allows you to switc h an AC device on and
off by simply passing a hand (or some
other part of the body) near an insulated
touchp late.
How it works
The circuit is powered by a 12.I -volt
regulated power supply made up of diodes
0 3 and 04, capaci tor C9, and res istors
RI2 and R13. The AC voltage is picked
directl y off the AC line and rectified by
03 (half-wave rectifier). The resulting OC
voltage is filtered by C9 and regulated by
04, a 12. I-volt Ze ner.
Turni ng to the rest of the circuit we have
lC I, which is a 4046 PLL (P hase-
Locked-Loop). That IC contains a YCO
(Voltage-Co ntrolled-Osc illator), a source
foll ower , and two phase co mpa rators
(which we' ll ca ll comparators I and 2)
with a common input-ampli fier. When
power is applied to the IC, the YCO out-
puts a signal at pin 4 that is fed to both
compara tors via pin 3 for use as a refer-
ence. That same signal is also fed to its
input at pin 14 through an R-C network
consisting of RI, CI, and R2. As long as
there's no phase difference detec ted by the
interna l phase-comparator between the
YCO output and the input signal, the out-
put of ICI is zero. But whe n a hand is
passed close to the touchpl ate, body ca-
pacitance causes a phase difference. That
phase difference is fed to the comparators
through the common input amplifier.
Comparator I now takes that input signal,
compares it to the reference and outputs a
squarewave signal at pin 2 that is propor-
tional to the difference betwee n the two
input signals.
The output of comparator I is then fil-
tered and fed to the YCO as an error sig-
nal. The error signal causes the YCO to
generate an error-correction signal, which
is then fed back to the comparators. Com-
parator 2 then outputs a train or series of
pulses that is fed to a pulse-stretching
circ uit consis ting of three of the op-amps
containe d in IC3, a 74CI 4 hex Schmitt
trigger. (A pulse stretcher is a shaping
circ uit whose output pulse duration is
greate r than its input.) The stretcher cir-
cuit also provides for debouncing and
noise rejection. .
After condit ioning, the signal is fed to
pin 3 of IC2, a 4013 dual O-type flip-flop
that 's used as a toggle flip-flop for alter-
nate-action switching. By that we mean
that the device is turned on or off alter-
natel y by the input signal (push on/push
off). To accomplish that action, the Qi
output of the flip-flop (pin 2) is fed to its
DATA input (pin 5). The logic level at the
pin 5 is transferred to its Q output at pin I
during each positive-going transit ion of
the clock pulse.
At this poi nt , the Q output of the flip-
flop is fed to the remaining three inverter s
continued all page J10
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THE DRAWING BOARD
Bipolar supplies from a single .9-volt battery
ROBERT GROSSBLATT
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A FEW MONT HS AGO WE ASKED I F ANY OF
you out there could come up with a wayto
generate positive and negative voltages
using only one nine-volt battery. To tell
you the truth, we expected to get a few
answers and then that would be the end of
it . Well, as someone once said, the longer
you live the more you learn. In the first
installment of " Designer's Notebook"
(March, 1984) we presented a handy cir-
cuit that would produce a bipolar supply
froma single battery. Needless to say, that
column was written some time before we
started this "con test" and in actual fact,
the circuit shown and described there is
one that we've been using in one variation
or another for quite a years. It fills all
the criteria we' ve talked about for circuit
design: simplicity. reliability. and best of
all- it's cheap!
The circuits that were sent to us covered
the entire spectrum of possible designs
from the straightforward to the con-
voluted, and from the perfectly workable
to the absolutely ridiculous. A few of
them were absolutely wonderful and we
found ourselves really admiring them and
wishing that the laws of the universe were
changeable so that they could be made to
work! In a nutshell , all the designs that
were sent in can be grouped into three
categories: 1. Simple voltage dividers; 2.
Oscillator and charge-pump variations;
and 3. Wishful thinking. It's impossible
for us to list and mention all the people
who sent in answers, so we've had to pick
a representative sampling from the three
categories. The ones that we' ll discuss
here are those that we thought would be
the most interesting for everyone-not the
best or the worst, mind you, but simply
the most interesting. (Everyone who sent
in an answer and included a return address
will get an answer from me. I'm sorry that
I' ve gotten a little behind in answering my
mail but I promise that I' ll take care of
that in the near future. )
We had planned to spend this month
discussing our digital sinewave-generator
but obviously many of you out there want
to know about positive and negati ve
power-supplies. In any event, we' ll get
back to the sinewave ge nerator next
month; remember. any time that you
spend learning something is a far cry from
being time wasted.
Generating a bipolar supply
The most logical approach to the prob-
lem of creating a bipolar supply is to build
a simple voltage divider. Now, we know
that there are many very obvious disad-
vantages to doing something like that, but
there are also lots of advantages as well.
And since the whole purpose of creating a
bipolar supply is to save time and money,
it stands to reason that you' d want to use
the simplest design possible. In fact, the
whole problem can be eliminated by the
simple expedient of using either a center-
tapped transformer or two batteries.
,------..._--- -_e_-- -Q",y
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FIG. 1
A classic voltage divider is shown in
Fig. l. That basic circuit was sent in by
Brian Corzilius. Ken Fink, and David
Berger among others. For starters, you
couldn't ask for anything simpler. Just
dive into your j unk box, grab a pair of
resistors and presto-a bipolar supply. No
fancy parts, no silicon, and best of all, no
brain damage. So what, you may well
ask. is wrong with that? The first problem
with the voltage divider is that it should
only be used with circuits that have a
relatively high input-impedance. Any cir-
cuit that draws serious amounts of power
is going to drain the battery in record
time. Remember: curr ent has to return to
ground. therefore the same resistors that
are creating the bipolar supply will also
act as current limiters. If the supply is to
power some device that draws 50 milli-
amps or more. then the resistor values
have to be chosen by the application of
Ohm's law. but be careful because it' s not
quite as straightforward as you might
think.
Let's suppose that you need 30 mA
from the positive side, 5 rnA on the nega-
tive side and the voltages have to be the
same (i.e. plus and minus 5 volts). In
order to get equal voltages you have to
have equal resistors. That means that both
RI and R2 must be able to pass 30 rnA.
Since those two resistors are in series with
each other and in parallel with the battery,
that translates into a 15mAdrain- rough-
ly 50%of the needed current. That's quite
a price to pay. And if you pick a value for .
R2 that limits the negative CUITent to 5
mA you' re not going to get an equal bipo-
lar supply.
TomMosteller has also pointed out an-
other often overlooked drawback to that
kind of circuit. Battery impedance isn't
constant: it rises with frequency; also re-
sistive voltage dividers can cause prob-
lems when used in circuits that have high-
frequency signals running through them.
Fortunately. that can be overco me by
using a pair of capacitors to decouple the
power supply from the rest of the circuit.
Forthe capacitors shown with dotted lines
in Fig. I . Tom recommends a value of
about 10 f.L F and we agree with him.
TIle last awful thing that we have to say
about this circuit is that the best voltage
you can hope to get from either side of the
supply is half the battery voltage (assum-
ing you want an equal bipolar supply).
Assuming thatwe 're talking about a nine-
volt battery (which is what we were orig-
inally talking about) we' re only looking at
plus and minus 4.5 volts for a new bat-
tery-most nine-volt batteries are lower
than that right out of the blister pack. That
4.5 volts is a bit lowfor most applications
and the battery is going to start dying at a
seemingly incredible rate. In addition,
when a nine-volt battery settles into mid-
dle age, it usually puts out around 7 volts.
That translates into less than' 4 volts on
either side of the supply, and there's not a
whole lot you can do with such small
voltaucs. All in all, the voltage divider
approach to a bipolar supply leaves a lot to
be desired.
Unless your application can tolerate all
the restrictions we' ve just discussed, a
much better approach to the problem is to
use an oscillator/charge-pump design.
That's the kind of circuit that was shown
in the first installment of the "Designer's
Notebook." Although that circuit more
complex. the basic idea is rather simple
and the design is a lot more versatile.
Because there's no convenient AC source
in a battery-powered circuit, the most di-
rect approach is to manufacture one. That
is, put together an osci llator and then rec-
tify the resulting AC to produce a negative
DC supply. The amount of current you get
from the circuit depends on how much
current the oscillator can output. The de-
sign of the circuit downstream of the AC
is a direct clone of the transformer/rec-
tifier that we' re all familiar.
Dick Kauf man , Dale Nassar, David
Van Stone, Tom Lewis, and others all
used that approach, though their individu-
al circuits differed. Figure 2 is a block
diagram of the circuit we're talking about.
It's really as simple as it looks and your
design can be as simple or sophisticated
as you need. The osc illator can be what-
ever you want and the rectifier can be
either half-wave or full-wave- it doesn't
really matter. It should be set to trap the
negati ve half of the voltage swing from
the oscillator but , other than that, there's
nothing new. See the circuit in the March,
1984 " Designers Notebook" for the cir-
cuit det ails. The circuit's output voltage
will be unregulated but that can be han-
dled easily enoug h by hanging a regulator
at the output. Since there's a voltage loss
when you do that, it might be a good idea
to use a voltage doubling rectifier.
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The filter shown in Fig. 2 can be as
simple as a capacitor or as complex a
scheme as you want- again it depends on
what you need . Remember that your os-
cillator is produc ing a high- frequency sig-
nal, and that the high frequency can drive
some circuitry around the band. If you
have any doubts, make sure that your filter
can take care of it.
The last category we listed was wishful
thinking; rather than describing some of
the more ridiculous circuits, let' s take a
look at an idea that is at least theoret ically
possible-it was cert ainly the most direct
solution that was sent in. Mr. D. L. Bray
sugges ted, more or less as a j oke, that we
take a 9-volt battery apart and solder a
ground connection to the center cell. To
save all of you a lot of trouble, let us tell
you that we tried it and it works! Now all
we need is some advice on how to put the
battery back together again.
Before we forget , our special thanks to
James Richey for sending us a working
model of a charge -pump type of circuit.
It' s always nice to see an idea on paper,
but it 's much more satisfying to see it
actuall y turned into hardware. R-E
FIG. 2
CIRCLE 93 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
4"
DESIGNER'S NOTEBOOI{
Extending the counting range of the 4017
ROBERT GROSSBLATI
I N,C I N1C r-r-
3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 111 3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 111 3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
lCl
+V 16 IC2 +V 16
IC3
J
4017
4017 4017
+V
GO Cl K
-
- -
RS CE GO Cl K RS CE GO ClK RS CE
8 14 15
13L
8 14 15 13 8 14 15 13
"::"
CLOCK
... 1-- C1
"" .1
+V
1/4 4011 4 t!]2

5 6 /44011
FIG. 1
OUTPUTS 10-17

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THE 4017 IS ONE OF TH E MOST POPULAR OF
the CMOS MSI (Medium Scale Integra-
tion) counters . Because it sequences its
outputs one at a time, it' s ideally suited to
serve as a frequency divider, pulse de-
layer, and so on. That IC even has a carry
output that allows you to cascade as many
4017' s as desired.
There is an application, however, where
the use of the 4017 isn' t quite as simple
and straightforward. We' re talking about
connecting several of them together so
that they will all sequence their outputs
one IC after anot her. The carry output
isn't any good here because it goes high
for one-half of the Ie's full count and low
for the other half. That 's great if you want
a squarewave whose repetition rate is one-
tenth of the input clock frequency. But it
doesn' t help at all if you need a simple
circuit that will take an input -clock signal
and turn on more than ten outputs in se-
quence. Doing that requires a bit of exter-
nal gating.
This month we will look at how you can
arrange three 4017's to sequence in turn
and provide up to twenty-five outputs with
a minimum of external gating. We will be
using a 4011 quad-NAND gate to achieve
OUTPUTS 1-9
_ _
the desired gat ing arrangement. The same
principle can be followed if you need
more than twenty-five outputs; j ust add
more 4017' s and a few more gates. Since
there are four NAND gates in the 4011, it
will accommodate two more 4017' s to
give you a total of 41 outputs. We're los-
ing five possible outputs for a variety of
reasons that will become clear shortly.
How it works
In Fig. I, the clock inputs of all the
4017's are tied toget her so that they can all
be triggered by a common clock pulse,
and the same goes for the reset pins. The
key to making the circuit work is using the
gates to control the enable pins (pin 13) so
that the three Ie 's can be made to count in
sequence . Since the enable pins are active
high, they have to be brought low. We' ll
use the NAND gates to control the order
in which the 40 17's are enabled.
When power is first applied to the cir-
cuit, capacitor CI generates a reset pulse
that forces all the 40 17's to output a " 0" at
pin 3. One of the unfortunate features of
the 4017 is the lack of a convenient inhibit
pin that we could use to turn off all the
outputs. When the enable pin is brought
OUTPUTS 18-25
r-r-: _ _ A'- ,
high it only disables the clock input-it
doesn' t do anything to the output s. That' s
why we need the external gating and that' s
also the reason that we can only get 25
outputs from the circuit instead of 30.
When the count ing first starts, pin II of
all the counters is brought low. Because
pin II of ICI is connected to its enable pin,
the IC is enabled and starts to count. That
same lowsignal is fed to one leg of NAND
gate IC4-a at pin 5 to control the enable
pin of IC2. The other leg of the NAND
gate, pin 6, is connected to IC2 pin II
through IC4-b, which is used as an inver-
ter. Because IC2 was reset at the start of
the count ing process, its output at pin II is
also low. That low output is inverted by
IC4-b and the resulting high output is ap-
plied to IC3 to disable it. The high output
from IC4-b is also applied to IC4-a,
which in turn outputs a high to the enable
pin of IC2 disabling it too. That means
that only ICI is enabled at the start of the
count.
When pin II of ICI goes high, it dis-
ables ICI and at the same time that high is
fed to pin 5 of IC4-a. Because both input s
to IC4-a are now high, it's output goes low
and that in turn enables IC2 . When the
output at pin II of IC2 goes high, it' s
inverted by IC4-b and the resulting low
enables IC3. The same low is applied to
IC4- a causing it to change state s (go
high), thus disabling IC2. After nine more
clock pulses the output of IC3 at pin II
goes high applying that signal to all of the
reset pins simultaneously, causing all the
4017's to reset to zero and start the whole
sequence all over again. r
Essentially, what we're doing is using
pin II of each 4017 to control the enable
pin of the next IC in line. When the output
at pin II of the last IC in the sequence goes
high, a high is applied to the reset pins of
all the Ie's causing them to be reset to the
beginning. The same principl e can be
used to extend the sequence . Just remem-
ber that you can only use eight of the
4017's ten outputs-pin 3 is needed be-
cause there's no inhibit control and pin II
controls the next 4017.
Let us know if you can figure out a way
to use a simple gating arrangement to
recover the use of some of the five lost
output s in the circuit. After all , there's
always a better way to do something. R-E
Memory IC's
Thermal Cut-Offs
Bridge Recti fiers
Unijunctions
RFTransistors
Microwave Oven
Rectif iers
Selenium Rectif iers
NEW! The Protector
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Zeners
Microprocessors
and Support Chips
The growth of NTE quality replacement parts has
been nothing short of astronomical. And the proof
is in our new 1984 Replacement Master Guide,
destined to be the standard directory for technicians
across the country. In excess of 3,000 quality NTE
types are cross -referenced to more than 220 ,000
industry part numbers. .
YOU'LL FINO ALL THE RIGHT STUFF FOR
REPLACEMENT, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR:
Look for our Replacement semiconductors in the
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NEW -TONE ELECTRONICS,INC.
44 FARRAND STREET BLOOMFIELD, NEW JERSEY 07003
(FORMERLY TCG)
CIRCLE 105ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
For high-frequency operations, the mode l
LDC-831can provide up to 6Y2digits of reso-
lution. The five most signif icant digi ts are dis-
played , using the 0.01-second gate time. By
then switching to the 1-second gate, all four
digits to the right of the decimal poi nt are
displayed. The combination of two readings
yields 6Y2digits of resolution. The basic ac-
curacy of the LDC-831 is 10 ppm, and it
carries a two-year warranty. It se lls fo r
$210.00.- Leader Instruments Corpora-
ti on, 380 Oser Avenue, Hauppauge, NY
11788.
continued fro m page 32
ends, automati cally and accurately.
Digitally controlled, the mode l dbx 10120 ,
with its calibrated microphone and built-in
pi nk-no i se generator, c an automati ca lly
"voice" a room and store as well as recall the
equa lization sett ings. Its real-time analyzer
funct ion, which also serves as a sound- level
meter, provides information on the music en-
ergy in each frequency band. A displ ay of 275
LED's shows the functi oning of the real-time
analyzer by providing an instantaneous read-
out of musi cal content in each frequency
band. It can also display any equalization
curve stored in memory.
The mode l dbx 10/20 has a suggested retail
price of $1200. 00.- dbx Incorporated, 71
Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02195.
FREQUENCY COUNTER, model LDC-831,
has a 150- MHz range , a 4Y2digit green LED
display, and is battery operated. An opt ional
AC adapter is available that converts the por-
table unit to bench use.
NEW PRODUCTS
AC CALI BRATOR, model 4200, is a solid-
state high- out put instrument featuring perfor-
mance to 40 ppm on a 6Y2-digit scale, with
CIRCLE 106 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
output ranges from 1 nanovolt to 1000 volts all
from a sing le self-contai ned and transporta-
ble package . An optional AC cur rent calibra-
tor is available. It is desi gned as a pr ime
source for any standards or calibration labo-
USE
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The five most
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call 1-800-331-9658 , (OK 918 68 2 4286)
DANDY MFG. COMPANY,1313N. MAIN ST.,
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CIRCLE 55 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MINIATURE Vaw 5% CARBON FILM RE-
SISTORS offer superior overall performance
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TRIAL ELECTRONICS P.O. Box 10846,
SANTA ANA Ca. 92711. 1300-D E. Edinger
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547-8424.
CIRCLE 46 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MODERN ELECTRICS. Miniature souvenir
of thefirst publicationever producedbyGerns-
back Publications. This issue appeared in
April 1908-just 75 years ago. You can own
your own reprint of this unique first edition for
just $2.50 plus 75 P&H. It's available from
R-E BOOKSTORE, Radio-Electronics, 200
Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10003
WIRELESS & ELECTRICAL CYCLO-
PEDIA. Originally printed in 1918, this 176-
page reprint of the. complete catalog gives
you an accurate look at the state of electron-
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You can get your own copy of this modern
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plus $1.00 P&H. Order yours from R-E
BOOKSTORE, Radio-Electronics, 200
Park Avenue, South, New York, NY 10003.
6 x rate $605 per each insertion.
Reaches 235,323 readers.
Fast reader service cycle.
Short lead time for the placement of
ads.
We typeset and layout the ad at no
additonal charge.
Call 212-777-6400 to reserve space .
Ask for Arline Fishman. Limited num-
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to: mini-ADS, RADIO-ELECTRONICS,
200 Park Ave. Sout h, New York, NY
10003.
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CIRCUIT/COMPONENT COOLANT, Freez-
It. makes thermal-intermittent troubleshoot-
ing of ciricuit boards and electronics compo-
nents easy. Applied as an aerosol spray,
Freez-it will freeze to - 65F instantly. Cop-
per circuitry will frost and turn white, exposing
hairline cracks in PCboards. Rapid chilling of
suspected components allows individual
components to be isolated for testing. Defec-
tive resi stors , transistors, capacitors, and
other component parts can be identified
quickly and easily.
POWER SUPPLY, model PS-101, is triple-
regulated and is designed for the hobbyist ,
student, and lab technician. It features three
complete ly independent supplies. Those
The coolant can also be used to prevent
transformer burnout. If a transformer starts to
smoke, spraying it will keep wax, varnish, and
shellac from running and causing short cir-
cuits. It will also free adhesives for quick re-
moval.
Fteez-lt is available in two sizes: 15 oz.,
priced at $2.95; 22 oz., 'priced at $4.50.-
Chemtronics, Inc., 681 Old Willets Path,
Hauppauge, NY 11788.
ratory.
Although based on true RMS principles,
distortion figures of only 0.04% enable the
model 4200 to calibrate the many mean-
sensing instruments still in use. For higher
accuracy that may -be required in specialist
applications, "spot" calibration is optionally
available on any five selected and perma-
nently stored frequencies.
The model 4200 is priced at $17,995. -
Datron Instruments Incorporated, 3401
S.w. 42nd Ave., Stuart , FL 33497.
CIRCLE 108ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
power supplies can be either posi tive or
negative;they can bestacked in series so that
a s-volt and two 15-volt supplies can total 35-
volts DC, or any combination of the three,
resulting in a fully adjustable 0- to 35-volt DC
power supply.
The model PS-101 has a suggested retail
price of $119.00.- E.W. Engineering, Inc.,
PO Box 624, Old Lyme, CT 06371.
continued on page 46
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6 x rate $605 per each insertion.
Reaches 235,323 readers.
Fast reader service cycle.
Short lead time for the placement of
ads.
We typeset and layout the ad at not
additional charge.
Call 212-777-6400 to reserve space .
Ask for Arline Fishman. Limited num-
ber of pages available. Mail materials
to : mini-ADS. RADIO-ELECTRONICS.
200 Park Ave. South. New York . NY
10003.
FREE ELECTRONICS TOOL CATALOG.
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SUBSCRIPTION TV MANUAL. This infor-
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TEMPERATURE INDICATORS offer precise,
positive, visual proof that a speci fic tempera-
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any piece of equipment , the one-shot, irrever-
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turns irreversibl y black when the surface tem-
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perature level.
They are available in three configurations:
CelsiStrip, 5 or 8 muttiple-sequenced tem-
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CelsiDot labels, single temperature dots in 40
different temperature levels, printed in Coand
FO; and Celsi Point labels, single temperature
dots in 40 various temperature levels from
40C to 250C (105F to 500F).
The labels are self-adhesive and adhere to
any dry surface. They measure 0.3 mm thick.
The temperature indicators are available in
booklets, each with identical rated labels, and
can cost less than 10 cents each in large
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The new ''A'' versions reflect a composi te of
suggestions from customers owning the ear-
lier versions. They incorporat e such features
as a 10-MHz bandwidth-limit switch, a single-
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rate Al B dual intensit y controls.
The model 2213A weighs 12.8 pounds and
is price d at $1200.00; the model 2215A
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97077.
PORTABLE OSC I LLOSCOPES, model
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.#.heavy snows,
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() USO TO HELP!
The
Professional s'
Choice
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Build this useful automotive test instrument andstop
guessing about your car's emissions.
PHILIP M. VAN PRAAG
AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST
ANALYZER
THE GROWING NUMBER OF STATE AND
federal auto-emission requirements has
added yet another burden on just about
every motorist. Not only do you have to
worry about monthly payments, insur-
ance, and sufficient maintenance to keep
your car running down the road, now you
also have to worry about the next emis-
sions test. Will your car pass, or
will you have to go through the
time and often considerable ex-
pense to have it "tuned up" and
then retested?
Worse yet, even if you are a do-it-
yourselfer with an " army" of tools,
timing lights, and dwell meters, you
are still at a disadvantage with regard
to emissions tuning. Those items alone
are not enough to do the job, and doing
what we did in the"good old days"-
that is, simply replacing the plugs and
points, setting timing and dwell, and then
"tweeking" the carburetor until the en-
gine runs smoothly and performs well-
just won't cut it anymore.
Indeed, often the best low-emission set-
tings for your car will be quite different '
from those settings that provide the best
performance. There is simply no way to
optimize those adjustments for, nor ade-
quately predict the results of, an emission
test with common service equipment.
That's why you need the digital exhaust-
gas analyzer that will be described in this
article.
That device is a small, easy-to-use di-
agnostic aid. Ina general sense, it moni-
tors combustion efficiency of the engine
system. That is vitally important as com-
bustion efficiency directly affects ex-
haust-gas content. More efficient com-
bustion means more complete burning of
the gasoline. That translates to smaller
amounts of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide (CO) in the exhaust. Hydrocar-
bons and CO are the "polluters" typically
monitored by
govern-
ment test facilities .
(More about the relation-
ship between combustion and
exhaust makeup later.) Specifical-
ly, the unit displays CO in concentrations
of less than I% to about 10%, and air/fuel
(A/F) ratios from 14.5 down to about 11.0.
The project consists of three parts: an
exhaust-g as probe, which is inserted into
the auto tailpipe ; a "conversion box" ,
which transforms part of the exhaust into a
proportional electrical signal; and a dis-
play unit , which amplifies and digiti zes
the signal for easy viewing. The unit can
be used either while the car is stationary,
allowing you to make adjustments, or
while it is in motion, allowing you to
verify those adjustments under dynamic
operating conditions.
To simplify the circuitry, a commer-
cially-available clock/timer module is
used for the display. It contains an LCD
readout, providing easy viewing under al-
most any lighting conditions. The mod-
ule's crystal-controlled timing is also used
by the project's A/D converter to ensure a
stable timebase throughout the system.
An interesting side-benefit to using the
clock module is that the unit can be used
as an ordinary clock or stopwatch when
not being used to measure exhaust gas.
The unit also contains low-voltage
sensing circuitry to prevent faulty read-
ings due to inadequate battery voltage .
. Theory of operation
Figure I is a block diagram of the pri-
mary circuit functions. Exhaust-gas con-
version takes place in a thermal-
conductivity cell (TCC) . The TCC
produces an electrical signal that
varies with the difference in
temperature between a "test"
temperature sensor exposed
to exhaust gas and a "con-
troI" sensor exposed only
to ambient changes that
affect both sensors . The
sensors are self-heated
identically, so that they
will be at the same
temperature when no
exhaust gas is pres-
ent.
When exhaust
gas enters the
test-sensor
area , the
ther-
+5V
+5V
TIMER
+5V -
co
EXHAUST
THERMAL
AI D SIGNAL
GAS
CONOUCTIVITY
CONVERTER
OELAY
CONDITI ON
S1
CELL
TIMER
INVERTI LEVELSET MODULE
SIGNAL
S3
CONDITION
COMPARATOR

CLK
+5V
+5V 0
FREQUENCY
BATTERY VOLTAGE
DOUBLER
FIG. 1-ALL CRITICAL circuit functions are shown in this block diagram of the exhaust-gas analyzer.
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mal conducti vity of the air changes. That
affects heat dissipation away from the sen-
sor, thus altering the test-sensor tempera-
tur e. Chan ges in sensor temper ature
cause its resistance to change. In this ap-
pli cat ion , se nsor temperatu re never
changes more than a few degrees cen-
tigrade, but that is sufficient. It produces
enough resistance change to unbalance
the TCe. Because of the narrow operat-
ing-temperature range, sensor resistance
changes linearly with changes in tempera-
ture.
At first glance, the difference bet ween
thermal co nductivi ty and temperature
measurement may not seem clear. They
both invol ve electrical-output changes in
response to sensor-temperature changes .
In a common " thermometer," the change
in temperature is due to an ambient-air
temperature cha nge. In th e TCC,
however, the temperature change is due to
an ambi ent- air thermal-conducti vity
change . That is, the ability of heat to di s-
sipate away from the sensor is a functi on
of heat condu cti vity through the gas mix-
ture. By the time the exhaust gas gets to
the test sensor, it has esse ntially cooled
down to ambient temperature . Thus, it is
not the temperature of the gas that affects
the sensor, but rather the thermal con-
ductivity of the gas .
Thermal conductivi ty of exhaust gas
differs from that of air. The exhaust con-
sists of water vapor, carbon dioxide, hy-
drocarbons in various gaseo us states, and
CO. The exact proportions of the different
hydrocarbon gases and CO, and their pre-
cise rel ati on shi p to the thermal con-
ductivity of the mixture, is very complex,
beyond the scope of absolute measure-
ment for this unit. Fortun atel y, there are
predictab le rel ationships over the tem-
perature ranges of the exhaust gas com-
monl y emitted from a 4-cycle internal-
combustion, gaso line-drive engine; those
can be used to help us in performing auto-
emission adjustments. Over those ranges,
reaso nable accuracy and (more impor-
tant) repeatabili ty can be achieved.
The unit's CO and A/F functions bear
an inverse di splay-rel ati onship to each
other. Thus, as the TCC output signal is
amplif ied, an inverted versio n is also
made available . The CO and A/F displ ay
ranges differ for those functions , so dif-
ferent amplifi er output-voltage ranges and
levels are also provided.
A digital displ ay was chose n because it
is easie r to read than an analog meter. That
is particularly important if the unit is used
while driving. Conversio n of the analog
sensor-signal to digital form is performed
by an AID converter whose operation is
shown in Fig. 2. Clock pul ses from the
timer modul e are counted, and the results
of that count are used by an adder to
generate a ramp. Comparator I is then
used to compare that ramp with the analog
sensor-signal. The output of the compara-
tor is a pulse. The dur ation of the pul se is
determined by the amplitude of the sensor
signal; that is, the comp arator 's output is
high as long as the ramp amplitude is
greater than the sensor amplitude .
When the ramp amplitude dips below
the sensor amplitude, the comparator's
output goes low. The dur ation of the ramp
VARIABLEPULSEWIDTH
(DIGITAl) OUTPUT
CLK
IN
1.25VREF
FIG.2-HOWTHEAID CONVERTERworks. Note
that for simplicity, only 3 of the 7 resistors at the
counter's outputs are shown.
(2 sec onds ), and hence the test-c ycl e
length, is determined by the nature of the
counter (divide by 128) and the clock fre-
quency (64 Hz).
The output signal is used as a gate to
allow a certa in number of timer pulses to
be counted by the timer modul e for each
test cycle. That output is used to reset the
timer from the previous count and define
the start and stop of the current count.
The remai ning task of counting and dis-
playing the pulses is accomplished by the
clock-timer modul e. Figure 3 shows the
basic timer-modul e operation. The mod-
ule is operated in its stopwatch mode, and
has a resolut ion of 10 ms. That means that
the display advances by one count every
10ms. A series of internal counters divide
a crystal-controlled 32-kHz oscill ator sig-
nal down to the desired count rate. The
stopwatch START/STOP and RESET switch-
es are operated electrically when power is
appli ed.
The unit uses the three least -significant
digit s of the display, with an implied deci-
mal point between the two rightmost dig-
its. Thus, a displ ay of 00040 in the CO
mode would be a reading of 4.0%, while a
00131display in the A/F mode would be a
reading of 13.1. Note that CO content is
expressed as a percent age, while the AlF
(air/fue l ratio) is expressed, naturall y
enough, as a ratio.
Circuit description
Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the
gas-analyze r circuit. The test and control
sensors are precis ion-matched thermistor
glass beads. Those beads are extremely
tiny, about .014-inch in diameter. The
small mass of the glass bead gives the unit
a fast response time. The beads are pre-
mounted in fixtures, as they would be
imp ossibl e to handl e otherwise . (The
bead leads are only .00l -inch in diarne-
ter !) The fixtures and their housings com-
prise the TCC within the conversion box.
A four-conductor cable routes the sensor
signal s and ground between the box and
the displ ay unit.
48
tions of IC5, a dual op-amp, are used to
amplify the TCC outputs. and inj ect a
fixed bias bet ween them to provide a prop -
er operating poi nt for the next stage.
One section of an LM324 quad op-
amp. IC3-a . is used to amplify the TCC
outputs . and conve rt them to a single-
ended signal. Another sec t ion. IC3-c in-
verts that signal and provides level trans-
lation for the AIF mode. Resistor R24 is a
trimmer used to ca librate for the desired
AIF ambient oper atin g point. Final ampli-
fica tion is provided by IC3-b: that dev ice
also provides the CO operat ing- poin t cal-
ibrat ion. The fourth section of IC3. IC3-
d. functi ons as a voltage co mparator,
sensing the batt er y input-vo ltage to reg-
ulator ICI . If the voltage drops bel ow 7.2 .
the pin 7 output goes to ground. which
loads down the outp ut of IC3-b . causing
. the device to stop upd ate testin g. Then it 's
time to repl ace the batt ery.
Tra nsistor QI. and IC6 and its ass oci-
ated ci rcuitry, prepare clock pulses for the
u=
SECDNDS
TENTHSOF
SECONDS
I I

1. . OFSECONDS
-II II
I 11-1 I-I
, - - - - - - - - -TENSOFSECONDS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1-L-
1
I_I
32Hz _
(TO A/ O
ClK ) '"

FIG. 3- THE TASK OF COUNTING and displ aying the result is handled by a clock/timer module. The
basic operation of t hat module i s i ll ustrated here.
r-----,
I I
I
I
I
I
I
TMI I
TIMER I

C2 C3
.1 .1
NC
+5V
C14
.05
R1 R2
l OOK 4.1K
+5V
1 11474COO
R14
+5V

5 IC2b
' C7 6 C8
R9
C9...... 1I474COO .1
47.5K R1 3
.11
r
10K
R22
4.81K
+5V
+5V
R28
6.81K
C4
R29
+5V
.1
11.8K

-::-
+5V
-::-
01
-::-
R1
+5V
8.45K
lN4148
R5
4.87K

R6
+ S4
4.81K
C5
R8
i81
.1
4.87K
:9V
.l.
+5V
+5V
-::-
R43
210K
R1 8
20.5K R20
WOK
R17
20.5K
FIG. 4- AN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST-GAS ANALYZER. The circuitry enclosed by the dashed box in the
lower left -hand corner i s loc ated on t he TCC PC-board. which is mou nted in t he conversion box. All
remai ning circuitry is housed within the display-unit cabi net. Note that many of the resistors have
t olerances of 1% (See Par ts Li st ).
All ot her circuitry is housed in the dis-
play unit. Transistors Q4 and Q5 translate
BAL ANCE control (R3 1) changes into the
very subtle bridge adj ustme nts needed to
" balance " the currents to the test sensors
under ambient condi tions . The two sec-
AID converter (IC4 ) using a 32-Hz inter-
medi ate-countd own signal ob tained from
the timer module . Transistor QI shifts the
timer voltage-leve ls . while IC6 funct ions
as a freq uency dou bler to provide the 64-
Hz signal needed by the AID convert er to
<0
co

49
NOTE: ALL MEASUREMENTS
ININCHES
FIG. 5- IF THE CABINET available from the
source given in the Parts List is used, it is dri lled
and modifi ed as shown above.
change the timer battery, although if the
bottom battery retaining-clamp screw is
left a little loose it is possible to change
the battery through the battery-compart-
ment access lid.
Four wires have to be added to the timer
module to interface it with the rest of the
circuitry. Figure 7-a shows where three of
those wires are attached; shown there is
the side of timer's PC board that 's seen
when the timer's back cover is removed.
The fourth wire is attached to the other
side of that board as shown in Fig. 7-b. To
gain access to the timer-circuit board, pry
off the back cover, then very carefully
remove the four small chrome Phillips-
head screws that hold the mechanism in
place. Note the locations of the screws as
well as the orientati on of the battery re-
taining clamp. You should now be able to
lift the molded black plastic lid awayfrom
the circuit board. Carefully solder three
fine (30-gauge) wires in place, using very
little solder and trying to keep the wires
and solder close to the edge of the PC
board.
Next. very carefully lift out the spring-
steel switch strip using a pair of needle-
nosed pliers; note the position of the
1/2
t
f
5/ 16
r 5/32 OIA.
3/8 Lr :; '\
I
1/2..j OIA. .
b
5/16
L

1I
15/16
5132
DIA.
3/16 2-19132
J:
5/32
7/16
define the two-second test interval.
Resistors R9 and RIO determine the
final ambient voltage-level for the A/F
mode, while RII determines the final am-
bient voltage -level for the CO mode.
Those voltage levels define particular AID
pulse durati ons, which, in turn, define
particular display readout s.
The AID output is conditioned so that it
can be used to control the clock module
by IC2 and the Q2-Q3 circuit. One sec-
tion of the Ie. IC2-d , along with CtOand
R16 are used to differentiate and invert the
AID output's leading edge to form the 53
reset pulse. Another section of the device,
IC2-a. delays the AI D output from reach-
ing the stop/start circuitry until the reset
pulse has been applied to the timer mod-
ule. The IC2-b-IC2-c circuit is a " double
differentiator that provides Sh0l1 trigger
pulses on the delayed leading and trai ling
edges of the AI D output signal. Those
pulses are used to start and stop the timer.
By presenting a very high impedance to
the timer when the unit is switched off,
Q2-Cl l and Q3-C12 allow the timer
module to be used as an ordinary clock or
stopwatch when the unit is not being
being used for exhaust analysis.
FIG. 6-A POPULAR WATCHITIMER is used in this project. That timer's case must be modified as
shown in a so that both it and a 9-volt battery will fit in the display unit cabinet. How the timer is
mounted in the cabinet is shown in b .
b
strip-it is over two small red-plastic
studs. Then, remove the circuit board by
gently lifting from beneath at various
points along the edge of the board. When
the PC board is removed, the LCD display
will probably stick to it. If it does, care-
NOTE: All MEASUREMENTS
ININCHES
a

TIMER TOPEDGE -.-_ _ ,

ALIGNEDWITH
BATTERYCOM-
PARTMENTTOP
FLANGE
RIDGES
FRONT
side ridges are carefully filed just to the
point of allowing a light press fit in the
cabinet. In any event, provision must be
made to allow the module to be removed,
as must be done to insert or remove the PC
board. Removal may also be needed to
Display cabinet and timer module
Ca ution: Before proceeding with any
modification to the clock-timer module,
be cert ain that it is functioning correctly
in all modes of operation. Once it has
been modified the manufacturer will not
honor warranty claims.
Figure 5 shows display-cabinet prepa-
ration det ails for the cabinet available
from the source mentioned in the parts
list. (If you purchase the complete kit. the
cabinet will already have been completely
prepared.) The cutout for the LCD display
can be done by first drilling a number of
holes within the cutout border, then care-
fully filing to eventually produce a clean
rectangular hole. The bottom of what was
intended to be a batter y compart ment
must be cut out to provide a mounting
fixture for the clock/timer module. The
detail for that is shown in Figure 5-c.
Figure 6 shows how the timer is modi-
fied and mounted in the clock/timer-mod-
ule cabinet. Figure 6-a shows the ridges
on the sides of the timer that must be filed
off to allow it to slip-fit into the flanges
that are formed when the battery cornpart-
ment is modified. You will also need to
file off a portion of the timer 's case rear to
allow a 9-volt battery to be inserted into
the battery compartment: remove a lYi 6-
(f) inch section to a depth of Y12-inch as
shown. Doing that will disable the 51and
o 53 switches on the timer module. but
g: their functions are replaced by the ana-
frl lyzer's switches . Figure 6-b shows the
u:J fi nal alignment of the timer in the display
6 cabinet. A tiny amount of contact cement
can be used to secure the timer to the
a: cabinet. but it may not be needed if the
50

A LOOK INSIDEthe exhaust -gas analyzer. The completed display unit and conversion box are shown
here with their cases open.
All resistors 1%, V4-watt unless other-
wise noted
R1-100,OOO ohms, 5%
R2, R12-4700 ohms, 5%
R3, R4, R13-R16---10,000 ohms, 5%
R5, R6, R8, R22-4870 ohms
R7-8450 ohms
R9-47,500 ohms
RlO-4640 ohms
R11 , R23-30,900 ohms
R17, R18-20,500 ohms
R19, R2Q-100,OOO ohms
R21-46,400 ohms
R24-50,OOOohms, miniature potentiom-
eter, linear taper, vert ical PC-board
mount
R25-4530 ohms
R26---10,000 ohms, miniature potentiom-
ete r, linear taper, vertical PC-board
mount
R27-14,300 ohms
R28-6810 ohms
R29--11 ,800 ohms
R31-1000 ohms, miniature potentiome-
ter, linear tape r, panel mount, with
SPST switch (S4) .
R32-300 ohms, miniature potentiome-
te r, linear taper, vertical PC-board
mount
R33-221 ohms
R34, R35-105 ohms
R36, R37-22,100 ohms
R38, R4Q-226,OOO ohms
R39--152,OOO ohms
R41-143,OOO ohms
fully separate it from the board, noting its
orientation and setting it back into the
case exact ly as it was before the board was
PARTS LIST
R42, R43-210,OOO ohms
Capacitors
C1-C5, C7-C9, C13-0.1f.lF, ceramic
disc
C6, C11 , C12-100 pF, ceramic disc
C1Q-.001 f.lF, mylar
C14- .05 f.lF. ceramic disc
Semiconducto rs
IC1- LM340T-5or 78M05 +5 volt regula-
tor
IC2, IC6- 74COO CMOS quad NAND
gate
IC3-LM324 quad operational amplifier
IC4-TL507C NO converter
IC5-ICL7621OCPAdual operational am-
plifier
Q1-Q5-2N3904 NPN silicon transistors
01- 1N914 or 1N4148 general purpose
diode
SR1, SR2-G126 precision matched ther-
mistor pair (Fenwal Electronics , 63
Fountain St., Framingham, MA 01701)
TM1-timer module, model U01 sport
stopwatch (Armitron Corporation, 29-10
Thompson Ave, Long Island City, NY
11101)
S1 ,S3-SPST momentary normally open
pushbutton (C &K 8631 or equivalent)
S2-4POT rotary, panel mount
S4-SPST potentiometer switch, part of
R31
B1-9-volt battery
removed. (That is important because there
is usuall y no pin identifications on those
displays .) Using a jeweler's screwdriver,
Miscellaneous: PC boards, display and
conversion-box cabinets, IC sockets, 9-
volt battery terminal clip, modular tele-
phone extension cord, 25 feet, with plug
and receptacle (MCM TA625 or equiv-
alent), vinyl thin-wall tubing (a-inch 1.0.,
Y2-inch 0.0., 48-inch length), copper tub-
ing (3Ie-inch 0 .0 ., Y.J2-inch wall thickness,
14-inch length), spray bottle caps (see
text), alligator clip, cable strain-relief (5116-
inch mounting hole), silicone glue, Velcro
strip (1Y2 inches wide by 3 inches long),
double-sided carpet tape, 30 gauge wire,
8-conductor ribbon cable, knobs, hard-
ware, etc.
The following are available from PVP
Indust ries, P.O. Box 35667, Tucson, AZ
85740: Etched and drilled epoxy-glass
PCboards for display cabinet and con-
version box for $14.95; SR1, SR2 sen-
sor pair for $22.95; PC board set , both
cabinets (not drilled), timer module,
front panel decal for display cabinet,
and modular extension cord for
$49.95; complete kit of all parts (except
glue and battery), including pre-drilled
cabinets for $98.95; completely as-
sembled, calibrated, and tested unit for
$129.95. The above prices are postpaid
in the continental U.S. Arizona resi-
dents add 5% sales tax . Readers of Ra-
dio-Electronics are invited to send a
SASE to the above address to receive
free updates on this project, along with
user tips as they become available.
very carefully scrape the green lacquer
coating off the PC pattern at the point
continued Oil page 56
51
BATIERY (+)
, I
I
:'----------3-1 5/16 INCHES
S3
a
PADS
S1
b
FIG. 7-FOUR WIRES must be added to the
timer's PC board as shown above.
FIG. 9-THE COMPONENT SIDE of t he doub le-sided display PC board. It, too, is shown full sized.
' /
FIG. 10-FULL-SIZED FOIL PATTERN for t he
TCC board. That board mounts in t he con-
versi on box.
Display-electroni cs const ruct ion
Full-size PC-board patterns are shown
in Figs. 8, 9, and 10. We recommend
using PC boards, as that will considerably
reduce constructio n and debuggi ng time.
It will also help elimi nate the possibility
of any high-impedance-leakage pat hs or
spurio us-signal pickup. The use of IC
socke ts is recommended as those allow
easy IC removal/ replacement should ser-
vicing ever be required.
Full-size foil patterns for the double-
sided display PC board are shown in Figs .
8 and 9. If you choose to etch your own
board , arid cannot provide plated-through
holes, you wi ll have to solder all compo-
nent leads on both sides of the board . In
addition, you wi ll have to insert a wire
into all pads that do not contain compo-
nent leads, then solder those feed through
wires on both sides of the board.
Unfort unately, that's all we have room
for now. Next time, we will take a look at
the parts-placement diagrams , and show
you how to complete the electro nics part
of the project. R-E
_-----2-1/2INCHES _
Next , set the PC board into the case
along with the switch-contact strip. Re-
insert the molded black plastic lid and and
the screws (do not over tighten), dress the
wires up out of the way, and make a note
of the wire colors for later identification
when connect ing them up to the gas ana-
lyzer's PC board. The timer's back cover
will not be used in the cabinet.
FIG. 8-THE FOIL SIDE of the doub le-sided display PC board is shown here full si zed. It's parts-
placement diagram will be shown next month.
_ - --- - - - - -3-15/16 INCHES- - - - - --- --_
shown in Fig. 7-b. Do not touch any of the
pads that mate with the LCD display.
Using a very fine-tipped soldering iron,
and a small amount of solder, tin both the
exposed copper foil and the wire to be
attached. Do not allow any solder or flux
to contact the pad located below the trace .
Touch the wire and the iron to the point
that was tinned to attach the wire .
(/)
o
Z
o
a:
I-
o
W
...J
W
o
(5

a:
56
CARL LARON
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
The promise of 3-D TV has gone
largely unfulfilled up to now. But that
appears to be eboii: to change, thanks to the work being
done on systems -/ike the ones we'll show you in this article
e o ~
~ '.
What'sNe. n a ~ ~ ~ ~
IF YOU ARE LIKE MOST PEOPLE, WHEN YOU
think of "3-D" , you think of bad movies,
eye strain, and often unsuccessful special
effect s. Yet 3-D TV remains one of the
"holy grai ls" of the video industry. But
that should come as no surprise consider-
ing the enormous populari ty such a sys-
tem would have for not only everyday
viewing, but also for such things as vid-
eogames. In addition, 3-D TV has many
important applications in science, medi -
cine , and industry.
TIle key to the success or failure of a 3-
D system is the quality of the effect. Al so ,
only slightly less important is the degree
of inconvenience and/or cos t imposed on
the viewer.
In this report we are goi ng to look at
three 3-D TV systems curre ntly under de-
velopment , and examine their strengths
and weaknesses. Each, from different
manufacturer s, take s a completely dif-
ferent approac h as to how the 3-D image is
produced. Finall y, these syste ms are not
all dreams and promi ses. All have reached
the stage where at least work ing pro -
totypes have been produ ced , and all could
be introduced commer cially in the near
future .
No glasses
The first syste m we' ll be lookin g at is
a lso t he o n ly one th at i s "aL! to -
stereoscopic;" that means that it does not
require some sort of viewer-worn glasses
to create its 3-D effect. Developed by a
sma ll California toy manu facturer, The
Bright and Morni ng Star Company (53 19
West l46th St. , Lawndale, CA 90260),
and ca lled the Autostereoscopic Image
Display System, it uses plast ic Fresnel
lenses instead. .
Let's see how it works. First of all , two
images. one of which must be reversed ,
are required for the system. That means
that two monitor s, wit h one di splaying a
reversed image. are needed for TV view-
ing: as we' ll soon see , other applications
are poss ible.
The heart of the system is a sandwich
made up of prismatic Fresnel lenses. In
use, the monit ors are placed at right an-
gles to each ot her and the Fresne l " sand-
wich" is placed diagonally bet ween them
as shown in Fig. I.
When the viewer sits as shown in the
figure, his converging sight paths are sep-
arated. One of the sight paths strikes the
Fresnel sandwich at such an angle as to be
tota lly reflected. That eye "sees" left-
hand monitor, which is displaying the re-
versed image . The reaso n that the image
on that monit or must be reversed is that,
due to the total reflection of the sight path,
we are esse ntially viewing it in a minor. If
it were displ ayed normall y, the images
seen would be reversed. Thus, by revers-
ing the image , a normal image is seen.
(Tha t can get a bit confusing, so reread the
last few lines, if needed , to be sure you
understand them . Also, as an experiment,
you might want to try watching TV in a
mirror to see the effect . )
The other sight path is not reflected, but
some slight refraction does occur. That
eye sees the right-hand monit or, which is
showing the normal image . Thus, since
each eye is see ing the same image, al-
though from a slightly different perspec-
tive. the viewer's brain is able to deri ve
the 3-D image. In fact , that is how the
brain nor mall y provides us with three di-
mensional information.
Of course. the chief advantage of the
system is that it requires no glasses . The
other important advantage is that , because
of the nature of the viewing system, its use
is not limit ed to video . Indeed, it will
co
CD
-1:0
57
FIG. 1-THIS AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC3-DTV system requires two monitors; those monitors are placed
at right angles to each other.
FIG. 2-A LOW-COST TWO-PERSON VIEWER is shown in a. Note that whi le one viewer wi ll see a
normal 3-D picture, the second will see a reversed image as shown in b.
stead, it electronically alters a standar d
two-dimensional TV picture so that the
illusion of 3-D is created . It does that by
splitting off the red signal and delaying its
viewing until a sma ll fraction of a second
after the blue signal has bee n displayed.
That small time-del ay creates an effect
that is nearly identical to that of the 3-D
movies so that when the image is viewed
through special glasses , a three-dimen-
sional image is see n.
The key to the success or failure of the
system may very well lie in the glasses
used . According to Garry O. Silivanch,
President of 30S Systems, Ltd . (Cresce nt
Office Park I, Hempstead Turnpike, Levi-
ttown . NY 11756), the U.S. distribut or of
the system, earlier efforts (such as the 3-D
movies that were shown on TV in various
part s of the country a few years back)
failed mainl y because of the poor quali ty
of the glasses used . Those glasses were
typically made of cardboard and used col-
ored cellophane for the the lenses. On the
ot he r han d , the glasses t hat wil l be
provided for the system, dubbed Tri-Di-
mensional Television for U. S sales, are
comparable in quality to expensive sun-
glasses . Even viewers who wear prescrip-
tion glasses have been considered: A cli p-
on version for wearing over regul ar glass-
es will be available.
Another strong point in favor of the
system is that it can be added to any stan-
dard TV set at a rel ati vel y low cost. It is
expected that the modification, complete
with installation and two pairs of glasses,
will sell for about $100. Once installed, 3-
CLEAROR TRANSLUCENTTOP
NORMAL
IMAGE
~ ~
NORMAL REVERSED
IMAGE IMAGE
b
a
FRESNEL ARRAY
MAGNIFICATIONLENSES
(FRESN EL OR STANDARD)
VI EWER1
(SEES NORMAL t ~ ~ ~ W
IMAGEI
viewed dire ctly. Instead, glasses with one
red lens and one blue lens are used. Those
lenses di rec t the appropr iate image to
each eye, and because the images are off-
set. the viewer sees the sce ne in three
dimensions.
A Ger man company, ABOY AG, is
marketing a sys tem that converts a stan-
dard TV so that it can create the same
effect using standard TV signals. The sys-
tem is also called ABOY, and its secret
lies in its name , which is an anagram for
Anaglyphic By Del aY.
The nice thi ng about this sys tem is that
it does not req uire speci al signals . In-
DUAL MONITORS
\
\
,
\ /
<; '\X/
, /
.......... ..... \ /
............ \ /
-"-..-..\// FRESNEL ARRAY POSITION
REVERSED
IMAGE
Red and blue
The second sys tem we' ll be looking at
uses a technique that should be familiar to
anyone who has ever seen one of Hol-
lywood's 3-D efforts , Those films were
made using two cameras wi th different
colored filter s- one red , the other blue .
The result was a film with two images
slightly out of register. If the film were
viewed directly, it would appear as if ev-
erything had a red outline .
But those films were not meant to be
work with photographic pr ints and trans-
parancie s (both still and movi ng), or wi th
any other image source such as X-rays,
radar, electron microscopes, and comput-
er displays .
On the negative side , there are disad-
vantages, espec ially for home- video ap-
plications. For one thing, there's the cost
associated with providing the two moni-
tors requi red . Secondly, ideal viewing oc-
curs only at one point , about 12 to 24
inches away from the unit; the exact point
.vari es from indi vidual to indi vidual. That
fact limits ideal viewing to j ust one per-
son. A seco nd per son could also view the
picture as shown in Fig. 2, but that seco nd
person would see a reversed image. The
thi rd disadvantage lies in the nature of the
Fres nel lens. Those familiar wit h that type
of lens know that the image rendered by
them is unacceptable unl ess the lens is of
the highest quality.
That is not to say, however, that that
system does not have great potential, es-
pecia lly in areas outside of home video.
For instance , the cos t of a second monitor
would not be too grea t a concern in a
stand-alone arcade videogame. Another
possible consumer application would be
as a stereos co pic phot ographic viewer.
The cost of the optics (only) for a snapshot
viewer coul d be as low as one dollar; the
optics for larger viewers would, of course,
cost more.
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58
THREE-DIMENSIONAL TV CAMERAS. Signals from the cameras are routed to the control box, where
they are processed and sent to a video monitor.
D viewing is available at a flip of a switch;
whe n the device is turned off, regular
viewing is unaffect ed.
On the negative side , glasses , whi ch
are a viewer inconveni ence, are requi red.
Al so, because colored lenses are being
used to create the effect , at least some
distorti on of the colors displ ayed on the
set wi ll take place .
What about availability? The system
has been sold in Germany for well over a
year now. In the U.S. , produ ction in now
underway, with testing schedul ed to begin
in July of thi s year in an area of suburban
New York City.
Interlacing images
The thir d system we' II look at seems to
be the one that is generating the most
interest in the indust ry. Dubbed Ster-
eoisimensional , it was developed by Ster-
eographics (Box 2309 , San Rafael , CA
949 12).
The Stereolri mensional sys tem con-
sists of the elec tro -o ptical shuttering
glasses, a video monitor, an imag ing
source such as stereoscopic cameras or a
stereoscopic micro scope (see Fig. 3), and
a " black box" (see Fig. 4) that contains
the propriatary electronics that keep the
entire system synchronized.
Figure 5 shows how the syste m works.
In it, a special pair of video cameras is
used to photograph the scene . The image s
from the cameras are then presented se-
quenti all y on a moni tor using the odd and
even fields of the televisi on interlace. The
monitor is viewed using special glasses
that first obscure one eye and then the
other. The glasses are wired to the system
and synchronized to the transmission so
that the right eye sees only what the right
camera photographed and the left eye sees
only what the left camera photogr aphed.
(Research is also under way to develop
some form of wireless glasses, perhaps
using ultrasonic or infrared transmi ssion
techniques.) The brain. once again, sees
the image from two different viewpoints
and thus can reconstruct the three-dimen-
sional scene.
If successful, such a syste m has distinct
advant ages over several other appro aches
currentl y being explored . For instance, in
an anaglyphic system, the use of colored
glasses prevents the ima ge from being
seen in its normal col ors. Another prob-
lem often associated with those systems is
eyes trai n. Pol ari zin g syste ms, on the
other hand , allow the image to be seen in
full color, but require that the viewer keep
hi s head perfectly vertical to pr event
ghos ting or loss of depth . The Ster-
eoir imensional system overcomes those
probl ems and allows the image to be seen
in full, normal color, and allows the view-
er complete freedom of head , neck , and
body movement.
Using the odd and even fields of the
television interlace to present sequential
right and left images is not a new idea, but
it only became practical because of recent
development s in electro-optical techn ol-
ogy. Also, previous systems using that
technique suffere d from bad flicker. That
was caused by the fact that the normal
field rate of a television raster is 60 Hz.
Thus, when alternating fields are used ,
onl y 30 fields per second are devoted to
the right eye and 30 fields per second to
the left one.
That is just too few; according to Ster-
eographics, the min imum number of
frames per second requ ired to produce
FIG. 3-ANOTHER 3-D IMAGE SOURCE. Here,
twin video-cameras are mounted on a ster-
eoscopic zoom-microscope to create a " 3-Dmi-
croscope."
satisfactory resul ts under most circum-
stances is 50 . In the Stereolr imensional
system, several techniques are used to in-
crease the number of fields displayed each
second. In one of those. the vertical scan-
ning rate is doubled, thus producing 120
fields per second as oppos ed to the usual
60. When such a signal is displayed on a
standard monitor, however, it is vertically
compressed and two images appear one
over the ot her.
To see the image in proper sequence,
the field rate of the monit or must be in-
creased to 120-Hz. in addition, suitable
circuitry must be provided to double the
sync frequenc y so that the fields will be
decompressed and the images displayed
in their proper proportions.
To keep costs down (it is hoped that
eventually the cost of addi ng the system to
a set durin g its manufacturing will in-
crease the cost of the set by only 10%) the
system was designed to be compatible
with existing video systems . The first sys-
tem manufactured (which, incidentl y, was
deli vered to Lockheed this past Novem-
ber) was designed around the NTSC sys-
tem. but there is nothing inherent in the
technique that would prevent its use in
areas of the world that have adopted either
the PAL or SECAM formats . Of course
those formats use different field rates, and
different numbers of total lines per field,
but the Stereolr imens ional system can be
adapted to them.
By the same token , that 3-D system can
be adapted for use with a high-resolut ion
video system, one with many more hori-
zontal lines . The.system can also be used
59
FIG. 4- THE EXTERNAL SYNC GENERATOR, the heart of t he StereoDimensional system, is shown
here wit h a pair of t hei r electro-optical glas ses.
VI DEOMONITOR
WHATDO YOU THINK?
o
fi cations.
That is not to saythat there are not some
serious drawbacks to the system. Glasses
are, of course, still required. More impor-
tantly, the image must be photographed
and transmitted using the Stereolr imen-
sional process, and the resulting signal
can not be viewed satisfactorily on a
" standard" TV set.
111at, of course, means that it is un-
likely that you will be seeing your favorite
over-the-air TV show in 3-D using that
system in the near future. Instead, the
future of this systemseems to lie in indus-
trial applications such as computer-aided
design and manufacture, cart ography,
flight simulation, IC inspection, micro-
surgery, mechanical training, and even
air-flight control.
On the entertainment front, as pre-
viously mentioned, cable or videotape/
videodisc distribution of programming
using the process is certainly possible.
Even more interesting are the possibilities
offered by DBS. High-definition TV has
received a great deal of attention in con-
nection with DBS, and its use by one or
more of that service's prospective pro-
grammers has been considered. Needless
to say, a service that combines high-defi-
nition TV with 3-D TVcould create quite
a bit of excitement.
In this article, we've looked at three 3-
D systems that have drawn a bit of inter-
est. That is not to say, however, that those
are the only systems under development.
Indeed, because of the wide range of lu-
crative consumer and industrial applica-
tions, we expect that 3-D TV will be one
of the hottest and most interesting areas of
video research and development for many
years to come. R-E
bandwidth. Thus the altered signals could
be broadcast over the air, used in a closed-
circuit system, or distributed via cable
without any problems. Existing videotape
and videodisc formats could also be used
to record the signals without any modi-
CONTRO L CIRCUITS '1 ....
7 VIDEOCAMERAS
o Autostereoscopic Image DisplaySystem
o Tri-dimensional TV
o StereoDimensional
comments: _
In thisarticle wehave presentedan overview ofthree3-D TV systems that have attracteda
great deal ofinterest. Wewould li ke to know whatour readers thinkofthem. Whichsystem
doyou think shows the greatest potential? If you hadthe opportunity, whichone would you
li ke to use to view 3-D programmi ng? We invite you to vote below, and add anycomments
that you might have. Wewill let you, and the developers, know how the systems fared in a
futureissue of Radio-Electronics. Mai l your ballots to: Radio-Electronics, 3-DTV, 45 East
17th St., New York, NY 10003.
in just about any application that uses a
CRT for display. Those applications in-
clude ultrasonics, radar, fiouroscopy, and,
of course, videogames.
Changing the number of fields per sec-
ond does not effect such signal factors as
FIG. 5-PUTTING ITALL TOGETHER.This diagram shows how the basic elements in the StereoDimen-
sional system are connected together.
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60
Telephone Add-On
NO MORE
WRONG
~ M [ ] [ I ~ ~ ~ ~
Receive only the calls you
want to receive with this
inexpensive and easy-to-
build telephone accessory.
GARY McCLELLAN
Part 3
THIS MONTH, WE
conclude our look at
a device that keeps unwanted calls from
reaching you. All that's left to do now is
prepare the cabinet, install the boards,
and make a few adjustments.
Putting it together
Start by referring to the Parts List for
the materials you'll need and obtain them.
Here are a few suggestions on the part s
that might make shopping easier:
The switches may be any SPST types.
We give the supplier and part numbers for
switches that looked especially attractive,
however you are welcome to use others.
Just be sure to get a momentary type push-
button switch for SI and not an alternate
action type. Using the wrong switch will
cause problems!
The piezoelectric buzzer may be any
similar device but don' t substitute a me-
chanical type; the current draw is too
high. Note that if you substitute for that
device, be sure to get a surface-mounted
buzzer. That is necessary because there
isn't enough room inside of the cabinet for
a different type.
A different cabinet may be substituted
if the one specified is not readily avail-
able. Simply use any cabinet greater than
2 x 5 x 5 inches. But note that if you sub-
stitute the cabinet. you' ll probably have to
label your own front panel. That' s because
the front-panel board used in the project
(see Fig. 9) is sized for the cabinet that
was specified.
And finally, a few words about the
hardware. All items are standard and
should be available through most elec-
tronics supply houses. The spacers may
see m unusual , thou gh. We want four
1.125-inch threaded spacers, but that size
must normally be custom made. Instead,
four one-inch threaded spacers are used,
plus four more 0.125-inch unthreaded
spacers. l11Ut way, we get what we want
by using standard parts.
Start assembly by drilling the front-
panel board and mounting the switches.
Start with a small drill bit. then use sever-
al larger bits and a round file to enlarge the
holes to prevent damage. Then install the
switches in the proper places and set the
panel board aside for a moment.
Next. drill the rear panel , using the
template shown in Fig 10as a guide. Drill
the small holes with a 0.1 25-inch bit and
use a 0.25-inch bit on the large holes.
When done, mount the buzzer using
4-40 x 0.5-inch screws and hardware.
Cut the telephone cord to about 6 feet
and thread it and the 12-volt leads fromthe
transformer through the large hole at the
left edge. Pull about 7 inches of wire
through, then install a cable clamp in the
remaining small hole and thread the wires
through it.
Turn to the main board and install the
spacers. Note that each spacer mounts in
the corners of the board-do not mount
spacers in the holes located closer to the
center of the board. Refer to Fig. Ii for
details and install the spacers as shown.
Place a lockwasher on a 4-40 x 0.5-inch
screw, then pass it through the board.
Place the O.1 25-inch spacer and then the
l-inch spacer on the screw ami tighten.
Install the other spacers in the same way.
Nowit is time to connect some wires to
the main board- refer to Fig. 12 for de-
tails. Strip the telephone cable back about
a half-inch. Then strip and tin the red and
green wires: cut any others off.
61
~ I
Adjustments
Basica lly, there are three adj ustments.
One sets the volume of the buzzer and the
others set the pushbutton tone-pairs that
the decoder board will respond to.
There are two methods you can use to
set the pushbutton tone-pairs that the proj -
ect wi ll respond to, and the meth od
chosen depend s upon your test equip-
ment. The first method is the best and the
easiest , but requires the use of a frequency
counter. The second met hod requires no
test equipment. Instead, you' ll need the
assistance of a friend with a pushbutton
phone. That method works well enoug h,
but is time-consuming.
Note that the volume adj ustment is
done by ear and will be saved for last.
slot and wire the switches as shown in Fig.
12.
The decoder board is installed next.
Connect Sal to PLl on the main board.
Then position the board over the stand-
offs and sec ure wi th 4-40 x 0.2S-inch
screws and lockwashers . Check to be sure
that filter capaci tor CIS does not short any
traces on the decoder board.
That takes care of the assembly so let' s
move on to the adj ustments !
FIG. 9-FOR SIMPLICITY, a PCboard is used for the front panel. The foil pattern for that board is shown
here.
I
FIG. lo-lFYOUUSETHE CABINET specified in the Parts List, usi ng this template will simplify drilling
the rear panel. '
Then, make the off-board connections to
those leads. Doing that wi ll allow you to
repair any broken wires' once the main
board is installed in the cabinet. Other-
wise such repairs would require removi ng
the board.
Wire the mai n board and rear-panel as
shown in Fig. 12. Place the rear panel into
the slot cut in the cabinet and place the
main board inside. Note that connector
PLl must point toward the front of the
cabinet. Secure the main board with the
screws supp lied with the cabinet.
Next , slide the front-panel board in the
l -INCH THREADEDSPACER
~ I N C H S ~
MAIN BOARD l\
4-40X 1J2-INCH/ \
SCREW lOCKWASHER
FIG. ll-HOW THE ONE-INCH and Va-i nc h
spacers are mounted on the main board.
...------------4-3/4- INCHES-------------....
PARTS LIST-MAIN BOARD
All resistors 1I4-watt, 5% unless other-
wise noted
R1, R3-1000 ohms
R2, R7, R11 , R13-10,000 ohms
R4-4700 ohms
R5-270,000 ohms
R6, R16-100,000 ohms
R8-:-33,000 ohms
R9--22,000 ohms
Ri O, R14, R15, R1 9- 10 megohms
R12-10,000 ohms, potentiometer, linear
taper, PC-board mount (Radio Shack
271-218)
R17-330 ohms
R18--470 ohms
R20-2200 ohms
Capacitors
C1-o.22 Il F, 250 volts, metal film
C2, C13, C14-0.01 1lP' 50 volts, ceramic
disc
C3-47 f.l.P' 16 volts, radial leads, elec-
trolytic
C4, C6, C7, C10-1 1lF, 16 volts, radial
leads, tantalum
C5, C9, C11, C12--'O.1 1lP' 50 volts, poly-
ester
C8, C16, C17-{).1 f.l.F, 16 volts, ceramic
disc
C15-470 IlF, 25 volts, radial leads, elec-
trolytic
Semiconductors
IC1- TIL-119 optolsolator (Texas Instru-
ments)
IC2- M290 ri ng-det ector subsystem
(Mendakota-see below)
IC3-004538 CMOS one-shot (RCA)
IC4-C04093BE CMOS Schmitt trigger
NAND gates
lC5-MOC-50100ptoisolalor (Motorola)
lC6, IC7-78L05ACP 5-volt, 100-mA reg-
ulator (Motorola)
0 1, 02-2N2222 NPN transistor
01-06, 08-011-1N4002 diodes
07.:-1N4148 diode
F1- 0.25 amp, 3AG fuse
PL1--6 pin male PC-header (GC Elec-
tronics 41-046 or similar)
RY1-0POT relay, 12-volt DC coil (Radio
Shack 275-213or equivalent)
PB1-Piezoelectric buzzer (Radio Shack
273-060 or equivalent)
S1-SPSTmomentary pushbuttonswitch
(Radio Shack 275-618 or equivalent)
Miscellaneous: PCboard, solder, Wire,
2 PC-mount fuse clips (Littlefuse
122087), IC sockets, etc.
The following is available from Men-
dakota Products, Ltd., PO Box 20HC,
1920 W. Commonwealth Ave., Fuller-
ton, CA92633: A setofthree PCboards
and the M290 ring detector IC (order
part No. NWR). The cost is $26.00
postpaid in the U.S. and Canada. The
M290 is available for $12. California
residents please add 6%sales tax. Sor-
ry, no C.O.D's or credit-card orders.
Here is a useful hint: Before connecting
the wires, cut six J/s- inch pieces of lead
from some half-watt resistors. Insert the
pieces into the main-b oard locations for
the off-board connectio ns so that they pro-
trude from the component side and solder.
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62

Usi ng the project

Using the project is simp licity in itself,
and the hardest part will be to get other
people to remember to dial your access
code.
To use the project , connect the trans -
former to a nearby out let. Also, using a T-
connector, connect both the project and
your phone to your modular phone jack.
Then set the power switch to the ON posi -
tion to prevent unde sired phone calls.
Tell those who you want to be able to
reach you about the project and the pro-
cedure that must be followed to call you.
That is, they dial your phone number as
usual . hear one ring, and then have 10
seconds to dial " 7" . If they don 't dial the
code number, your phone won't ring and
they can't reach you.
There may be times when you want to
receive calls from people who shou ldn 't
continued on page 107
board. Reinstall the decoder board .
Preset the potentiometers on the de-
coder board-turn Rl7 fully clockwise
and Rl4 fully counterclockwise. You'll
know when the end is reached when the
potentiometers start to turn hard.
Plug in the transformer and plug the
phone connector into your phone jack. Do
not turn on the power switch yet. Then call
your friend . .
When your friend answers , tell him to
press and hold down number 7. Tum Rl7
unti l LED2l ights. Likewise, turn RI4 un-
til LED! comes on. At the same time the
beeper will sound; that is normal. Finish
up by having your friend press number 7
several times. Both LED's must light. If
not. touch up the adjustment for the one
that doesn't.
Finish the adjustments by dabbing nai l
polish on the potentiometers to lock the
settings then remove the jumper from the
IC3 socket on the main board and replace
the MC14538 . .
Adjust the volume control by setting it
to midposition through the hole in the rear
panel. Later on , if you find that the buzzer
is too loud or too soft . adj ust the volume
as required.
FIG. 13-THESE POTENTIOMETERS and test
points, used in ali gning theproject , arefound on
t he decoder board.
f.J.rul.
BUZZER
PIEZO
BUZZER
WIRES
~ PHONE
CABLE
REAR
PANEL
ing the potentiometers for the right val-
ues . Connect the counter to TPI and
adju st RI7 until the counter reads 1209
Hz. Next , connect the counter to TP2 and
adj ust RI4 unti l the counter reads 852 Hz .
Finish by dabbing nai l polish on the po-
tentiometers to lock the settings .
Use this procedure if you do not have a
counter: Tempor aril y remove the decoder
board and unpl ug it. Remove IC3, the
MC14538, from its socket and place a
wire jumper into the socket between pins
10 and 16. That causes the relay to close
when power is applied. That way, incom-
ing tone s will be recei ved by the decoder
IC2-GD4017 CMOS counter (RCA)
IC3, IC4-LM567 linear tone decoders
(National)
IC5-CD4001 CMOS quad NOR gates
(RCA)
D1-D6-1N4148 silicon switching diodes
LED1, LED2-jumbo red LED's (Radio
Shack 276-041 or equivalent)
S01-6-pin female plug (Calectro 41-126
or equivalent)
S2-SPST rocker switch (Radio Shack
275-690)
T1-12 VAC, 250mA, plug-in transformer
(Jameco AC-250 or equivalent)
Mi sceHaneous: PC board, front-panel
board, 2 x 5 x 5-inch cabinet (CM5-200,
Pac Tee, Inc., Enterprise and Executive
Aves., Philadelphia. PA 19153)(Radio
Shack 270-218), 12-foot modular tele-
phone cord (Radio Shack 279-374 or
equivalent), ICsockets, 4 1-inchthreaded
spacers for 4-40 screws, 4 0,125-inch
unthreaded spacers, 4 4-40xO.25 inch
screws. 7 4-40 x 0.5 screws, 11 No. 4
lockwashers. 34-40 nuts, 0.25-inchcable
clamp, etc.

REO__
GR EEN __
REO--
BLACK__ "----'-'""LJ
Rl2
MAINBOARD
FRONT
PANEL

Sl
PLl
RESET
S2
POWER

All resistors 5%,1/4 watt unless other-

wise noted
R1 . R13, R16-2200 ohms
R2-22 ohms
R3, R5. R11 , R12-100.000 ohms
R4, 46, R8--4700 ohms
R7-100 ohms
R9-10 megohms
R10-47,OOO ohms
R14, R17-20.000 ohms, 15-turnpotenti-
ometer, PC-mount (Radi o Shack
271-340or equivalent)
R15. R18--62QO ohms
R19, R2o-1S0.000ohms
R21-1 megohm
Capacitors
C1 . C6, C13-1I4F. 16V, electrolytic. radial
leads
C2-Q.00114F: 50V. polyester
C3, C7-47fl.F, 16V, electrolytic, radial
leads
C4. ca. C9, Cl0. Cl1, C15--0.114F: 50V.
polyester
C5. C12-2.2I4F, 16V, electrolytic. radial
leads
C14. C16-0.1I4F. 16V, ceramic disc
C17-1fl.F: 16V, tantalum
Semiconductors
IC1-LM339 li near quad comparators
(National)
Also note that the procedures out lined be-
low assume that the code number selected
will be 7.
Use this procedure if you have a fre-
quenc y counter: Plug in the transformer
and set the project's power switch to the
ON position. Observe that the LED's on
the decoder board blink when power is
applied. That tell s us that the decoders are
working. Next. set up your counter and
connect the ground lead of its probe to
TP3, the ground test point on the decoder
board (see Fig. 13).
Adju st the decoders by measuring the
frequency at the testpoints and by adju st-
WIRES TOMODULAR
PLUG ANDT1
FIG. 12-THEWIRINGBETWEENthe main board and the fr ont and rear panels Is done as shown here.
PARTS LIST-DECODER BOARD
63
HOME CONTROL
STEVEN E. SARNS
One of the best things about this control
computer is that it can operate BSR-type
remote controllers. Let's see how, as we
look at the power-supply, the wireless remote
controller, and the computers I/O system.
TABLE 2-8088 PIN STATES
State
ground
low
high
low
4 MHz
low
+ 5 VDC
high
high
high
low
Function
GROUND
RESET
:rEST
HOLD
CLOCK
NMI
Vee
READY
INTA
MN/M X
INTR
TER
Pin
1,20
21
23
31
19
17
40
22
24
33
18
The second board
As we mentione d last time, we know
that the computer board requires a supply
of +5 volts DC at less than I amp. If you
plan to use an RS-232 cable longer than
10 feet , then you' ll also need a - 5-volt
supply to estab lish the RS-232 " mark"
level . And if you' ll want to program
EPROM 's, you' ll need a higher-volt age
ourselves because we haven't finished dis-
cussing the computer circuitry yet-spe-
cifically, the I/O system. But some people
will not be able to test out the basic system
until they build a power supply. So now
we' ll discuss the power-suppl y board .
After we've done that , we' ll return to the
computer board with a look at its I/O
capabilities .
OK
> NEW
OK
> I PRINT "HELLO" ,
> 2 GOTO I
> RUN
We hope that everything worked as it
should have, and your scree n is now full
of "HELLO's ." We' ll now leave our dis-
cussio n of the computer board and begin
our disc ussion about the computer's
power supply and wire less remote control
that we promised last month.
You may think we're getti ng ahead of
on this pin shortly after rese t, then the
prompt is being sent, but the terminal is
not responding correctly. Check the com-
munications settings on the terminal. (Al-
thou gh we said ~ s t month that the
termina l should be set to 4800 baud, that 's
not essen tial. Simp ly type a space within
8 seconds after reset , and the computer
wi ll adap t.) Examine the input of the
RS-232 port; this line should be at a TTL
low level. Typing any character on the
terminal should produce a short series of
positive-goi ng pul ses. .
When you get the BASIC prompt, and
your terminal and the control compute r
are commun icati ng properly, you are
ready to enter your first program:
Part 2
WHEN WE LEFT OFF
last time, we had just
set up the computer. We said that if the
BASIC prompt ( appeared on your ter-
minal, you cou ld assume that things are
working prope rly. If you do not get the
promp t, tum off the power and discon nect
the board. If you are using a wire-wrap or
other prototype system, check every line
with an ohmmeter. If you use a printed-
circ uit board, examine the board close ly
(wi th a mag nifyi ng glass) for solder
bridges or splats, cold solder joints, sol-
der-flux residue, or " whiskers" of PC ma-
teri al under the solder mask . Use an
ohmmeter to check adjacent pins and
lines for whisker shorts. Check every lC
to insure that no pin has been folded under
during insertion. Use an ohmmeter to
check the orienta tion of every diode . It is
unfort unate ly not uncommon to find the
marki ngs reversed. If those basic trou-
bleshooting steps don't work, reapp ly +5
volts DC and check the state of the pins on
the microprocessor according to Table 2.
Reset t he boa rd an d observe th e
RS-232 out put pin. If there is any activity
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TOOPTIONAL
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l. K
FIG. 5-POWERSUPPLY/REMOTECONTROLLER schematic. Components that are marked with an
aster isk are opt ional. Note that some component values do not agreewith the Parts List that appeared
last month. Those have been corrected in the Parts List on page 69.
supply- the 2716 EPROM requir es a 25-
volt DC supply at 30 rnA.
Other EPROM's requ ire other supplies.
For example', the 2732 requires a 2) -volt
switched supply at 20 rnA, while the 2764
requi res a 21-volt supply at 30 rnA. We
mention the require me nts for othe r
EPROM's because, as you may remem-
ber, the first installment of this article
made note of some " unused pads" on the
board, some of which are for jumpers to
select various options (including the op-
tion to program EPROM's other than the
2716). Unfortun ately we cannot go into
detail on all the possible options-we'll
discuss a basic configuration and leave the
experimenting up to you. We strongly rec-
ommend that you have the board working
correctly using 2K x 8 RAM's like the
TMM 2016P and 2K x 8 EPROM's like
the 2716 before you start making changes.
Presuming that everything is working
correctl y, then you can begin to change
the board configuration. Let' s say, for ex-
ample, that you want to program a 2732 or
2764 EPROM. You will have to connect
pin 23 of the socket (remember-we're
using 28-pin socket s even though the 2716
and 2732 have 24 pins) to Al l. And you' ll
have to cut the trace that now brings Vpp
there. Pin 20 of the socket should be con-
nected to ICI 6, pin 7 instead of IC20 pin
13. Study the data sheets and pin func-
tions caref ully so that you understand
why those changes have to be made-
before you make any changes .
A look at the power supply
The schematic of the power supply
we' ll use is shown in Fig. 5. It can supply
all of the Vp options. (The level of Vpp
can be varied by trimmer potenti ometer
RI3. ) The power- supply board also
provides some signals that are used-but
65
not required-by the control computer it-
self. Those signals include: PWRFAIL
(wh ich tell s t ~ computer that the AC
power has failed) and a l20-Hz TTL-level
pulse that is used for time-of-day routines.
The 5-volt DC power supp ly is made
up of simple linear-IC regulators (lC4 and
IC5). The Vpp supply must supply only 30
mA, but it must be switched on and off for
the 2732 type EPROM. The switching is
accomplished with IC2, a TL397 switch-
ing regulator. Besides giving us the ability
to program 2732 's, there is an additional
bene fit to swi tching the V p supply: We
can control its turn-on characteristics.
That's important because most EPROM's
specify the programming voltage to with-
in .5 volt. If the supply goes any higher,
the dev ice can be destroyed . Unfor-
tunately, many power supplies generate
an overshoot greater than .5 volt when
they are switched on or off. Even a few
nanosecond s of ringing on the line is
eno ug h to cause so me EP ROM's to
crowbar the +5-volt supp ly.
The power-fail circuit is a simple com-
mon-base, level-detect ion circuit that
moni tors the voltage across the +5VDC
regul ator. When that voltage fall s to less
than 4 diode drops, the PWRFAIL signal is
activated. That allows approxi mately 30
milliseconds of warni ng before the output
of the +5-volt supply falls below 4.75
volts. The PWRFAIL signal is fed (through
S06 and S05) to the non-maskabl e inter-
rupt (pin 17) of the microprocessor. The
microprocessor will enter a wait state until
its TEST pin (23) goes low, which will
happen when a l20-Hz signal is detected .
The 120-Hz signal will be detected, of
course, when AC power is restored.
That l20-Hz signal is a positive-going
pulse at AC zero cross. That signal is
important for several reasons. It allows the
control computer to be used for time-of-
day applications. (A time-of-day routine
has been included in the BASIC interpre -
ter. See the Parts List for ordering infor-
mation. ) The second use of the AC zero-
cross signal is to synchronize the control
comput er to the AC line. Many types of
machinery require switching on or off at
AC zero-cross ing to minimize the amount
of interference generated. More important
for us is that the the remote-control link
requires th at tr an smi ssi ons be syn-
chronized to AC zero cross ing. We' ll dis-
cuss th at short ly. Transistor Ql is
connected in a common-emitter config-
uration, driving IC3.
If you' re worried about power failures
and brownout s, you can make the power
supply unint erruptable by adding an op-
(f)
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66
~ 6-5/8 INCHES - - ---- - --- - - - - - - - -i
FIG. 6-FOIL PATTERNfor t he power supp ly/remote contr oll er. The single-sided board is the same size
as the computer board t hat we showed last month .
117VAC
FIG. 7-PARTS-PLACEMENT diagram for power supply/remote controller.
unit s as well as your own. But because
there are 256 unit codes available, a bit of
coordin ation wi ll easily solve that prob-
lem. TIle second problem occurs when
attempting to transmi t froin one branch of
the AC line to the other. When 230 volts
AC is brought into the home at the service
entrance, the home circuit s are shared be-
tween the two phases. A transmitter on
one leg may not be able to communicate
with a receiver on the other. Many times,
however, appliances that are conn ected
between the nO-volt phases will serve as
a high-frequency bypass path between the
legs. If a problem is encountered, a O.IIJ-F
cap acitor co nne cte d across the legs
should solve it. (The capacitor provides a
high-frequency bypass path around the
transformer to the other leg.)
We ment ioned that the remote-con trol
system requires that the code transmis-
sion be sync hronized to AC zero cross-
ing-the transmi ssion must begin within
100 microseconds of zero cross. A dat a
"one" bit is defi ned as 3 bursts of 120 kHz
start ing immediately after zero cross, last-
ing 1.0 mill iseconds, and spaced 1.6 ms
apart. A data " zero" bit is defined as no
transmi ssion of 120 kHz after zero cross.
Fig. 10 shows one cycle of Il7- volts AC.
over which is superimposed first a one and
then a zero . Notice that each bit of data is
R2011 D10 _
:t C1 2,._- - - -
OPTIO NAL
BACKUP
BATTERY
largest suppliers. The receiver modules
are inexpensive ($8-$17) and are avail-
able for a wide variety of functions. Plug-
in modul es (see Fig. 9), wall-mounted
switches, and dual outl et s are the most
common.
There are two basic types of receivers.
The lamp cont roller uses a Triac as the
control element and can regul ate the AC
power into resistive loads up to 300 watts .
The appliance modul es cont ain a relay
that can be used to switch loads that draw
up to 15 amps.
It should be noted that this system does
not include " handshaking . " No response
from the receiver is expected; it cannot
indicate that the message was received or
that the co mmand was exec uted. The
transmitt er simply transmit s and assumes
that everything is all right. Because of
that , you should be very careful if you
plan to use this system in any application
that requires high reliabili ty. However, in
the home environment where the system
was designed to operate, it is as secure and
reliable as poss ible for the low module
cos t.
There are several possibl e problems
with transmitting information over the AC
power lines. First , if you live in an apart-
ment complex, you may find that your
transmi ssi on s cont rol your neighb or ' s
tional backup battery, DIO, and R20. That
approach is simple and effective for small
systems such as this , where an 8-volt, 4
amp-hour Gel-Cell wi ll give you about 6
hour s of backup operation. Unfortunately,
while a batt ery-backup system will pro-
tect the contents of RAM, it will not pro-
tect the time-keepi ng function, which
relies on the 60-Hz line frequency.
The foil pattern for the single-sided
power-suppl y/remote- control board is
shown in Fig. 6. Note that it' s the same
size as the comput er board that we showed
you last month. The part s-placement dia-
gramf or the board is shown in Fig. 7.
BUilding the power supply is simply a
matter of "stuffing the board. " There are
a few point s that we should mention ,
though . Figure 8 shows the assembled
board of the author 's prototype. Note that
only one regulator is installed. That' s be-
cause the - 5- volt supply is nece ssar y
onl y for RS-232 cables longer than 10
feet. Up at the top of the board is S06-a
standard l6-pin IC socket. A 16-conduc-
tor cable that leads to the computer board
is simply plugged in there.
The flat PC-mounted transformer and
the heatsink for the regulators bring the
overall height of the power supply to less
than 1.5 inches. That means that even with
the computer board mounted directl y on
top of the power supply, the total height
can be kept well below three inches.
The remote-control link
The greatest feature of the power-sup-
ply board is the wireless remote-control
link that allows the computer to control
instruments and appli ances without the
hassles of stringing wires to the control
point. Si gnals are sent via the power lines
and are decoded at the control site so that
remote cont rol is simply a matter of plug-
ging the unit that you want to cont rol into
a remote module , and transmitti ng the
appropriate codes to the module under
control of a BASIC program. (We're get-
ting a little ahead of ourselves here ; we
haven't yet discussed the computer 's 110
system that enables us to do that. But
we' Il get to the detail s on that shortly. )
The best way to familiari ze you with the
remot e-control system is to compare it to
the BSR model X-lO-a remot e-control
system based on the carr ier-current meth-
od. A transmitt er super imposes a high-
frequency signal ont o the AC power lines.
That signal cont ains information that is
decoded by the recei ver module. There
are many advantages to using carrier-cur-
rent communicati ons. First, the wires are
already there-there is no need to drill ,
cover, or hide the wires around the home.
Second, the system is highl y portable-
because there are no wi res, it is not built
into your existing location . Another ad-
vantage is that the sys tem is popul ar-
Radio Shack, Heath , Sears Roebuck, and
Advance Electro ni cs are amo ng the
67
FIG. 8-THE ASSEMBLED board. Note that IC5 was not installed in the author's prototype.
en
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68
HINGED
SPACER
FIG. 9-THE BSR LAMP-CONTROL MODULE.
The house and unit codes are easily set using
thumbwheel switches.
sent during one-half AC cycle. Therefore,
the data-transmi ssion rate is 120 Hz.
Each message sent to the control mod-
ule is made up of 22 bits of data asshown
in Fig. II. That data is organized as fol-
lows: First a start sequence of I, I, I,0 is
transmitted. (That takes two full cycles .)
Next the 9-bit address/command code is
transmitted . Following each transmitted
data bit , the compliment of that bit is
transmitted on the next AC zero cross .
The complete message , including the start
CABLE TO
__BACK UP
BATTERY
1.6m, 1.6m,
n
FIG. 10-0NE CYCLE of a 60-Hz waveform
showing a superimposed control signal.
sequence, takes II full AC cycles .
The 9-bit (18 bits if you include the
complements) data packet consists of 4
bits that determine the " house code" (A-
P) followed by 5 bits that contain either
the command or unit code . A typical con-
trol-command sequence consists of two
transmissions. First , for example, house
code M, unit 3 is transmitted . That causes
all modules that are set to code M--ex-
cept for any modules set to unit 3-to
ignore the next transmission. (Of course,
any modules that are not set to house-code
M will also ignore the next transmission.)
That next transmission would be, for ex-
ample, house-code M, ON. And module
3- which is the only modul e " paying at-
tention" responds by turning on.
Table 3 lists the house codes and Table
4 lists the command codes that are avail-
able in the system. Notice that if you
select house code M, the upper 4 bits are
always zero. The data word transmitted
then consists of only the following 5-bit
word- the decimal value shown in Table
4. If you wish to use other house codes,
simply form the 9-bit word by placing the
house code bits in front of the command
bits. We' ll look at an example shortly.
The hardware required to transmit the
commands is surpris ingly simple. The
AC zero-cross detector is already a part of
our system. The 120-kHz transmitter is an
inductive mult ivibrator that can be en-
abled with a TTL signal (BSREN from pin
II of S05). This multivibrator consists of
4 open-collector inverters (ICI ) con-
nected in an astable configuration . Each
stage is formed by paralleling two gates
for increased reliability. A fifth IC inverter
is connected in a negative-feedback con-
figuration, biased at the same level as the
multivibrator stages to provide a stable
bias source. The multivibrator is control-
led through two additional (open-collec-
tor) gates connected to the inputs of the
astable gates. Those will clamp the asta-
ble input s to ground in order to disable the
oscillator.
The software required to drive the BSR
remote-control link is, unfortunately, not
as simple as the hardware. Because of the
submi ll isecond tim ing requi rements,
BASIC cannot be used . However, the
transmitter driver routine has been incor-
porated into the BASIC interpreter. (See
the Parts List for information on avail-
ability of the interpre ter.) The command
" XMIT" eliminates all of the inconven-
ience of developing and debugging a ma-
chine-code rout ine. For example, to turn
on unit 6, house code M, the proper se-
quence of commands is:
XMIT(l8)
XMIT(5)
The first command alerts any units that are
set to house code M, unit 6. The second
command turns those units on. Just to
make sure you understand how to use the
TABLE 3
House Code 08 07 06 05
A 0 1 1 0
B 1 1 1 0
C 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
E 0 0 0 1
F 1 0 0 1
G 0 1 0 1
H 1 1 0 1
I 0 1 1 1
J 1 1 1 1
K 0 0 1 1
L 1 0 1 1
M 0 0 0 0
N 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
P 1 1 0 0
PARTSLIST-COMPUTER BOARD
DATA:
HDUSE UNIT ORCDMMANDCODE
I
I '1 I 2/ I 3
1
I 4
1
I 51 I 6
1
I 7
1
I 8
1
I 9
1
I 1
10
I 1
1
' CYCLES
1 1 , 0 D8 08 D7 57 D6 56 D5 55 D4 D4 D3 53 D2 52 D' iTI D0 mJ
PARTS L1ST-POWER-SUPPLY/
BSR LINK BOARD
All resistors Y4 watt, 5% unless other-
wise noted
R1 ,R19-200 ohms
R2,R7,R8,R20--100 ohms
R3,R4,R11 ,R12,R15--1000 ohms
R6,R10--4700 ohms
R9-1 ohm (a jumper works fine)
R13-10,000 ohms trimmer potentiome-
ter
R14-15,000 ohms
R16-270 ohms
R17-10,000 ohms
R18--470 ohms
Capacitors
C1 ,C2-10 f.lF, 16 volts, electrolytic
C3,C5--0.01 f.lF, ceramic disc
C4,C6-0.047 f.lF, ceramic disc
C7-10 f.lF, 35 volts, tantalum
C8-.001 f.lF, ceramic disc
C9--Q.1 f.lF, ceramic disc
C10-0.14 to 0.47 f.lF, 150volts, electroly-
tic
C11-3300 f.lF, 16 volts, electrolytic
C12-500 f.lF, 50 volts, electrolytic
Semiconductors
IC1-ULN2003 dar l ington array
(Sprague)
IC2-TL497 switching regulator
IC3- 74LSOOquad NAND gate
IC4-LM340-5 +5-volt regulator
IC5--LM320-5 - 5-volt regulator
0 1-2N3904
02-2N3906
01,03 ,05 ,06,010--1 N4001
02,04,07-09- 1N4148
T1-11Z2100 1:1:1 pulse transformer
(Sprague)
T2-16 volts, center tapped, 0.4 amps.
(Signal ST-4-16 or similar)
S1 -normally open momentary pushbut-
ton switch
Miscellaneous:line cord, printed-circui t
board, IC sockets, heat sink for regulator,
mounting hardware, etc..
IC14-EPROM to be programmed
IC11-74LS259 8-bit addressable latch
IC15--74LS373 octal latch
IC16-74LS139 dual 2-to-4 line decoder/
multiplexer
IC17- 74LS32 quad OR gate
IC18-8088 microprocessor
IC19-74LS04 hex inverter
IC20--74LS123 dual one-shot
01,Q2-2N3904
03-2N3906
01,02, 04-08-1N4148
03-1N4001
Miscellaneous: IC sockets, PC board,
mounting hardware, etc.
The following are available from Vesta
Technology, Inc ., 2849 W. 35th Ave.,
Denver, CO80211:KIT1-Kit of all parts
needed to control 7 LS-TTL outputs,
mon itor 7 inputs, program EPROM's,
RS-232 ser ial port, and 2K RAM (does
not include operating system-see be-
low), $99.95; KIT 2-Kit of all parts for
full-capacity I/O and 4K RAM (does not
incl ude operating system-see be-
low), 169.95; Operating systems con-
tained in ROM: BASIC I operat ing
system, $12.95; BASIC II operating
system, $29.95; Forth operating sys-
tem, $79.95; Assembled, tested , and
burned-in control computer with
BASIC II operating system, $279;
RS-232 cab le, $24.95; 2716 EPROM,
$6.95. Add $6 for shipping, handling,
and insurance.
All resistors Y4-watt, 5% unless other-
wise noted
R1,R4,R14-R18-1000 ohms
R2,R5,R6-user-determined. To be dis-
cussed next month
H3,R1 1,R12-10,OOOohms
R7-680 ohms
R8-390 ohms
R9-12,000 ohms
R10--2,000 ohms
RN1--4.7K x 9 resistor network
Capacitors
C1-user-determined . To be discussed
next month
C2-150 pF, ceramic disc
C3-C8,C11 -C13,C16-C20-0.1 f.lF, ce-
ramic disc
C9--Q.001 f.lF
C10--27 pF
C14,C15--10f.lF, 16 volts, electrolytic
Semiconductors
IC1- AOC0804 A/O converter (National)
IC2,IC3-74LS541 octal buffer and line
driver
IC4- SN75478 seven high-curr ent
darlington drivers (TI, also Sprague
ULN-2003, Motorola MC1413)
IC5--4051 8-input analog multiplexer
IC6,IC7- 74LS377 octal latch
IC8-74LS251 8-input digital multiplexer
IC9- System ROM. 2716, 2732, or 2764.
450 ns maximum access time.
IC10,IC12- TMM 2016P-2 (Toshiba or
similar) 2K x 8 static RAM, 450 ns.
IC1 3-Programmed EPROM (2716)
FIG 11-0NE TRANSMISSION cons ists of a start sequence, a house code, and a unit or command
complete command transmission consists of two separate t ransmissions ; t he
fi rst ends wit h the Unit code, and t he second ends with the comma nd code.)
ADDRESS/COMMAND
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
Unit 13
Unit 14
Unit 15
Unit 16
CLEAR
ALL UNITS ON
ON
OFF
DIM
BRIGHTEN
TABLE 4
04 03 02 01 00
o 1 1 0 0
1 1 100
00100
1 0 1 0 0
000 10
1 0 0 1 0
e 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
011 10
1 1 1 1 0
' 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
o 0 000
1 000 0
o 1 000
1 1 0 0 0
o 000 1
0001 1
o 0 1 0 1
e 0 1 1 1
e 1 0 0 1
o 1 0 1 1
DECIMAL VALUE
12
28
4
20
2
18
10
26
14
30
6
22
o
16
8
24
1
3
5
7
9
11
The following are available from Vesta
Technology, Inc., 2849 W. 35th Ave.,
Denver, CO 80211: Power-supply/BSR-
link kit, including all components,
$59 .95; Assembled, tested, and
burned in power supply, $109. Add $6
for shipping, handling and insurance.
command/address codes , how would you
turn off house-code N, unit 6? If you
study Tables 3 and 4 and our discuss ion,
you should see that the commands
XMIT(l 51)
XMIT(l35)
would do it. The first command sends the
house/address code 0100/10010 (151 deci-
mal) and the seco nd command sends the
house/command code 0100/00111. (135
decimal).
One final point that we should make
about the remote -control system is that it
is a low-power communications device
operating between 10 kHz and 490 kHz
and is therefore subject to FCC regulation
part 15, paragraph 15.111 (Operation be-
low 1600 kHz) and 15.102 (Interference)
which states: " Notwithstanding the other
69
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requirements of this part, the operator of a
low power communication device which
causes harmful interference to an autho-
rized radio service, shall prompt ly stop
operating the device until the harmful in-
terference has been eliminated."
The 1/0 systems
Now that we have taken a look at the
power-suppl y board , we can return to the
computer and discuss its input and output
capabi lities. (We briefly mentioned some
of those I/O capabilities when we talked
about the remote-control system and the
RS-232 port .)
A computer's only link to the outside
world is through its inputs and outputs. If
we take, for example, a personal comput-
er, the input is usually a keyboard and the
output device is usually a CRT screen. A
control computer's I/O is oriented more
toward hardware. Indi vidual lines can
sense external conditions whi le other
lines contro l external devices.
The number and type of those contro l
lines are very important specifications of a
control computer-they are what deter-
mine whet her or not the computer can do
the task that you have in mind .
A microprocessor interfaces with I/O
devices in the same manner as it does with
memory: An address is sent out on the
address bus , data is transferred over the
data bus, and the contro l bus controls the
actual transfer. In many systems, I/O de-
vices are treated exact ly as memory, in
which case they are said to be memory
mapped. Memory mapping of I/O func-
tions may be done to save hardware (addi-
tional decoders), or it may be do ne
because the microprocessor has no provi-
sion for separate memory and I/O space .
The alternative to memory mapping is
I/O mapping, which our system uses. In
that case , the control bus has an additional
line called IO/MEM that determines if the
data will be transferred between the mi-
croproce ssor and memory or between the
microprocessor and I/O. The 8088 has an
I/O space of 64K (which is equal to the
memory space of many microprocessors).
The various types of input s and outputs
are implemented with various types of
IC's that are enabled onto the data bus
whenever their addres s is present on the
address bus. We will decode the I/O space
in much the same way that we did for
memory. In fact we will use the other half
of the same IC (ICI6-b, a 74LSI39 dual 2-
to-4 line decoder/multiplexer) plus a few
additional gates. (Refer back to Fig. I in
the April issue of Radio-Elect ronics .)
The signal IO/ MEM will be used to enabl e
that half of the decoder-that prevents an
I/O device from responding to an address
meant for memory. We will use address
lines A4 and A5 to select which of the four
outputs will be active (low).
Further decod ing is required to separate
the input devices from the output devices.
Two OR gates (ICI7-b ICl7-c) provide
that function for those IC' s that do not
have two ENABLE input s. The memory
map that results from that decoding is
shown in Table . 3
Digital I/O-bit-addressable
The inputs of a control computer are
used primaril y to sense the status (high or
low) of an external device . Outpu ts are
generally used to tum something on or
off. Bit-addre ssable I/O allows us to act
on or read only one bit of information-
that bit is isolated from all of the other
input s and output s . Although bit -ad-
dressable I/O is neit her the simplest to
implement nor the most common type of
I/O, it is, in most cases, the easiest to use.
All we have to do to get our outputs is to
connect an addressab le latch onto data-
bus line DO. By using ICII , a 74LS259,
we can latch and output 8 individually-
addressable bits to the "real world" .
Inputs are no more diffic ult than out-
puts. The hardware for bit-add ressable in-
puts co nsis t of a multiplexer (IC8 -
74LS251) that selects the desired line that
will be connected to data-bus line D7. In
the case of both the input multip lexer and
the output latch, the address lines AO, AI,
and A2 are connected to the address in-
puts of the Ie.
Before we go any farther we should
remind you that the last bit-addre ssable
input and the last bit-addressable output
are used by BASIC for the RS-232 port.
Do llOt change the stat e of the output or
connect anything to the input if you are
using a terminal for communications.
A glance at the software required to
exerci se these I/O functions will give you
an idea of how easy it will be to start using
the computer. For example, to set the first
output high we simply execute the OUT
(port , value) sta te me nt : "OUT(0, I). "
That BASIC statement outputs to I/O lo-
cation 0 , the value I. (See Table 5 for
other port " addresses. " ) The latch will
hold that value on the output line. Read-
ing an input is just as easy. In this case we
must assign the result to a variable as in
the statement : " LET A = INP(0 )." Then
the status of the first input line, 10 deter-
mines the value of A.
Note that the BASIC INP and OUT
statements are used instead of PEEK and
POKE. That's because we are exchanging
the data in the I/O space, not in memory.
The output line of the multiplexer is
TABLE 5
Port Description
"Address"
0-7* BIT-ADDRESSABLE, S04
16 8BIT 1/0 - PORT 1, S02
32 8-BIT 1/0 PORT 2, S03
48 AID CONVERTER S01
-PORT 6 IS USED TO ENABLE RE-
MOTECONTROL TRANSMITTER.
PORT 7 IS USED FOR RS-232 PORT.
connected to data-line D7, the Most Sig-
nificant Bit (MSB) of the data bus. Be-
cause of that , we can check the state of the
input line with a single statement that tests
whether the data on the bus is greater than
127(or less than 128). If you w;nted to use
data-line D0 (which is connected to the
inverted output of the multipl exer) you
would have to mask off the unused bits.
At last we can start using our computer
for control. As a demonstration, let 's con-
nect 7 LED's to the 7 output s as shown in
Fig. 12. Also connect a single, normall y
open , pushbutt on switch between the first
input, 10 , and 5 volts De.
+5V
4 5 6 7 9 10 1
1 2 ' 3 4 5 6 7
IGl l
74LS259
FIG. 12-TO TEST THE bit -addressable output
port, you can use this simple circu it. If you in-
stall IC4, then you can test t he output at soc ket
S04, pins 1- 7.
First we should initialize all LED's to
the off state (note that because the LED's
are connected to +5, off is high).
10 FOR 1= 0 TO 6
12 0 UT(I,I )
14 NEXT I
Having turned all of the LED's off, we
will wait until the switch is turned on
before goi ng further:
20 LET 1= INP(0)
22 IF 1 <120 60TO 20
This will loop until the switch state is
turned "on" .
30 FOR 1= 0 TO 6
320UT(I ,0 )
34 NEXT I
Those three lines will turn all LED's on.
30 FOR J = 0 TO 50
40 FOR 1= 0 TO 6
420UT(I ,0 )
440UT(I,! )
46 NEXT I
50 NEXT J
60 GO TO 10
Lines 30 to 60 will blink the LED's and
then return to the switch-monitoring loop.
The 74LS251 can sink/source one LST-
TL load. If we are not concerned too
much about the logic high or logic low
voltages, then we can sink or source many
times that amount. The practical limits of
the output dr ive capacity is limited to
continued on page 110
ELECTRO IC LLY
HARRYL. TRIETLEY
In this article, we'll take a look at thermocouples, thermistors, piezoelectric crystals, and other
types of transducers. We'll also look at some techniques that will help you use transducers
more effectively.
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS HAVE BE-
come a part of everyday life . II can even be
see n in yo ur car, where micro-
processors-using electronic sensors-
control fuel-inj ecti on and ignition sys-
tems. Even your auto-exposure camera
uses electroni c sensors. Electronic ther-
mometers and weather stations are be-
coming commonpl ace, as are microcom-
puter-cont roll ed appliances. And those
are just a few examples of where trans-
ducers are used in consumer applications.
In science and industry, the need for trans-
ducers for precision measurements, log-
ging, and automatic contro l also abound.
In thi s article, we' ll take a look at some
of the most common transducers and their
applications. We' ll see how they can be
used to measure temperature, pressure ,
flow, force, vibration, liquid level, con-
ducti vity, and other variables .
Position measurement
The best known and understood posi-
tion transd ucer (see Fig. I) is the potenti-
ometer. Precision single-tum potent iome-
ters can provide accuracy (linearity) [0
0 .5 % and be tter, and repeat ability to
0. 1%. They are available with wirewound,
met al-film or conductive-plas t ic ele-
ment s. Multiturn potentiometers offer the
same specifications; they are used for ap-
plications where rotation may exceed 360
degrees. Pot ent iometers are availab le
with different, nonli near res po nses-
such as logarithmic and square -root.
Because of the pote ntiometer's high
electrical sens itivity, amplification- and
readout-circuitry may be simple, or even
nonexistent. An ohmmeter might be used
to read the potent iometer' s resistance di-
rect ly-but that' s not recommend ed .
While the potenti ometer's linearity may
FIG. 1-THIS POSITION TRANSDUCER provides
a signal proportional to the extension of a stain-
less steel cable.
be one percent or better, its end-to-end
resistance is typically within only 3 to
10%. Its contact resistance may add
furt her readout inaccuracy. A better .ap-
proach is to connect a known voltage
7:
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se ns it ivity and temperature ran ge re-
qui red) . Silicon stra in- gages , whi ch ex-
hibit much higher sensitivity (typically
thirty times that of wir e or foil) are al so
available. Unfor tunately they al so have
higher temperature coefficients and mor e
limited temperature ran ges , requiring
care in application.
Str ain gages usuall y are connected in a
Wheat st one-bridge configurati on such
that the bridge imbalance varies with
strain. Since the sensor 's resistance is low
matches the decrease in the other in the
linear region. If temperature or other in-
fluences affect the primary-to- second ary
ratio. feedback alters the AC source to
compensate.
Altho ugh LVDT's require a bit mor e
cir cuitry than pot enti ometer s, they're still
rel ati vel y straightforward to use and offer
good sens itivity. Being essentially fric -
tionless they offer long life and exce llent
resolution and repeatability. LVDT's with
built-in oscillator and amplifier circuitry
are available to provide DC-in, DC-out
operation.
Like potentiometers , LVDT's are used
to sense position, pres sure or any other
variable which may be transformed into
po sition . Also like potentiometers ,
LVDT's may be custom designed for spe-
cific applications.
b
FIG. 5-STRAIN GAGES can bemade from foil
(as in a) or from wire (as in b)
Strain gages
The strain gage is a simple , no-moving-
part s device that transforms strain, force ,
or pressur e directl y into electrical resis-
tance. To understand its operation, con-
side r stretching a length of wire. As it is
stretched. its length will increase and its
cross-secti onal area wi ll dec rease . There-
fore its res istance will incre ase . If the wire
isn't stretched too far (past its elastic lim-
it). it will recover. Thus we have a tran s-
duc er that provides a resi stance that goes
up or down with applied strain.
Most strain-gage elements consist of
etched metal foil or wire arranged in a zig-
zag pattern for maximum sensitivity. Fig-
ure 5 shows two examples. The foil usu-
all y is bonded to a high grade pl astic or
other flexibl e film and etched, much like a
flexible circuit board . Wire may be sim-
ilarl y bonded or. it can be stretched un-
bonded bet ween support points.
Many conduc tor alloys and backing
mat eri al s are available (depending on the
EXTENDED
RANGE
REDUCED
LINEARITY
........ ,..-
... I
I I
I I
I I I
50 100 -,w-
COREPOSITiON I
""'''0''
VOLTAGE
OUT
150
EXTENDED
RANGE
REO UCEO
LINEARITY
FIG. 2-AN LVDTproduces a voltage output as a
function of the core position.
FIG. 3-AN LVDT. Note the separate, free-mov-
ing core.
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
FIG. 4-THIS LVDT circuit provides a linear,
bidirectional, regulated readout of core posi-
tion .
phase-shifted null signal. Another prob-
lem is that the output sen siti vity may
change with temperature due to changes
in the resistan ce of the windings.
The circuit shown in Fig. 4 solves those
problems. The secondaries' outputs are
rectified. filtered and fed to an amplifier
that responds to their difference (a dif-
ferential amplifi er). The outputs are also
fed to a summing amplifier that control s
the ampli tude of the primar y voltag e
source. As the core move s toward second-
ary I or 2, that secondary's output in-
crease s wh ile th e ot he r drops . Th e
differential amplifi er responds to both
magnitude and dir ection; also , the ampli-
fier' s output at null is zero . Meanwhile the
summing amplifier sees a con stant signal,
since the increase in one output exactly
Transformer transducers
Another wid el y used position trans-
ducer is the Linear Variabl e Differential
Transformer,or LVDT. The LVDT is an
electromechani cal device that produces
an output proportional to the di splace-
ment of a separate. movable core. It con-
si sts of three coils around a cylindrical
form . The primary is wound at the center
of the form , with a secondary wound at
either side . A free -moving rod-shaped
core inside the coil assembl y links the
primary's magnetic flux with the two sec-
ondaries .
If the secondaries are connected series-
opposing, the net output of the LVDT will
be the difference between their voltages .
That voltage will bezero when the core is
at the center, or null , position. When the
core is moved. the induced voltage in the
coil toward which the core moves in-
creases. while the opposite coil's output
drops. As shown in Fig. 2, that produces a
differenti al voltage output that varies lin-
early with changes in the core position,
the phase changing by 180
0
as the core
moves from one side of null to the other.
Straight-line LVDT' S with linear travel
from under 0.1 inch to one-half or three-
quarters of an inch are most popular, (see
Fig. 3) but devices with travel up to 24
inches are available . Lin earities from 0.5
to 0.1% are normal. Unit s that operate
from 115 volt s at 60 Hz are available , but
operating frequencies from I to 20 kHz at
one to ten volt s are mor e common. Aver-
age sensiti vity for each 0.001 inch travel is
a few milli volts (per volt of input), but
long-travel unit s are less sensitive.
An LVDT may be read out by con-
nect ing it s secondaries ser ies -opposi ng
and me asuring the output AC voltage .
That's les s than ideal , howeve r. for several
reasons. First , the AC readout will read
upscale regardless of which dir ection the
core moves . Second, even when the core
is at the center position, the output will
not be zero-there will be a residual.
across the potentiometer and use a high
impedance volta ge readout to measure the
wiper position. By properl y selecting the
voltage. the output may be read directl y as
inches. millimeters . degrees of rotation,
etc. Or, the voltage may be fed to an AID
converter for computer input or dat a log-
ging .
Potentiometers are not limited to mea-
sur ing angular and linear positi on-they
can be used to sense any variable which
can be converted to position. For exam-
ple , pressure often is sensed by using a
bellows that is linked mech anically the
wiper of a potentiometer. A bimetalli c
element will transform temperature to
position. while liquid level may be mea-
sured usin g a float. Companies that pro-
duce such assemblies commerci ally often
use custom-designed potentiomete r ele-
ment s rather than standard product s.
6
OUTPUT
PIEZOELECTRIC
SENSOR
L
The voltage on the feedback capacitor
is given by D. V= D.Q/C. Therefore the
charge amplifier's output is lIC volts per
coulomb. This output is directly propor-
FIG. 9-A CHARGE AMPLIFIER completely
transfers the piezoelectric sensor's AC charge
output signal to the feedback capacitor, produc-
i ng a proportional AC output voltage. The feed-
back resistor (which should be large) stabilizes
the DC output level.
Piezoelectrics
Quartz and other natural and manmade
crystals generate a small voltage between
their opposite sides when stressed. There-
fore they're ideal for making force and
pressure measurements. (Microphones
and phonograph cartridges are examples
of other ways that effect is used.) Al-
though useless at DC, such devices are
superior to strain gages for measur ing
high-frequency vibrations or impulses
with fast risetimes.
Piezoelect ric crystals are not con-
ductive: they act as a high impedance AC
source. More precisely, they act as an AC-
voltage source in series with a small ca-
pacitor. A change in the voltage, D. V,
causes a small charge, D.Q, to flow on or
off the plates of the capacitor. Outputs of
piezoelectric transducers are generally-
specified as picocoulombs per unit force
(for example, picocoulombs per psi).
Voltage amplifiers for piezoelectric trans-
ducers must have a veryhigh input imped-
ance (just as amplifi ers for microphones
or phono pickups must). The capacitive
loading due to input cables can become a
problem.
A circuit that minimizes those prob-
lems is the charge amplifier shown in Fig.
9. In that circuit, an op-amp (or other
high-gain. high-impedance inverting am-
plifier) is provided with C
F
' a negative-
feedback capacitor. The high negative
feedback holds the voltage at the input to
near zero--nearly all the charge from the
transducer flows onto C
F
. Also, since the
input voltage is zero, the cable capaci-
tance stores no charge, and so causes no
errors.
streams. the liquid height behind a spe-
cially-shaped notched dam known as a
weir is used. (The relationship between
height and fl ow depends on the shape of
the notch, but is not linear.)
_ FLUIOFILLEO
PRESSURETAPS
REGULATOR
+VOLTAGE
"-4---1 +SENSE
- VOLTAGE
- SENSE
OIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
CELL
FLOW

cc c,

ORIFICE
PLATE
CLAMPED
BETWEEN
PIPE---th
FLANGES
LOAOCELL ASSEMB LY
1------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L --l
DISTANCE
FIG. 8-PLACING A RESTRICTION in a pipe
causes a pressure drop that can be used to
measure flow.
sembly designed to measure differential
pressure. With such an arrangement the
flow rate is proport ional to the square root
of the pressure difference, requiring a
square-root amplifier in the electronics.
There are other arrangements that are
also used to measure flowrates. For exam-
ple, the pressure difference between the
inside and outside radii of an elbow-
shaped band in the pipe can be used to
calculate the rate of flow. For large, open
FIG. 7-STRAIN GAGE load cells and pressure
sensors are available in a wide variety of config-
urations, some of which are shown here.
FIG. 6-A COMPLETE STRAIN GAGE bridge
compensates for temperature shifts in zero and
sensitivity. A four-wire requlator is used to com-
pensate for lead-wire resistances.
and changes generally less than a percent
with strain, the bridge output is small.
Amplifying electronics must have high
gain and good DC stability: High-grade
op-amps or instrumentation amplifiers are
normally used. Alternately, the bridge
may be excited from an ACsource, using
AC amplification followed by phase-sen-
sitive demodu lat ion for measurement.
The bridge voltage should be kept lowto
minimize errors (resistance shift) due to
resistive heating of the sensor.
Achieving precision results with strain
gages requires a fair degree of mechanical
sophistication. Electrical sophistication
also is needed; for example, look at Fig.
6. That system uses temperature-sensitive
resistors (RTI and R
T
2) to compensate for
changes in zero and sensitivity caused by
temperature changes. Fixed resistors (RI
and R2) are used to trim sensitivity and
zero. Temper ature-related errors are
caused not only by the strain gage ele-
ments, but also by mechanical expansion
and contraction of the measuring assem-
bly.
Strain-gage resistances usually are low
enough (typically 350 ohms) that the re-
sistance of the leads between the regulator
and the bridge have to be considered. (The
resistance of the leads can lower the
bridge voltage, reducing its sensitivity.)
When long leads are necessary, errors
may be eliminated using e fo ur wire reg-
ulator. Such a regulator uses an extra pair
of wires to sense and control the regula-
tor's output directly at the bridge's input.
This is not necessary if long leads are not
used.
Many companies offer a wide varietyof
strain-gage load-cell assemblies for force
and weight measurement, and pressure-
sensor assemblies to measure liquid and
gas pressure. Examples are shown in Fig.
7. Typical specifications for such assem-
blies include 350-ohm bridge resistance,
10-volt maximum excitation, 0.1to 0.5%
nonlinearity, and a full-scale sensitivityof
2 or 3 millivolts per volt of excitation.
Load capacities range from a few pounds
to a hundred tons or more; similarly, pres-
sures from a fewto hundreds of thousands
of pounds per-square-inch may be mea-
sured. Such devices are used to measure
weight. fullness of a bin (using the weight
of the bin), liquid level (using fluid pres-
sure at the bottom of a tank), barometric
pressure, and many other variables.
The flow rate of liquid or gas is also
measured using strain gages (or, for that
matter, any other pressure sensors). By
placing a restriction in a pipe (as shown in
Fig. 8) and measuring the pressure drop
across it, the flow velocity may be deter-
mined. The most common restriction is
the orifice plate, a thin metal plate that has
an opening that' s smaller than the diame-
ter of the pipe. Pressure-measurement
taps, at precisely located points above and
below the plate, are connected to an as-
77

mount s. thermi stor s mounted in screw

heads et c.
Thermistors offer a variety of uses be-
sides temperature measurement. The y
often are used as temperature-compensat-
ing components in electronics. One ex-
ampl e is compensating the temperature-
induc ed chan ges in a copper meter-coil.
Large. nonprecision thermi stors are used
as current -inru sh limit ers (their resistance
drop s as the current heat s them up) .
Large , washer-shaped thermi stors moni-
tor temperature in such applications as
motor overtemperature protecti on.
FIG. 11-THERMISTORS AND OTHER tempera-
ture sensors are available in a wide variety of
sensor assemblies.
Resistance thermometers
Resistance thermometers generally are
mad e of a len gth of fine- gau ge wire
wound on a ceramic (or othe r insulating)
support. Surface-t emperature sensors are
made of wire or foil sandwiched between
flexible plastic films.
Platinum is the most common met al
used . but many sensors use nickel , cop-
per and other met als. (Pl atinum need not :
be expensive: a typical element uses onl y
20 inches of 0.001 inch diameter wi re.)
Int ern ational- st andard (DIN, lEC.
ASTM) platinum sensors have a resi s-
tance of 100 ohms at OC and 138.5 ohms
at 100C. Common temperature ranges go
down to - 200C ( - 328F) and up to
bet ween 500C and 800C (932 F and
14n OF), with a tolerance of 0.25C at
zero. Other resistances, ranges and toler-
ances are available. Wirewound sensors
generally are cylindrical. under 0.1 inch
diameter, one hal f to one inch long.
Resi stance thermometers have a lower
sensitivity and lower resistance than ther-
mistors. For exa mple. 100-ohm platinum
sensors change by 0.4 ohms per degree
C-one ohm equals a change of 2.5 C
(4.5 F). Therefore the lead wires or cable s
used with them can int roduc e appreci able
errors. To avoid those err ors it is common
to use readout circuits which either ignore
or compensate for lead resistance. Figure
Rl
OUTPUT
The bridge may be made to read tem-
per ature differenti als by replacing R2
with a second. identi cal preci sion ther-
mistor. Such a circui t is useful for measur-
ing heat- exchanger or sola r-colle ctor
perfo rmance or for mea suring the dif-
ferenc e bet ween a wet- and dry-bulb the1'-.
mometer.
If the circuits in Fig. 10 are changed by
addin g a series resistor-thermistor com-
bination in. parall el with the thermistor,
then the bridge and the parallel net work
may be made to provide linearity to 0.2C
and bett er over temper ature ranges as
wide as 100e. Calculation of the best
combinations of resist ors and thermi stors
is not easy, but some thermistor manufac-
turers offer preselected component sets.
Thermi stors often are mounted in probe
asse mblies or other housings for prot ec-
tion . Figure II shows a variety of assem-
bli es such as shea the d probes, sur face
Sma ll discs and beads are commonly
used for preci sion temperature measure-
ment. Discs . generally under 0.1 inch in
di ameter. may be ground to a precise re-
sistance and are available with accuracies
up to O. loC or bett er. Since their con-
struction usuall y involves soldered con-
necti ons and epoxy coa tings . their service
temp eratures often are limited to 150C
(302F) or less. Glass-encapsulated di scs
are avail abl e for use at higher tempera-
tures: they provide superior stability plus a
hermeti c seal . Bead thermistors may be
much sma ller and genera lly operate at
higher temperatures . Because of their
small size and method of construction.
they cannot be gro und to tolerance. (Se-
lected or matched unit s may be ordered ,
however. )
Designi ng with thermi stors is easy be-
cause their hi gh sens itivity means that
precise measurement s may be achieved
using ordinary components. At 4% per-
degree. a one-percent error is equi valent
to only 0.25e. Figure 10shows two basi c
circuit s: a Wheatstone bridge and a paral-
lel net work . The bridge provide s an out-
put that increase s with temperature . while
th e par all el network 's resi stance de-
crease s with an increase in temperature.
When designing thermi stor circuits. the
power dissipati on should be kept low (0.1
mW or less) to avoi d self-heating el:rors.
b
FIG. 10-THERMISTOR CIRCUITS. The Wheat-
stone bridge output increases with temperature,
while the resistor network's resistance de-
creases,
Temperature measurements
Perh aps the most common uses for
transdu cers is to measure temperature.
Electronic temperature-sensors fall into
thre e classes: resistive (thermistors and
wi rewound). thermocouples, and inte-
grated circuits.
The resistance of both thermi stors and
wirewound sensors chang es with tem-
perature-but that's where their similarity
end s. The rmi sto rs are highl y sensiti ve
(typicall y 4%/oC). nonlinear devices with
negati ve temperature coefficients and a
narrow range . Wire wound sensors are
less sensiti ve (typic all y 0.490/
o
C). fairl y
linear. have positi ve temperatur e- coeffi-
ci ent s, and are wider-range devices.
Thermistors
Thermi stors are formed by mixing to-
geth er various powd ered metal -oxides.
forming them into desired shapes . and
firin g th em at temperature s aro und
1000C (l 832F). They may be formed by
pressing the powder int o discs, washers,
rods, squar es. shee ts, or other shapes be-
fore firing. Another meth od is to dip plati-
num-alloy wires into a slurry of the oxides
and fire directly to form small bead s. The
oxides form a semico nductor mate ri al
whose resi stance decreases as temp era-
ture goes up. An almost limitl ess variety
of sizes. shapes and tol erances are avail-
able. wi th resistances at room temp era-
ture running from 100ohms to a megohm.
tional to the AC force or strain on the
piezoe lectric crystal. The design of a suit-
able amplifier invol ves a tradeoff bet ween
using a large feedb ack capacitor (for high
negati ve feed back ) and usin g a sma ll ca-
pacit or (for high gain. )
Acce lero meters can be made by con-
necting a mass to a piezoelectr ic crys tal.
Any change in velocity causes the mass to
push or pull on the crystal. produ cing an
output prop orti onal to the rate of accelera-
tion. Accelerometers are used teistudy the
vibration and shock response of mechan-
ical desi gns and to measure shock, accel-
eration and vibration in engines and
vehicles . They also are used to monitor
sei smi c vibrations as well as the vibra-
tion s of structures such as bridges. A crys-
tal may also be mounted directl y bet ween
an obj ect under test and the point of im-
pact to measure peak forces duri ng impact
testin g. The crystal s themsel ves are fairl y
rugged and capabl e of withstandi ng high
peak loads.
Piezoel ectric sensors are es pec ia lly
valuable in measuring explos ions , blasts
and pressure surges. Depending on their
design. response time s to one microsec-
ond are possible. Applications include
gun and ammunition testing, engine-cyl-
inder and even atomic-blast me asure-
ments. Industrial measurement s ran ge
from plastic injection molding pressure to
the impact force of punch presses.
rn
o
z
o
a:
b
w
-l
W
o
o

a:
78
FIG. 13-THERMOCOUPLE COLD JUNCTIONS must be kept at a constant temper ature for correct
readings. Elect ronic temperature-compensation could also be used.
L1DUID-EI LLED
GLASSTUBES
conform to tabl es developed by the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards , and are cov-
ere d by specif ica tions issued by the
American Na tiona l Standa rds Institute
(ANSI). Other types of thermocouples are
in use and may be covered by future stan-
dards.
Thermocoup les lack the sensi tivity, ac-
curacy. and stability of resis tance ther-
mometers or precision thermi stors. They
are usable at much higher temp eratures,
however. and are much more versatile
with genera lly lower cost. Types 1,K, T
and E have sensi tivities around 40 to 60
microvolt s per "C while the platinu m cou-
ples (R. S. and B) trade lower sensitivity
(8 to 12 J.1V/Oe) for higher tempera ture
use . Respo nse is roughly linear. Standard
acc urac ies are a ro und 2. 2C or
0.75% of the temperature being mea -
sured. whichever is greater.
Thermocouples prese nt a unique read-
out probl em in that their connect ion to
copper circuit ry creates addi tional cou-
ples. Known as cold j unct ions , those con-
nectio ns produce addi tional voltages that
vary with temperature. The actual readout
wi ll be the difference bet ween the mea-
sured temperature and that of the cold
j uncfio ns .
In the laborat ory. the cold juncti ons
may be held in an ice bath as shown in Fig.
13. Pub lished thermocouple tabl es as-
sume that the cold junction temperature is
OC. In test or control systems that con-
tain many thermocouples, it is not un-
common for all the cold j unctions to be
placed in a constant -temperature heated
bl oc k. Mos t modern i ns t ruments,
however. include " cold junction compen-
sation" using a thermistor or semicon-
ductor sensor to automatically offset the
cold j unct ions' voltages .
continued on page 99
COPPER
+} TOMICROVOLT
,- READOUT
ICEIWATER
BATH (OoC)
THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOCll l1PLllVlt, ES
SPLICED Ttl COPPIR
(Gill D.ll1Nl: l l ll N\
TRANSDUCER MANUFACTURERS
This list does not pretend to be complete.
Each manufacturer listed makes a variety
of transducers.
Analog Devices
PO Box 820
Norwood, MA 02062
BLH Electronics
42 Fourth Ave.
Waltham, MA 02254
Bournes Instruments
6135 Magnolia
Riverside, CA 92506
Celesco
7800 Deering Avenue
PO Box 1457
Canoga Park, CA91304
Entran Devices
10 Washington Ave.
Fairfi eld, NJ 07006
Fenwall Electronics
63 Fountain Street
Framingham, MA01701
Gould lnc., Measuring Systems
2230 Stat ham Blvd.
Oxnard, CA93030
Micro Switch
11W. SpringSt.
Freeport, IL61032
Schaevitz Engineering
130 Union Ave.
Penns auken, NJ 0811'0
Sensym
1255 Reamwood Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA94089
Weston Instruments
Div. of Sangamo Weston, Inc.
614 Frelinghuysen Ave.Newark, NJ 07114
YellowSprings Instrument Co.
PO Box 279
.YellowSprings, OH45387
Your
FIG. 12-FOUR-WIRE MEASUREMENT elimi-
nates errors due to lead resistances when mea-
suring with RTD's. I\. small amount of posi tive
feedback compensates for sensor nonlinearity
when using platinum RTD's.
12 shows one such ci rcuit, which requires
four inter connecting leads. In that circuit ,
a constant current fed through one pair
of leads , and the voltage drop across the
sensor is read via a second pair. The ener-
gizing current does not flow through the
measurement leads, so the reado ut sees
only the I X R volt drop across the sensor
itself.
Figure 12 also shows a method of com-
pensating for the nonl inear temperatur e
res ponse of pl atinum. (Platinum's sen-
sitivity drops slight ly at higher tempera-
tures.) A small amo unt of positive
feedback causes the curr ent sour ce to in-
crease at higher temperatures, offsetti ng
the drop in sensi tivity. With prop er de-
sign, lineari ty as good as 0.1% from 0
to 500C is possibl e . Thi s method does
not nec essarily work for sensors ' other
than pl atinum.
Resi st ance thermometers are widel y
used for the measurement and control of
chemical, refinery, food and other man-
ufacturing processes and in preci sion test-
ing of jet engines , lar ge diesel s, etc.
Platinum offers the best preci sion of any
electronic temperature sensor, with sta-
bility and repeat ability better th an
O. loC after use at 500C (932F) and
beyond . They are available in most of the
same assemblies shown in Fig . 12, but are
gener ally enclosed in sheathed probes.
Thermocouples
A the rmocouple is nothin g more than
two dissimil ar wires joined together. It is
based on the principl e that if two different
metal s are joined together, they will pro-
duce an output voltage that is dependent
on the temperature of their juncti on. Over
the years , specific wire pair s have become
standar dized, wi th published voltage-vs .-
temperature table s and agreed-upon lett er
designat ions. Types J, K, T. and E desig-
nate various combinati ons of chromel,
con st ant an, iron , alumel and coppe r.
Among them they cover the temperature
range from - 200C ( - 328F) to 1250
0
e
(2282F). Types R, S and B use combina-
tions of pl atinum alloys to cover tempera-
tures up to l800
0
e (3272F). All seven
79
Linear IC's
Designing with
(3)
(4)
(9)
R2
C3
0.1 '=
+v
Equations 6 thru 9 are all variations on
the same theme. and should be memo-
rized if you plan to do a lot of op-amp
work in the future (it will save you a lot of
trouble).
The above arithmetic implie s that we
can set the voltage gain of the inverting
follower by setting the ratio of R2 to RI.
Note that the absolute values of the resis-
tors are not .important . only their ratio.
Let' s look at a simple example. Suppose
we require an ampli fier with a 10-kilohm
input impedanc e and a gain of - 56. Let's
find appropriate values for R2 and RI.
By substituting equations 3 and 4 into
equation 2 we obt ain the following:
VoN
I
= - R2/R1 (6)
WR1 = -V
o
/R2 (5)
The transfer equation of any circuit tells
us the gain of the circuit , and that gain is
equal to the quoti ent VoN ,; solving 5 for
VoN I yields
12 = V
o
/R2
A
A
v
= - R2/R1 (7)
Va = V, ( -: R2/R1) (8)
-v
*1
0
ZERDIN IDEAL DEVICES
(
- R2)
Vo V, X lIT
following are true by Ohm's law:
and,
You will sometimes see VoN I denoted by
A
v.
which means " voltage gain. " The
alternate forms of equation 6 are, there -
fore:
FIG. 1-THE INVERTING FOLLOWER prod uces
an out put t hat is 180
0
out-at-phase with the in-
put .
and.
(1)
(2) 11 = -12
11 + 12 = 0
so by rearranging equation I
The inverti ng follower
The inverting follower (Fig. I) produces
an output signal that is 180 degrees out of
phase with the input signal.
The signal is applied to the inverti ng
input; the nonin verting input is grounded.
Grounding the noninverting input place s
it at zero potenti al. By ideal property 6,
therefore, we must also treat the invert ing
input as if it is grounded. That situation
results in a confusing concept known as
the virtual ground . The inverting input is
not physicall y grounded by a piece of
wire, but will be at zero potenti al i.e.
ground potential , becau se the nonin vert-
ing input is grounded. Thus. we must
make calculations based on the assump-
tion that point A in Fig. I is grounded.
That point is called the summing junct ion
for reasons that will Sh0I11y be evident.
The currents at the summing junction
are II and 12; 1
0
might exist in real op-
amps. but is zero in our ideal model.
Since only two currents exist , we know by
Kirchoff' s current law (KCL) that
Our last property states that op- amp
inputs " stick together. " That means that
the two inputs must be treated as if they
were both at the same potential. If we
apply + I volt to the nonin verting input,
then we must treat the inverting input as if
it were also at a potential of +I volt. That
property is not just true in theory, but can
be observed on the bench using real op-
amps . real signal sources, and real volt-
meters .
So. what do we know about II and I2?
Since point A is virtually grounded, the
Part 2
LAST TIM E, WE INTRO-
duced you to the basic
operational amplifier, and two other types
of linear amplifier Ie's , the CDA and
OTA. This month, we will discuss the
basic inverting follower, and how to solve
some of the basic problems found in oper-
ational amplifier circuits.
First, though, let's review the basic
properties of the op-amp. There are six of
those : 1. Infinite open-loop (i .e . no feed-
back) gain, 2. infinite input imped ance ,
3. zero output impedance, 4. zero noise
contribution, 5. infinite bandwidth, and
6. both inputs stick together (we'll see
what is meant by that in a moment). Of
those , properties I, 2, and 6 are the most
important to our analysis. Let's review
these and see how they relate to the real
world .
" Infinite open-loop gain" refers to the
gain with no feedback. In real devices the
"infinite" isn't quit e realized, but " very,
very high " gain is common. Typical real
open-loop gain values range from 20,000
for low-quality op-amps to over 1,000,000
for premium devices. It is the extremely
high open-loop gain that makes it possi-
ble to set operating gain by manipul ating
feedback resistor s.
" Infinite input resist ance " again trans-
lates in reality to "very, very high . " Al-
though most common devices have input
resistances (ZI N) values of around I
megohm, .there are MOSFET-input de-
vices (for example, RCA CA3140) that
have input impedance val ues of 10
12
ohms .
A result of the " infinite" ZI N is that the
op-amp input will neither sink nor source
current. That fact is crit ical to our method
of simplified circuit analysis.
A look at the inverting
follower, and some common
op-amp problems and their
solutions.
JOSEPH J. CARR
(j)
o
z
o
a:
t3
w
...J
u,J
80
-v .------ -YiIY-----... +V
R2
R2
A
Rl
Rl
+v
V1
r
~
V2
V
o
I L
-:1:
-v
RI
10K-lOOK
SA
B
FIG. 4- IN CASES WHERE the op-amp has no
offset terminals, thi s " universal" circuit can be
used.
R4
ter, thereby reducing the change in offset
per turn. We could also increase the value
of R3 so that any given voltage at point B
produces a smaller change in offset volt-
age. We could also use one of a number of
techniques to reduce the voltages avail-
able to the potentiometer, and thereby
create a smaller change of voltage per
turn.
The freque ncy response of op-amp cir-
cuits must sometimes be trimmed to
some thing less than its "wide open" val-
ue. There are at least three reasons for
tailori ng the bandwidth of a circuit: noise
FIG. 3-IF THE OP-AMP has a pair of offset ter-
minals, a potentiometer connected across them
can be used t o remove any output offset.
NOTE: 1
01
'" 1
02
FIG. 2-0UTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGES can be
eliminated by getting rid of any input offset cur -
rents.
R3 = (R1x R2)/(R1 +R2) (13)
R3 = (10K x 100K)/(1 OK+100K) (14)
R3 = 9.1K (15)
The effect of R3 is to develop a voltage
drop (102 x R3) equal to the voltage drop
created by 1
0
1passi ng through Rl and R2.
The assumption is that 1
01
and 1
0
2 are
approximately equal. Since the two equal
voltage drops are applied to differential
inputs , they will cancel each other thereby
eliminat ing the output offset potential.
Not all offsets are so easi ly trimmed out
of the circuit. The method of Fig. 2 will
not affect some forms of op-amp offset ,
and can not deal with DC offset voltage
riding on the input signal. For those cases,
the methods of Figs. 3 and 4 are required .
The method shown in Fig.3 is used
when the op-amp has a pair of offset ter-
minals (often pins I and 5, or I and 8). A
tr immer po ten tiometer is co nnec ted
across the offset terminals , and its wiper
is connected (usually) to the negative
power supply.
Not all op-amps have offset terminals,
so we must sometimes use the "univer-
sal" circuit shown in Fig. 4. That circui t is
usable regardless of whet her the op-amp
has offset termina ls, or not.
The technique illustrated in Fig. 4 uses
a potentiometer (R4) and resistor (R3) to
inject a counte rcurrent into the summing
junction (point A) of a magni tude and
polarity sufficient to cance l any output
offset. The voltage at point B is set to
exactly counter the offset potential. The
"gain" seen by this voltage is approx-
imate y equal to - R2/R3 . Adjustmen t of
R4 is made with VI = 0; that is, with the
input shorted to ground.
There are several tactics that can be
used to make the control over the offset
finer. We can , for example, make R4 a
ten- to twenty-turn trimmer potentiome-
Op-amp problems
The ideal op-arnp of our model does
not exist. All real op-amps have certain
problems that must be solved.
One irksome problem is output offset-
voltages; that is, an output potential that
exists when V
o
should be zero!
A common cause of output offset-vol t-
ages are input offset currents. Those cur-
rents exist in real op-amps (remember, 1
0
is not zero), and are due to bias currents of
the input transistors . Figure 2 shows a
method for suppressing the effect of the
currents. In that circuit , a compensation
resistor (R3) is used between the non-
inverting input and ground. The value of
R3 should equal the parallel combination
of RI and R2. For example, assume RI =
10 kilohms and R2 = 100 kilohms; R3
should be
- 56 = - R2/(10K) (10)
R2 = (56)(10K) (11)
R2 = 560K (12)
There are certain constraints on per-
missible values for RI (especially) and R2
(in some cases). Recall from above that RI
determines the input impedance . A com-
mon design rule states that an amplifier's
input impedance must be at least ten times
the output impedance of the preceding
stage. If the precedi ng stage has an output
impedance of, say, lOa ohms, then RI
must be 1.000 ohms or more . That con-
straint is not usually importan t if the sig-
nal source is another amplifier or some
other electronic source. It becomes crit-
ical, however, when the signa l source is a
transd ucer, medica l electrode, or a chemi -
cal electrode. A certain thermistor trans-
ducer has a nominal source resista nce of 5
kilohms, so for use with that device, RI
must be 50 kilohms or higher. .
There is no theoretical cons traint on the
values of R2 in idea l op-amps. In real
devices . however, curre nt 1
0
(see Fig. 1) is
not zero, so it wi ll create a voltage drop
across RI and R2. That voltage drop is
reflected as an error term, and is directly
proportional to Rl and R2. As a result ,
when usi ng most common op-amps, use
the minimum values for Rl and R2 per-
missible within the limits allowed Rl by
the ten-times rule. An exception to that
rule is seen on normally high-Z devices
such as the 725, BiMOS devices such as
the CA3140 . or BIFET devices. Those
'op-amps have such low 1
0
values that al-
most any obtainable resistance is practical
for R2.
The bypass capacitors on the power-
supply lines in Fig. I are used to improve
the stabi lity of the circuit. Those capaci-
tors are not needed in all cases, especially
where unconditionall y stable devices (the
741 or 1458, for examp le) are used . In
those devices, the inherent stabi lity is
achieved by artificially reduci ng the fre-
quency response to less than 10 kHz .
Those devices are called freque ncy-com-
pensated operational amplifiers.
On non-compensated op -arnps, we
may require the capacitors. The polarized
units (Cl , C2) are for low-frequency de-
coupling, but are ineffective at higher fre-
quencies (a problem with tantalum units).
We therefore must use the 0.1 J-LF units
(C3, C4). In many cases, only C3 and C4
are required, and in all cases must be
placed as close as possible to the body of
the op-arnp,
Since point A in Fig. I is grounded, the
input resistance is simp ly RI. By specify-
ing R'N' we set RI at the same value,
namely 10 kilohms. By equation 7, then:
81
R2
10K
R1
10K
R1

R2 R4
V2
(
V1 V2 Vn )
Va = R4 R1 + R2 + ... + Rn
we can rid ourselves of the offset by ca-
pacitor coupling the output (Cl). In that
case, however, load resistor R5 must be
used to prevent the DC offset from latch-
ing up the circuit by charging CI .
A gain control can be formed by mak-
ing the feedback resistor variable (see Fig.
8). The gain will vary from zero to the
maximum value of When R2 =
RI, the gain ranges from zero to one.
Anytime that R2 is less than RI, the gain
will be less than one, according to the
standard relationship ( - R2/RI). Some
designers use a stage like that shown in
Fig. 8 as the output stage of a cascade
chain, thereby affording gain control.
Figure 9 shows a method for accom-
modating multiple input sources (VI, V2,
and V3). The output voltage V0 will be
given by:
Typical applications for that circuit in-
clude use as an audio mixer and incircuits
where voltage summation is required.
This month we have discussed the de-
sign of circuits using the op-amp inverting
foll ower , ce rta i n op- amp pr oblems
(namely, frequency response and output
offset voltages), and some special ap-
plications. In the next part of this series
we will discuss the noninverting follower
and AC (audio) amplifiers using opera-
tional amplifiers. R-E
V
o
= - R4 [B + :J1.. + fl.]
RI R2 R3
FIG. 9-MULTIPLE VOLTAGE SOURCEScan be
handled using the circuit shown above.
o<.A " R2
MAX
V R1
FIG. 8-A GAIN CONTROL can be formed by
making the feedback resistor variable.
C1
IC1
+
I
R5 *
V
o
10K
L _
-
R3
:_ @_ o

C1
b
:>--------If:y-------<o
1
R1
C1
J
r-'w..... +V
R4
R1 R2
t;-.--.ANor
c
ther a capacitor or an RC network is con-
nected between the terminal and ground.
TIle values of those components are found
from equation 16.
Special applications
The basic inverting follower can be
modified to produce certain special cir-
cuits. Figure 7, for example shows howan
op-amp can be used with just a single-
sided power supply. Such a situation
might occur in automotive electronics, or
where some existing equipment has onlya
single DC supply.
In Fig. 7, the only power supply is +V,
and the - V terminal is grounded. We
compensate for the loss of - V by apply-
ing bias from a voltage divider (R3/R4) to
the noninverting input. The ratio of R3/
R4 is usually set at 1:3,1:1, 2:1 , or 3:1in
order to give maximum output voltage
swing. The disadvantage of that technique
is that a DC bias (set by R3/R4) will
appear as a permanent offset at the output.
If only AC signals are anticipated, then
FIG. 7-USING AN OP-AMP in applications
where only a sing le-ended supply is avai lable.
FIG. 6-THREE METHODSof using an op-amp 's
frequency compensation terminals.
(16)
R2
reduction (noise is proportional to band-
width). customized requirements (for ex-
ample. a communications bandwidth of
300-3000 Hz). and prevention of oscilla-
tion.
Oscillation in any circuit occurs when
the feedback is in-phase and the loop-gain
is unity or more. Recall that a phase shift
of 360 degrees constitutes " in-phase"
feed back . The inverting follower nor-
mall y produces 180 degrees of phase
shift. Additional phase shift occurs in the
circuit due to resistance and stray capaci-
tances. There may be some frequency,
typically a high one. where that "s tray"
phase-shift adds up to 180 degrees. which
when combined with the 180 degrees in-
herent in inverters, produces 360 degrees.
If the frequency at which that occurs is at
a point where the op-amp gain is unity (I)
or more. then the "amplifier" will oscil-
late at that frequency. The circuit designer
must take steps to ensure that the gain
drops off to less than unity at some fre-
quency below the frequency at which 360
degrees of phase shift occurs. Figures 5
and 6 show methods for accomplishing
that .
The meth od shown in Fig . 5 is
simplicity itself. Acapacitor (CI) is shun-
ted across feedback resistor R2. The
- 3dB breakpoint.f. is given by
1
f = 2;rR2C1
TIle frequency response rolls off at ap-
proximately 6dB/octave at frequencies
abovef.
Some IC operational amplifiers have
frequency-response compensation tenni-
nals that are intended to aid the designer
in tailoring the bandwidth of the circuit".
Figures 6-a through 6-c show methods for
using those " lead" and " lag" terminals.
In those devices that have lead terminals,
a small valued capacitor (10to 1000pF) is
used either between them. as shown in
Fig. 6-a. or from a lead terminal to the
output. as shown in Fig. 6-b. Consult the
IC manufacturer 's data sheet for exact val-
ues for the device you are using. For those
devices with lag terminals (Fig. 6-c). ei-
Rl
__1 _
BREAKPOINT f'" 2rrR2C1
FIG. 5-TO PREVENT OSCILLATION, the op-
amp's gain must fall to less than 1 below the
frequency where 360
0
of phase shift occurs. The
circuit shown above will tailor the bandwidth of
the device to be sure that that happens.
()
2
7'
5
r:
.)
iJ
.J
u
J
:5
:x:
r
32
HERB FRIEDMAN
Telecommunications
All about computer communications, and the hardware and software you need to become
involved with it.
TO GEORGE ORWELL, 1984 WAS THE AGE OF BIG BROTHER. TO
those who make their living by writing books about the future,
1984 is supposed to be the age of the "network," with every
home connected to almost everything else through the personal
computer. You will do your banking through your personal
computer, work from your home through your computer, order
goods and services through your personal computer, pay for the
goods through the computer, get your education through the
computer, get your news through the computer, even pay your
taxes through the computer. To hear the pundits tell it, "network-
ing" will provide you with everything except birth and death.
For those of you not yet familiar with the term, let's explain
"networking." It is believed by many that within the next few
years, probably by 1988 at the latest, virtually all U.S. house-
holds with discretionary income to spend will have a household
personal computer. The computer will be equipped with a .,com-
munications package" consisting of a modem and the necessary
software that will permit the computer to access central main-
frame computer systems such as those used by your local bank,
the information and news services such as the Source and Dow
Jones Information Service (for you stocks and bond gamblers),
electronic newspapers, electronic book digests, communication
services such as E-mail (electronic mail) or a personal computer
version of Telex, and "value added" services we haven't even
imagined yet. (A "value added" service means an extra charge is
added to the basic service fee, much like the extra charge for
Home Box Office (HBO) that is added to the basic monthly fee
for cable-TV service.)
Another concept of networking is work-at-home . Many jobs
do not require a centralized work location. The work. whatever it
is, can be done from home through a personal computer. A few
examples easi ly illustrate the work-at-home networking con-
cept: The stockbroker or Wall Street "wheeler-dealer" can easily
work from home: he's presently getting his communications by
computer anyway. An author need never show up at an office
because he or she can download his book or article from his
personal computer to his editor's computer through the tele-
phone system. Insurance and real estate agents can also work
from home because their records can also be stored within a
home computer or accessed from a mainframe computer via a
modem. If you stop to think about it. a lot of the future is
happening right now.
The reason for the excitement about networking is because it's
easy to do and relatively inexpensive for the average home-and-
family user. All it takes to access a databank, electronic banking,
news services. or even the computers of friends and associates is
a modem and the specific software required for a particular
function.
Modems
First things first: the modem. For home-and-family personal
computers. a modem is a device that connects the personal
computer to the dial-up telephone system. Generally, the modem
simply plugs into an RS-232-C serial input/output port on the
computer. or some other input/output connector specifically .
intended for a proprietary modem ("proprietary" meaning here a
ANACCOUSTIC-COUPLED modem has rubberized cups Into which the
telephone handset seats.
modem that can only be used with a particular computer). The
purpose of the modem is to translate a computer 's digital elec-
tronic signals into audio tones that can be transmitted through the
dial-up telephone system. The modem also translates audio
tones arriving through the telephone system from a distant com-
puter into digital information for the local computer.
Depending on the particular modem used, the modem-to-
telephone system connection can be direct or acoustic. Direct
means a "hard wire" connection from the modem to the tele-
phone wiring. usually through a modular plug and jack. If your
telephone wiring has only one modular jack-for the telephone
itself-you can use a modular 'l-adapter, which provides two
modular jack connections: one for the telephone and one for the
modem.
The acoustic-coupled modem has rubberized cups into which
the telephone handset is placed. A speaker within one cup feeds
the audio tones representing the local computer's digital infor-
mation into the telephone handset' s transmitter. A microphone
within the cup under the handset 's receiver couples the audio
tones from the telephone system into the modem for conversion
to the digital information for the locat computer. (How the
conversions are actually made and the frequencies used are
subjects for another article. )
Modems come in many different configurations , but regard-
less of whether they are manually or automatically switched to
the telephone circuit , or the type of software used, the speed of
information exchange depends on something called baud rate.
Baud rate simply means how fast the information can be
exchanged through the modem. As far as personal computers are
concerned. the " standard" baud rates are 300 and 1200. Without
getting into the how's and why's, 300 baud means a transfer rate
of nominally 30 characters per second; 1200 baud means a
transfer rate of nominally 120 characters per second. Since 1200
is four times greater than 300, at 1200baud your information can
be transmitted in one fourth the time that it would take at 300
baud. In practical terms, that means that if you would normally
be on a telephone/computer interconnect for 10 minutes at 300
baud, you will accomplish the same information exchange in 2.5
minutes at 1200 baud. Of course, no one gives the consumer
anything free. Presently, there are often substantial surcharges
for using a database or information service at 1200 baud. For
example, if you pay $5 per hour of connect time at 300 baud, you
might pay about $18-20 per hour if you use 1200 baud. Also,
1200 baud modems cost about four times the price of a 300 baud
modem. (Yes. many modems will operate at both 300 and 1200
baud.)
As a general rule. the least expensive modems must be man-
ually switched or connected to the telephone system. Either the
user must move a switch or place the telephone handset in the
modem's cups. General purpose modems of that type, which can
be used with almost all computers, cost in the neighborhood of
$80 to $125 depending on the model and whether you' re buying
at full list or discount. Those devices are invariably 300. baud;
there were no budget-priced 1200 baud modems at the time this
article was prepared.
For about $225 to $500 you can obtain a direct-connect
modem that has auto-dial , or auto-dial and auto-answer. Auto-
dial means that at a command from the computer the modem will
automatically connect itself to the telephone system and dial the
telephone number of the receiving computer. It will also sense
when the receiving computer has answered and is on-line, and
will indicate on your screen that it is ready for communications.
The auto-dial sequence is originated from the computer key-
board. To do so. the user enters a sequence of keystrokes Gust
what those keystrokes are depends on the device and the software
used) that causes the modem to connect itself to the telephone
system. Then the user types the desired telephone number on the
keyboard, which causes the modem to either pulse (rotary) or
Touch-Tone dial the computer access telephone number. Some
telecommunications software allows the user to create a " tele-
phone directory" of often-called numbers. To use the directory,
only a designated number, letter, or phrase need be entered and
the rest will be taken care of automatically.
When you want your computer to exchange information with
an information service or database, you must use an originate
modem. An originate modem generates and receives specific
tone frequencies recognized by dial-up computers. The comput -
er at the receiving end uses an answer modem. Originate and
answer modems are identical, only their input and output fre-
quencies are different.
Until recently, virtually all modems for personal computers
were originate-only because no one ever suspected they would be
used for anything other than accessing a mainframe computer.
But networking doesn't only mean mainframes or a service you
must pay for. Imagine for a moment that you are a student
working on a group school-assignment. Or maybe you need
some technical information a fellow worker or associate has
stored in his or her home computer. Or maybe your business
partner has the inventory in his home computer, but you are
processing orders with your computer, and you need that data
from his files. Any personal computer can communicate with
any other personal computer except for one thing; if they both
use originate modems no information is going to pass between
the computer s. One of the two computer s must be using an
answer modem-the same kind of modem device used by the
mainframe databank and news services. It doesn't matter who
has what as long as one computer has an answer modem and the
other an originate modem.
Since it requires very few internal parts to make a modem
function in either the originate or answer modes, most modern
modems-even the low cost models--can work in either the
answer or originate mode. If you plan on exchanging data or
correspondence with other personal computers make certain you
get an answer/originate modem. The feworiginate-only modems
still available in the marketplace might prove more of a problem
than the few dollars you will initially save are worth.
A DIRECTCONNECT, auto-answer, auto-dlal modem, the Smartmodem Is
from Hayes (5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Norcross, GA 3 9 ~
Originate/answer modems with auto-dial usually also feature
auto-answer so you can access your own computer through a
remote ter minal. another computer. or one of the so-called " lap
computers" with built-in modems such as the Radio Shack
Model 100.
Auto-answer usually works this way. You preset the modemto
"answer" your telephone on the fourt h. fifth or sixth ring; that's
so someone can have a chance to answer the telephone by voice if
they wish before the modem automatically answers it. If the
modem answers. it transmits an " answer carrier tone" into the
telephone. The modem on the remote (originate) end hears the
answer carrier and in turn transmits an "orizi nate carr ier tone"
into the telephone. When the answer modem the originate
carrier, contact is establi shed and information transfer can begin.
Some software considerations
It is wrong to assume that if you have an originate modem and
the other party has an answer modem that everything will work
out. Some communications software packages cannot properly
receive (or sometimes originate) a binary data exchange unless
the computer is using an answer modem.
A binary exchange is an exchange of non-text data. With very
fewexceptions the i nformation services exchange text transmit-
ted in ASCll--the 'American Sandard Code for Information
Interchange. Thus what is being exchanged is plain text. with no
error checking. If a character gets garbled during transmission
you can usually figure out what' s missing. For instance. if you
receive " The quicc brown foxejumped over the lazi dog" . you
can be reasonably certai n that what was transmitted was "The
9uick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog." Things get tougher
If you are working with a BASIC program. but chances are good
that you would be able to spot any transmission errors.
All modern communications software. of any kind. for any
personal computer. transmits and receives text in ASCII. But
what happens if you requ ire absolute precise reception. or you
are exchanging a machine-language program. or binary-encoded
data? You must receive an exact representation of the binary data
because one single garbled bit out of thousands can crash the
program. or change-a check for a $100 refund into $10.000 or
more. A binary data exchange requires what is known as a
"protocol " exchange.
Basically. it works this way. The originating computer trans-
mits a block of binary data and then mathematically derives a
" checksum" value determined by the particu lar data transmit-
ted. It transmits the checks um following the data and then stops
transmitting. The receiving computer calculates a checks um
fromthe data it receives and sends its checksum value back to the
originating computer. If the checksums at the originate computer
agree. that computer transmits the next block of data and the
process repeats. If the checksums do not agree. the originating
computer repeats the block transmission until it receives a cor-
rect checksum . If after a predetermined number of attempts the
or iginating computer cannot get a correct checksum response. it
stops sending and notities the operator that it cannot complete
the transmission.
The software that does protocol transmission is very fussy as
to the way in which the checksums are derived and as to the
unseen (phant om) signals that pass between the computers as
part of the protocol transmission. Those must match precisely:
hence. as a general rule exactly the same type of software must be
used at both the originating and receiving computers. If the
software is different, it must have some way to recognize the
various protocols in use. . -
For example. because it is so easy to use. supports full auto-
origi nate and auto-answer. does so many things without fuss.
and is so reliable. one of the most popular communications
software packages is Crossta lk (Microstuff, Inc.. 1845 The Ex-
change. Atlanta. GA 30339). But it can do a protocol data
exchange only with other computers running Crosstalk. On the
other hand. the communications software package M.I. T.E.
(Mycroft Labs. Inc.. Box 6045. Tallahassee. FL 32314). which
does more or less the same things but not as easily (that point is
debatable). can do a binary exchange with computers running
software using CLiNK-. Hayes. and XMODEM
(Chri stiansen CP/M) protocols. as well as: of course. with com-
A POPULAR COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE, Omniterm i s from Lindberg
Systems (41 Fairh ill Rd., Holden, MA 01520).
puters running M .I. T.E. Genera lly. if you plan to do protocol
exchanges with anyone make certain your software accommo-
dates their computer's protocols. TIle best communications soft-
ware turns out to be wort hless if you require a protocol exchange
that can' t be done.
The Videotex software sold lor CompuServe. Dow Jones. and
other information services provide the proper protocol for each
particular service so you never have difficulty getting a protocol
download. If a special protocol is necessary you can generall y
purchase the correct software at nominal charge. For example.
Radio Shack Model I and Model III users can purchase special
"executive" soli ware from CompuServe that allows an automat-
ic protocol download of data from the service to the user.
Virt ually all communications soliware sold today is what we
call " smart. " meaning it allows the user to store incoming data
III memory tor later viewing or for storage to tape or disk. It also
permits the transmission of stored data from tape or disk to a
remote computer. It might perform many other functions such as
storing prewritten strings of character s for signing onto an infor-
mation provider's computer and automatic answerback for Telex
(w.hich identities the originating user when the computer re-
ceives a CONTROl.- E from the Telex service). Anot her popular
feature is character conversions or filtering. You've got to be a bit
careful with the last one-as nice as it i s it coukl cause some
problems. For example. one of the most popular modemreserves
CONT ROI.- B for its own internal use and thus a received or trans-
mitted CONT ROI.- !l is automatically changed to another character.
But one of the major information providers uses CONTROL- B in its
password system. If yOUuse that communications software and
attempt to sign on tothe provider. and your password has a
CONTROl.- B. there is absolutely no way to sign on to the remote
computer. Such a problem can be gotten around in most software
as some means of rcdefininc any reserved or filtered characters is
usually provided. - -
In this article we' ve tried to show you what to look for. and
what to look out for. when looking for telecommunications
hardware and soliware. Whatever your needs. however, bear In
mind that with almost no exceptions any personal computer can
enter the age of computer networking. R-E
TRS80
TELEPHONE
DIALER
HOWARD BERENBON
Turn your computer
into an automatic
telephone dialer.
TABLE 1-PHONE DIALER PROGRAM
FIG.i-TELEPHONE INTERFACEcircuit can be built on perfboard. The relay contacts areconnected In
series with the green telephone wire.
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IF YOU OWN A TRS-SO COMPUTER AND
want something unique to do with your
computer system, then this project may be
what you've been looking for. With just a
couple of components , you can build a
telephone interface that will let a TRS-SO
dial a telephone number. That may be the
missing link to your automated telephone
directory or your computerized burglar
alarm.
In addition to the interface circuit, there
is a short BASIC program that is pre-
sented to drive the interface circuit. Since
that circuit is connected to the cassette-
tape 110 port, you should be able to con-
nect it to just about any computer with a
cassette port and modify the BASIC pro-
gram to fit your system if you know the
port address .
The actual BASIC program is listed in
Table I. It is a Level 2 program that drives
the interface circuit through the remote-
control relay inside the computer that is
connected to the remote-control plug. All
that is required is the simple phone inter-
face circuit shown in Fig. I. The circuit is
connected to the remote-control plug of
your cassette interface cable.
The interface consists of a relay, a sil-
icon diode, one 9-volt rectangular battery,
and a microphone jack. That's about
$4.00 worth of parts . Simply connect the
contacts of the relay in series with the
green telephone wire . Since the relay is a
normally-closed type , it will not interfere
with the normal operation of your tele-
phone. However, before you actuall y con-
nect the telephone, you must contact your
local telephone company to insure com-
pliance with local telephone-company
regul ations .
The BASIC-language program uses the
OUT command to access the 110 port (port
FF) and thus dial the phone . It pulses the
cassette remote-control relay that is con-
10 PRINT "TRS-80 PHONE DIALER
PROGRAM"
20 PRINT "COPYRIGHT 1979 BY
HOWARD BERENSON"
30 PRINT
40 PRINT "ENTERAN "A' TODIAL"
50 INPUTA$
60 IF A$< > "A" THEN40
70 CLS:Q= 14:R= 14
80 REM DIAL THE NUMBER IN THE
DATA STATEMENT
90 x "' 200
100 PRINT "DIALING"
110 READ C
120 IF C=55 THEN700
130 PRINT@ x ,C
140 IFC= 0 GOSUB800
150 x ", x + 2
160 REM DIAL THE PHONE NUMBER
ONE DIGITATA TIME
170 GOSUB400
180 OUT255,4
PARTS LIST
D1-1N914 diode
RY1-SPDTrelay, 50r6-voIt500-ohmDC
coil.
B1-9-volt rectangular battery
J1-phone jack
190 GOSUB500
200 OUT255,0
210 GOSUB550
220 C=C-1
230 lFC""OTHEN110
240 GOTO 180
400 FORA", 1 TO90
410 NEXT A
420 RETURN
500 FORA",1 TOO
510 NEXTA
520 RETURN
550 FORA= 1 TOR-5
560 NEXTA
570 RETURN
700 PRINT
710 PRINT"DIALING COMPLETE"
720 END
800 C=10
810 RETURN
990 REM DATA STORAGE FORPHONE
NUMBER
1000 DATA 1,8,0,0,5,5,5,1,2,1 ,2,55
y--O TO
~ } TELEPHONE
~ (SEETEXT)
neeted to the telephone line via the inter-
face circuit.
The dialer is set to dial one phone num-
ber, and print the number on the CRT
screen as it is dialed. The program simu-
lates the operation of a rotary dial, by
continued on page 106
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In Computer Electronics...
NTS HOME
TRAINING GIVES YOU
THE EDGE
The competition for
High-Technology
careers is strong,
and the rewards
are great. Give
yourself the edge
you need by training
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(J)
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NTS IflTPlDfllC home training provides
you with a special kind of "Hands-On"
experience that prepares you better,
develops your skills faster. You advance
as quickly as you wish, working with
actual circuits, diagrams, schematics,
and state-of-the-art hardware. There are
a dozen different NTS programs in
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catalog spells it all out. It's free, and
does not obligate you in any way. Send
for it today.
AGROWTH INDUSTRY
High-Technology is a growth industry. The
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this year. This means challenges and new
employment opportunities, especially in
servicing and maintenance. Computer servicing
.skills can best be learned by working directly on
field-type equipment. NTS electronic hardware is
selected and developed especially for the
training program with which it is associated. You
learn by doing, by assembling, by performing
tests and experiments, covering principles of
computer electronics, microprocessor trouble-
shooting, and circuitry.
MICROCOMPUTERS
NTS offers three programs in computer
electronics. You will receive training covering
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operation of microcomputers. These courses will
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computer industry such as field service and
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In addition to written texts your course includes
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ROBOTICS &VIDEO TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Dept 206-054
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Please send FREE color cata log on course checked below:
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Ci ty State _
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Addres s Apt. _
manufacturing processes. In Video technology, a
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space command remote control and space
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Us e the mall- In card or 1111 out and mall the coupon. Ind icat e the Ileld 01your choice.
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America's industrial giants are t urning more and
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The field of industrial and microprocessor
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Your course takes you f rom fundamentals of
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a microcomputer system designed as a practical
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The NTS Compu-Trainer is a fascinating solid-
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These experiments serve to emphasize an area of
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Other NTS courses cover a wide range of
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is included to train you in robotic applications in
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=-====::r
"NATIONAL
I!5
TECHNICAL
SCHOOLS
91
HOBBYCORNER
Finding an unknown transmitter location
EARL "DOC" SAVAGE, K4SDS, HOBBY EDITOR
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IN THE PAST SIX MONTHS WE'VE RECflVED
a surpr ising number of requests for a cir-
cuit that wiiI allow you to find the location
of a radi o transmitter. The reaso ns given
for needing such a circuit are quite varied.
Severa l reader s want to use the locator on
ham (amateur radio) transmitter hunt s.
Others want to be able to find the source of
CB transmi ssions. One wanted to use it to
locate his dog when it runs away. And
three other readers want to use the circuit
to locate their cars in large crowded park-
ing lot s. However, the most rece nt request
comes from a fellow who needs a way to
locate hi s deaf-mute son if they should
become separated.
We sincerely wish that we could tell
you that there 's an easy way to determine
the location of a transmitter. But. in fact ,
there is no si mple way to do so . (Don't
believe everything you see in the movies . )
Finding the direction and distanc e of a
transmitt er from your positi on requires
complex circuitry both at the transmitter
and rece iver locations. During the course
of (too) many years, we've had experi-
ence both in the air and on the ground with
a number of methods of locati ng a trans-
mitter. Those methods fall into two cate-
gor ies: One requires the operator of the
transmitter to send out specialized sig-
nals, and the other can be used with any
type of transmission.
Using the spec ialized-signal method,
an aircr aft or som : other type of vehicle
can be equipped with receivers that show
their location with respect to known trans-
mitters. That informat ion can be convert-
ed to give the transmitter location in any
type of coo rdinates . Spec ialized trans mit-
ter s may be located on satellites , at or near
airports, or on sea coasts. Per haps the
oldest such system is the radio-beaco n
(AN), which ope rates below the broad-
cast-band frequencies. For many years ,
t'i at system defined the " highways in the
sky" for pilots . Then came the Loran sys-
tem, which was more useful and accurate .
The Loran system ena bled ship s and
planes to determine their locations with
respec t to coas tal transmitt ers. (See the
Jul y 1983 Radio-Electronics for a de-
scription of the Loran-C system. ) Trans-
mittin g and receiv ing eq uipmen t was
comp lex and bul ky in those early days.
More mod ern syste ms, suc h as om-
nirange and satellites, are even more com-
plex. The construction and use of the
latter-type sys tems is beyond even the
most advanced hobb yist.
Therefore, we're now left with a more
primitive system that requires no special
signaling from the transmitter (any signal
wi ll do). Thi s system has changed little
from 25-years ago (when I participated in
many hidden-t ransmitter or " fox" hunt s).
It wasn' t all that easy then and still isn' t.
In any case, the sys tem can gi ve the
searcher di rection onl y (and he may be
able to gue ss th e di stance from the
strength of the signal). All that is required
is a recei ver with a one-way di rectional
antenna . Constructing such an antenna
can be difficult , but that depends on the
frequency of the signals involved .
For best results, you reall y need two
readings on the directi on of the transmit-
ter. They can be made si multaneously (by
two recei ver s in different location s) or
sequentially (by using one recei ver and
changing its location between readings).
The second method assumes, of course ,
that the transmitt er doe s not move in the
RECEIVER A"
---
..... -
........ -... ."., /
- --S "' ''
. > ,""'----..
./ .... TRAN SMlf1TR
....... ....
RECEIVER"B"
FIG. 1
ANTENNA
\V
!
LOCAL
OSCILLATOR
FIG. 2
time it takes to change locations. The two
resu lting directions are plotted (on a
map) , and simple triangulation gives the
location of the transmitt er. That process is
illustrated in Fig. I, where a line is drawn
from receiver A in the directi on of its
strongest reading (100 degrees) and the
same is done for receiver B for its 60-
degree reading. The transmission orig i-
nates where the lines cross .
However, there are two major draw-
backs associated with even this simple
location method. The first is the equip-
ment-transmitter, receiver, and direc-
tional antenna. Youcan find helpful infor-
mation and plans in various publications
of the American Radio Relay League
(Newin gton, CT 06111). Be advi sed,
however, that they are dealing strictl y with
equipment for the amateur-radio frequen -
cies that are operated by licensed hams .
The other drawback is the license require-
ment. Anyone can own and operate a re-
cei ver. But a transmitter is something
else. There is the serious matter of your
right to transmit on any radio frequency.
Our laws are based on the fact that the
"airwaves" belon g to everyone, who un-
der the proper circumstances are entitled
to use them free from unautho rized inter-
ference. That means that you must be li-
cens ed to put a transmitter on the air.
The only exceptions to the licensing
requirements are certain carefull y defined
low-poweroperations that have a very lim-
ited range . Licensing requirements vary
DETECTOR
AUDIO
FREQUN
AMPLl f lER
1

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from minimal (CB) to quite stringent, de-
manding a high degree of knowledge and
proficiency. Also, even licensed transmit-
ter operators are required to periodically
identify themselves when transmitting.
Therefore , we strongly advise you not to
put an unl icensed transmitter on the air.
TIle long and short of it all is that using
a transmitter and receiver to locate any-
thing or anyone is not only a technically
demanding operation but a highly regu-
lated one. Regardless of the merits of your
case, we cannot recommend that you un-
dertake a venture of that nature unless you
are prepared to devote a cons iderable
amount of time and energy to it. Now let' s
turn to another communications problem.
Frequency readout
Don Hang (OH) has a communications
receiver and is unhappy with the dial cal-
ibration. He has a digital frequency coun-
ter, but doesn't know how to use it for a
frequency readout.
Let' s take a look at a basic receiver .
Figure 2 shows a simplified block diagram
of such a radio. Note that three points (A,
B and c) are labeled. Don, you are correct
that the signal at point A is the very one to
which you are tuned . You could couple
your counter there and read the frequency
directly but that' s a tickli sh operation. Ex-
treme care must be taken so that the re-
ceiver's alignment isn't thrown so far off
that proper tracking across the bands is
impossi ble to achieve.
Point B cannot be used because the sig-
nal at that point is at the intermediate
frequency or IF-usually 455kHz. If your
reading were take n there, the displ ay
would always show the IF regard less of
the tuned frequency. Actually, the best
place to read the frequency is at point c .
There, a bit of signal from the local os-
ci llator can be picked off with fewer po-
ten ti al problems th an at poi nt A.
Nevertheless, you must be careful; and
. even then it may still be necessary to re-
align the receiver. Because of that , the
best procedure to follow is to use what is
called a .. gimmick" capacitor. That's
nothing more than the very small capaci-
tance created by twisting two short pieces
of insulated wire together or, in this case,
around the output lead of the local osci lla-
tor. The end of a wire crooked around the
output lead of the local osci llator may
bring out an adequate signal for your
counter.
If the signa l is not strong enough, you
can make the coupling tighter by using
another turn or two of wire. Caution: do
not make it too tight or the alignment will
be thrown off. A better met hod would be
to place a broad-band amplifier stage be-
tween the "gimmick" and the counter to
boost the signal to a sufficient level. All
right-now that you have a signal that' s
strong enough to produce a reading on the
continued on page 107
CIRCLE 62 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
93
COMPUTERCORNER
You've never tried a personal computer?
LOU FRENZEL
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PERSONAL COMPUTERS ARE NO LONGER
the new and glamorous things they used to
be. In many respects they're really "old
hat." They've been around for almost a
decade now. The first practical ones ap-
peared in the mid-1970's, several years
after the introduction of the first 8-bit mi-
croprocessors. (Radio-Electronics pub-
lished the first computer construction arti-
cle in July, 1974.) The growth of the
personal-computer field has been astro-
nomical during the last seven or eight
years and today they are used in millions
of businesses and homes. Still, there's an
astonishing number of people who have
never used or even experienced a personal
computer. Even many of those who work
in electronics or some related field have
never had the opportunity to try a micro-
computer. In additi on , recent studi es
show that the total home penetration of
personal computers is only about 7%,
though the home computer movement is
well under way. That means that out of
approximately 80 million households in
the United States, about 75 million of
them still do not have a personal comput-
er.
As a reader of Radio-Electronics,
you' re more likely than the average per-
son to be one of those who own a personal
computer, or at least have access to one at
work. Still there are many of you who
have not yet taken the plunge. Perhaps you
feel that you really don't need or want a
computer: After aIL what would you do
with it? Then again, maybe you are one of
those who are secretly afraid of micro-
computers. That' s a very common feeling
and one that keeps many people fromben-
fitting from microcomputers. The fear of
the unknown or the fear of failure keeps
many would-be computer owners from
trying these fascinating machines. Re-
gardless of your reason, there is really no
excuse for not at least trying a microcom-
puter. The old adage that says " don' t
knock it until you've tried it" still holds
true and is so applicable to this situation.
Personal computers can be viewed as fas-
cinating toys but they are also useful tools
for accomplishing work. Now is the time
to take a serious look at these machines
that are literall y changing the way we
work and think. Why not join the 5-mil-
lion-plus individuals that are expected to
purchase a personal computer this year?
The "computer literacy" machines
In the past, personal computers have
typically been complex and expensive de-
vices. But that's not so today! Thanks to
technological developments and the high
volume demand, price s have dropped
considerably. A good personal computer
will cost you much less than a good VCR
or stereo system. In fact, today you can
purchase a minimu m-power per sonal
computer for under a $100: And for be-
tween $100 and $200, you can get a
powerful and useful one. For that reason,
price should no longer be an obstacle.
Also, complexity is no longer a valid ar-
gument. Most personal computers are so
easy to use that even the youngest child
should have little trouble. In fact, the aver-
age personal computer today is no more
complex to use than a VCR or video
game.
There are many people who have taken
the approach that they'll learn something
about computers (by reading magazines
or books) first, and then buy one later. But
it seems that they never get around to
actually buying one. TIle best way to get
started with personal computers is to
jump right in and buy one. After all.
there' s nothing, like hands-on experience
for learning! Just keep in mind the rule
that says: I hear, I forget; I see, I remem-
ber: I do, I understand. Computers are
like bicycles in that you have to actually
use one to learn how it works. No amount
of listening to others or reading can get
you there. You have to experience it for
yourself.
The best way to get your feet wet is to
purchase one of those, so-called, "com-
puter literacy" machines. Those are the
low-cost microcomputers you see adver-
tised on TV or displayed in your local toy
and department stores. There are some
real bargains around because of the price
wars currently going on in the low-end
per sonal-computer market. Therefore,
there's no time like the present to take
advantage of the situation. Let's take a
look at some of the machines that fall into
the low-end category.
The lowest priced microcomputer on
the market today is the Timex/Sinclair
1000 shown in Fig. I. There are well over a
million of those machines already in use
today and hundreds of thousands of them
are being sold every month. The standard
Timex price is $49. 95 but they can found
r--------------------------------
Electronics Paperback Books
NEW Paperbacks You'll Want To Read
CHECK OFF THE ONES YOU WANT
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tained in ROM and the reference man ual
that comes with the mac hine teac hes you
how to program.
The Atari 600XL is also worth consid-
ering. This one replaces Ataris previou s
low-end model 400 co mputer. Like the
old one. the 600XL also uses the 6502
CPU and ca n runs all 400 software . But.
in contrast. it features 16K RAM and a
standard keyboard. The 600XL is priced
at $149.50.
In a sense it doesn' t rea lly matter whic h
microcomputer you buy. Your main ob-
jecti ve is to learn and get some experi-
continued Oil page 107
I
I
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I
I
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I
I
I s:
:te. . 7;:' .I
CD
OJ
.j:>,
Address _
Narne _
Sales Tax (NY State Resident s only)
Shi ppmg and Handli ng
1 or 2 books each addl. book)
Total Pnce of Books
ELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY TODAYINC.
P.O. Box 240. Massa pequa Park, NY 11762
Number of books ordered D
---------------
I
fiel d . Although Radio Shack has been
making computers for man y yea rs ,
they' ve only recentl y anno unced the addi-
tion of the low-cost MC-IO. Thei r popul ar
Color Computer models fall into the com-
put er-literacy category but not the pri ces.
However, their new MC-IO Micro Co lor
Computer is bargain pri ced at $79 .95 . It
comes wi th 4K of RAM standard and can
be expanded to 20K with a 16K plug- in
modul e ($49.95) . The computer also has
good color graphics wi th eight colors,
and sound. Bot h text and gra phic charac-
ter s are displayed in a 32-character by 16-
line formal. A BAS IC interpreter is con-
on sale for as little as $29 .95 . At that price
you get a complete ready-to-u se computer
that hooks-up to your TV (which is used
as a monitor). An ordinary audio-cassette
player/recorder can be used for loading
programs and storing data. The Timex/
Sinclair 1000 comes with a Z80 micro-
processor. 2K of RAM (Random Access
Memory)and a BASIC interpret er in
ROM (Re ad Onl y Memory) . You can
learn to program in BASIC (Beginners
All-purpose Symbolic In struction Code)
or you can try out a variety of useful pro-
grams and entertaining game s. There is
cheaper or easier to get started.
The Timex computer is sold in just about
any store where Timex watche s are or-
dinarily sold. including most department
and specialty stores.
If you find that you like the Time x com-
puter. you can always expand it and make
it much more useful. Specialty manufac-
turers provide a wide range of acce ssori es
to expand that popular unit. One such
manufacturer is Memotech Corporation
(7550 West Yale Avenue . Suite 200 . Den-
ver. CO 80227). who makes add-on mem-
ory packages with 16K. 32K, and 64K
capacities. Memotech al so furni she s a va-
riety of I/O interfaces such as the popular
Centronic parallel printer interfac e and
the RS-232 serial interface . Other avail-
able accessories include: an editor/as-
sembl er utility in ROM , a hi gh-resolution
graphics package . and even a 32-column
dot-matri x printer and full- si zed key-
board. On top of that. there are man y
software houses th at publish software
packages for the Timex 1000. Timex also
makes several other computers , such as
the 1500 and the 2000 .
Another good choice is the Texas In-
st rument (Tl) 99/4A. Because TI has
dropped out of the personal-comput er
market. you can get a 99/4A package at an
incredible discount. That's fantastic for a
machin e th at u se s the powerful
TMS-9900 16-bit microprocessor and fea-
tures 16K of RAM and BASIC in ROM .
That computer uses a wide range of ROM
program-cartridges and can use your TV
set as a video di spl ay. TI also has several
expansion devices for that computer on
the ma rket , including a memory-expan-
sion module , I/O int erfac es. floppy-disk
mass storage , and a speech synthes izer.
Another very popul ar low-priced home
computer is the Commodore VIC-20 . The
VIC-20 features the 6502 microprocessor.
5K of user RAM, and plug-in ROM car-
tridg es. You should be able to find one on
for less than $100 . By the time you
read thi s. their 16K version should be
availabl e for that same low pric e. Com-
modore and oth ers publi sh a wide vari ety
of game programs and other, useful soft-
ware . The VIC20 features sound and ex-
cellent color graphics.
Radio Shack is a newcomer to the so-
called " computer literac y" machine
95
STATE OF SOLIDSTATE
Stereo-sound tc
ROBERT F. SCOTT, SEMICONDUCTOR EDITOR
TDA3Bl0
lED2
PSEUDO
SPATIAL -=--
----....,
I
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R11
1SK
+12V
digital converter (ADC). This IC provides
a microprocessor interface that performs
an 8-bit conversion in 30 fLS maximum. In
addition , it has three-state output latches
that are controlled by the data-enable in-
put pin. The data-enable contro l allows
the microprocessor to accept data when-
ever it is ready. Also included in this IC is
a successive-approximation register. a
Zener diode reference , a comparator. and
FIG.1
R10
24K
R13
12K
R9
lOOK
RS
10K
R12
10K
C2 R4
.0039 15K
C1
.0039
R1
10K
RIGHT
iNPUT
P
~ ~ ~ i K
,...-:-:--........ R7 +--'lNt,- - - - - - - - - - - -t
C5 C4
R6 .01 ~ 2 2 22K
11K
applying about 50% of the 180
0
out-of-
phase feedback as crosstalk between the
right and left channels . Additional infor-
mation is available from: Signetics
Corp. , PO Box 409 , Sunnyvale, CA
94086.
8-bit analog-to-di gital converter
Analog Devices recently introduced
the AD673, a monolithic 8-bit analog -to-
IF YOU' VE GROWN ACCUSTOMED TO THE
big spatial sound of hi-fi stereo equip -
ment, you probably find the monaural
sounds of AM radios and TV sets some-
what less than enjoyable . With that
thought in mind, Signetics has introduced
the TDA381O, a spatial, stereo, and
pseudo-stereo sound circuit. That audio-
processor IC converts monaural -audio
signals into realistic "pseudo-stereo"
sound. It can also enhance the stereo
effect when inserted in the audio-signal
paths of FM-stereo radios where the ap-
parent stereo separation is less than ideal
because of limited speaker spacing (for
example, in portables or in your car). It
can also be added to most monaural TV
and AM/FM radio circuits .
Figure I shows a schematic of a circuit
using the TDA381O, along with a block
diagram of the Ie. The IC operates from a
DC supply voltage ranging between 4.5
and 16.5 volts and draws a maximum of 12
rnA. Its input impedance is typically
75,000 ohms. Minimum inp ut-signal
voltage (at pins 2 and 17) for the IC is 2-
volts RMS rated at .2% total-harmonic-
distortion (THD) . Its output THD is rated
at 0.1% (for frequencies between 40-16
kHz with an output voltage of 1volt.) The
IC's average voltage gain is about 2.4 dB
in the spatial mode, and unity otherwise.
Its channel separation is typically 70 dB.
The TDA3810 also provides automatic
switching between the mono and stereo
modes . And it also has manually contro l-
led logic switching between the mono and
pseudo-stereo modes . (Mode selection is
determined by the settings of SI and S2.)
Two outputs (at pins 7 and 8) drive LEDI
and LED2, which are used as mode in-
dicators. There is also a mut ing circuit
that keeps the LED indicators from
flickering .
A monaural signal is fed to the paral-
leled left and right inputs (pins 2 and 17
respectively) where it splits to follow two
signal paths . In one path, the signal is fed
through to the output without modifica -
tion. In the other, all frequencies between
300 Hz and 2 kHz are delayed for a fre-
quency-dependent amount of time (for ex-
ample, 500fLS at 800 Hz) to produce a
pseudo-stereo output. In the spatial
mode , the stereo effect is enhanced by
(f)
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96

COMPUTER PAPERBACK BOOKS
Great Books For The Computer Hobbyist
CHECK OFF THE BOOKS YOU WANT
5/ 84
package is 425 mW up to an ambient
temperature of 75C. Above 75C, the
package must be derated linearly at 6.67
mW/C. The breakdown voltage for each
transistor are: collector-to-emitter voltaae
(VCEO) 8 volts,
voltage (V00) 20 volts. and collector-to-
base voltage (VCBO) 12 volts. Each unit
can handle 20 rnA of collector current.
In 1000-piece lots, the CA3246E is
priced at $1.93 and the CA3227E is
priced at $2. 18. For more information
and/or a data sheet (File No. 1345), write
to RCA. Solid State Div., Box 3200,
Somerville, NJ 08876. R-E
1
1
1
----I
1
----I
TOTALENCLOSED I
Name I
Address 1
City State 7Ip _
________________J
Sales Tax (NY Sl ate aesioe nts only)
sn lpptng and Handling
(75-.' 1 or 2 ocoxs30e each aoot book)
T01,)1Price of Books
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TODAY INC.
P.o. Box 240. Massapequa Park. NY 11762-0240
Number 01boOKSordered D
CA3246E array has three independent
transistors, along with two differentially
connected devices housed in a 14-pin
plastic DIP package. The CA3227E con-
sists of fi ve independent transistors in a
16-pin package.
Each transistor in the array has a gain-
bandwidth product lfT) in excess of 3
GHz. That permits the transistors to oper-
ate effectively up to 1.5 GHz for use in
VHF amplifiers and mixers. IFconverters
and amplifiers, and other similar devices.
At 2YC ambient temperature, each tran-
sistor in the array can dissipate up to 85
mW. Maximum power dissipation for the
L _
NPN transisto r arrays
RCA recen tly intr oduced t wo NPN
transistor-array IC's that are designed for
high-frequency applications up to 1.5
GHz. The two devices are high-quality
versions of the CA3046 and CA3127E
and operate over a temperature range of
- 55 to +125C. Each array consists of
five general-purpose silicon NPN transis-
tors on a common subs t ra te . The
a clock. The three-state output buffers
specify 250 us maximum access time.
The IC is pin-programmable for either 0
to + 10 volts or 5 volts full-scale.
The AD673 is powered by two supply
voltages; one. a positive 5-volt supply and
the other can be either - 12- or - 15-
volts. Its relative accuracy is guaranteed
over the specified temperature range at
V2 LSB maximum. Maximum offset
drift is also specified as V2 LSB; max-
imum gain drift is 2 LSB. The above
specifications apply for temperat ures
ranging from 0 to +70C for the "T'
grade and - 5YC to +125C for the "S"
grade. The IC is available in 20-pin plastic
or hermetically sealed ceramic DIP pack-
ages. Commercial grade prices for the
"T ' series range from $7.90 to $12.50 in
lots of 100. The ..S" grade is priced at
$38.20. -Analog Devices. Semiconduc-
tor Div.. 804 Woburn St., Wilmington,
MA 01887.
New techni cal data book
A new 1080-page databook, Linear In-
teg ra ted Circ uits a nd MOSFET's
(SSD-240B) contains detailed technical
information on RCA's broad range of lin-
ear Ie's and small-signal MOSFET's . In-
cluded are many IC's for applications in
both industrial and consumer electronics
devices.
The first section. a general overall
guide to available products. provides a
complete index of types. photos of the
many package types. product classifica-
tions and selection guides, listings of spe-
cial terms and symbols, and a cross-
reference showing RCA replacements for
many industry types. This section is fol-
lowed bv techni cal data on devices
grouped into categories including Opera-
tional Amplifiers , Voltage Comparators,
Data-Conversion Circuits, Arrays, Power
Control Circuits. Differential Amplifiers,
Special-Function Circuits , 'Automotive
Control Circuits. Audio Circuits, Radio
Circ uits, TV/CATV Circ uits, and
MOSFET's.
The final section covers device types
supplied for military. aerospace and high-
reliability applications and shows dimen-
sional outlines for all package types. It
also includes lists of current application
notes on Ie's and MOSFET's . Copies of
the SSD-240 Databook may be purchased
for $7.00 per copy from RCA Solid State
Division.
HOWYOUAND THECOMPUTER
CAN BE FRIENDS . . .
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Design. Games
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9.21 vi
nnn I
u.uu v
t.Y 5 vI
Multi -r ange functions
with aut o sensi ng ! Ac
curately displays Volts
(AC. DC). Low Volts
(AC). Continuity. Re-
sis tance. Diod e Test !
OUT THEY GO ATONLY:
[ J 0.00 I
I 16Y.Ykn]
I *,156 vI
loc B.O 98TV I
Manufacturer's
Suggested Retail
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$58
PUBLIC NOTICEI
Renowned manufacturer
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FACTORY NEW! FACTORYPERFECT!
Ideal for professionals and do-it-yourselfers!
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riesonthat fi netradition.This Vol t-OhmMeter is ideal for fieldservice, re-
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EASY TO USEI Turn range control knobto oneof fivefunctions: LowVolts,
Volts (AC/ DC), Continuity, Resistanceor DiodeTest. Connecttestleadsto
desired voltagepoints. Thedisplay quickly showsprecisemeasurements!
EASY TO READ! Large, highcontrast LCD display. Foranyimproper measure-
ment condition, the display alerts you by FLASHING!
HEAVILY PROTECTED! Functionsareoverloadprotected against voltages as
high as 750V ACor 1000V DC. Casing is shock,
greaseand water-res istant for addedprotection.
Auto ranging for easy hands-off operation.
Auto sensing and indication of mixed AC/DC
signals. Auto "zeroing" and polarity.
Labgrade 0.1%DC accuracy. AC accuracy, 1%.
Input impedance: 10 megohms.
Continuity and diode test functions with beep
toneforlowresistanceorforwardvoltage drop.
Built-in measuringjacks. Fullysafety insulated.
All functions usesametest leads (incl.) and in-
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Operates on9-volt battery (included).
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------------- I 14605 28th Avenue N.. Minneapolis . Minnesota 55441
r'f
I .. Send_Volt-Ohm M et er(s l at $58.00 each plus $3. 2 5
\2.) I eac h f or shi ppi ng and handling. (Allow 3- 4 w eeks for de-
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14605 28 t h AVENUE NORTH
. MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA 55441
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continued fro m page 79
MAKING MEASUREMENTS
Another problem when readi ng at a dis-
tance is the cost of long runs of ther-
mocoupl e wire . This is partiall y solved by
splicing the thermocoupl e to " extension
wire" , less expensive thermocoupl e wire
specified over a narrower temper ature
range. The savings are particul arly irnpor-
tant when using plati num ther mocouples,
since the extension wires are made from
nonpr ecious metals.
The low sensitivity of thermocouples
requires good first-stage stability in the
readout circ uitry. For precision measure-
ment s, low-drift amplifier s or chopper-
stabilized input s must be used . (Chopper
stabilization improves the DC dri ft of an
amplifier.)
Thermocouples are linear enough that
no lineari zation is needed for moderate
acc urac y over mod era te tem perature
ranges. Nonlinearity above OC is gener-
ally I% to 5%, depending on the ther-
mocouple and the temperature range.
Thermocouple applications are almost
limitless. The wires are available in large
or small gauges, in cables using a wide
variety of insulations and in cera mic in-
sulating tubes for very high temperature
use. The sensing junction , formed by
welding the two wires together, may be
put into enclosures such as those shown n
Fig. 11. The junct ion may be welded, ep-
oxied or glued directl y to a surface or may
be exposed directl y to air or liquid for fast
respon se . The temperatur e of molten
steel, for example, is measured by plung-
ing the two wires directl y into the steel.
Integrated Circuits
Integrated-circuit temperatur e sensors
are fairly new and are not at all standard-
ized. At this time at least five device fam-
ilies exist , each unique in design and
output. They genera lly make use of the
fact that the voltage drop across a forward-
biased diode or tra nsistor j uncti on de-
creases by about 2 millivolts per degree C.
[C sensors are generally offered in transis-
tor or [C packages: they are not yet avail-
able in the same variety of assemblies as
other sensors.
Despite the lack of standardization,
some generalizations are possibl e. Oper-
ating temp er atures are similar to Ie's;
- 55 to +150C (- 67 to +302F) or
some portion thereof. Acc uracies gener-
ally are severa l degrees, requiring user
calibration for tighter measurements. Se-
lected sensors as close as 1C are avail-
able, but are expensive . Stabili ty at high
temperatures is not as good as with most
other temperature sensors . [e's are linear,
sensitive and easy to interface with read-
out circuitry. But look for specifications to
improve in the future. R-E
99
SERVICE CLINIC
TV tuner and IF amplifier troubles
JACK DARR, SERVICE EDITOR
R22
5.6K
J.
C27
.01 T
+21V
R20
2m
...-_4'-'1..,25.MHl (MIN)

TP2
21V
C26
T18
P
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+21V
TP3
. IV
R19

R13
l.BK
Rl1
lan
C22
5pF
+
- C6
,.,... 2J,lF
l2
IF FROM
R14
4.7K
IF BIAS
FROM TUNER
R15
l.BK
R16
68an
09
R9
lK
TP11
2.95V
R17
6BOn
+7.4V
R21
18K TP6
3.6V
+21V
R24
2m
C30 -

t C31 1
+21V -
R25
5.6K
R26{

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+21V R27
lK l
_ C34
T OOl
+21V
FIG. 1
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100
T HERE ARE TWO STAGES I N A TV SET T HAT
have always been hard to test. They are the
IF (Int ermedi ate Frequency ) amplifier
and the tuner sec tions . We're talki ng
abo ut IF' s that use discrete transistor s in
their design. and standard tuners-the
0Id-fashio;1ed kind. with three-gang se-
lect or switches. Both of those sections
give many TV repairmen lot s of prob-
lems. but fortunatel y there 's an easy and
accurate way to check bot h of them. For
the most part, the difficul ty has been that
both of those stages handle high frequen-
cies and, as a result , trying to make tests
on those stages upset s the ope ration of the
circui try involved . The answer to the
problem is to find a test point that is not
" hot." In the IF sec tion, the points that
can be used are the emitters of the three or
four amplifier stages but the tuner section
is something else. We' 11 turn our attention
to the IF section first.
Test ing t he IF section
Figure I shows a schematic of a typical
IF amplifier used in many TV sets. The IF
amplifiers can be identifi ed by the fact
that each emitter goes to ground through a
small res istor. In testing that section what
we want to know is if the emitter voltage is
prese nt and if so, how close it is to being
correct. For instance , (refer to Fig. I) the
emitter voltage of transistor Q2 should be
3.6 volts . If that voltage is zero we know
that the transistor is open or not con-
ducting for some reaso n. To use the emit-
ter as a test point , simply connect your
meter probes across the emitter resistor
and measure the voltage. A digital meter
is essential here because the normal volt-
ages will be something like 2.74V, I. 28V,
etc.-so a very accurate meter is neces-
sary. The DC voltage is developed across
the emitter resistor by the transistor's col-
lector cur rent; therefore, if the emi tter
voltage is correct . the collector and base
voltages are also correct. If, on the other
hand, you find a transistor that reads zero
volts at its emitter, that transistor is proba-
bly ope n and should be replaced; it not ,
then some previous stage (component) is
malfuncti oning.
An open transistor can be replaced by a
general-replace ment transistor provided
the right method is used . You must make
sure that the replaceme nt transistor is an
electrica l equivalent of the orig inal. One
thing to watch out for is the IF rating or the
upper frequency cut off point of the re-
placement transistor. It should be at least
IT'S HERE!
IT'S FREE.
50 MHz , or better still, 60 MHz or 75
MHz. If you cut it too close you may lose
some bad ly needed gai n . The voltage rat-
ing will be ample, since collector voltages
are low. Anot her thing that should be
mentioned is that there are two pin config-
urations in the TO-92 trans istor-case
style. One is the E-B-C and the other is E-
C-B, wit h the base and collector pi ns
transposed . Youcan usually find one with
the same pin configura tion; but if you
can' t, you can simply bend the base and
collector leads to conform to the layout
and then cover one or both with a small
piece of spaghetti tubing (insulation).
You don' t need to worry about throw-
ing the stage out of alignment, either. We
made test some years ago using a sweep
generator ' and a scope, and the curves
displayed for both the or iginal transistor
and a general replacement type were the
same. In no way was there any deviation
from the orig inal curve (which I had
drawn on the scree n with a grease pen-
cil!). So, the new one will work j ust as
well as the original. Symptoms of IF tran-
sistor failure are similar to tuner prob-
lems; that is, both can cause a slick screen
(no picture and no snow). If you want to
pin it down a bit , pull the IF input plug and
feed in the signal from a tuner subber. A
picture indicate s trouble in the tuner; no
picture indicates a bad IF amplifier.
Tuner section
Tuners are a different kettle of fish. The
problem here is not usua lly an electrical
one, but in most cases a physical one.
Many times the problem encountered will
be the familiar and frustr ating" I can see it
but I can't get to it" syndrome . (I had one
where the transistor that I had to reach was
mounted between two wafers of the band-
switch (see Fig. 2), an area about 1.5
inches deep. And, as you may already
have deduced , I had no tool that was small
enough to fit into that area-s-especiall y
not my solderi ng iron!) It 's times like
those that make you start looking for the
address of the nearest tuner-repair ser-
vice!
picture--obviously some part has failed.
However, the problem isn't necessarily in
one of the tuned transformers, but is more
likely to be a resistor, capacitor, or transis-
tor. Here, what you have to do is locate the
bad component-the next tests will help
you' to quickly do j ust that. Symptoms of
tuner troubl e will give you a good clue as
to the location of the bad stage. For in-
stance, if an RF stage goes out, you' ll
usually see "snow" on the screen but no
picture or sound- the snow comes from
the mixer stage . Also, a mixer-oscill ator
transistor going out will generally give
you no sound and no picture with a
"slick" screen (no snow).
Prob abl y the eas ies t way to trou-
bleshoot a TV's tuner section is through
signal tracing. (Signal tracing is the pro-
cess of injecting a signal into the input of a
circuit and then following the signal path
from the output to the input until you find
the malfunctioning stage or component.)
To use that met hod, an RF signal
source is needed. That source can be an
RF generator or simply a TVantenna with
a few modifications. To use the antenna as
a signal source, one side of the antenna
must be grounded and the other side con-
nected to a small capacitor (about 200 to
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FIG. 2
Let's look at the symptoms of a set that
was working, but has suddenly lost its
NATI ON AL WATS
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OHIO WATS
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101
300 pF). Now, touch the open end of the
capacitor to the input of the mixer transis-
tor, usuall y the base. If the signal is
passed on to the CRT, the mixer/oscillator
stages are working. The pictur e will be
pretty snowy but it does show that the
signal can come through and that that
section is operational.
Once you find that mi xer/oscill ator
stages are OK, go to the collector of the
RF amplifier transistor. If the signal gets
throu gh that stage , the int er stage coil ,
switch, etc . , are good. If not , you could
have a bad contact in the switch or an open
coil. If the switch and coil check out OK,
next go to the base of the RF amplifier
transistor or the emitter- if it happens to
be a common-base circuit. If you lose the
signal between the collector and the in-
put , you have a defective RF amplifi er.
The signal-tracing method can also be
used to troubleshoot other sections in the
TV set with the proper signal source. For
instance, the audio section can be traced-
out using an audio-sig nal generator or sig-
nal tracer.
These tests will work on the majority of
older sets- that is, any TV set that was
made before they started to make all the
IF's in one Ie. That covers a multitude of
sets! They're the ones that are growing
older, and hence more likel y to fail. So the
market is still there. Good luck! R-E
SERVICE
QUESTIONS
NO RASTER
I have a Magnovox T991 that has no raster.
Sound and HV are OK. I've changed the
video delay module and the IF module.
What next?-R.K., Chicago, IL
The RGB and the chroma modul es also
can cau se bri ghtne ss problems , but
changing them is haphazard and costly.
Measure your kine socket voltages. Focus
voltage at pin I should read 5.5 kY. Pin 10
should read between 450 and 800 volts,
depending on the setting of the master
screen cont rol. Pin 9 is a fixed 50 volts.
Typi cal voltages on the three cathodes
should be about 175 volts , but will vary
wid el y depending on bri ghtness and
background settings . If those voltages go
above 190V, the kine will be cut off. See
what 's missing and find out why. .
NO PICTURE
On a Sylvania EO-3-1, while the raster is
on the tube I get a full screen with no
video, but after a few seconds, the vertical
height gets smaller and finally goes into a
white line. TA20 of the power supply
shows 37.1 volts. I measure only 17.0
volts.-L.S. , Brunswick, OH
You're mistaken about TA20 calling for
37. 1volts. It's TA22 that should read that
voltage, while TA20 calls for 24.5 volts.
an important point to clari fy. Those
two voltage sources , as well as several
others, are supplied by Q502, the regula-
tor. The IF strip depen ds on the 22.8-volt
source and the vertical outputs depe nd on
the 32.8-volt source, both comin g out of
Q502 as well. Since you are getting 17.0
where you expect 24 .5 volts, I suspect
that something is pulling down the whole
supply. Try lifting the different loads until
you find one that brings the voltage 110.
That 's where you will find your problem.
INTERMITTENT SWEEP
I had two cases of intermittent sweep with
the GE AC-B chassis and I fixed them
both. Now I have another AC-B that loses
horizontal sync sometimes after three
hours, other times after five minutes.-
B.O., Jersey City, NJ
You didn ' t say, but I'll bet the two you
fixed had poor solder connections around
the griplets in the vertical circuits. I will
also bet you have the sa me probl em
now-this time in the sync circuit. Unfor-
tunatel y, those griplets, whicn connect
top- of-board signal paths to the bottom of
the board, are not referred to in the sche-
continued 0 11 page 106
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103
COMMUNICATIONSCORNER
Digital RFI problems
HERB FRIEDMAN, COMMUNICATIONS EDITOR
en
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104
HIGH T ECHNOLOGY OFTEN CREATES A
multitude of unforeseen probl ems. For ex-
ample, back in the days when we were
told that we should be seen and not heard ,
we got rid of insects in the vege table
garden by stomping on them, or we sim-
ply sha red what mother nature had
provided-we got what the insects didn 't
destroy. In time, we bui lt an arsenal of
chemicals to kill the insect s. They did the
job but they also destroyed the land, killed
fish and birds, etc. The same problem
often occ urs in electronics. (You pay for
what you get.)
In electronics , many of us grew up on
Pyranol capaci tors, a tremend ous break-
through in capacitor technology. Unfor-
tunately, the stuff that makes it a great
insul ator and coo lant can also harm birds,
fish, game, and peopl e. It 's not our inten-
tion to start any arguments, but rather to
simply poi nt out the way the real world
wor ks. Remember that there is no such
thi ng as a "free lun ch . " Every new
"breakth rou gh " in the state-of-t he -art
hUl1S someo ne or somet hing.
The latest " breakthrough" to cause un-
foreseen and extensive probl ems is digit al
communications or more precisel y, digi-
tal anything. Back in 'the days when we
simply stomped on garden insect s, there
were only two major forms of RFI (Radio
Frequency Interference) as far as the gen-
eral public was concerned. The first type
was harmoni cs and spur ious emiss ions
from amate ur-radio transm it ters th at
wiped out some TV channels- usually
Channels 2 and 4 (see Fig. I). The other
type of RFI was hash or electrical noise
from the local uti lity's power line hard-
ware, such as " pole pi gs" (powe rli ne
transmission transformer s) and capacitor
banks that jammed or wiped out radio
communications from below the broad -
cast band to well up into the TV cha nne ls.
And if you were lucky enough to escape
the hash caused by powerli ne hardware,
your neighb or 's vacuum cleaner or mixer
was certain to throw you a zinger every
once in a while . But all that was easi ly
handled: ama teur-radio opera tors simply
cleaned up their transmitters. Recentl y,
however, the FCC for the most part has
ju st ign or ed powerline and appliance
hash .
But digit al RFI is something else. It 's
hard to avoid and often hard to clean up,
but it certai nly can' t be ignored because
it's starting to permeate everyt hing. Digi-
tal RFI , rath er tha n th e mar ketpl ace ,
might well determine whether some fan-
tast ic new communi cati on technol ogy
wi ll ever become viable.
Digital noise generators
Turn ing to home entertain ment, the
dist ributor s of high-fideli ty equipment
see the digital disk as the giz mo that will
eventually revive the Hi-Fi industry. But
the eng ineers who design the systems
know that the 41-kHz sampling rate is
going to produce harmonics right up into
the broadcast band . Without exte nsive
shielding and RFI suppression (a technol-
ogy not presently germane to Hi-Fi equip-
ment), we might well be listening to our
neighbor 's latest records instead of the
o ~ DJ. That's because the signals from
your ne ighbor s digi ta l-disc recording
might be radiated into the air, superim-
pose d on the radio transmission , and
picked up by your radio rece iver.
And now we come to the " biggies:"
videotext, the computerized transaction al
services such as banking and shopping at
home , and teletext. Betwee n all owing
FIG. 1
AT&T to enter digital services via the
telephone system, the transactional ser-
vices through cable TV, and the recent
approval by the F.C.C. for digita l teletext
encoding on TV signals, it' s conceivab le
that eventually most home s wi ll have digi-
tal signals running throughout the house
wiring- radiating into places where they
don't bel ong . Alrea dy en gin eers and
techni cians are worried about whether the
other digital serv ices wi ll affect theirs;
after all. it takes j ust a glitch or two to
wipe out a si mp lified (non-redunda nt)
digital trans missio n.
Digital RFI
Digital RFI comes about because har-
monic generation is indige nous to the
very waveforms used in the digital pro-
cess . Whether the waveform is narrow or
wide it starts off with "square" edges , as
shown in Fig. 2-a. The leading and trail-
ing edges are steep wavefronts that, if you
reca ll from your early studies in elec-
tronics, are efficient generators of odd-
orde r harmoni cs. Then ther e's also the
digit al repetiti on rate . Computer hard-
ware such as that used for videotext and
transacti onal services operate in the range
I d
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BuildingandusingVLFAntennas
of approx imately 300 Hz to 19 kHz, and
are 'controlled or determined by digit al
signals in the 2 MHz to 5 MHz range.
Essentially, we're generating RFI from
the mid-audio range well up into the RF
region (Fig 2-b). And we' re feed ing much
of that inter ference through unshielded
cables to recorders , pri nters, video dis-
i1
IHI III !l 1! !lI! II ' ! I I! I ,, ! ! !
t I
I I
I I
I I
300Hz 5 MHz
b
FIG. 2
plays, teleph one equipment , and power-
lines. (Powerlines? Yes powerl ines.) Have
you ever heard what a commonly-used
di git al remot e-controll ed li gh t switc h
does to broadcast recepti on?
In actual fact, we haven't begun to ex-
perience the effec ts of consumer-equip-
me nt d i git al RF I o n h ome a n d
commerc ial communications systems. It
might well determine ju st how far we can
go with computerized high-tech devices
in the years to come .
o Build Your Own SatelliteTV Receiver $7.00
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o Build Your OwnRobot . . . . . $12 .00
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continued fro m page 103
SERVICE QUESTIONS
I own a tube-era Sanyo color TV set that
has a dark band across the top of the
screen. I have replaced filters without
luck. Could you suggest a cause?-B.D.,
Miami, FL
Yes, a filament -to-cathode leak in one
of the signal tubes. Any tube-from the
RF amp to the video output-could be
causing your prob lem. R-E
matic so they are difficult to locate. Moni-
tor the sync-clipper transistor, in and out ,
with a scope and voltmeter. Once you
know where the signal is being lost, the
rest becomes easier.
NO RASTER
I get no raster on an RCA CTC48. I've
changed the three output modules and
the chroma module. Still nothing. Can you
Help?-G. M., Walled Lake, MI
The MALOOIA/ B video modul e, or
more specifically, an open first video amp
transistor (Q3) could be cutting off the
outputs. Although the brightn ess limiter
(Q302) usuall y causes too-much-bright-
ness prob lems , it must be considered.
DARK BAND ON SCREEN
For more infor mati on and an applicat ion, write to:
NESDA, 2708 W. Berry St., Ft. Wort h, TX 76109; Ph (817) 921-9061
Name _
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It 's plenty tough being
an electronics sales and
service dealer these days.
That's why we're working so hard
to make it easier for you to operate
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program written around it.
The BASIC program simply uses the
OUT command to pulse the remote-co ntrol
relay, which is addressed at I/O port FE
To activate the cassette remote-cont rol re-
lay, the number 4 is output to port FF (see
line 180). To deact ivate the relay, a :' 0" is
output to port FF (see line 200). R-E
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TELEPHONEDIALER
continued fro m page 86
Modifications
Th ou gh as show n in Tab le I , the
BASIC program is limited to dialing one
phone number, it may be modified for
dialing several numbers rather easily. To
do that , the program can be used as a
subroutine, with a phone-numbe r access
pulsing out the digits to the phone inter-
face. It will function with both rot ary dial
and pus hbutton phone s . Any len gth
phone number is pl aced in the DATA
statement at line 1000, with commas sep-
arating each digit. The last number enter-
ed is " 55. " That is used to flag the end of
the phone number.
To dial , lift the telephone recei ver and
listen for a dial tone. Then type the letter
"A" at the keyboard. The program will
print each digit of the phone number as it's
dialed.
To test the dialer without connecting
the teleph one to the interface circuit, lis-
ten to the relay as a phone number is being
dialed . When dialing is in progress, the
pulses generated by the program can be
heard .
en
a
Z
o
a:
f-
a
w
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106
COHTEHTS
FROM THE
PUBLISHER
2 From The Publisher
3 Editorial
9 CP/M For Beginners
Though it has scared off many a beginner, CP/M is one
of the best, and easiest-to-use operating systems
available. Herb Friedman
12 Upgrading Budget Printers
Just because you own a budget printer doesn't mean
that you have to settle for budget features. Here's a
look at some products for upgrading some of the most
popular inexpensive printers on the market.
Herb Friedman
Because of that slant, that orientation, we are different!
However, we do not replace anyother computer
magazine. In fact, if we are successful in obtaining
permission to reprint articles fromother computer
magazines, we maywell serve as anintroduction to what
thosemagazines have to offer. In fact, you may blame
us-ComputerDigest- sometime in the future for
causing you to subscribe to so many other publications.
But for navy' as Byron Wels, our editor points out on his
facing page-we need to know what kind of magazine
you want ComputerDigest to be. We need to compare
your input wi th our plan, making modi ficationswhere we
can to makethe two picturesoverlap. Sodo write. We'll
read your letters, respond to themas quickly as possible,
consider all of your suggestions carefully, and go on to
make ComputerDigest a really great publ ication.
That means that ComputerDigest is not written for the
typical computer operator or hobbyist. It iswritten for the
electronics professional-engineer, technician, or
hobbyist- who has his feet solidly placed in the field of
electronics. To sum it up-the typical Radio-Electronics
reader.
Welcome to ComputerDigest. This isVolume 1, Number
1of what we intend to make a long series of continuing
publications. Our purpose is to bring you something that
you cannot get elsewhere currently: a broad lookat what
is happening in computers from the viewpoint of the
electronics professional.
May1984
4 Lisa, PC, Macintosh, And Peanut
A look at four popularsystems and how they stack up
against each other. Byron Wells
6 Macintosh: A NewVariety Of Apple
Apple's new computer has created a bit of
excitement. Find out why, and exactly what it is that
makes the Macintosh so special in our in-depth review
of that new machine. MarcStem
Vol. 1 No. 1
I know I'vesaid it before, but it is important so I will
repeat myself one more time. ComputerDigest is an
added section in Radio-Electronics. Note that the pages
are numbered separately. It takes no editorial space away
from any R-Ereader. If you like reading R-E, but are not
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ComputerDigest is our investment in the future of
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Sincerely,
lARRYSTECKLER
PUBLISHER
EDITORIAL
Another Computer Magazine!
No! This one is different. Rea lly different!
Considering the numbers of computer magazines available today, you could
go broke trying to read themall. What's more, the amount of time you
would use up just goingthrough all of themwould keepyou fromgetting
anyplace near your computer.
That's why ComputerDigest is here.
Wedo read all the magazines in the field, and we read themvery careful ly
When we see anarticlethat we feel is important to you, we pull it out and
put it aside. Then, once a final selection is made, each of those articles is
read again and carefully edited to carve off the fat and leave only that
which is necessary to makeit readable and informative.
When we can't get permission to reprint anarticle, we assign one of our
own authors to do a story that fully covers the subject in our own styleand
format. In this issue, every article isoriginal with us. Next month, we hope
will start showing careful ly selected and edited reprints.
You gain two ways. First you don't have to buy those magazines you don't
really need. Second, you get to previewa lot of magazines you may have
been considering subscribing to. If you like the kindof articles they publ ish '
(after you previewone or two in ComputerDigest)you cansubscribe, .
knowing that it is a magazine you wil l want.
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ComputerDigest a morehelpful, valuable publication for you.
We know you'll like what you find in the pages that follo\Al, and that youwill
be looking forwardto our next issue. Wefeel that we have anexcellent
opportunity to serve, andwe intend to take an aggressive stance to
accomplish that purpose.
Thankyou for joining us here, and we hope we'll be talkingto you again,
and often, in the future.
BYRON G. WELS
EDITOR

Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967)

founder
M. Harvey Gernsback, editor-in-
chief
Larry Steckler, CET, publisher .
Art Kleiman, editorial director
Byron G. Wels, editor
Brian C. Fenton, technical editor
Carl Laron, associate editor
Robert A. Young, assistant editor
Ruby M. Yee, production manager
RobertA. W. Lowndes, production
associate
Dianne Osias, production
assistant
Joan Roman, circulation director
ArlineR. Fishman,
advertising coordinator
Gernsback Publications, Inc.
200Park Ave. South
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Chairman of the Board,
M. Harvey Gernsback
President; Larry Steckler
ADVERTISING SALES 2127776400
Larry Steckler
Publisher
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Radio-Electronics
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MAY1984- ComputerDigest 3
Although there are more than two computer
Apple-always seem to dominate the headlines.
machines
Size
Weight
TABLE 1
Apple Macintosh
TABLE 2
Apple Lisa 2
MC68000
16K ROM, 496K RAf.A
One 3Y2-inchmicrofloppy
400Kper disk
76 keys with numeric pad
18.7(width) x 15.2 (depth) x 13.8
(height) inches
Weight 48 pounds
Other comments Three slots, two serial ports, one
parallel port, built-inspeaker with
software-controllable tonegenerator.
MC68000
64K ROM 128K RAf.A
One 3112 inch microfloppy
400K per disk
58-key detached (numerickeypad
optional)
9.7(wi dth) x 10.9 (depth) x 13.5
(height) inches
16112 pounds (without keyboard or
mouse)
Other comments Mouse, independent clock! calendar,
two RS-232/RS-422seri al ports, built-in
video monitor, sound/voicegenerator.
Microprocessor
Memory
Diskdrive
Diskstorage
Keyboard
Size
Microprocessor
Memory
Diskdrives
Diskstorage
Keyboard
When you talk to the experts, all you're going
to get is confused. Most people who already own
computers compareother computers to those
they have. It's something like buying a new car. It
takes a bit of getting used to. If you're switching
froma stick shift to an automatic you'regoing to
have some adjustment problems. And the
additional little gadgets on the new car wi ll
probably remain unused until you get accustomed
to their being there!
Got a keyboard with the legends printed right
on the keys?You might not like having the legends
off to the top of the key, on a separate insert. But
once you get used to it, who knows?You might
even learn to like it.
What we're trying to say, isthat whi le a lot of
information is available when it comes to making
major decisions, we'd suggest that you do not
base an important decision on a superficial factor.
Because most of us like to comparison shop,
here's a good jumping-off place for you:
Apple's Macintosh
This personal computer wil l solve all kinds of
problems for anybody froma schoolperson to a
business manager. It comes with a mouse, and
offers a 32-bit (internal architecture)
microprocessor and bit-mapped graphics. You get
many of the advantages of the Apple 32
supermicroat an excellent price.
Apple's Lisa
There are three, count 'em, three Apple Li sa's.
The Lisa 2, the 2/5 and the 2/10. If you want
Apple, and want moreApple than you canget in
a Macintosh, go for the Lisa series. Again, the more
Lisa you get, the better off you wil l be, sowe
advise investing the most you can afford to make
yourfirst expense your last. All the Li sa's come
with a mouse, and as you'll see fromthe
specifications, they keep getting more and more
powerful...
4 ComputerDigest - MAY 1984
manufacturers, the same two-IBM and
Let's compare what their most popular
offer.
Size
Weight
Disk storage
Keyboard APPLE's MACINTOSH (above) and IBM's PCjr-two new ma-
chines generating a lot of excitement.
TABLE 3
IBM PC
8088
40KROM, 16K(standard) to 256K RANI
Up to two 5%-inch diskette drives
(opt ional)
160Kper diskette
detached,with 6-foot cable. 83keys,
auto repeat
20(width) x 16 (depth) x 5.5
(height) inches
21 pounds (without drives) 28 pounds
(with two drives)
Other comments Cassette 1/0, fiveexpansion slots, built-
in speeke; BASI Cinterpreter. RF
modulator or video monitor must be
purchased separately.
Microprocessor
Memory
Diskdrives
Size
Weight
Disk storage
Keyboard
Microprocessor
Memory
Diskdrives
IBM's PC
There aretwo PC's fromIBM. The PC and the PC
Xl Chances are that when you visit your local
dealer, if you ask to see thejr it won't be long
before he's sellingyou "up" to a PC or an Xl Both
are excellent val ues, and sufficiently powerful to
do any sort of job that you'd cal ion a desktop
unit for. There's avast array of software available
for both, and the specifications speak exceedingly
well for these uni ts. .... ~
IBM's PCjr.
Many have taken to callingthis "the Peanut," and
it's a truly innovative unit with somefeatures that
tickled our fancy- like the cordl ess keyboard that
iscoupled to the systemunit via infrared signal s to
provide a degree of freedom heretofore
unavailable. It's an excellent, low-pri ced starting
uni t, and will do aworkmanlike j ob for the small
office or for the home.
TABLE4
IBM PCjr
8088
64K ROM, 64KRANI
one 514-inch double-sided drive
(optional)
360K on a double-sided diskette
cordless infrared keyboard with 62
chicklett keys
13,9 (width) x 11.4(depth) x 3,8
(height) inches
6 pounds (wit hout drive) 9 pounds
(with one drive)
Other comments Cassette I/O, two joysticks. Cord for
keyboard is optional. Display is 40
columns, 80 columns with upgrade
that alsoincreases RANI to 128K. (Both
that upgrade and diskdrive are
included with the enhanced version,
Connector for N isoptional, direct
and composite video are standard.
MAY1984- ComputerDigest 5
MACINTOSH: anew variety of apple.
Apple's long-awaited newbusiness
computer hasarrived. Let's take a look at
what it has to offer.
MARC STERN
- No one will know for some time the impact that the
Macintosh will have on computer users and the
computer industry-but we'd be willing to bet that it
will have a major effect. The Macintosh, with its
MC68000 microprocessor, icons, and mouse, (we'll
explainshortly) maybe anexample of how all
computerswi ll be designed in the years to come.
To be sure, the Macintosh isn't the first smal l
computer to use the MC68000. For example, Radio
Shack's Model 16, which was introduced a couple of
years ago, and Apple's Lisa both use it. But the
Macintosh is the first systemto use the power and
capability of that microprocessor in a computer that
costs under $2500.
Just what do you get for your $2500? You get the
main unit, the keyboard, and the mouse. The main unit
includesa 9-inch black-on-white display (512 x 342
pixels), the microprocessor and related circuitry,
(including 128K RAM and 64KROM), a 3.5-inch Sony
microfloppy-disk drive that can store up to 400
kilobytes; two RS-232/RS-422serial ports, and built-in
sound and speechhardware. That's quite a bit of
power in a lightweight (17-pound) unit.
Icons and a mouse
Perhaps the most important features of the Macintosh
are those that make it easy for almost anyone to use it.
With the mouse (a desk-top "roller controller") and
icons(graphic representations of a command or
function), you can do agreat many things without
knowing the first thing about operating systemsor
command structures. All you have to do is movethe
mouse on the desk, and the screen pointer (cursor)
moves to a picture(icon) that indicates the actionyou
want to take. Then, you push the single button on the
mouse and the system goes to work.
6 ComputerDigest - MAY 1984
For example, if you want to open a file, you simply
point to a file-folder icon, push a button on the mouse,
and a fileis opened. Or, if you want to create some
text (provided the proper appl ication program is in the
disk drive) you then point to the appropriatepictureor
menu commandat the top of the screen and you are in
the text-processing mode. During this time, the
computer is handlingall the tasks without requiringyou
to remember anycommands to control its operating
system.
That ease of use pointsthe way the personal
computer wor ld is likelyto go. It seemsalmost
inevitable that the personal computer of the futurewill
be easyto use yet powerful . It's likely the personal
computer of the future will take 'only a few hours or so
to learn adequately soyou can use it for whatever
purposeyou have in mind.
The Macintosh is a logical progression of the small
computer-system. In the last decade, since the first,
"primitive" microcomputers becameavailable, the
industryhas advanced a step at a time from4-bit to 8-
bit to 16-bit and to 32-bit architecture. Each step in this
progression has brought wit h it an increase in power
and capability
Ei ght-bit microprocessors, with their 16 address lines,
can directly address a maximumof 64K (actually 2
16
or
65,536) memory locations. However, that figurewasthe
upper limit of its capability Some 8-bit-basedsystems
do claimthe ability to address morememory, but they
are using fancymemory and timing techniques (bank
selecting) to achieve that affect.
For its time and for most purposes, that was more
than adequate for manycomputer users. It wasa fairly
simple setup, requiring only 16 address lines, eight data
lines, and variouscontrol-bus lines. But that simplicity
had its drawbacks, especially for systems and program
developers, who just love more and more computing
power. The 64K limit of memory addresses and the
relatively primitive level of instructionsavailable limited
themin what they could do. .
Fortunately, the 16-bit microprocessor began to make
its appearance. Here is a device which can directly
address morethan a megabyte of memory(2
20
bytes).
Of course, it is a bigger, more powerful device. It uses
20 address lines plusa16-line data bus for its16
internal data registers, and lines for timingand other
control functions. Systemdesigners and programmers
can do a great deal more with it because not only can
it support far more memory, it alsohas a richer
instruction set.
Although it was the type of device which could do
cartwheels in the eyes of developers, it was also a
device which required moresupport circuitry than an
8-bit microprocessor. So, of necessity, the motherboard
in a16-bit computer becamemuch morecomplex.
And that brings us to the Macintoshand its 32-bit
internal architecture, the next step in the
microcomputer revolution. Unlike its predecessors
(such 8-bit devices as the Z80 or 8080 and such 16-bit
microprocessors as the 8086/8088), the MC68000 is
packaged in a 64-pin flat packwith 24 address lines, 16
data lines, and 20 control lines. It has a 32-bit internal
architecture(its has seventeen 32-bit dataand address
registers) and it has the capability of directly
addressing 16 megabytes with its 24 address lines.
Macintosh's only limitation at the moment is the
amount of RAM available: 128K. Unl ess a program
designer wants to move applications routines in and
out of memory with constant use of the single disk
drive (a second opt ional drive is available), most
routines will actuallybe singletasks. When Apple
'upgrades the Macintoshto a promised 512Kof RAM in
the fall, then multitasking and true concurrency will be
available.
Still, Apple's unique way of handling input and
output makes it seem asif Macintosh is capable of
concurrency You areable to call up two concurrent
applications under the main program and have them
resident on screen, with one of the executing. Much of
this is due to the fact that a large part of the
Macintosh's operating program is stored in read-only
memory and is called for by the disk-based
applications program. Because it is, very little RAM is
wasted holding the operating system and thus the
entire128K is avail able for use.
But this isgetting away fromthe point herewhi ch is
that Macintosh's microprocessor points the way to the
future and it is a logical step in the microcomputer
revolution.
16 or 32 Bits?
You might have noticed that whenever we said "32-
bit," the word "architecture" always followed. Although
Apple markets the Macintosh as a 32-bit computer,
there are somewho would debate that terminology,
preferring to call it, instead, a16-bit computer. The
reason is the number of data lines. The 68000 uses 16
data lines (rather than 32) to bring data to its 32
registers. The result is that the device must make two
16-bit fetches, which slows things a bit. However, once
the data are inside the processing unit, they are
processed in a 32-bit manner. So what kind of
computer is the Macintosh? It is a16/32-bit machine.
The MC68000 uses special timing routines for data
........
THE MACINTOSH WILL NOT take up too much room on your
desktop. Its "footprint" (not including the keyboard or mouse)
is 10 x 10 inches.
input, so it works nearly as fast as a true 32-bit
microprocessor-although Motorola (the
microprocessor's manufacturer) calls it a16-bit device.
For convenience, though, we'll continuecalling the
Macintosh a 32-bit machine. Just remember, we're
referring to the microprocessor's internal architecture.
Macintosh comeswit h 192K of internal memory .
which consists of the 64KROM that stores many of the
operating system primitives and device drivers, as well
as other system and device calls, and 128Kof RAM.
Mass storage is via a 3.5-inch microfloppy diskette,
which holds 400K of information on a single-sided
double-density disk.
When you open the system box you will find all of
the Macintosh's memoryand processing power is on
one motherboard runningalong one side of the box.
Thi s board containsthe CPU, RAM and ROM. It also
containsthe connectorsfor the mouse controller, as
well as the connector for the optional external floppy
diskdrive. Further, it also contains dual serial port s to
interface a printer and modem. The system also
containsa built-in, battery-driven clock/calendar and
the sound/speech generation chip.
With the exception of the 68000 CPU and
microfloppy diskette drive, the basicMacintosh outline
is pretty similar to many other small computer systems
on the market. But Apple has done something that is
unique. For a better understanding of this, it's only
necessary to take a look at the architecture of the
system, as well as the user interface to see why
Macintosh is innovative.
Unique architecture
At the heart of this system is the 68000 CPUand its '
memory. In the Macintosh, the RAM data-output lines
are connected to a different bus fromthat usedby the
rest of the system, increasing operating speed. The
RAM has three different entryways, each of which give
the CPU, screen display and sound-generation
hardware separate periodic access to thedata and
address buses so that sound, video and the current
task that the 68000 is performing appear concurrently
executing to the user.
The ROM, which contai ns low-level graphics
primitives, operating system routines, and user-interface
A VARIETY OF ACCESSORIES is available for the Macintosh,
including an outboard drive, a numeric keypad, printer,
modem, and carrying case.
MAY 1984 - ComputerDigest 7
routines, is directly connected to the system bus and is
used only by the CPU. Because of the way its software
is encoded and stored- in low memory locations-
the ROM-based subroutines function as extensionsof
the 68000 instruction set and operate at system speed.
Therefore, the ROM is always accessed at 8 MHz.
Video memory appears as a linear array of 10,94416-
bit words of data. Because of the arrangement of video
memory with the rest of the system, RAM access time
slows to about 3.5 MHz duringthe horizontal video
refresh period. That preventsvideo glitches.
A keyto theMacintosh system, though, is the serial
bus. It is through this bus that most peripheralswill
interface with Macintosh. It can run in two modes, the
first using an external clock which allows data transfer
at up to one megabit-per-second; the second rnode
uses an internal clock and allows data to be transferred
at up to 230 kilobits-per-second. That is the speed at
which most peripherals will transfer their data.
It is through this latter feature that Macintosh
implements "virtual" slots. Rather than relying on
conventional slots as has been Apple's pol icy with its
tremendouslysuccessful Apple II + and lie lines, the
company interfaces each piece of peripheral
equipment in a daisychain manner off the serial bus.
Each peripheral has its own power supply and wi ll use
the 230-kilobit data-transfer rate.
While a closed bus might seemto be a
disadvantage, virtual slotsdo have some advantages
that become apparent. For starters, it means the system
box can remain closed, thus preventing radio-
up your peopie in markeung, I wanted to
........ lZapata I nottest S<?lIlng all-sport sh,.;
A MEMO CAN easily be illustrated with graphics. Note the
window near the top corner of the sereen.
I
frequency interference (RFI) problemsthat have
troubled many other manufacturers. Further, since there
are fewer mechanical connections in a serial interface
than on a typcial add-on computer card, there are
fewer places where mechani cal troubles can occur.
And, since each peripheralwill use its own power
supply, the power requirements of the Macintosh can
be kept low and stable, and the company doesn't
have to worry about beefing up the supply to handle
future peripherals. In that way, costs are kept down.
Finally, for software developers, thevirtual -slot system
meansthat the memory map will always remain the
same-there will be no peripheral cards inserted into
memory that will change the mapping itself. Therefore,
developers can be assured the programstheywrite
8 ComputerDigest - MAY 1984
will run, without wor rying about whether company X's
peripheral card will change things.
One last feature of the system architecture is its
simplicity. Using programmable logic-arrays, large-scale
and very large-scale integration techniques, Apple has
been able to keep the IC package count to about 50.
That not only helps to keepthe computer's size and
cost down, it helps to ensure reliability.
The userinterface
The second keyto Macintosh's uniqueness is the
user interface. It is simple to learn and easy to use.
Rather than relying on thetraditional operating system
approach with its rather cryptic A> (or whatever)
prompt, followed by the need for a command or series
of commands, Apple has chosen the mouse and
screen graphics and menus as the way someonewill
be able to access and use any of the appl ications
which he may need.
The windowi ng capability allows several documents
to be displayed on screen simultaneously. The
windows can be moved, expanded or shrunk. This
means that numbers, words and pictures caneasily be
cut and moved around and repasted elsewhere.
SinceMacintosh uses an unchanging memory and
access format, all programs-will use the same
command structure in the same way. No longer is it
necessary to learn and relearn new commands as new
programs areacquired. This rneans that software
designers are forced into standardization that is seldorn
seen in the microcomputer world.
With theMacintosh, there's no rnorewor ry about
learning long, complicated comrnand strings or the like.
And, rather than taking 20 to 40 hours to master the
machine, Apple estimates it will take 10or less. Also,
the software allows the systemto share files across
several programsand it gives software' developers
di rect access to its rnany features through a
"developer's toolbox."
Future trends
What is in store for the future of Macintosh is still up
in the air and several questions remainwith it. Li ke it
has done before, Ap ple has introduced a systemthat is
totally incompatible with the systems it already has on
the market-although it will "talk" wi th the Lisa(it is
upward compatible-meaning that the Lisa can run
Macintosh software, but not the other way around),
Further, since there is no compatibility with the near
industry-standard MS-DOS operating systern and since
there is likely to be none, there have been questions
raised about its futurein the business market. Also, it
comes totally without software- not even BASIC is
included when you buy it, soyou must start addingto
the system's price at the start. (Apple, however, will
throw in word-processingand graphics software if you
buy the computer wi th'in 100 days after its introduction
date of January 24, 1984.)
In conclusion, the future of the Macintosh is still
unclear. Yes, many people and the cornpany are
ecstatic about the machine, but there is still some
uncertainty around. Whatever the outcome, one thing is
for sure, Macintosh's impact on the small computer-
systems market is likely to be felt for
YIUI KEY TI
CP/M
HERB FRIEDMAN
Here's a CP/M primer that's perfect for beginners others who need to know about that
operating system on a non-technical level.
-It often appears that CP/M is the bogeyman of
personal computing. Some colleges short on funds
take in substantial extra incomewith rather expensive
"How to use CP/M" adult educationcourses. Highly
paid consultants-wil l come to your home or office any
hour of the day or eveningto giveyou personal trai ning
inCP/M. Magazi ne authors suggest you consult the local
"CP/M expert" to work out your problems. And
computer stores offer as an excuse to users who
wiped out all traces of their software froma hard disk
that "it's your fault if you misuse CP/M."
Why is CP/M so difficult to use? In truth, it'snot
difficult at all; it's often easier to use than most of the
so-called user-friendly operating systems.
Most difficulties in using CP/M arise because the
system has remained essential ly the same while the
hardware, the program software, and the type of
person usingthe software haschanged dramatically.
Many of the original CP/M concepts no longer pertain
to how the modern personal computer is generally
used. But once you understand CP/M in terms of
modern hardware and softwareand your own
technical level, you wi ll find that it becomes a delight
to use.
What's CP/M?
CP/M, anacronym for Control Program for
Microcomputers, is only a disk operating system with a
fancy name. It's primary purpose isto create disk files
and then permit the user to use the files in any desired
manner. For example, the output froma disk file could
be directed to a printer, or another disk drive to make
copies, or anothercomputer, or a modem, or a paper
punch--anything at all.
On the opposite side of the coin, CP/M allows
almost anything to be used to create the diskfile. The
input could come froma keyboard, a teletype
machine, a CRT terminal, a card reader, paper tape-
again, anything.
Some of those devices and uses might sound
strange because you have not heard of themor your
computer has no provisions for them; and that's a good
part of the reason someusers have difficulty usi ng
CP/M. CP/M was never intended for the modern
personal-computer or the typical personusing it today.
The fact that it remainsthe leading 8-bit computer
operating system is a testi monial to how well it was
initially thought out, touching basesthat hadn't even
. been thought of in the late 1970's.
CP/M was intended for a "personal computer" that,
likethe mythical kingdom of Camelot, lasted for one
brief instant in time. It was written for a central
computer to which other equipment-ealled
"peripherals"-were connected. Depending on the
particular installati on the input to the computer could
be from any of several devices such as a teletypewriter,
avideo terminal consisting of a keyboard and CRT
display, batch processor, a telephone line, a paper-tape
reader, virtuallyanything. Similarly, the computer could
feed any number of devices, among thema high-
speed line printer, slow speed letter-quali ty-printer,
several disk drives, paper-tape punches, teleprinters,
evenanother computer. Hence, CP/M was designed to
accommodate all thosevarious peripherals, and
numerous software routines commonly used by "data
processing" technicians were built into CP/M so the
user could easi ly use the peripherals.
Today, however, the typical personal computer rarely
connects to that much hardware. Nor does the user
need the softwarefunctions that go with the hardware;
yet the functionsremain in CP/M. If you call a function
not implemented for your particularcomputer, either
nothing happens, your information getsdirected to
places unknown to you, or the keyboard locks up. If
you just don't use the features there won't be any
problems. We'll cover what not to use a little later.
Also, the documentation was intended for the
computer scientist/engineer/technician, and evensome
of them had difficulty understanding it. For many
applications-oriented users of personal computers,
inconsequential hassles become insurmountabl e
problems because the user doesn't understand the
technically-oriented documentation.
To make life easier and simpler for thoseof you who
aren't computer experts, and don' t care to become
experts, we'regoing to cover CP/M froma strictly non-
technical appl ications-oriented viewpoint. Some of
you will undoubtedly gnash your teeth and shout to
the wor ld "that isn't right." Gnash away! This short
course in CP/M is intended strictly for those who want
MAY 1984 - ComputerDigest 9
to use their computer, not write the next multi-
megabyte integrated word processor/spreadsheet!
graphics program.
Note: To avoid confusing computer keyboard
commands, the punctuation-the periods, commas,
colons, etc.- which are by normal convention located
w ithin parenthesesw ill be shown outside the
parentheses.
Drives and user areas
As stated earlier, CP/M is a disk operating system. It
will write and read disk files on any of up to 16
indivi dual or "dual identity" diskdr ives wh ich are alpha
labeled as "A", "B:", "C, etc. The colon C":" ) is part of
the disk drive hardware identification; without it CP/M
has no idea what you are talking about, and the lack of
the colon is the reasonwhy what should be an
ord inary copy command can result in inaccessible disk
files. While a disk drive can be assigned any letter
(w ithin reason), because of the way modern personal-
computer software is written, the main dr ive, the so-
called primary default drive, is always A and the
second drive is always B: You could have your second
drive designated C: but a lot of commercial software
wouldn't have the vaguest idea what to do. Unless you
modify the softwa re that is the way it must be done;
otherwise, you w ill end up with software that won't
run, or software that simp ly erases it's own records.
(Self-erasure is very common to hard disks w here A
and B: are the same disk mechanism.)
Take note that some programs permit the user to
eliminate the colon when specifying disk drives, and
some so-called "utility" software permit the user to use
CP/M w ithout the colon. Using a colon.at one time and
not at other times causes more problems than the
convenience is worth because omitt ing a colon at the
wrong time can "crash" (ruin) a file. Try to do it CP/M's
way at all times- use the colon even if you don't have
to.
The basic CP/M system that handles the filing and
retrieval of disk data has several inherent command
funct ions. The most commonly used command is DIR
(for "d irectory"), which will cause the display device to
show a directory of the disk fi les. The directory can be
"keyed" so that only a desired group of files appears at
anyone ti me.
One of the attractive features of CP/M is that it can
create up to 16 indi vi dual "user areas" on a single disk
that are keyed to indi vidual directories for each user
area. "User area" is essentially an invi sibl e tag applied
to one or more disk files, and the computer always
"comes up" in user 0 when CP/M is first booted up.
You enter a user area from the command line-when
the ''A>'' shows on the screen-by typing USER1, USER5,
etc. Since the computer automatically comes up in
user 0, the command USERneed be entered only
when leaving some other user area.
User areas work this way: Assume your d iskdrive will
record 200K bytes of data. Any program written to the
disk is placed in the user-Oarea and a DIRcommand
wi ll display a listing for all the disk files. If all the files
were simp ly written to the disk, the directory would
appear as shown in Fi g. 1. But let's assume you don't
want the directory listing cluttered with a string of
10 ComputerDigest - MAY 1984
OI R
A. CAROFILE COM MBASI C COM LABEL2 BAS . MAILPAC BAS
A. FAMILY BAS. BOOKEEP BAS CHECKS BAS. CHECKSB2 BAS
A. INSUREB4 BAS PIP COM CAROFILE PRM CARDFILE OAT
A. STAT COM XDIR COM COMHEX COM . MITE COM
A. FI LES DOC, FLS COM
A>
FIG. 1-THIS TYPICAL DIRECTORY display shows the CP/M
utilities, MBASIC and its files, and a Cardfile database with
its files. . .
unrelated files; you would like them arranged into
homogeneous groups. For example, you would like
only the CP/M utility programs- PIp' STAT and XDIR-to
be available on boot up, with MBASIC and all its
related programswith the .BASextension listed
independent of both the CP/M utili ties and the
database program with its indi vidual data files and
prompt screens. Figure 2 shows how only the CP/M
uti lities would be displayed.
I
DIR
~ ~ PI P COM , STAT COM : XDIR COM
FIG. 2.-THIS IS HOW we would like the computer to "boot
up," with a DIR showing only ~ utility flles.
What you can do to avoid the cl utter' is to tag each
indi vi dual file by assigning it a user area tag. As shown
in Fi g. 3, we could place the MBASICfile and its
programs in user-2 area by first typing USER 2. Anything
done from here on wil l have the USER 2 tag, so if we
now move (write) MBASIC and its related programs to
the disk they wi ll all have the USER 2 tag. Al l programs
created by MBASICwill also automatically get the USER
2 tag.
USER 2
A>OIR
A. MBASI C COM I LABEL2 BAS I MAILPAC BAS I FAMILY BAS
AI BOOKEEP BAS I CHECKS BAS I CHECKSB2 BAS I NSUREB4 BAS
A>
FIG. 3-MBASIC AND ITS FILES should have their own
exclusive tagged directory. .
To keep our database files separate we might give
them a USER 5 tag. From the ''A>'' command prompt we
type USER 5 Everythi ng we do w ill now get the USER 5
tag. If we write our database, in this instance Cardfile,
to the disk, the program and all its generated prompts
and files w ill be tagged USER 5 (see Fi g. 4).
USER ~
A>OIR
AI PI P COM I CARDFILE COM , CAROFI LE PRM , CAROFILE OAT
A>
FIG. 4-A DATABASE PROGRAM, such as cardfile, and its
files could similarly have its own tagged directory. t
If you now go back to the "boot up" condition by
typing USER 0, you would see only the CP/M utilities, as
shown in Fi g. 2.
In Fi g. 2, the computer has been "booted" so it
"comes up" automatically in.the the user areaand a
DIR command produces the response NO FILE. In Fi g. 3
the computer has "come up," we have first entered
USER 2 and then DIR. Not ice we have a directory listing
of MBASICand its files. In Fig. 4 we have entered USER 5,
then DIR, and we get only a directory of the Cardfile
files.
There is normally no way a single DIRcommand will
list files from other user areas unless special software
has been provided, and this is not usually done except
for the computers w ith hard-di sk dr ives such the
Kaypro 10. Kaypro provides a special directory program
that wil l list all files regardless of their userarea. (There
are available special utility programs that simplify
getting directories and moving fromuser area to user
area, but they are a subject for another time.) In fact,
because hard-diskdrives contain so manyfiles it's
often di fficult to locate a desired file unless they are
organized in homogeneous user area. In fact, a full
directory listing for the software that comes bundled
with the Kaypro 10would take almost four full screens
to display. That does not include anyuser-generated
files. Using user areas simplifies loading programs-it's
certainly a lot easier to locateand use the desired files
from a user area than trying to dig themout fromthe
"full directory. "
While the user areas are often a decided
convenienceyou must keep in mind that the user area
on the default drive, the control drive determines the
user areaon all other drives. If you copy a program
from drive A: to a diskon drive B:, or C, or whatever, it
wil l be copied to the same user area fromwhich it
came. Same thing if B: is thedefault drive. Often, the
userwil l be in a user area, say user 4, and copy a
program to a backup disk in drive B:. Sometime later,
forgetting thar a user area was usedduring the backup,
the user calls for a DIR on the backup di sk and the
screen shows NO FILE, because DI Rchecks the 0 area of
B: and the files have the USER 4 tag.
In Part 2 of this serieswe'll show how to move
programs between user areas. For now keepthis point
in mind: It is easy to move files from any user area into
the one being used. It is difficult, often almost
impossible for a non-programmer to move a file from
the assigned user area into any other because the
original CP/M made no provisionto do it easi ly.
Utilities
Because CP/M isa "universal " program it is always
specifically enhanced by the computer manufacturer
for a particular computer. That is done throughspecial
utility programs that are supplied with CP/M, as well as
by utilitiessupplied by Digital Research, the outfit that
wrote CP/M. Some are invaluable for day to day work;
others can cause the total destruction of the disk files if
used by a non-programmer-they shouldn't even be
on the average user's work disk because they were
intended for computer scientists, technicians, and
programmers. The N technici an using a personal
computer for business, the dentist keepi ng patient
records, the service shop using a spreadsheet program
for financial project ions, and thewheeler and dealer
doing stocktransactionsfrom home have rareor no
need for some of the supplied utilities; again, all they
can do is damagethe disk dataor confuse the user.
The Digital Research utilities are: ASM, DDT, ED,
LOAD, DUMp, STAT, EXSUB, SUBMI T, SYSGEN, and PIP.
ASM is an assembler for those who write assembly
programs; you probably don't need it so erase it from
your working disk(not from the master or backup copy
of CP/M). DDT is alsofor software experts and is used
primarily to modi fy program code. Normal ly, it canalso
be erased from the workingdisk; but even if you
haven't the vaguest idea of what DDT is all about, it is
required one singletime if you want to use user areas.
In Part 2 we'll giveyou a short seven-statement routine
for DDT that you don't have to understand at all, but it
will open up user areas to you-and thenyou can
forget all about it.
ED is a rudimentary line-oriented editor that wasn't
even good in "the good old days;" kill that one also.
LOAD and DUMPare also for computer science types;
you will probably never use them so kill them fromthe
workdisk. SUBMITis a way.to automatically link
commands, as is XSUB. Many software houses supply
their programs in SUBMITor XSUBformat under a
different name. For beginners and application-oriented
users it's best to avoid those programs until it'syou
who are the local CP/M expert.
SYSGEN is the program that is usedto place the CP/
M system on other disks. Leave it on the work disk.
STAT means "statistics." It will tell you almost anything
you want to know about a disk or the programs stored
on the disk, such how much freespace is available on
the disk; how much disk spacea program takes up (or
needs if you're making a copy); the devices connected
to the computer; the condition (setup characteristics)
of the devices. STAT is important, and you should
hands-on experiment wi th it until you canuse all its
"bells and whistles."
PIP-an acronym for Peripheral Interchange
/1"ogram-is the utility that moves files from placeto
place and it is the keystone of CP/M. Unfortunately, PIP
works on two levels: very-easy-beginner and diffi cult-
to-understand mumbo-j umbo technese. (Technese is a
language whose purpose is to insure that outsiders
don't understand what'sgoing on. For example, social
workers speak technese, educators speak technese,
etc.) In Part 2 of this series we will cover PIPstrictly on
the beginner level. Be prepared to follow along "hands
on" because you'll be the local "CP/M applications-
software expert" when you're finished.
The manufacturer's utilities generally include some
formof CONFIG (configure) utility, and either a FORMAT
utility or aCOPY utility that will either format a disk or
copy one complete disk to another disk. That should
be on the samework disk as SYSGEN. The command
FORMAT (or FORMAT through the COPY program)
places invisible magnetic "tracks" and other information
on blank (new) diskettes sothey canbe usedto store
disk files. You cannot store information until a disk is
formatted. If the disk isn't formatted there is no
personal computer usinganyoperating systemthat will
know the disk exists. That is a point often forgotten, if
ever known, by many "toy store" computer
salespersons.
The CONFIG program is a means whereby the user
can assign different technical attributes to various
"ports"- the connections for a printers, modem, or
whatever. It is generally not needed on the workdisk
since once CP/M is configured, meaning "set up" for
particular hardware or softwarethere is rarely any need
to changethings.
If the manufacturer provides other utilitiestheyare
generally intended for his particular computer, or
specific software, and aren't really part of CP/M.
Next time, we'll PIPand STATthrough several disks
and user areas. Be prepared by having a few
SYSGEN'ed disks available. .... J ~
MAY1984 - Comput erDigest 11
Upgrade
Your Budget Printer
EPSON
.,." .. . ...
b.
. ~ ~ : . :
J'JJ'J r,; I '..-::::" ~ .
.... ~ ..... _.. -
~ ... :.:. "'---
- : ::.,;:" .....
4 ,_,. _
Many low-priced printers can be easily upgraded to give them new features and greater
flexibility. Here's a look at some of the upgrade kits currently available for two of the most
popular of those printers.
HERB FRIEDMAN
- If you have been into personal computing from its
"hobbyist " days, or have bui lt your systemon a tight
budget, it's odds-on that you have either an Epson
MX-80 matrix pr inter or Smith-Corona TP-l (or TP-2)
daisy printer. Either, or both, have probably given you
years of trouble-free service, but lately you find that
more and more software can't be used wi th your
printer, or you want to upgrade the computer but find
your printer can't quite hack it as an up-to-date printer
with the new computer hardware.
Essentially, what you have is still functional
equipment that's been made obsolete by modern
softwa re, or by modern uses for a personal computer.
The Epson MX-80 printer, which could be used with
any computer having a Centroni cs-compatible parallel
printer output, was intended primarily for the Radio
12 Co mputerDigest - MAY 1984
Shack TRS-80 Modell, the most popular computer of
its day, hence the MX-80 featured a Radio Shack
graphics mode. Much of the modern software,
however, is written for the graphics mode of the newer
MX-80 printers, wh ich hasthe graphics capability for
the present most popular 8-bit computers, the Apple /I
and lie. Even if the softwa re is for other than Apple
computers the graphics wil l most likely be intended for
the graphics capability of the most recent version of
the MX-80.
The MX-80 (and its clones such as the Texas
Instruments and IBM printers) accommodates only
tractor-feed paper. If you want to print on single sheets,
such as letterhead, the only way to do it is to use a
spec ial pl astic tractor/pin feed "carrier," some of wh ich
are prone to damage the printhead when pushed
THE FINGERPRINT assembly snaps into ROM socket 1B, while the ROM that normally
goes in that socket is installed on the Fingerprint assembly.
I
AN ADHESIVE MYLAR LABEL you affix to the front of the
printer lists the new functions provided by the Fingerprint.
schedules, even business stationary-which includes
letterheads and envelopes. To insure precise alignment
of theprinting, continuous forms must be tractor or pin
fed.
So what we have isa populartractor-feed matrix
pr i nter that needsat least new graphics capability and
the ability t o feed single sheets, and a daisy printer that
needsatractor feed in order to accommodate
continuous forms. Let's see what we can do to sati sfy
those important needs.
Upgrading t he printers
Regardless of whyyou purchased the MX-BO or TP- 1
14 ComputerDigest - MAY1984
TO ADD the Micro-Grip single sheet feed to the MX-BO you.
simply remove the collar securing the drive bar on the left
side.
in the first place, user-installed retrofit kits areavailable
that will upgrade either printer to accommodate
modern needs. While some of the retrofits are better or
more convenient than others, we know those
discussed here wi ll really workexactly as promised
because we actually tried themout.
The first of the user-installed MX-BO retrofitswas
Epsons own Graftrax, which consisted of three ROM's,
two of which plugged into empty sockets in the base
of the printer while the third replaced an existing ROM.
Among other things, the Graftrax upgrade provided for
dot-addressable graphics, itallics printing, and even
more important, backspacing. It was terrible
EPSON'S OWN Grettrex-Plus upgrade consists of three
ROM's supplied on a strip of conductive foam
THE MICRO-GRIP single sheet upgrade kit. Its use does not
interfere with tractor operation.
THE FINGERPRINT module plugs directly into an Epson
ROM socket. The existing ROM is moved to the empty
socket on the board.
through the printer mechanism. Whilethe original
MX-80 has a host of features such as compressed or
enhanced printing it lacks a backspace, which
precludes underscoring from some of the less
expensive (but otherwise excellent) word processors
that are available.
The "letter quality" Smith-Corona daisy printer TP
family, which consists of the TP-1 and the newer TP-2, is
the "buy of buys" when it comes to letter-quality
printers for home-and-family and small businesses. The
TP-1was the first under-$1 000 daisy printer, which by
early 1984 was selling for as little as $250. Thousands
upon thousands of personal computer users who
could not otherwisepossibly afford a letter quality
daisy printer struck gold in the TP-1/TP-2-the price
might very well be the reason you decided to get a
letter quality printer even though you already had a
matrix printer. (If a type 251 ribbon is used-which was
not mentioned in the early documentation-the TP- 1
THE PASSIVE TRACTOR FEED upgrade kit for the Smith-
Corona printers. The main section is supplied as a
complete assembly.
EPSON TELLS YOU to work on the printer with the cover
attached, but don't do it-Upull the plug" instead.
THE THREE ROM sockets located in the base of the MX-BO
printer. If you have an origi nal MX-BOtwo of those are empty
and one is filled.
canproduce "camera ready" print quality the equal of
machines costing well over $1000 because it is
essentiallythe printer end of a Smith-Coronaelectronic
typewriter with an accessory interface for computer
output.) .
The problem with the TP-1and the TP-2 isthat they
were intended for single-sheet documents such as
business letters, etc., which is logical because it is
really the printer mechanism froma typewriter. But
today, much modern software is intended for
continuous forms printing, such as checks, labels, IRS
MAY 1984- CompulerDigesl 13
SLIDE THE ORIGINAL plastic paper guide roller from the
driver bar and slide t he two Micro-Grip rubber rollers on the
bar. Then replace the collar.
ATTACH THE PRESSURE roller assembly to the paper bail
and the single sheet retrofit is finished.
A SINGLE SHEET being printed by the MX-80. Be certain
the pin-feed mechanisms are against the sides of the paper
it feeds straight.
backspacing because the printhead returned to the
extreme left and then advanced for each backspace,
but it was adequate for general word processing:
underscore, kerning, etc. Unfor tunately, a graphic
printout would cycle the head continuously until the
dr ive motor could be heard slowing to a crawl .
The latest retrofit avai lable from Epson dealers is
Graf trax-Plus, which gives your old model MX-80the
advanced features of the latest model. Among the
Graftrax-Plus highlight s are the Apple-compatible
graphics (no more Radio Shack Model 1graphics); a
WHEN WORKING ON the Smith-Corona TP-1, you cannot
separate the casing top because the leads to the fan are too
short.
IT APPEARS TO BE permane ntly installed, but the tractor
mechanism goes on and off in seconds .
SLIDE THE SUPPLIED GAUGE-actually a notched rod-on
the drive bar, tighten two screws, and the tractor assembly
is adjusted for use.
true backspace that puts graphic printouts in high gear
and relieves the strain on the printer's printhead-drive
motor; a "fine print " that can be used for superscripts
and subscripts; automatic perforation skipover (no
more program listings printing on the perforations); and
a continuous underscore that can be turned on and off
from within a program or word processor. (A
continuous underscore is formed simultaneously with
the character; the head does not backspace for the
underscore.)
The Graf trax-Plus retrofi t kit consists of three ROM's
MAY1984- ComputerDigest 15
and the latest Epson-with-Graftrax printer manual-
which explains all the "bellsand whistles." The
Graftrax-Plusretrofit has the same kind of installation as
for the original Graftrax upgrade-just plug the ROM's
into the correct sockets. One "caveat" however: The
Epson instructions leave the top of the printer attached
when you open the printer by separating the top and
bottom; it hasyou delicately balancing the cover on its
end. If you look closely you'll see thewiresto the
swi tches in the cover are attached through a connector.
Mark the orientation of the connectorwit h a pencil or
pen and then separate the connectorand put the
cover in a safe place until you'refinished.
Pushbutton control
As long as you have the printer open consider a
retrofit called Fingerprint (Dresselhaus Computer
Products, 837 E. AlostaAve., Glendora, CA91740),
which allows the three printer control pushbuttons to
also program ten operating modes: compressed print;
double-wide; emphasized; double-strike; perforation
skipover; left margin indent; 8 lines/inch spaci ng;
itallics, and fine print. For example, just touch the
printer's ON -LINE button twice and the printershifts to
compressed type without any commands fromthe
computer.
Fingerprint is supplied on a small printed-circuit
board that swaps for the ROM in a socket1B, the one
that's replaced in the Graftrax retrofit. Instead of
substituting for the ROM in socket 1B, install the Graftrax
ROM in the Fingerprint socket and then snap the
Fingerprint assembly into socket 1B. You clip two
attached Fingerprint leads where indicated andyou
now have both the Graftrax and the Fingerprint retrofits,
and with virtual ly no extra effort requiredon your part.
Single sheets
If you quit now you'll have one heck of a matrix
printer, but you can go one step farther and add a real
single-sheet feed by installing aMicro-Grip Friction
Feed (Bill Cole Enterprises, Box 609, Woll aston, MA
02170). The Micro-Grip retrofit does not interfere with
the tractor operation, but it does permit singlesheets
to be fed di rectly through the printer without the need
for a plasticcarrier.
The Micro-Grip kit consists of three components:
two rubber rollers that replace the existing Epson
paper guide roller (which is sandwiched between the
two tractor pin feed mechanisms), and a rubber-roller
pressure assembly that clamps to printer's paper bail-
the bar that holds the paper down for printing.
To install the Micro-Grip retrofit it is necessary to very
slightly dismantle the printer's feed mechanism so the
rubber rollers can be fitted to the tractor-drive bar
(instructions are provided in the kit). It is, however, a
minor disassembly, and the whole installationshouldn't
take more than 10 or 15 minutes. Just be certai n you
don't pushor bend anythi ngwhile you are doing the
work-do everything very, very gently.
When you see the Micro-Grip installed you won't
believe it will work, but it does. The only problem is
the paper tends to skew; and the instructions on how
to "fine tune" the paper feed really don't do much of
anything. You'll spend more time fussing with the "fine
~ ComputerDigest - MAY1984
tuning" than printing. Just ignorethe "fine tuning"
instructions. Instead, gentlyslide the tractor pin-feed
devicesagainst the sides of the paper and apply their
locks, thereby lockingthemin position against each
side of the paper. The pin feed assemblieswill guide
the paper so it rolls through niceand straight. The
adjustment of the pin-feed mechanisms are
"permanent" as longas you keep using singlesheets. To
use continuous form tractor paper you simply slide the
two rubber rollers to the side and reset the tractors, or
leave the rollerswhere they are and pull the paper bail
(with its roller) away fromthe paper; the Epson will
print on continuous tractor feed forms just as well
without the bail.
Installing a trador feed
The tractor feed upgrade for the Smith-Corona
TP- 1/TP-2 isn't real ly a retrofit because it does not really
become a permanent part of the printer, it can be
easily removed in seconds. The tractor feed
mechanism, which is available fromsome (not all)
Smith-Corona dealers and the Smith-Corona service
centers isa "passive" tractor feed, meaning it'sreally a
guide that insures precise registration even though the
paper is really drivenby the normal platten
mechanism-just like a singlesheet.
While installing the tractor feed upgrade canbe a
user-performed task, Smith-Corona does not provide
the first three pages of the documentation with the kit;
the pages that showhow to do it yourself. Smith- .
Corona service centers will do the installation for $10 if
you deliver the printer to the center.
What's missing are these instructions. First, remove
the casing top by loosening two screws at the top
front and then pryingthe top out of the three clamps in
the base, thereby separating the casi ng top fromthe
base. The three clamps are across the rear of the base;
you'll need to use a large screwdriver as a pry bar and
you'll swear you'rebreaki ng the case but that's what it
takes to release the three clamps at the backof the
casing. Don't disconnect anywires even though they
are short; j ust flip the cover up.
Use common sense and remove the combination
dust cover and paper rest, and install the suppl ied
black metal strip(which iscalled an "electronics
cover") so it spans the two screws that originally held
the paper rest's pivots-remove the rest with its pivots.
Remove the hinge-screws that hold the paper rest to
the casing top. Drive out the hinge pins into which the
screws fit and gently drive in the new; supplied, hinge
pinswith a small soft-facehammer-or the back end
of a screwdriver. That's it-reassemble the cabinet.
The supplied documentation shows how to install
and adjust the tractor mechanism itself, all of a10
minute job at thevery worst. A special gauge is
provided in the kit for alignment of the tractor
mechanism. The whole project looks muchmore
diff icult than it is. Actually, separating the back of the
casing top fromthe base will be the most difficult part
of the upgrade.
With the tractor-mechanism upgradethe TP- 1/TP-2
can accommodateeither single sheets, tractor-fed
sheets, or tractor-fed formsand labels. As with the
Epson retrofits, you losenothing; you only gain. .... D ~
NO WRONG NUMBERS HOBBY CORNER
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ence.
Once you di scover whether or not you
like it or whet her it ca n be useful to you,
you ca n make your decision as to what to
do next. Most peopl e really take to com-
put er s once they reali ze that they are not
so mysterious . Very ofte n they find that
those low-cost mach ines ju st don 't have
the power or versatility for their needs, but
that's rea lly OK. Your next purchase ca n
be one of the larger and more powerful
machines .
On the ot her hand, if you find that you
reall y don 't take to pe rso nal computers or
that you ca n ge t along witho ut the m,
that' s fine ! Since you didn 't pay very
much for the machine , you ca n put it on
the back she lf wi th little or no guilt. Or
you may want to give it away one of
your kids, a rel ati ve , or a fri end to ge t
them started in computi ng. In any case,
now is the time to act . R-E
COMPUTER CORNER
continued fro m page 93
continued fr om page 95
counter, how does it compare with the
reading on the receiver di al ? Not so good,
huh ? Let's see how far off it is. Tune to a
station of known frequency (perhaps one
of the WWV signals ). Compa ring the
known frequ ency with the counter read-
ing wi ll show that the difference is the
intermediate frequency of the recei ver
(probabl y that 455 kl-lz , again) .
Now, repeat the compari son wi th the
recei ver tuned to various stations on the
di fferent bands . Aha !... On some band s
the counter shows a reading of 455 kHz
above the stat ion freque ncy and on others
it 's bel ow. Ma ke a not e of which bands are
above and which are below. Now you're in
business , Don . Ju st add or subtract the IF
from the co unter reading and you wi ll
have an accurate digital readout of the
tuned station's frequency. If the add ing
and subtract ing is too much trouble, you
can try your " gimmick" capaci tor on the
output of the RF amplifier. Use only a
very light co upling. It' s almos t ce rta in
that you' ll need one or two broad- band
ampl ifier stages t o boost th e sig na l
enough for the co unter.
Th'Ose of you who do not have a co unter
may wish to refer to one of the ARRL
publications for cons truc tion det ail s of
digit al frequency readout s (see above for
the ARRL address). It 's not a simple piece
of equipme nt to build. In fact, you may
prefer to buy a counter and hook it up
according to the above instructi ons . R-E
4
7
10
1
5
6
9
11
1209 Hz
1336 Hz
1477 Hz
1209 Hz
1336 Hz
1477 Hz
1209 Hz
1336 Hz
1477 Hz
Pin Number, IC2
697 Hz
697 Hz
697 Hz
770 Hz
770 Hz
770 Hz
852 Hz
852 Hz
852 Hz
Desired Code
Number
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Desired R14 Setting R17 Setting
Code (Read at TP2) (Read at TP1)
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
continued fro m page 63
TABLE 2-R14 AND R17
SETTINGS
TABLE 1-JUMPER POSITION
know about the proj ect .. In that case, tell
them to call du rin g a certain time and
leave the project ttTrned off. If they be-
come curious and ask why a parti cul ar
time , si mply tell them that' s the only time
you 'll be home. .
You may al so wis h to have the proj ect
respond to some code number other than
7. In those cases switc h jumper JUI on the
decoder board as shown in Tabl e I and
adj ust Rl 4 and RI 7 for the frequencies
shown in Tabl e 2. R-E
"'.,...,.. , r! ,.....'" ,.... ... -=" .:= -= U.ICr\DUIATlnt.1 """cn
'-----------------' 107
...... ..
CIRCLE 44 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Call 601-323-5869 in Miss., outside continental
USA, tech/order/repair info. TELEX 534590.
MFJ
Box 494, Mississippi State, MS 39762
ideas int o functional electromcs prototype
units. It is divided into four major parts:
Wire-wrapp i ng , deal s wi t h me t hods,
boards, hardware, power supplies, and tools.
Printed-circuit boards: cove rs double-
sided PC boa rds , camera-ready artwork,
photo-resist techniques: etchi ng, electroplat-
ing, soldering, dri!ling, assembl y, cleaning,
and protective coatings.
Graphic Techniques: te lls abo ut pho-
totabrtcation, photographic principles, photo
masks, darkroom equipment, screen printing,
t ransparenci es, 35mm photography, and
35mm photographic reduction.
Hardwa,re packing: explains enclosures,
part s layout, wi'ring, front panels, fabrication
tools, machlnmq holes, and cabinet li nistiing.
CIRCLE 12;3 INFORMATION CARD
MAKING INFORMATION SYSTEMS WORK
FOR YOU, by Trevor J. Bentley; Prentice-
Hail , Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632; 178
pages, including index; 6 x 9 inches; soft:
cover; $8.95.
Trevor J, Bent ley is one of the foremost
authorities on management-information sys-
tems today. As an accountant in years past,
he often provided information that managers
didn't know how to use. Later, as a manager,
he often received unneeded information.
This book present s a,formula for defining
management's information needs. There is
very littl e technical language, and the techni-
cal aspects that are important were supplied
by Irvine H. Forkner. The two authors together
provide inside tips to help the reader better
understand the use and value of information
systems, plus practical advice on making the
wholeprocess run more smoot hly. From the
preliminary cost of owning and operating a
system to information analysis and dccurnen-
tatlon, this book covers what the reader will
need to know in order to get i he best results
from an information system.
CIRCLE 124 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
,
COMMODORE.64 COMPUTING, by Ian
Sinclair ; Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, NJ 07632; 133 pages, inclUding ap-
pendix and index; 6 x 9 inches; softcover,
$12 .95 (also available i n hardcover,
$19.95). .
This book provides a clear, plain-Enqllsh
guide to BASIC programming on the Com-
modore 64. Fromconnecting your machine to
your TV receiver to program design usinq
color graphics and sound, the all-important
information necessary for a working knowl-
edge of what the Commodore 64can do is
provided. There is also step-by-step lnstruc-
tion on how to convert programs written for
the Commodore PET and how to use the
CP/M option.
The book is illustrated wit h examples that
show how to do sprite Waphics, color com-
mands, and programming for sound. R-E
CIRCLE 125 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
THE HHC USER GUIDE, by Jonathon
Sachs, sort River Software, with Rick
Meyer; Osborne/McGraw-Hili, 2600 Tenth
Street, Berkeley, CA 94710; 192 pages, in-
cluding appendicies, glossary, and index;
6V:z x 9% inches; softcover ; $14.95.
The HHC is a portable computer manufac-
tured by Panasonic, Quasar, and Olympia. It
is distributed by Quasar Corporat ion and
Olympia Corpo ration. An HHC from any of
those companies can work equally well with
peripherals, sof twa re, and capsules dis-
tributed by any of the other companies. (At
the time this book went to press, the authors
had no data on the availability of Olympia's
specific peripherals and software, because
Olmypia is the newest distr ibutor of the HHC.)
This guide presents easy-to-use operating
instructions for the HHC multipurpose sys-
tem. There is a compiete description of HHC
peripherals, including thermal printers , pro-
grammable memory extenders, and video
adapters. It discusses many of t he HHC-
packaged app licat ion prog rams, such as
electronic mail , fi nancial forecasting, time
management , and sales-order entry. It also
covers t he HHC programmi ng langu ages:
MBASIC, SnapBASIC, and SnapFort h, the
high-level language of the HHC's operating
system.
CIRCLE 121 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
THE BEGINNER'S BOOK OF ELEC-
TRONIC MUSIC, by Delton T. Horn; TAB
Books, Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, pA17214;
376 pages, including appendlcles, glos-
sary, . bibliography, .end i ndex; 5 x 8Ya
inches; softcover; $12.95.
This book tells how one can create one's
own synthesized live or recorded sound using
home-built circuitry or commercially available
equipment. There is also an extensive listing
of available electronic music recordings and a
comp lete' buyer's guide to commercial syn-
thesizi nq equipment (modul ar, normali zed,
pre-set and comp uterized).
Sound and acoustic principles are t hor-
oughly reviewed and there's a detailed look at
sound sources for electronic music--oscilla-
tors, noise generators, and recorded sounds.
The reader is told how new sounds can be
created by additive or subtractive synthesis,
and the fundamentals of using filters, ampli-
fiers, modulation, controllers, and other de-
vices to manipulate musical sounds. There's
also practical advice on setti ng up one's own
electronic-music studio.
CIRCLE 122 ON FREE INFORMATl9N CARD
ELECTRONICS PROTOTYPE CONSTRUC-
TION, by Stephen D. Kasten; Howard W.
Sams & Co., Inc., 4300 West 62nd Street,
Indianapolis, IN 46268; 398 pages, includ-
ing appendicies and index; 5-3/8 x 7-1/4
inches; softcover; $17.95.
This book is concerned with constructio n
techniques for convert ing schematics and
For more details use the free
, .
information card inside the back cover
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.. _------- .. CIRCLE 52 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
SWITCHIDISPLAY MODULE CATALOG is
12 pages and covers a line of decade Multi -
count switches combined with display mod-
ules. On-board decoders, memory, and other
circuitry in TTL or CMOS logic make these
switches suitable for applications such as
counting and timing measurements, genera-
tion of selectable clock signal, and position
control. Free upon request.-Interswitch,
700 Airport Boulevard , Burlingame, CA
94010.
CIRCLE 133 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
NEWLIT
CONNECTOR CATALOG is 16 pages de-
signed to help customers meet EMI/RFI re-
quirements, including FCC Docket 20780.
Catalog FCC-1 provides product descrip-
tions, performance characteristics, electrical
data, contact arrangements, mounting and
terminations, assembly data, and tips on how
to select and order the proper connector and
"black box" to meet your particular EMI/RFI
requirements.
Products are grouped by type in this cata-
log, which features more than 45 black-and-
white photographs of the 0 submini ature
shielded 0 series, 0 subminiaturetransverse
monolith filter connector, and extruded and
die-cast shielded black boxes. Those prod-
ucts have applications in computers and
computer peripherals, electronic games,.
telecommunicat ions, medi cal electronics,
and business machines, where signals gen-
erated are typically in the 10-kHz to 1000-
MHz range. Free upon request.-ITT Can-
non , 10550Talbert Ave., Box 8040, Fountain
Valley, CA 92708.
CIRCLE 131 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
"CONNECT IT" CATALOG is 8 pages in full
color, describing Vaco's new solderless-con-
nection program. The program includes new
terminal packaging and displays, plus new
terminal merchandising and sales aids, in-
cluding a display poster, salesman's sample
case, and catalog.
Other new products introduced inthis cata-
log are ratchet crimping tools, 3-way vacon-
nectors, and a newcoax stripper. The catalog
is free upon request.-Vaco Produ cts Com-
pany, 1510 Skokie Blvd., Nort hbrook , IL
60062. R-E
CIRCLE 134 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
ELECTRON IC PARTS CATALOG is 48
pages, illustrated partly color, and covers a
full range of electronics parts and supplies.
Included among the products listed are such
things as AC adaptors, battery chargers, ca-
pacitors , DC adaptors, earphones, fuses,
heat sinks, joysticks, meters, microphones,
PC boards, power supplies, relays, semicon-
ductors, LED displays, speakers, switches,
telephone accessories, terminal strips, video
accessories, wire, and many others . Free
upon request.-AII Electronics c orp., PO
Box 20406, 905 S. Vermont Ave., Los An-
geles, CA 90006.
CIRCLE 132 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Ent ertainme nt
n Chophfter (Broderbund) (Di sk) 34.95 25.95
n lode Runner (Broderbund) (Disk) 34.95 2595
n Zaxxon (Oal asoft ) (DIsk) 39.95 29.95
fJ Zark I (Inlocom ) (DIsk) 39.95 29.95
[1 lark II (InJocom) (Disk) 3995 29 95
o Pnsoner2 tlnteracnve FantasIes) 32.95 2595
Mask 0 1The Sun IUltrasoft) 39.95 29.95
R lSk;\
J Miner 20-4ger (Mlcrolab) (DISk.) 39.95 29.95
.:1 Wizardry : ProVltlQ Grounds (SIr-Tech 49.95 39 95
Software) (DISk)
o WIzardry Kni ght of Di amonds (Sir- 34.95 27 95
Tech Software) (Disk)
o Flight Slr11ulator II (SubloglC 33.50 25.95
Corporahonj (Disk)
8Temple of Apsha l (Epyx . Inc.) (Disk) 39.95 29.95
!.... Rendezvous {Eduwarel (DIsk) 3995 29.95
Home Bu.inen
Recommended You P.y
List Price
o Bank Street Wnter (Broderbund) 569.95 $4995
'kl
. crease II (Ashton-Tate) (Disk) 700.00 40000
Home Accountant {Continental 74.95 49 95
Sofl ware) (Di sk)
o Tax Advantage (Continental Software) 59.95 39.95
w free CP M card (MICJ'OPro 61200 38500
Inti) (Disk;)
fJ PFS: File li E ... 11 . (Software 125.00 8500
(Dlsk;l
o PFS: Graph li E ... II -+- (Sof tware 125.00 8500
Publishing) (DIsk)
o PFS Report li E ... II (Softwar e 125 00 8500
Publi shing) (Disk;)
o VISl caic liE (Vislcorp) (Disk ) 250.00 179.95

o Mastenng the SAT (CBS Software ) 150.00 110.00

AddItion Subt racllo n (CBS 2495 19 95
Software) (DIsk)
[J Succes s: Mulhpllcahon Drvrstcn (CBS 2495 19.95
Software) (Disk)
n Scenccpter (Desl9nware) (Disk) 39.95 29 95
n Algebra I (Eduwa re) (DISk) 39 95 29.95
o Rocky's Boots (The learnIng 49.95 3995
Company) (DISk)
o Juggle s Rainbow (The l earnIng 29.95 24.95
Company ) (DIsk)
f] Master Type (lightll"lQSoftware ) (DIsk) 39.95 29.95
Cl Master Type (Scarborough Syste ms) 39.95 29.95
Zoo (Spinnaker Sof tware) 29.95 24.95
(SpInnaker Soft ware) 29.95 24 95
Machine (SPInnaker Software) 34.95 25.95
GraphICs Magician (Penguin 59.95 42.50
Software) (Di Sk)
Sat Word Mack (Eduware) (Disk) 4900 35.00
Name _
TOTAL ENCLOSED$oS _
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Total Pnce
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(52 00 per Item)
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--------------

CIRCLE 9 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
109
Titl e of Idea
Date
Signature
Print Name
Street
City State Zip
Mai l your idea along with thi s coupon
to: New Ideas RadiO-El ectronics,
200 Park Ave. Sout h,
New York, NY 10003
NEW IDEAS
Thi s column is devoted to new ideas, cir-
cui ts, device applications, construction tech-
niques, helpful hint s, etc.
All published entries, upon publication. will
earn $25. In addition, for U.S. resident s onl y,
Panavise will donate their model 333- The
Rapid Assembly Circui t Board Holder, having
a retail price of $39.95. It features an eight-
pos ition rotating adj ustment, indexing at 45-
degree increments, and six positi ve lock posi-
tions in the vertical plane, giving you a full ten-
inch height adjustment for comfort able work-
ing.
I agree to the above t erms, and grant
Radi o- El ectronic s Magaz ine the ri ght to
publish my idea and to SUbse quently re-
publ ish my idea in collections or compilations
of reprints of similar articles. I declare that the
attached idea is my own original materi al and
that its publication does not violate any other
copyr ight. I also declare that thi s material has
not been previously published.
The MOC3031triac driver wasselected
because of its low drive-current require-
ments. The less expensive MOC3010can
beused instead of the MOC3031 if zero-
voltage switching is not desired. In that
Rll must be changed to 180
ohms. Switch SI and resistor R9 are an
optional aid and are used in setting up the
threshold for operation.-Stephen Du-
binsky
CIRCLE 4 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Orders onlV 1617-3396714
BOTH #701 & #702 ..... $39.00
Add $2.50 Postage & Handling
P.O. Box 52
Cumber la nd, RI 02864
J&bJ
ELECTRoniCS,Inc.
DESCRAMBLER
PARTS
We st ock the exact part s and PC Board for
Radio Electronic's February Arti cl e on building
your own Cable TV Descrambler.
#701 PARTS PACKAGE . $29.95
Includes all resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors,
integrated circuits, coils and IF transformers
(BKAN-K5552AXX) .
#702 PC BOARD $16.95
Etched anddrilledsilk-screened PCBoard as shown
in article.
NEWIDEAS .
continuedfrom page 38
of the IC3. They are paralleled to provide
eno ugh current to dr ive IC4 . an
MOC3031 optically-coupled triac driver.
When the triac is turned on, current will
flow through the triac and the lamp or
appliance that is connected to its termi-
nals, turning it on, too,
, The touchplate can be made from a
one-inc h square piece of copper-clad
board with a 4-inch piece of wire soldered
to it. It should be connected to capacitor
C2, as shown. Once you have it all to-
gether. the next step is to make sure that it
works. To do so, close switch SI (labeled
CAL) and connect a lamp to the load termi-
nals. Now, apply power and adj ust poten-
tiometer R5 down from its maximum
resistance until the lamp comes on. Bring
your hand near the touchplate to insure
that the lamp extinguishes. If everything
is OK, open Sl; the lamp should alter-
nately switch on or off when the touchp-
late " switch" is activated.
For safer and more stable operation, a
low-voltage supply can be used (with RIO
adj usted accordingly). However, it will be
difficult to mount the switch behind a wall
plate if you do that.
r A First in the industry, with
over thirty years of use by
satisfied customers.
Spray Pack Mark II
gets into places of
close tol erance and
washes out the dirt,
leaving a thin fil m of
lubri cant which lasts
indefinit ely, with zero
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capacity and
resistance.
Spr ay Pack Mark II
has been tested and
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Available at Leading Distributor s
CONTROL COMPUTER
(;.\ Qu/iiiDlE
" COMPANY
. "... : 455 Montg omery Building
Spart anbu rg. SC 29301
803-582-4837
(b\\etfO\e
The Original...
continued from page 74
CI RCLE 89 ON FREE INFORMATION CAR D
about 15mA in the low state and about
lOrnA in the high state. The output capaci-
tycan be increased by using IC4, an open-
collector Darlington array. The generous
sink capac ity of this device makes it
handy for controlling relays. A snubber
diode is included in the package, which is
important if you will be switching any
type of inductive load. Without it, the
inductive kickback would cause intermit-
tent problems when running a program
(or it could destroy the computer out-
right).
Digital I/O-8bi t port
The next type of 110consists of 8 paral-
lel bits--often referred to as a byte-wide
110 port. The byte-wide port is a natural
extension of the microprocessor data bus
and, as such, it is the most convenient
method of transferring .data to or from
peripheral devices, such as printers, voice
sy nthesizers, or BCD thumb wh eel
switches.
Unfortunately, that's all we have room
for this time. Among other things, we' ll
look at the byte-wide port in more depth
in the next, and final, installment of this
article. R-E
en
o
Z
o
II:
I-
o
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-l
W
6
o

II:
110
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Ca"",. speod radar gunsand _ 10readoutyourchoice oIeilher a
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For axnplelefileralure andplanpacl<age, send 514.9510:
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OVER 1200 electronics part s, kits. and computer
products. Lowest prices. Send $1.00 (redeemable)
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fully
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RS232
Interface
MILITARY communicat ions radios: CPRC-26 Ca-
nadian field radio, compact size, transceives 42-54
MHz FM, 6 channel s, wi th batt ery box, antenna, one
crystal : $19.50,21$37.50 good condition. PRC510
backpack radio (Canadia n version of U.S. PRC-10),
transceives 38-54 MHz FM continuous tuning, with
headset , ant enna, batt ery box: $39.50, 21$77.50.
ARC- 27 aircraft guard receiver. 220-250 MHz AM
singl e channel: $12.50 mint. R-108 receiver, 20-28
MHz FM: $27.50 mint. 45-day replacement guaran -
tee. Schematics included. Add $5/unit shipping.
BAYTRONICS, Dept. RE, Box 591, Sandus ky, OH
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Box 63/6025 RE, Margate, FL 33063.
A LARM! VIC 20/64 CoCo Sincl air become
$1000.00 bur glar fi re system. Cassett e, documenta-
tion (speci fy mic roproc essor) $2 9.00. Cat alog
$2 .00 refundable. SKIDMORE'S H'N'S, PO Box
5097, Greensb oro, NC 27403. Auto dialer wit h tele-
phone book program $49.00 Commodore, Sinclair.
DESCRAMBLERS for downconverters, high gain.
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available. Free brochures. MENTOR, (Dept. Z),
135-53 No. Blvd., Flushing, NY 11354.
SCANNER/monitor accessories-kits and factory
assembled . Free catalog. CAPRI ELECTRONICS,
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RESISTORS V, &Y.1W5%C.F. 3 cents. 1%M.F. All
values . No minimums. Volume discounts. Write JR
INDUSTRIES, 58 34 -B Swancree k, Tol edo , OH
43614.
CABLE TV SECRETS-the outlaw publication the
cable companies tried to ban . HBO, Movie Channel,
Sh owtime, descramblers , co nverters, etc . Sup -
pli ers list included. Send $8.95 to CABLE FACTS,
Box 711-R, Pataskala, OH 43062.
111
The One Stop Electronic Shop!
all Toll FREE 1 0034 -087
STAR II
~ ~ loom
SILVERI!f1
STAR ~ ~ f I
coo'sand Credit Card
Orders call TOLL FREE
1-800-247-1151
.,
GALAXY
ELECTRONICS
6009 N; 61 Avenue
Glendal e, AZ85301
1-602-247-1151
~ \ ~ \ MULTI -CHANNEL
" MICROWAVE
*****************************
Complete Antenna Systems froms69
gS
Full 800 Mhz Range
Tune 1.9-2.7 Ghz
Includes all
ITFS Channels
DEALERS WANTED
COMPUTERS, clones, drives, monitors, expan-
sions, software. Bargain prl ces- directory of man-
ufacturers in Taiwan, Hong Kong $4.00. MULTITEK,
Box 25, Allentown, PA 18105.
RARE parts and surplus electronics bargains. RF,
linear, digital computers, roboti cs. Free catalog.
ODD BALL ELECTRONICS, PO Box 879R, Dun-
canville, TX 75116.
CABLE-sateilite- microwave- UHF- video ac-
cessories. SASE 40 cents. H.M.S., 2011w.11th St.,
Upland, CA 91786.
CONVERTERS all types for all systems , lowest
prices anywhere, quantity discounts, dealer inquir-
ies accepted. Send $1.00 for catalog. PG VIDEO
CORP., PO Box 296 , Latham, NY 12110 (518)
374-2988.
EXACT same PCB and Toko coil set (no. 4) for
descrambler in Februar y art icle only $15.00 ship-
ping $2.00. JIM RHODES, 1025 Ransome Lane,
Kingsport, TN 37660.
CAMP base station CB antennas for back woods.
Ground plane antenna for portable use $14.95 plus
$2.50 shipping and handling. NIMROD ELEC-
TRONICS, PO Box 20421, Reno, NV 89515-0421.
9-CODE tel ephone scrambler, several new un-
scramblers for scanners, telephone and scanner
accessories, tone encoders/decoders. All factory
built. Free catalog. KRYSTAL KITS, PO Box 445,
Bentonville, AR 72712(501) 273-5340.
NEW!... repair any TV... easy. Anyone can do it.
Write, RESEARCH, RR No. 3, Box 601BR, Colville,
WA 99114.
~ WRITE FOR
LPQ%,McGEE'S
SPEAKER &ELECTRONICS CATAlOG
1001 BARGAINS IN SPEAKERS
Tel.: 1 (816) 842 5O'Yl
1901 MCGEE STREET KANSAS CITY. MO. 606108
POLICE code unsc ramblers, other scanner ac-
cessories, telephone recording device, ONE, Inc.,
Rt. 7, Box 257, Hot Springs , AR 71901 (501)
623-6027.
7,000,000 tubes, 600 0 diffe rent types. World's
l argest inven tory. Free cata log . UNITY ELEC-
TRONICS, Dept R, PO Box 213, Elizabeth, NJ
07206.
In the United States:
CABLE-TV products Jerrold, Hamlin, and Oak con-
verters. Send $3.00 for information. ADDITIONAL
OUTLET CORP., 111 E. Commercial Blvd., Ft.
Lauderdale, FL 33334.
.' ,
RECONDITIONED test equipment. $1.00 for cata-
log. JAMES WALTER TEST EQUIPMENT, 2697
Nickel, San Pablo, CA 94806 .
UP to $500.00 per month. Sell computer software in
your home. Write to: COMPUTER SERVICES, PO
Box 7748, Tucson, AZ 85725.
FORTY-n ine educational electronics kits wit h
self-learning project manual. Details $2.00 refunda-
ble with order. TRIANGLE ELECTRONICS, 89
Arkay Drive, Hauppauge, NY 11788.
RF parts/Motorola transistors. MRF454 $16.50,
MRF455 $13.50. Catalog available. RF PARTSCO.,
1320 Grand, San Marcos, CA 92069. (619) 744-
0720.
VCR protective cove r clear vinyl 18
7
/ 8 x 15'h x 5
beautifully made $11.95. WINDOW MOODS, 8228
Scotts Level Road, Baltimore, MD 21208.
ELECTRONICS business on sale because of ill-
ness. Parts and components of special electronic
mosquito repeller, imported from Germany and as-
sembled here, are for sale at a bargain price. Also
for sale is a Blister packaging machine as well as
assembli ng tools. Write PO BOX 4197, St. Au-
gustine, FL 32085 or call (904) 797-5585 or (904)
797-3336.
CONNECTORS-audio, co-axial, aviation, comput-
er, industrial and many other types. Send $2.00 for
complete price list and ordering inf ormation.
Largest inventory in country. CONNECTOR TECH-
NOLOGY INC., 5A Veronica Ave., Somerset, NJ
08873.
PRINT ED-circuit artwork, design/ layout qualit y,
prompt. Send schematic. SOMMER CIRCUIT DE-
SIGN, 1227 Kimber, Wooster, OH 44691. Visa/Mas-
terCard.
INVENTORY redu cti on sal e. Save$$. Expl :
5%Y,or'hW resistor kit 20ea. Indv.pkg 80 values
$25.00. Pots, trimmers, caps, transistors, etc. Send
SASE. BUD' L'FIXIT TV, 3072 Sunset Ct., Norco,
CA 91760.
Downsview
86 St. Regis Cr. N.
Downsview, Ontario
M3J 1Y8
(416) 630-0400
Vancouver
3070 Kingsway
Vancouver, B.C.
V5R 5J7
Seattle
13107 NorthUp Way
Bellevue, Wash.
98004
(206) 8818191
Boston
133 Flanders Road
Westborough, Mass.
01581
(617) 3669684
Montreal
5651 Rue Ferrier
Montreal, Quebec
H4P 1N1
(514) .7317441
Ottawa
1023 Merivale Road
Ottawa, Ontario
K1Z 6A6
(613) 7287900
Mail Orders
P.O. Box 8000
Westborough, Mass.
01581
(Mass) (617) 3660500
In Canada:
Tor ont o
14 Carlton Street
Toronto, Ontario
M5B 1K5
(416) 9n7692
Calgary
3220-5th Ave. N.E.
Bay 2
Calgary, Alberta
T2A 5N1
(403) 2355300 (604) 438-3321
Visit your nearest Active store, call, wr ite or circle
the Reader Service Card for your copy of Active's new catalog.
(J)
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CIRCLE 77 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
NEW FROM RAMSEY-20 MHz
DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE
Unsurpas sed quaiit y at an unbeatabl e p r ice, th e Ra msey osc i ll o sc ope
c o m pares t o o t he rs cost ing hundred s mo re . Feat ures in clude a compo-
nent test i ng ci rc u it that wi ll all ow you to easi ly te st resi st ors, capaci tors ,
digital circuit s and d i o des. TV video sync fil ter. wide ba ndwidth &
hi gh sensitivi ty . internal g rat icule 0 high qual ity rec t an g u l ar CRT
front panel trace rotator . Z axi s. h i gh se nsitivity x- y mode . ve ry
low power c onsumpt i on 0 regulated power supp ly . bui lt -in calibrator
rock so l i d t r iggering. high q ua li ty ho ok- on pro bes
$399
95
highquallly
hook-on probes included
teslleads and batt ery
Included
Reliable, accurate dig ital
measur ement s at an amaz-
ingly low cost . In- line co lor
code d push butto ns, speeds
range sel ecti on. abs pl ast ic
t i lt stand . recessed input
jacks. overl oad prot ecti on
on all ranges 0 3''; digit LCD
disp lay wi th auto zero. auto
polarity & l ow BAT. indica tor
$59
95
RAMSEY 0-3100
DIGITAL MULTIMETER
wired
CT-50 kit .. , .... , ....... , $139.95
RA-1 receiver adapter kit .. , , 14.95
CT-50 8 DIGIT
600MHzCOUNTER
A versati le lab bench cou nter wit h
opt ional receive frequency adapter,
which turns the CT 50 into a digital
readout f or most any recei ver. 25 mV
@150 MHz typi cal sensi tivity 0 8 digit
dispi ay 0 1 ppm accuracy
$169
95
wi red includes AC adapter
Bp 4 nicad pack 8.95
A 9 digit cou nter that wi ll out perform
uni ts costi ng hun dreds mor e. gate
indicato r 0 24mV @ 150MHz typi cal
sensiti vit y 0 9 digi t displ ay 0 1 ppm
accuracy 0 display hold 0 dual inputs
with preamps
$169
95
CT-125 9 DIGIT
1.2GHz COUNTER
h
FE
test leads, battery & vi nyl
carrying case i ncl uded
A compact easy to use unit
designed to operate li ke a pro .
Featuri ng 0 31> digit LCD 0 low
BAT. indicator . all range over-
l oad prot ecti on. overrange indi-
cat ion . aut o- pol arity. Transis-
tor t ester. dual-slope integr a-
tio n viny l car rying case
$54
95
RAMSEY 0-2100
DIGITAL MULTITESTER
CT-90 9 DIGIT
600MHzCOUNTER
The most versatil e for less than $300.
Featu res 3 selectable gate t imes . 9
digits 0 gate indicator 0 display hold
o 25mV @ 150 MHz typical sensit ivity
o 10MHz timebase for WWV calibra-
t ion 1 ppm accuracy
$149
95
wi red includes AC adapt er
CT-90 kit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . $129.95
QV-1 0.1 PPM oven t lmebase 59.95
BP-4 nicad pack , 8.95
test lead. and battery
Included
Compac t and reliable, de-
signed t o service a wide vari-
ety of equip ment. Feat ur es ln-
elude . mirror back scale
do uble-jewe led preci sion
moving coil. dou bl e over -
load pro tecti on. an ideal low
cos t uni t for the beginner or
as a spare back-u p unit.
$19
95
RAMSEY 0-1100
VOM-MULTITESTER
CT-70 7 DIGIT
525MHzCOUNTER
Lab quali ty at a breakth rough price .
Featu res 3 frequency ranges each
with pre amp 0 dual selectable gate
times. ga te act ivity indicat or .
o 50mV@ 150 MHz typi cal sensitivity
wi de f requency range . 1 pp m
acc uracy
$119
95
wired inc ludes AC adapter
CT-70 kit , . . . . . $99.95
BP-4 nicad pack , . . , , 8.95
DM-700 DIGITAL
MULlIMETER
PS-2AUDIO
MULTIPLIER
8ROAQfl.4NO RF PREAMPl lFIeR
IO"'il , ':;.<1
PR-2 COUNTER
PREAMP
PS-1B 600 MHz
PRESCALER
The PS2 is hand y tor high resolu tion
audio resolution measurements, mu l -
ti plies UP i n frequency. great fo r PL
tone measurements. multi pl ies by 10
or 100 0.01Hz resol uti on & buil t-i n
signal preamp /conditi one r
$49
95
The PR- 2 is ideal for measuring weak
signa ls fr om 10 to 1,000 MHz 0 flat 25
db gai n . BNC connectors . gre at for
sniff i ng RF ideal rece iver/ TV
preamp
$44
95
Extends t he rang e of your present
counter to 600 MHz 0 2 stage preamp
divide by 10 circu i try . sensi ti vit y:
25mV @J 150MHz 0 BNC connecto rs
dr ives any count er
. . . . $49.95
wi red includes AC ada pter
PS 1B kit .. .. . $34.95
wi red Includes AC adapter
PR-2 kit . .
. . . , . . , . . . $39.95
wired
PS-2 kit .
Professional quality at a hobb yis t
pr ice . Featu res i ncl ude 2 diff erent
ranges and 5 functions . 3
t
h dig it , lh
i nch LEO display . automatic decimal
placement . automati c polarity
$119
95
wired includes AC adapter
OM-700 kit .. .. $99.95
MP-1 probe set 4.95
ACCESSORIES FOR RAMSEY COUNTERS
Telescopic whip antenna-BNC plug . . S 8.95
High Impedance probe, light loading . .. 16.95
Low pass probe, audio use. . . . . . . . 16.95
Direct probe. general purpose use . . . . 13 .95
Tilt bail , for CT70. 90, 125 . ... .. . . .. . 3.95
r . ~ ~
L- . _ _ ' .: :,,:'"
PHONE ORDERS CALL
716-586-3950
TELEX 466735 RAMSEY CI
TERMS: 0 salislacli onguaranteed 0 examinelor 10 days: II notpleased. relurn '"
ori ginal lorml or relund 0 add 6' , lor shipping and insurance to a maximum 01
SIO 00 0 overseas add 15' , tor surlacemail 0 COO add SZ.50ICOOin USAonlyI
o ordersunder SI500addS150 0 NYresidents add7' . salestax 0 90day parts
warranty on ali kits . I year parts & labor warranly onall wired units
~
_ = =- == RAMSEY ELECTRONICS. INC.
===: ~ = = E ; =- 2575 Baird Rd.
=='========::"':-'::":: == Penfield. N.Y. 14626
CIRCLE 79 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
113
SHUGART SA1002 8" hard disk dri ves new-
$269. 00 each. S100, IBM, Heath , SS-50 , TRS-801,
Apple II interfaces availabie. Controller, $331.00.
DIGITAL SEARCH (803) 877-9444.
ENJOY satellite television. Save money with easy.
guaranteed, do-it -yours elf antenna plans/kits. Elec-
tronics knowl edge not necessary. Send $1.00 for
catalog. GFI-22, Box 9108, Missoula, MT 59807.
SATELLITE locator and paraboli c antenna design
for Timex 1000. Send $10.00 moneyorder to STEVE
HOLL, RR No.2, Gibsons, BC Canada VON1VO.
379.95
274. 95
. 24.95
J &DENGINEERING
P.O. Box 6099
Falmouth, Maine 04105
Dealers Wante d
Special Quant ity Pri cin g
COD's -OK
- .
FALL
SPECIAL
Buy 1kit
Get 2ndkit
al 1/2price
Oll er ends 7/1 / 84
BUY BONDS
All J & 0 products are engineered . not copied. all are guaranteed
90 days &we stand behind our orcduct s where others fail to
C-1DD/ JERROLD TYPE
CableDescramblerlor in-bandgated
suppressedsystems
Ready togoC-lDO 119. 95
Compl ete Kit C-l 00K 54.95
SEN D $2 FOR COMPLETE INFORMA TI VE CATALOG TO
DETERMI NE WHAT TYPE YOU NEED.
UHF CAB LE TV UNITS
Highl y Effective Home Study BSEE Degr ee Pro-
gram for Experi enced Electroni c Techni cians
OUf New Advanced Placement Prog ram grants

I Credit for previous Schooling &.Prof ession al Ex-
/" peri ence. Advance Rapidly! Our 36th Year!
. FREEDESCRIPTI VE LITERATURE!
_Cook'sInstitute of ElectronicsEngineering
, " DESK 15 , P.O. BOX 2034 5. JACKSON. MS 39209
EDUCATION &INSTRUCTION
DESCRAMBLERS
AMERICAN-CANADIAN
C-1 DDD / ZENITHTYPE
THE "fl aider", new pu lsewave kit. Completel y
deluxe, audio and Video to TV. No Int ernal TV
connect ions . Compl et ely aligned, requ ires on ly
a soldering iron fo r assembly, comes with ev-
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type.) $169.95. Also Zenith UHF, " Super Zoo kit in
stock at $179.95. Put a sting in t hose faraway
UHF stations wi t h ou r 25dB preamp kit, t he
"Scorpion" $22.95. Lar ge quantities of cable
units, N-12's, SB, not ch filters. Dealers gi ve us a
call on quantity pr icing. Add 3% sh ipping. Mary-
land residents 5% state t ax. Information, COD's
and dealer pricing call (301) 882-9362 or 9375.
Send $2.00 fo r complete catal og to SATELLITE
ELECTRONICS Corp., PO 9534, Baltimore, MD
21237.
BE ACOMPUTER PROGRAMMER
Trainat home In sparetimel Computer program-
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No previous experience needed! Now you can
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ICS COMPUTER TRAINING.D.pl. OED44 Scranton. PA18515
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SATELLITE systerns-s-quick asse mbly high qualit y
ant ennas, LNA's, receivers, lowest pri ces any-
whe re. Catalog $2 .00. STATE SATELLITE, 5
Broadway, Troy, NY 12180 (518) 272-1130.
SATELLITE TELEVISION
HOW to build a satellite-TV receiver, LNA, down-
converter! Save hundreds! Satisfaction guaran-
teed! Free information! Send stamped enve-
lope: XANDI , Box 25647, Dept. 21Y, Temp e, AZ
85282.
MECHANICALLY inclined indi vi duals desiring
ownership of small electronics manufacturin g busi -
ness-without investment. Write: BUSINESSES,
92-R, Brighton 11th, Brookl yn, NY 11235.
SATELLITE TV VIEWERS
Get the most complete weekly listings.
Send $1 'Of' Si mple copy.
!3'ttO 3
P.O. Box 308, Fortuna, Calif orni a 95540
' 00 . 35' -9997 (U. S.) 00 -U6.'7I7 (Yllf.)
707-715-1476 (_II oth .n)
PROJECTION TV... Make $$$' s assembling pro-
jectors... Easy... Result s comparable to $2, 500.00
proj ectors... Your total cost less than $20. 00.. .
Plans, 8" lens, & dealer s information $17.50... Illus-
tr ated information free... MACROCOMA-GIX,
Washington Crossing, PA 18977. Creditcard orders
24 hours . (215) 736-2880 .
GEARMOTORS for motori zed sat ellite antenna
proj ects. nOVAC, 101RPM, reversibl e, straight, or
right ang le. $32 .50 plus $4.00 shipping. TEM,
22518 97th , Cor coran , MN 55374 (612) 498-8014.
SECURITY alarm industry booming. Get in now.
Tremendous demand. Employment-business
terrific. Information package $2.00. (redeemabl e)
SECURITY ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL,
PO Box 1456-SE Grand Rapids, M149 501.
WHOLESALE MATV/CATVIVCR equipment, an-
tenn as. audio cables, adapt er s, or iginal/replace-
ment cartridges & st yli , tel eph one acce ssories ,
radios, cassett e recorders, speakers, etc., send let-
terhead for free catalo g (212) 897-0509 D&WR,
68-12 110th St., Flushing , NY 11375.
48K comput er US$380.00 and hundreds Apple-
compatible softwares. Details US$1.00. RELIANT,
PO Box 33610, Sheungwan, Hongkong .
Start home. spare time. Investment knowledge or
experi ence unnecessary. BIG DEMAND assem-
bling electronic devices. Sales handled by protes-
sionals. Unusual business opportunity.
FREE: Complete illustrated literature
BARTA, RE-OBox 248
Walnut Creek. Calif. 9459 7
TECHNICAL writ ers make big money.. . writi ng
short sentences! Free details: TEK PUBS, Box
2458-E, Orovill e, CA 95965.
ELECTRON IC
ASSEMBLY BUSINESS
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
VIDEO game repair business . Start your own. Infor-
mation/parts list $5.00. BEST ELECTRONICS,
4440 Sheena , Phoeni x, AZ 85032.
HOME satellite handbook and buyer's gu id e,
tells everything about TVRO and may save you
hundr eds even thousands in your selection and in-
stall ation of a system . $10.00 H&G HOMESAT, Box
422, Seaford , NY 11783.
THE BEST PLACE to BUY. SELL or
TRADE NEW and USED EQUIPMENT
NUTS & VOLTS MAGAZINE
BOX I II I-E PLACENTIA. CA 92670
(7 14) 632-772 1
join Thousands of Readers Nationwide
Every Month
ONE YEAR U.S. SUBSCRIPTIONS
$7.00 - 3rd Clas s $12. 50 - Ist
$25.00 - Lifetime - 3rd Clas s !Z
PROFESSIONAL quality, Phillips head, stain less
steel, nuts and bolts. Discount prices . Send stamp
for list and samp le. TEP, PO Box 295, Purdy's, NY
10578.
NEW!... repair any TV... easy. Anyon e can do it.
Write RESEARCH, RR No.3, Box 601BR, Colvi lle,
WA99114.
HIGH quality electronic s kits and products. Send
$1.00 for colorfu l catalog and one free flasher LED.
INTERNATIONAL POLYTECHNICS, PO Bo x
862C, New York, NY 10002.
PLANS & KITS
HI-FI speaker kits, auto speaker systems, and raw
dri vers from the world's finest manufacturers. For
beginners or experts. Free literature. A&S SPEAK-
ERS, Box 7462R, Denver; CO 80 207 (303)
399-8609.
CABLE-TV converters and equipment. Plans and
parts. Build or buy. For information send $2.00.
C & 0 ELECTRONICS, PO Box 21, Jenison. MI
49428.
REPAIRS of all converters and cable boxes with
prompt service. Deluxe sinewave kits $95.00. 90%
complete also available (quantity discounts) UHF
converters of all types available. Send SASE (54
cents postage) for information . 1-(312) 637-4408.
HIGGINS ELECTRONICS, 6014 W. Nelson, Chi-
cago . IL 60641.
FLEAS? Rid your house of bug s/rodents ultra-
sonicall y. Plans $2.95. KIDD, 4925 Seawolf, Sant a
Rosa , CA 95405.
CIRCUIT boards: Your artwork, quick delivery, rea-
sonable, quali ty. ATLAS CIRCUITS, Dept. A, Box
892, Lincolnton, NC 28092 (704) 735-3943 .
TIMEX/Sinclair software. Cassette $9.50. Send
SASE for details to SCOTT BENSON, Box 1013,
Reseda, CA 91335.
AUTOMOTIVE security catalog. 1984 24-page
color catalog, $2.00. ASE, PO Box 382, Plainview,
NY 11803.
MOST advanced sine converter descrambler
available. PCB and plans $15.00. JIM RHODES,
1025 Ransome Ln., Kingsport, TN 37660.
PROJECTION TV... Convert your TV to project 7-
foot picture ... Results comparable to $2,500.00 proj-
ectors... Total cost less than $30.00... Plans & 8"
lens $19.95... Illustrated information free... MAC-
ROCOMA-GI , Wash ington Crossing, PA 18977.
Creditcard orders 24 hours. (215) 736-3979 .
ELECTRONIC touch light control pad . Write for free
brochure. EXOTIC IDEAS, PO Box 446, Lake Bluff ,
IL 60044.
FREE pay-TV reception. " How-to" book . HBO,
Showtime , Cinemax. $4.95. DIPTRONICS, PO Box
80A, Lake Hiawatha, NJ 07034.
PRINTED-circuit board s. Quick protot ypes, pro-
duct i on, design, ref low so lder send print or
description for quote to KIT CIRCUITS, Box 235,
Clawson, M148017.
INTERNATIONAL power converter. Run 115v 60Hz
comp uter, TV on 230v 50Hz . 25 watts and up. Write
for details. AL TEMPS ENT., 720 Smithtown Ave.,
Bohemia, NY 11716.
SCANNERS, lowest prices, We take trade-ins! Cat-
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Gl encrest Ave., Liverpool, NY 13088.
CATALOG. Free giant color catalog. Audio , video,
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1200 items. Volume discounts. Write today! INTER-
NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, Box 302, Odessa, FL
33556.
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7459 .25 74156 .78 74366 .65
7<60 .23 704 157 .4' 74367 65
7470 .29 74158 165 74368 .65
7472 .29 74159 2.49 74390 1.45
7473 .29 74 160 .7' 74393 1.00
7474 .34 740490 1.00
I I
74lSOO 5 26 704LS113 $ 39 74LS245 $299
74lS01 25 7-4LSl 14 39 74L$247 1.10
74lS02 25 704L8122 4' 704L$248 1.10
74lS03 25 704LSl23 1.19 74LS249 1.19
74lS04 .6' 7-4LS124 2.75 74lS251 1 4<>
704- l SOS .25 704lS125 .69 74lS253 1 4<>
74lS08 .25 7-4LS126 .4' 74LS257 .85
74l S09 .25 74LS132 .59 74LS258 98
74l$10 .25 704LS1 36 .4' 74LS259 2.5
74l$11 .3. 74LS138 .59 7<lS26Q 65
74l$1 2 .33 704LS139 .59 74lS261 249
74LS13 .3' 74LS145 1 25 74lS266 .59
704l$1 4 .5' 74LS104-8 1 049 74l$273 1.75
74LS15 .33 74LS151 .99 74LS275 44<>
74L520 .26 74LSl53 99 74LS279 59
74LS21 .29 7-4LSl54 1.70 74l.S283 .99
74LS22 .29 704LSl55 1.19 74lS29O 99
74l$26 .29 74LSl56 1.49 74lS293 99
704LS27 .29 704LS157 1.49 74LS295 1.10
74lS28 .29 74L8158 1.49 74lS298 1.19
74l$3O .25 74LSl60 1.049 74lS324 1.75
74lS32 .33 74LS16 1 1.49 74LS347 1.95
74lS33 55 7418 162 1.49 7<lS348 1.95
74l$37 .35 74LS l63 14. 74lS352 1.19
74lS38 .3' 74LS164 1 49 74l$353 1.19
74LS40 25 7418 165 1.49 7<lS363 149
74l$42 .5' 74LS166 2.48 74lS365 99
741547 .79 74LS168 1.15 74lS366 .99
74lS48 .7. 74l$169 1.15 74LS367 .99
74l$51 .25 74LSl 70 1.99 74lS368 .99
74lS54 .29 7418173 .89 74lS373 299
74LS55 .29 74l$174 89 74lS374 299
74l$73 .3' 74l$175 .8' 74LS375 6.
74LS74 .99 7418 181 220 74lS377 1 95
74l$7 5 .39 74LSl90 1.15 74lS385 1.95
74lS76 .3' 74L8191 1.15 74l S386 .65
74lS78 .45 74l$192 .98 74lS390 1.95
74LS83 .5' 74l$193 98 74lS393 1 95
74lS85 .6' 74l$194 1.15 74lS395 1.70
74lS86 .3' 7418195 .95 74lS399 235
74L$90 .57 74l$196 8. 74lS424 295
74LS92 .4' 74l$197 8. 74lS668 1.75
74lS93 .5' 74lS221 1.15 74lS610 229
74LS95 .7' 74lS240 1 99 81lS95 ,..
74L896 8. 704lS242 1 99 81LS96 ,..
74lS107 39 74LS243 1.99 81LS97
'"
74LS109 3. 74LS244 199 81LS98 1 ..
74lS112 .39 25lS2521 2.95 25lS2569 495

4QOO s .29 4037 $1.95 4<>8. $2.95

400 1 24 4040 .75 4093 45
4002 .24 4()41 .75 409< 2.5
4006 7. 4()42 65 4<>98 229
4007 25 4()43 85 4<>9. '85
4008 '5 4044 6. 144()8 12.95
4009 .3' 4()46 80 14409 12.95
4<>10 3. 4047 8. 14410 12 95
4011 24 4048 .99 14412 1295
4<> 12 24 4()4' .35 140415 8.5
4<> 13 .35 4<>50 34 14419 4.95
4<>14 .75 4<>51 .75 450 1 3
4<>1 5 3. 4052 .75 <502 ' 5
4<>16 35 4<>53 .75 4503 62
4<>'7 65 4<>55 3 . 5 4505 8 . 5
4<>18 .7' 4056 2'5 4506 .75
04 019 3. 4059 .25 4507 '5
4<>20 6. 4060 85 4508 125
4<>2 1 6. 4086 .3' 4510 .79
4<>22 .6' 406. 28 4511 .79
4023 25 4<>70 .35 45 12 79
4<>24 5. 4<>7 1 26 4514 1.18
4<>25 .25 4<>72 28 4515 179
4027 45 4073 28 4516 1.045
4<>28 65 4075 28 45 18 85
4<>2. .75 4076 .75 4520 .75
403() 45 4077 35 4555 .5
4<>31 325 4<>78 35 4556 99
4032 2.15 <OS1 29 4566 225
<034 1,91 4082 29 SOC.5 1.50
4<>35 .7' 4005 .95 SOC.7 1.25

TERMS: MO BanllW. ,
?<
.aJIow- 2 wHk' Iof PfOCftS""Q IrI(:tudc 00Yet. lJtenM and
Cll'd<l Uld ,.. V'H. AMEX CBadd 3"4 .0fYIC. dw90 Add
<0
3' $hopponQ & Nlnd!'n;l or $250. ., gre. lll' Add

CO
numOef, NOCOOs

Somer1emssuo,ectlOpnorNle
manulac1U'er. Retatl pno,s rl\Iy vy
115
78H05K $5 ,95 lM 1414N $1.90
7810106 1.49 lM 1458C N N <9
78M.G 1.49 MC1488N

l Ml0 BAH 2.95 MC10489N .ss

' '''3OOH
99 LMl-496M .8'
lM301CN .35 lM 1556N 150
l M304H 1.98 LM1820N
' 5
''''JOSH
1 8. l M1850N .' 5
''''306H
3 25 lMl 8B9N 3 10
LM307CN 2. l M2111N 1.75
LM308CN .' 8 lM2900 N

LM309K 1.49 l M290 1N 2.50

LM310CN 125 lM2917N 2.95
lM 311D CN 89 CA30 13T 2_19
LM312H 1.75 CA30 18T 199
LM317T 1.70 CA3021T 3 49
LM318CN 1 49 CA3023T 299
LM319N H 1 25 CA3<>35T 2 75
LM32OK XX 1,35 CA3039T 129
lM320T XX 1,39 CA3046N 1 29
LM32OH-XX' 125 lMJOS3N 1,04-9
t.M323 K 4.95 CA;;Q59N 3.19
LM3204N
'5 CA3060N 3.19
lM337K 5.5 CA3OO2N 04 .95
LM338K 6.95 lM3065N 149
l M339N .5 CA3<l8OT 1.29
l M340K XX 1.75 CA308 1N 169
LM340T XX 1 25 CA3<>82N 1.69
lM3040H-XX' 1.25 CA3<J83N 1.55
LM344H 1 95 CA3086N 80
LM348N 1.20 CA3089N 2 99
l M3SOK 5 60 CA3096N 34.
LM358C N .8 CA3097 N 199
l M360 N 1.49 CA3130 T 1.3()
lM372N 1.95 CA3140 T 1.19
l M376N 3 ,75 CA3146N 2.49
LM377N 2.75 CA3160T 1.19
l M380C N N 1.25 CA3190N 1.95
lM381N 1.79 CA34 10N 59
lM383T 1.95 MC3423 N 1.49
lM386N 1,25 MC3460 N 3'5
l M387N 1.40 SG3524N 3 ,95
LM390 N 1.95 CA3600N 3.39
NE531V'T 375 l M3900 N 59
NE555V 3. LM3905N 1.19
NE556N .98 l M3909 N .s8
NE561T 19.95 l M3914N 375
NE565N,H 1.25 LM3915N 3.95
NE566H-V 1.75 lM3916N 3.75
NE567V, H 1.50 RC4131N 2.5
NE592N 2.75 RC4136N 1.10
LM702H 1.99 RC4151N 370
l M709 N H 29 RC4194TK 495
LM710N H .75 RC4195TK 540
LM711N H 3. ULN2Q01 1.25
l M715N 1.95 ULN2003 150
LM723N H 65 SN754SON .5'
lM733N H .8 SN75451N 35
l M739N 1.15 SN75-452N
4'
LM741CN H .33 SN75453N .4'
LM741CN-14 . 1' SN754 54N .4'
lM747NH .75 SN75-491N 8.
LM7048N H .3' SN75-492N 89
LM760CN 2_95 8N75493N 8.
l Mt 310N 190 SN75494N
8'
MC1330 1 95 Tl494CN 4 20
MC1350 1 95 TL496CP 1.65
MC1358 1.75 TL497 4 '5
II
74500 s .3' 74$ 124 53.69 74S244 $2.99
74502 43 74S 133 .54 704S251 135
74503 .45 74S1 34 .86 74S253 1.35
74504 .8' 74$ 135 1.15 704 S257 129
74$05 .52 748136 1.69 704S258 1 29
74SOB .4' 748138 1.99 74S260 .75
74509 .4' 74S139 129 74S280 2.79
748 10 42 74S140 .73 74$287 2.99
74811 .42 748151 1 29 74S288 2.55
74815 42 748153 129 7-4S373 3.10
74$20 42 74S157 1.29 74S3 7-4 3.10
74$22 .42 748158 1.29 74S387 2.75
74$30 .42 74$160 2.79 748 0471 7.95
74$32 .49 748174 1.49 74$47 2 7.95
74$38 1.19 748 175 1.49 748 473 7.95
74$40 .4. 74$ 188 2.69 745474 9.95
74$51 .42 748 194 1.89 74$ 475 9.95
74S64 .46 748 195 1.89 748570 5.75
74$65 .46 74$ 196 1 8 74$ 571 5,75
748 74 .99 7482 40 2.75 74$ 572 8 ,95
74586 .72 748 241 2.75 748573 8.95
74S11 2 .72 748242 299 74$940 2.90
74$113 .72 748243 2.99 74$941 2.90
748114 .72
DIP

SWITCHES
2 PoslbOn s .99 7 POSItIOn $1.39
4 POSlbOn 1.19 8 POSItIOn 1.49
5 PoSlIIOn 129 9 POSItIOn 1.65
6 Pos itIOn 135 10 POSlhon 1.69
MUFFINFAN
T h e dependable . lo w
cost , la rg e st selling fan
for c o m me rci a l c o o ling
applications .
105cfm froe aIr delrvery
4 68' sq . x 1 5r dee p
We ight 17 oz.
SPECiAl PURCHASE
$9.50 ea.
.14
.18
20
.27
.3()
.24
.36
..,
.58
4'
.58
67
70
81
99
1 23
1.14
1 38
1 8'
50 100
50 100
I'
$4 75 827 1 $74.95
550 8272 37,50
1050 8275 34.95
5.95 827 . 8.95
9.95 8279 -5 9.95
6.50 8282 7.95
5 8283 7.95
5 95 8284 7 95
5 8286 7.95
7.25 8287 7.95
9.95 8288 2495
7 25 828 . 48 50
37.50
...
$9.75 ...5A $26 .50
11.75 655' 11.50
21.50 6551 A 12 95
...
$17.95 68e50 $5 75
31.50 6852 550
25 .00 6860 7.75
14.75 687 5 6.25
17.50 6880 2.50
11.75 68047 22.95
3.50 68488 19 50
...
LOW PROFILE
SOCKETS (TIN)
1-24 24-" 9
.16 .15
20 .1'
.22 21
29 .28
.34 .32
29 .27
.38 .37
45 .44
.60 .5'
$-425 6532
6,75 6532A
8.50 6545
.: ..
$2.75 68640
6.75 6843
4.25 6844
3.75 6845
6.75 68645
12.50 6847
12.50 6850
: 1
TOLL FREE Mail Order: P.O. Box 17329Irvin8. CA92713
800 854 8230
Retail : 1310BE. Edinger, santa Ana. CA92705
(714) 5588813
TWX 542 W. Trimble. SanJose. CA95131
910-595-1565 (4081 9467010
6810
68810
6820
6821
6882 1
6828
6840
1702
'42'
2732 '<7, 2764-2$0 S1 75
"'011
3&5 2732 -250
."
2764-200 1650
"'.
..s 2132-2(10
."
..,...
"" 2716 3 " 2732A. ." ..r.. '95
2116-1
'"
mv.
."
27128 27 95
1M$27 16 r ec 2732A2 13 00 >2<>3AQ 14,50
T"'525111
' "
27...
."
' 2()4Q
"'" 1M52532
'"
2101 $2 .75 2147 $4 .75 5516 $11 .95
21021 .99 2016-200 4.95 61164 4.95
2102l-4 1 29 2016-150 5.95 6116 2 8.75
2102 L2 1.49 20 16 100 6.95 6116LP-4 5.90
2111 2.75 4044-4 395 6116LP2 10.95
2112 28' 4044-2 650 Z6132 32.50
2114 1.49 4118 ' .50 HM6264 47,50
2114l-2 1 89 55 14 350 6167 "5
6520
6522
6522A
8155 $9.95 8238
8156 9.95 82.,
8202 23.50 8250
8203 36.50 825 1
8205 3.25 8251A
8212 1.95 8253
82" 4 50 8253- 5
8216 1.95 8255
8224 220 8255A
8226 2.75 8257
8228 335 8257-5
8237 18.50 8259
82375 21.50 8259-5
II
$10 .95
*
CRYSTALS
*
10.95
1095
1095
32.768KHz $1,95 2.45 76 5295 5.71043 $2 95 14318MHz $2,95
1095
1,OOOMHz 3.75 32768ZMHz 2 95 6.000MHz 295 15 000MHz 2.95
10,95
1.842MHz 3.75 3.5795 MHz 1.95 6 ,1404 MHz 2.95 . 16 000MHz 2,95
1095
2.000MHz 2.95 4000MHz 2,95 65536MHz 2.95 18000MHz 2.95
10.95
2.010MHz 2.95 5000MHz 2.95 8000MHz 2.95 18 432MHz 2.95
2.097152MHz 2.95 50688MHz 2.95 10000MHz 2.95 32.000MHz 2.95

24PIN21F $7
28PIN21 F 9
4QPIN21F 10
604PIN21F 19
ADC0800 $1525
AOC0804 3 ,95

ADC0809 4.95
ADC0817 9.95
MC3470 4,95
1408 16 1.50
140818 2.95
DAC86E X 8.5
8 pin LP
...
14 pn lP
16 Pin l P
2791 $49 .SO
18 pin LP
2793 049 .50
20 Pin lP
2795 55.SO
22 pin lP
2797 55.50
24 pen LP
....,
31.50
28 pn LP
8272 36.00
40 P'" l P
UPD765A 36 00
8000
10.000
12 000
16 000
18 04 32
196808
20000
22.1184
3LWIREWRAP
8T95 s 85
SOCKETS (GOLD)
8T96 .8' 124 25-04-9
8T97 .85
8T98 .85
8pmWW 55 .54
75150 1.50
10 pm WW (TIn) .65 .63
75154 1.50
14 p.n WW .75 .73
16 pm WW 80 .77
18 pin WW .s5 90
20pn WW 1.15 100
MM58174 $10.95
22 pin WW 1.45 1.35
M8M5832 3.5
204-pinWW 1.35 1.26
28 pin WW 160 153
.. 40 pm WW 220-. 209
. " J

$5.95
7.50
7.50
4.95
2.95
8.95
5.95
4.95
.
..
DACOl
DAC08
oxcioo
DACOBOO
DAC0808
DAC1020
DAC1022
F9708
STEPPER MOTOR
RS232
SIGNAL TESTER
CIRCLE 80 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
6845 $14.75 8275 $3--4.95
68845 17.50 7220 89.SO 2a<lCTC $305 Z800ART $107$ Z8OASIOl stasc
6847 11.50 COM5027 17.95 Z80ACTC -475 Z8OAOAAT Z8OSI02
"'" H046605SP 15.75 COM5037 22.00 Z806CTC 975 Z80BOAAT Z80ASI 0 1 12 !lO
MC1372 6.75 8350 39,9 5 ""PIQ 305 Z80SIO'O
"'"
Z80BSI01 36 00
TMS9918 39.95 6545 21.50 Z80APIO .75 Z80AS10 -o 12 50 Z80SrOg
"'"
..

Z8OBPIO 1250 ZSOSI().1
"'"
ZSOASI09
12 '"

Ope ra tes by ap plyIng Iil::.Ii[[!]Ii:r.Jii!jJ'
12VDC In one ouectcn
and t he n re ver s ing
po la rit y (or sq uare
wave) . Use s 12VDC,
Clock Wise nct eucn.
R Oi l e d 3 RP M a t 4
P.P.S. With it 5 dog ree
stepplflg angl e .
ACP Price $3
95
1I
10 for $34.95
CONNECTORS
DB25P (RS232)
OB258 Female
Hood
Set Wi th Hood . Sa le
2550 SIT, Apple
25;50 W:W. Apple
31,62 $IT, IBM
31;62 WW, IBM
SO'l00 WOW. $- 100 Connector
SO'100 SIT, $-100 Connector
$325.00
RAM UP-GRADES
64K 0 RAM (4164-200nS)
9 pes for $50
00
16K 0 RAM (4116-200nS)
8 pes for $12
95
SWITCHER
SPECIAL
CORCOM FILTER
,..
UV "EPROM"
ERASER

. $8995
Holds 4 EPROM's
ala lime .
ThiS is a new 58 key termmat Keyboard
ma nufactured by a majo r ma nufact urer. It is
uncoded With SPST keys unattached 10 any
PC boa rd. Solid molded prest o base mea -
sures 11 x 4" .
Model5-52T
Popular
COR COM
Filter
6 amp s
S
4
95
Compatible li ne Cord Add $3.50
MM574QMC 9.95 3341 FIFO $4.75
1691 $1695
AY52376 1375 2513 001UC .50
177 t 1600
AY5 3600 1375 2513-OO2l C '50 1791 2295
UPD7201 29.95 7107CPl 11.SO
1793 2595
ULN2003 2.25
1795 27.95
WE STOCK 74HC & 74C CMOS 1797 44.50
21., 18.95
PAl l0H8 53.75 PAl14l04 $3.95
PAl 12H6 3.95 PAl16l8 9.95 75188 $1.19
PAl 14H04 3.95 PAl16R8 7.75 75189 1.19
PAl 10l8 3 ,95 PAl16A6 7.75 8T26 1.75
PALl 2l6 3 ,95 PAl16R4 7.75 8T28 1.85

8T3 1 2.75
9636 375
MC40204 53.75
''''566
$1.95
9637 3.75
8038 3.75 XR2206 3.75

MM5369 $350
AY5-1013A $3 . 5 2350
MM58167 11 95
$9 75
AY5 10104A 675 8250 12 50

AY5 1015 6.75 IM60402 7.75

TR1602A 3.75 IM60403 8 .75 1.000 $1095
: .

..
1.8432 1095
2000 1095
MC14411 $11. 50 COM501 6
4000 1095
$15 ,95
5000 10. 95
BR1941 10.50 COM8116 11.95
5 0688 1095
34702 12.75 MM5307 11.95
6000 10.95

6.144 10.95
76477 $350 "' C33<O
..
$1.95
76488 590 $C{)1Nolrax 39,95
14P1N2tF $5 75
7648. 850 DT10SOI
16P IN2tF 595
AY38910 8 95 DlQltalker 3495 18PIN2 1F 7.75
AY38912 12.50 MM541 04 14,95
2OPIN21F 7.95
REPEAT OF SELL OUT
58Key Unencoded Keyboard
"'$19
95
. a.
ADVANCED ...
COMPUTER, ,':'.

..... ..
68000 6504 $l575 aTA' $4995
I
.... 6800 395 6505 895 8155 3995 6eBOO 1050 6507 995 Z-80 315
6802 7 50 ecas 195 Z-8OA <130
6lIOO2 2095 8039 1195 z-eoa 950
6e03 1850 8OllO 350 Z8OO, 95
seee 1350 80M .. 75 Z8OO2 499S
M09E 12 st5 eoMA2 11 00 l iDS
seeese 27 958Oll6 29115 1695
6809 11.50 8OlI7 1"00 HI02 595
6lIB09 27 st5 8Oll8 29 95 aooe -1 1695
6!102 .'5 80!19 8-495 2901 695
1502A 6 50 11.U 30495 2901" a 50
6502B 9 rs 11148 39 95 Z8G71 31 95
WE STOCK IN DEPTH
CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING
...
UNIVERSITY degrees by mail! Bachelors, Masters,
Ph ,D's... Free revealing details. COUNSELING, Box
317-RE5, Tustin, CA 92680.
T/S1000 2K educational programs : Math, geometry,
words. 8 listings, $4.00. YORK, 1609 Summit St.,
Sp ringfield, OH 45503.
TRAIN FORA
GREAT CAREER IN
ELECTRONICS
LEARN AT HOME IN SPARE TIME.. .The fast-growing
Electronics field offers excellent career opportunities...
even at the entry level. A knowledge of BASIC ELEC-
TRONICS can help you get your foot in the door, qualify for
good jobs like Inspe ctor , Electronic Sales,
Junior TechnicianlTester and more.
follow home-study course starts you at the
very beginning.. .explai ns everythi ng step by "
step with plenty of photos, charts, diagrams . ' .
Mu lti meter , parts kits, calculator, digital
YOM included. Hands-on trai ning lets you
learn by doing. Get FREE FACTS. No
salesmanwill call. MAILCOUPONTODAY! 8l
--------------
I
ICS BASICELECTRONICS COURSE OEG44 I
, ,"ef " " Dept. 00000 Scranton, PA 18515
I Name Age_ :
I Addre.. I
I CRy/Stile/Zip _
,, .J
CB EQUIPMENT
CBC INTERNATIONAL, P.O. BOX 31500RE.
PHOENIX. AZ 85046 (602) 996-8700
SPEECH SYNTHESIZER
SPEECH synt hesizer- for Commodore-64 or
VIC-20. Uses General Instruments SP0256-AL2
speech chip . Unlimited vocabulary- easy to build
and use. Complete plans $5.00 postpaid/SP0256-
AL2 speech chip with data $20.00. PC board (kit)
$12.00/chips- crystal, plans-board (partial kit)
$40.00. Add $2.50 postage . Check or M.O.lJAF
ENTERPRISES, Box 12952, Rochester, NY 14612.
WANTED
WANTED: Ol d Western Electr ic & RCA tubes,
speakers, amps, Mcintosh, Marantz, tube amps,
old Thorens, JBL, Altec, Garrard. (713) 728-4343.
MAURY CORB, 11122 Atwell, Houston. TX 77096 .
INVENTIONS, ideas, new products wanted for pre-
sentation to industry and exhibition at national tech-
noiogy exposition . Call 1-800-528- 6050. Arizona
1-800-352-0458. X831.
HALLICRAFTERS S-40, S-52 , S-77. Any con-
dition. Paying $20.00-$40.00 each. FALA ELEC-
TRONICS, Box 04134-2, Milwaukee, WI 53204.
TI-99/4A SOFTWARE
TI-99/4A owners. Get your free catalog of new, ex-
ci ting , low cos t so ftwar e. DYNA, Bo x 690 ,
Hicksville, NY 11801.
SCANNERS
SCANNERS- discount prices Bearcat BC-100
$279.99; Bearcat 210XL $214.99; Bearcat 300
$335.99; Regency MX3000 $186.99; JIL SX100
$138.99; JI L SX200 $269.99; Bearcat 20/20
$275.99; Spectrum radar detector $214.99; plus
$3.00 shipping. Free discount catalog. Lowest
prices anywhere on scanners, radar detectors , ma-
rine radios, two -way accessories . SCANNER
WORLD, 10-RE New Scotland, Albany, NY 12208
(518) 436-9606.
CABLE TV
DEALERS wanted: Channel 2, 3, and 4 notch fil-
ter s. Money back guarantee . Send $15.00 for
sample and quantity price list. Speci fy channel(s).
LEE KURTZ, PO Box 291394, Davie, FL 33329.
REEL-TOREEL TAPES
AMPEX professional series open reel tape, 1800 or
2400-feet on 7-inch reels, used once. Case of 40,
$45.00. 10Y.! x 3600 feet and cassettes available.
MasterCardNisa. VALTECH ELECTRONICS, Box
6-RE, Richboro, PA 18954 (215) 322-4866.
CB radio books, kits, modifications, catalog $1.00
refundable . APS, POB 263RE, Newport , RI 02840.
PALOMAR/Pride electronics- exclusive repair fa-
cility. Service-update- improvements on these
and similar equi pment. PALOMARPRIDE RE-
PAI R, 1320 Grand, San Marcos , CA 92069 (619)
744-0720.
DESCRAMBLERTROUBLES
SINE wave descrambler problems? Manual In-
clude s t rouble shooting, alignment, antenna
hookup, improvement s, theory. $10.00 SIGNAL,
Box 2512-R, Culver City, CA 90230.
BUY BONDS

!'h on\' Qlt ltn - MlI'l,muni AD O ld t t S9 00

30 3 18 1 S1S0 p,,., r ,ncludr 52 0 0 for po\ 1.1qr IUPSI
VI SA Me.lccr p1rd
!'honr o.d r n t wrlcomll'
Sen .t l Of 0 If t trf' ,', H ollO!} 0' ' t","'
CIRCLE 34 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
I.
Send for our FREE 1984 catalog
, of elect ronic component8, kits,
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unique Items .
FV-S
ItOW RAUYI OWL
U41iUlt
CiJ<wiWj
o KSD-2412Sot Process Kit 5349.95+ $7.95S/ H
PCS-30ooSot Process PCB575.00+ $4.00S/ H
o RFM-3040 RFModulators $24.95 + $3.00S/ H
o UAA-l000 UHF Amplifier Kit $19.95 + $3.00S/ H
ZENITH Ml
09- 151-0
o KZM 2083Ml FV-5 Kit 5199.95 + $6.95 S/H
o KZO 2084FV-5 Kit (monus Ml ) $149.95 + 56.95StH
o PCZ 8000FV-5 PCBonly530.00 + 5300 StH
o ZMO 9151 Ml Boardonly589.95 55.95 5t H
Thi s advanced baseband video i nve rsio n/sync sup pressio n
syst em whi ch is most oft en used natio nwide is one of our most
popul ar ktts . It feat ures AG C for stability. AF modulat or built on
the boa rd. no int ernal con nection to T.V. and full band ...adabte
tu ning. Hi gh quali t y part s. full y illustr at ed i nstruct i ons. pre-
punc hed cabinet and pla t ed-th ru/so lde r- masked P.C. boa rd
make ttus ki t a breeze to assembl e. The Ml varactor tun er board
is assembl ed and test ed and need on ly be inte rco nnected to t he
FV-5 boa r d. The co mpl eted ci rc ui t ry i s t hen placed in th e
beauti f ul ly fini shed cabinet. Place your order toda y.
SAT-X PROCESSOR
GATED SYNC SUPER BOARD
o KGS-3080 Gated Sync. Kit $149.95 + $5.95 S/ H
o PCG-7000 Gated Sync. PCB only. $30.00 +$3.00 S/H
CIRCLE 13 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
o KSW 1483Sinewave KIt 5119.95 + 55.95 StH
o KSO 1484 Si newave Minus PCB 599.95 + $5.95 S/ H
opes 6252Sme wave PCBonly$20.00 + 53.00 StH
St at e of the ar t technology brings yo u this sup eri or Smewave
Sup er boa rd. It has no intern al con nection to TV. RF m?du lat or
built on t he bo ard . AGe for st abili ty and t une s t he enti re band
wi t h a varactor tuner and multi-turn pot. A hi gh Qualit y pl ated-
thru cucuu boar d wi th silk-screened part s layo ut. easy to foll ow,
full y ill ust rated instructions and quali ty par ts make thi s kit easy
to assemble. Th e beauti full y finished cabinet wil l add a touch of
cl ass to the many hou rs of enj oyment yo u wi ll recei ve build ing
and uSIng this kit .
SINEWAVE SUPER BOARD
16
.'
...-;-, ;:.
MODEL: SA802C
Part # 370-0340 $85.00
POWER TRANSFORMER
(68V-80V CT 6 AMP)
Part #670-0220 . . . . $24.50
MODEL: MX205
Part #370-0360 . . $29.95 ea.
MODEL:
SA-4520
LOW T.I.M. TRANSISTORS
100W+100W
Employs Hitachi low noise I.C. for pre-amp Max.
output 16 V Pop (non distortion) With hi-low filter. and
tone defeat circuit - Rear power amp with short circuit
protection- Giant heat sink for maximum resutts - Tone
controls : 14dB All components (except pols for vol-
ume, and tone controls) are pre-assembled. the quality
Is guaranttled . Power suppty DC!:3 5V-SOV
STEREO MIC. AND ECHO MIXER
FOR STEREO AMPLIFIER SYSTEM
The circuitry employs all integrated ci rcuits. BBD type
echo ci rcuit , echo ti me can be adjusted (max. .30
Msec .) Also with a microphone preamp on the board.
Fully assembled .
Part #370-0350 . . . $39.95 ea.
1 Transf ormer Part #670-0230 . $22.50 ea.
2 Filter Capacitor 47ooJloF 70V $6.50 ea.
60W+60W O.T.L. AMP
Stereo pre-amp +tone control +power amp. All in on
unit, fully assembled! Compact in size: 7"X44-x2lh-.
Can be fitt ed inlo most cabinets. Power transistors
using 25C1667 X 4 to give a maxoutput of 60W +60W
(80)
Frequency response: 2OHz-85KHz( - 1dB) Total
hannon ic distortion: 0.02%(1KHz) SignaVNoise Ratio:
88 dB (open loop) Tone control : 100 Hz:16 dB 10
KHz::!:14dB Dynamic range: 60 dB Power Supply:
48V-70V5Amp . FilterCapacitor:4700 JL75Vorbener.
S
1". - -
Model TR88B
G-30VDC (a' 1A
Model TR88A
G-15VDC (cl 2A
* SPECIAL *
Excellent Price!
Model 001-003 4
$29.50 per Kil
Transformer
$10.50 ea.
Model DP-64
Fully Assembled _..
MODEL: MA-142
Part #37G-370 . ... . $6.95 ea.
$59.50 per Kit
Dual Processor (6502 and Z80A)
Detached Keyboard
64K RAM Expandable to 192K
25 Function Key Keyboard
Auto Repeat Keys w/Upper /lower Case
2 Slim Disk Drives (optional)
100% Apple II Compatible
40/80 Column Display (optional)
Runs Both Apple Soft and CP/M Software
MAGNETIC HEAD EQUALIZER
&pinecom,. DP-64
Standar d RIAA curve for all kindsof magnetic heads- 3
stages crossover circuit forbest results - Output voltage
guaranteed to be stable without any oscillation - Power
Supply: 24V.D.C.
PROFESSIONAL REGULATED
VARIBLE DC POWER SUPPLY KIT
All solid state drcuitry with high efficiency powertran-
sitor 2SD388andICvoltage regulalor MC1733. Output
vol tage can be adjusted from o-30V at 1A current
limit ed or D-15V at2A current limited. Intemal resist-
ance is less than 0.0050 , ripple and noise less than
1mv. dual on panel meters for vottage and current
reading, alsowith onboard LED and audible over k>ad
indicator . Kit comeswith pre-drilled PC Board, instruc-
tions. all necessary el ectron ic components. trans -
former and a professional looking metalcabinet. The
best project lor school and the most useful instrument
for repairmen . Build one today!
TA-322 30 WATTS TOTAL
15W + 15W STEREO AMP KIT
This is a solid state all trans istor ci rcuitry with on
board stereo pre-amp for most microphone or phone
input. Power output emp loys a heavy duty Power
Hy br i d I C. Fo ur built on board cont rols fo r ,
volume, bala nce . treble and bass . Power supply
requires 48VCT 2.5A transformer. THO of less than
0.1% between 100Hz l 0KHz at lull powe r (15 Watts
+ 15 Watts loaded into an).
Now
with New
Improved
Keyboard
and 64K RAM
Only $44.50
Transformer
$4.50 ea.
LOWTlM DC STEREO PRE-AMP KlTTA-1020
Tr ansmitter: FET mic for flat
30Hz-18KHz response. X'tal
controlled 49MHz AM Band
fo r drift -f ree perform an ce.
10 0m W out put (r an ge
approx. V.. mile) for re-
liable l ong r ang e
t ra ns missio n .
Po we r ed by a 9V
radio battery.
.... Receiver: X'tal con-
trolle d locks on
49MHz transmitter signal. On panel VU meter, moni-
tors the signal strength from the microphone. Stan-
dard phone jack outlet connection to a P.A. or other
phone input. 9V battery included. This professional
set is ideal for on stage , in field, church, in house or
outdoor use.
No fCClicense
Required
OUR PRICE $49.50
AddillonllMlcrophone
{TraMmlttef)An itl ble
' I $28.00 ea.
MURA WMS49
Incorpor al es brand -new DC des ign that gi ves a fre-
quency respons e from 0- 1OOKHz :t o.5dB. Added
featur es like tone defeat and loudn ess controtl et you
tail or your own frequ ency supp lies to eliminate power
fluctuat ions!
Spec iflcations: _ THOIT IM less than ,005% _ Fre-
quency response DC to 100KHz .O.5dB _ RIM
dev iation .O.2dB _ SIN rat io better than 70d B -
Sensitivity: Phone 2mV 47Kfi. Aux 100mV 100 KH-
Output level 1.3V - Max outpul15V - Tone controts ;
Bass ::t1OdB (a 50Hz , Treble .1OdB (cl 15Hz.
Power supply ::t24VDC (u O.SA. Kit comes with
regulated powe r supply , All you need is a 48VCT
transformer (u O,SA.
And best of all, the price
Assembled and Tested is just. .... .
TA-l000
KIT
$51.95
. ..._- -
------ -- - - '- - .1
- -. ..-
_ - .
;.. \ \., -
---- -------- _._-
_. - - .
No Copyright Problems!
Compare These Features with Our Competitors:
Powerful Utility Program (100% Apple Compatible)
.68-Key Upper & Lower Case Keyboard with Numeric Keypad
25 Pre-programmed Function Keys
2 Speed Auto Repeat Funtion
64K User Memory-expandable to 192K
.5A Switching Power Supply (110/220VAC)
All ICs Are Socketed for Easy Service
Nation-wide Dealer Network for Convenient Technical Support
&pinecom"
Pioneer 0' Low Cost
Apple* Compatible Computer
Dynamic Bias Class " A" circuit des ign makes this
unit un ique in its class . Crystal clear , 100 watts power
output will satisfy the most picky fans. A perfe ct
co mbination with the TA-1020 low TIM stereo pre-
amp.
Specifications Output power 100W RMS into 80.
125W RMS into 40 Fr equ ency r esponse
10Hz1QOKHz THO less than 0.01% SIN ratio
better Ihan 80dB Input sensiti vity 1V max. Power
supply : 40Vat SA.
Th is new stereo indicator ki t cons ists of 36 4-color
LED ' s (15 per channel) to indi cate the sou nd leve l
ou tp ut of your am plif ier fr om - 36dB to +3dB.
Comes with a well desig ned silk screen print ed plas-
tic pa nel and has a selector switc h to allow floating or
grad ual output indicating. Power supply is 6-12VDC
with THG on boar d input sensitivity controls. This unit
can wor1<. wllh any amplifier from 1W to 2OOW. Ki t
includes 70 pes driver transistors. 38 pes matched
4-color LED's. all electronic components . PC Board
and fronl panel. MARK IV KIT $31.50
Power
Transformer
$24.00 ea.
100W CLASS A
POWER AMP KIT


,..>
W.

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I

I

SENDONE DOLLAR Shoppln9 & Handling Charges Minimum Order $10.00/Cal lf . Re s idents STORE HOURS
FOROUR DETAILCATALOG Under $50.00 Over 550.00 add 6 .5% Sales Tax . Phone Orders Accepted
Purchase Purchase on VISA or MC ONLY. NO C.O.D. 's . Prices sub. == !"'ON-FRI-10-7
Mexico & Canada) : :: ,5:' j ect 10 change wilhout nol ice. SAT-10-6
Overseas 25% 20% 'Apple and Apple II are lhe t rademark of APPLE COMPUTERS. INC.
STATIC RAMS
32.768 khz 1.95 2101 256 x 4 (450nl) 1.95
1702 256 x 8 (1ul) 4.50 1.0 mhz 3.95
4000 .29 4528 1.19
5101 256 x 4 (450n l ) (e mos) 3.95
2708 1024 x 8 (450nl) 3.95 1.8432 3.95
4001 .25 4531 .95
2102-1 1024 x 1 (450nl) .89
2758 1024 X 8 (450nl) (5Y) 5.95 2.0 2.95 4002 .25 4532 1.95 2102L-4 1024 X 1 (450nl) (LP) .99
2716 2048 X 8 (450nl) (5Y) 3.95
2.097152 2.95 4006 .89 4538 1.95 2102L-2 1024 X 1 (250nl) (LP) 1.49
2111 256 X 4 (45 0nl) 2.49
2716 -1 2048 X 8 (350nl) (5Y) 5.95
2.4576 2.95 4007 .29 4539 1.95
2112 256 X 4 (450nl) 2.99 TMS2516 2048 X 8 (450 nl) (5Y) 5.50
3.2768 2.95 4008 .95 454 1 2.64
2114 1024 X 4 (450nl ) 8/9.95 TMS2716 2048 X 8 (450nl) 7.95
3.579545 2.95 4009 .39 4543 1.19
2114-25 1024 X 4 (25 0nl) 8/ 10.95 TMS2532 4096 X 8 (450nl) (5Y) 5.95
4.0 2.95
4010 .45 4553 5.79
5.0 2.95 2114 L-4 1024 X 4 (450n l ) (LP ) 8/12.95 2732 4096 X 8 (450nl) (5Y) 4.95
5.0688 2.95
4011 .25 4555 .95
2114L-3 1024 X 4 (300nl ) (LP) 8/13 .45
2732-250 4096 X 8 (250nl) (5Y) 8.95
5.185 2.95
4012 .25 4556 .95
2114L-2 1024 X 4 (200nl) I LP) 8/13.95
2732-200 4096 X 8 (200nl) (5Y) 11.95
5.7143 2.95
4013 .38 4581 1.95
TC5514 1024 X 4 (650nl) cmos) 2.49
2732A-4 4096 X 8 (450nl) (5Y) (21vPGM) 6.95 6.0 2.95
4014 .79 4582 1.95
TC5516 2048 X 8 (250nl) (ernos) 9.95
2732A 4096 X 8 (250nl) (5Y) (21vPGM) 9.95 6.144 2.95
4015 .39 4584 .75
2147 .4096 X 1 (55nl) 4.95
2732A-2 4096 X 8 (200nl) (5Y)(21YPGM) 13.95 6.5536 2.95
4016 .39 4585 .75
TMS4044-4 4096 X 1 (450nl) 3.49
2764 8192 X 8 (450nl) (5Y) 6.95 8.0 2.95 4017 .69 4702 12.95 TMS4044-3 4096 X 1 (300nl) 3.99
2764-250 8192 X 8 (250nl) (5Y) 10.0 2.95 4018 .79 74COO .35 TMS4044- 2 4096 X 1 (200nl) 4.49 7.95
MK4118 1024 X 8 (250nl ) 9.95
2764-200 8192 X 8 (200nl) (5Y) 19.95
10.738635 2.95
4019 .39 74C02 .35
TMM2016-2 00 2048 X 8 (200 nl ) 4.15 TMS2564 8192 X 8 (450ns) (5Y) 14.95
14.31818 2.95
4020 .75 74C04 .35
15.0 2.95 TMM2016- 150 2048 X 8 (150nl) 4.95 MCM68764 8192 X 8 (450ns) (5Y) (24 pin) 39.95
16.0 2.95
4021 .79 74C08 .35
TMM2016-100 2048 X 8 (100n l ) 6.15 MCM68766 8192 X 8 (350ns) (5Y) (24 p1n)(pwr 00.) 42.95
17.430 2.95
4022 .79 74C10 .35
HM6116-4 2048 X 8 (200n l) (cmos) 4.75 27128 16384 X 8 (300nl) (5Y) 29.95
18.0 2.95 4023 .29 74C14 .59 HM611 6- 3 2048 X 8 (150nl ) (c mos) 4.95
5Y Single 5 Voll Supp ly 18. 432 2.95 4024 .65 74C20 .35 HM6116-2 2048 X 8 (120nl ) (cmos) 8.95 2hPGM :: Program at 21 Volt.
HM6116LP-4 2048 X 8 (20 0nl ) (emoIH LP) 5. 95
20.0 2.95
4025 .29 74C30 .35
HM6116LP-3 2048 X 8 (150nl ) (e mo I HLP) 6.95
22.1184 2.95
4026 1.65 74C32 .39
HM6116LP -2 2048 X 8 (12 0nl ) (emo I HLP) 10.95
EPROM ERASERS
32.0 2.95
4027 .45 74C42 1.29
Z-6 132 4096 X 8 (30 0nl ) (OltOt) 34.95
DSPECTRONICS
4028 .69 74C48 1.99
HM6264 8192 X 8 (150 nl) (cmos) 49.95
UARTS
4029 .79 74C73 .65
LP :: low Powe r Ol tOt =Ouoll-Stolie .
4030 .39 74C74 .65
CORPORATION
AY3-1014 6.95
4034 1. 95 74C76 .80
AY5-1013 3.95
DYNAMIC RAMS
Copoelly Inlenilly
AY3-1015 6.95
4035 .85 74C83 1.9 5
Timer Chip (uW/Cm')
PT1472 9.95
4040 .75 74C85 1.95
TMS4027 4096 X 1 (250n l ) 1.99 9 8,000
TR1602 3.95
4041 .75 74C86 .39
UPD411 4096 X 1 (300n l ) 3.00
9 8,000
2350 9.95
4042 .69 74C89 4.50 MM5280 4096 X 1 (300nl ) 3.00
12 9,600
2651 8.95 4043 .85 74C90 1.19 MK4108 8192 X 1 (200nl ) 1.95
30 9,600
IM6402 7.95 4044 .79 74C93 1.75
MM5298 8192.1 (250nl ) 1.85
25 17,000
4116-300 16384 X 1 (300nl) 8/1 1.75
42 17,000
IM6403 8.95 4046 .85 74C95 .99
4116-250 16384 X 1 (250 nl) 8/7 .95 INS8250 10.95 4047 .95 74C107 .89
4116-200 16384 X 1 (20 0nl ) 8/12.95
GENERATORS 4049 .35 74C150 5.75
4116-150 16384 X 1 (150nl) 8/14 .95
BIT-RATE
4050 .35 74C 151 2.25 4116-120 16384 X 1 (120n l ) 8/29.95
MC14411 11.95
4051 .79 74C 154 3.25 2118 163 84 X 1 (150nl) (5Y) 4.95
MK4332 32768 X 1 (200nl) 9.95 BR1941 11.95 4053 .79 74C157 1.7 5
4164-200 65536 X 1 (200nl) (5Y) 5.95 4702 12. 95 406 0 .89 74C160 1.19
4164-150 65536 X 1 (150nl) (5Y) 6.95 COM5016 16.95 4066 .39 74C161 1.19
MCM6665 655 36 X 1 (200nl) (5Y) 8.95
COM8116 10.95 4068 .39 74C162 1.19
TMS4164-15 65 536 X 1 (150 nl) (5Y) 8.95
MM5307 10.95
4069 .29 74C163 1.19
5V =lingle 5 Yolliu pply
FUNCTION 4070 .35 74C164 1.39
MC402 4 3.95 4071 .29 74C165 2.00
6800 6500
Z-80
LM566 1.49 4072 .29 74C173 .79
XR2206 3.75
4073 .29 74C174 1.19
680 00 49.95
1 MHZ
5.95 8202 24.95
2.5 Mhz
8038 3.95
4075 .29 74C175 1.19
6800 2.95
6502 4.95
5.95 8203 39.95
4076 .79 74C192 1.49
6802 7.95
6504 6.95
17.95
8205 3.50
Z80 -CPU 3.95
6505 8.95 4078 .29 74C193 1.49 6803 19. 95 49.95
8212 1.80
Z80 -CTC 3.95
MISC.
6507 9.95
4081 . 29 74C195 1.39 6808 13.90 3.95
8214 3.85 Z80-DART 10.95
6809E 14.95
6520 4.35
4.95
Z80-DMA 14.95
UPD7201 29.95 4082 .29 74C200 5.75
6522 6.95 8216 1.75
6809 11.95 11.95 TMS99532 29.95 4085 .95 74C221 1.7 5
6810 2.95
6532 9.95
24.95
8224 2.25 Z80-PIO 3.95
ULN2003 2.49
4086 .95 74C244 2.25
6820 4.35
6545 22.5 0
CALL
8226 1.80 Z80 -SIO/0 11.95
3242 7.95
4093 74C373 6551 11.85 8228 3.49 Z80 -SIO/1 11.95
.49 2.45
6821 2.95
2MHZ
29.95
8237 19.95
3341 4.95
4098 2.49 74C374 2.45 6828 14.95
650 2A 6.95
89.95 Z80-SIO/2 11.95
MC3470 4.95
4099 1.95 74C901 .39 6840 12.95
6522A 9.95
6.95
8237-5 21.95
Z80-SIO/9 11.95
MC3480 9.00
6843 34.95
6532A 11.95
7.95 8238 4.49
4.0 Mhz
11C90 13.95
14409 12.95 74C902 .85
6844 25.95
6545A 27 .95
6.95 8243 4.45
95H90 7.95
14410 12.95 74C903 . 85
6845 14.95
6551A 11.95
29.95 8250 10.95 Z80A-CPU 4.49
2513-001 UP 9.95
14411 11.g5 74C905 10.95
6847 11.95 3MHZ 39.95 8251 4.49 Z80A-CTC 4.95
2513 -002 LOW 9.95
14412 12.95 74C906 .95
6850 3.25 6502B 9.95 29.9 5 8253 6.95
Z80A-DART 9.95 14419 7.95 74C907 1.00 6852 5.75 24.95 8253-5 7.95
Z80A-DMA 12.95 14433 14.95 74C908 2.00 6860 7.95 24.95
8255 4.49
6875 6.95 DISC
8255-5 5.25
Z80A-PIO 4.49
CLOCK
4502 . 95 74C909 2.75
6880 2.25 CONTROLLERS
8257 7.95
Z80A -SIO/0 12 .95
CIRCUITS
4503 .65 74C910 9.95
6883 22.95 1771 16.95
CRT
8257-5 8.95 Z80A-SIO/1 12 .95
4508 1.95 74C911 8.95
68047 24.95 1791 24.95
CONTROLLERS 8259 6.90 Z80A-SIO/2 12.95
MM5314 4.95
4510 .85 74C912 8.95
MM5369 3.95 68488 19.95 1793 26.95
6845 14.95 8259-5 7.50
Z80A-SIO/9 12.95
MM5375 4. 95
4511 .85 74C914 1.95 6800 =1MHZ 1795 29.95
68B45 19.96 8271 79.95
6.0 Mhz MM58167 12.95
4512 .85 74C915 1.19
68BOO 10.95
1797 49.95
HD46505SP 15.95
8272 39.95
2791 54.95
29.95 MM5817 4 11.95 4514 1.25 74C918 2.75
68B02 22.25 6847 11.95
8275
Z80B-CPU 9.95
2793 54.95
8279 8.95 MSM5832 3.95 4515 1.79 74C920 17.95
68B09E 29.95 MC1372 6.95 ZSOB-CTC 12.95 2795 59.95
8279-5 10.00 4516 1.55 74C921 15.95 68B09 29.95 2797 59.95 68047 24.95
8282 6.50
Z80B-PIO 12.95
4518 .89 74C922 4.49 68B10 6.95 684 3 34.95 8275 29.95
8283 6.50
Z80B-DART 19.95
4519 .39 74C923 68B21 6.95
8272 39.95
7220 99.95
Z80B-SIO/2 39.95
4.95
8284 5.50
68B40 19.95
UPD765 39.95
CRT5027 19.95
8286 6.50
ZILOG
452 0 .79 74C925 5.95
MB8876 29.95
68B45 19.95
MB8877 34 .95
CRT5037 24.95
8287 6.50
4522 1.25 74C926 7.95
68B50 5.95
1691 17 .95
TMS9918A 39.95 8288 25.00
Z6132 34.95
4526 1.25 74C928 7.95
68BOO=2 MHZ 2143 18.95 DP8350 49.95 8289 49.95 Z8671 39.95 4527 1.95 74C929 19.95
(/)
0
z
0
a:
I-
0
W
...J
W
6
(5

a:
118
119
DIP
SWITCHES
4 POSITION .85
5 POS ITION .90
6 POSITION .90
7 POSITION .95
8 POSITION .95
RCA
.99 LM1558H 3.10
CA 3023 2.75 CA 3082
1.49 LM1800 2.37
CA 3039 1.29 CA 3083
.89 LM1812 8.25 CA 3045 1.25 CA 3085
3.95 LM1830 3.50 CA 3059 2.90 CA 3089
2.95 LM1871 5.49 CA 3050 2.90 CA 3095
2.50 LM1872 5.49 CA 3065 1.75 CA 3130
2.75 LM1877 3.25 CA 3080 1.10 CA 3140
.59 LM1889 1.95 CA 3081 1.65 CA 3146
.75 LM1896 1.75 CA 3160 1.19
.79 ULN2003 2.49
.49 LM2877 2.05
TI .55 LM2878 2.25
.98 LM2900 .85 TL494 4.20 75365
.35 LM2901 1.00 TL496 1.65 75450
.35 LM3900 .59 TL497 3.25 75451
.40 LM3905 1.25 75107 1.49 75452
.69 LM3909 .98 75110 1.95 75453
.59 LM3911 2.25 75150 1.95 75454
1.19 LM3914 3.95 75154 1.95 75491
1.95 LM3915 3.95 75188 1.25 75492
1.49 LM3916 3.95 75189 1.25 75493
1.69 MC4024 3.95 75494 .89
1.89 MC4044 4.50
1.19 RC4136 1.25
BI FET 1.69 RC4151 3.95
6.95 LM4250 1.75 TL071 .79 TL084
1.59 LM4500 3.25 TL072 1.19 LF347
.59 RC4558 .69 TL074 2.19 LF351
.69 LM13080 1.29 TL081 .79 LF353
.69 LM13600 1.49 TL082 1.19 LF355
.85 LM13700 1.49 TL083 1.19 LF356
K =TO-3 LF357 1.40
BYPASS CAPS
.01 UF DISC 100/6.00
.01 UF MONOLITHIC 100/12.00
.1 UF DISC 100/8.00
.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00
LM555
LM565
LM567
NE570
NE571
NE590
NE592
LM709
LM710
LM711
LM723
LM723H
LM733
LM741
LM741N-14
LM741H
LM747
LM748
LM1014
LM1303
LM1310
MC1330
MC1349
MC1350 ,
MC1358
MC1372
LM1414
LM1458
LM1488
LM1489
LM1495
T =TO-220
LM340(see 7800)
LM348 .99
LM350K 4.95
LM350T 4.60
LM358 .59
LM359 1.79
LM375 3.75
LM377 1.95
LM378 2.50
LM379 4.50
LM380 .89
LM380N-8 1.10
LM381 1.60
LM382 1.60
LM383 1.95
LM384 1.95
LM386 .89
LM387 1.40
LM389 1.35
LM390 1.95
LM392 .59
LM393 1.29
LM394H 4.50
LM399H 5.00
NE531 2.95
NE555 .34
NE555 .55
NE558 1.50
NE561 24.95
NE564 2.95
H =TO-5 CAN
LM301 .34
LM301H .79
LM307 .45
LM308 .69
LM308H 1.15
LM309H 1.95
LM309K 1.25
LM310 1.75
LM311 .54
LM311H .89
LM312H 1.75
LM317K 3.95
LPA317T 1.19
LM318 1.49
LM318H 1.59
LM3.19H 1.90
LM319 1.25
LM320lsee7900)
LM322 1.55
LM323K 4.95
LM324 . .59
LM329 .55
LM331 3.95
LM334 1.19
LM335 1.40
LM336 1.75
LM337K 3.95
LM337T 1.95
LM338K 5.95
LM339 .99
LED LAMPS
1-99
.10
.18
.18
.10
VOLTAGE
.32 74S132 1.24 74S225 7.95
REGULATORS
7400 .19 74123 .49
.35 74S133 .45 74S240 2.20
7401 .19 74125 .45
.35 74S134 .50 74S241 2.20
7805T .75 7905T .85
7402 .19 74126 .45
.35 74S135 .89 74S244 2.20
78M05C .35 7908T .85 7403 .19 74132 .45
.35 74S138 .85 74S251 .95
7808T .75 7912T .85 7404 .19 74136 .50
.35 74S139 .85 74S253 .95
.40 745140 .55 74S257 .95
7812T .75 7915T .85 7405 .25 74143 4.95
.35 745151 .95 74S258 .95
7815T .75 7924T .85 7406 .29 74145 .60
.35 74S153 .95 74S260 .79
7824T .75
7905K 1.49
7407 .29 74147 1.75
.35 745157 .95 74S273 2.45 7805K 1.39 7912K 1.49
7408 .24 74148 1.20
.35 745158 .95 74S274 19.95 7812K 1.39 7915K 1.49 7409 .19 74150 1.35
.35 74S161 1.95 74S275 19.95 7815K 1.39 7924K 1.49 7410 .19 74151 .55
.35 74S162 1.95 74S280 1.95 7824K 1.39
79L05 .79
7411 .25 74153 .55
.40 74S163 1.95 74S287 1.90
78L05 .89 79L12 .79
7413 .35 74154 1.25
.88 74S168 3.95 74S288 1.90
78L12 .69 79L15 .79
7414 .49 74155 .75
.85 74S169 3.95 74S289 6.89
78L15 .69 7416 .25 74157 .55
.35 74S174 .95 74S301 6.95 LM323K 4.95
7417 .25 74159 1.65
.35 74S175 .95 74S373 2.45 78H05K 9.95 UA78S40 1.95
7420 .19 74160 .85
.40 74S181 3.95 74S374 2.45 78H12K 9.95
7421 .35 74161 .69 .40 74S 182 2.95 74S381 7.95
.50 74S186 1.95 745387 1.95
C, T = TO-220 K =TO-3 7425 .29 74163 .69
1.99 74S169 6.95 745412 2.98
L = TO92 7427 .29 74164 .85
.50 74S194 1.49 745471 4.95 7430 .19 74165 .65
.50 74S195 1.49 745472 4.95 7432 .29 74166 1.00
.50 74S196 1.49 74S474 4.95 SOUND CHIPS 7437 .29 74167 2.95
.55 74S197 1.49 745482 15.25 3.95 AY3-8910 7438 .29 74170 1.65
2.75 74S201 6.95 745570 2.95 5.95 AY3-8912 7442 .49 74173 .75
74S571 2.95 8.95 MC3340
7445 .69 74174 .89
7446 .69 74175 .89
DATA ACQUISITION MICROCOMPUTER
7447 .69 74177 .75
7446 .69 74181 2.25
15.55 DAC0806
HARDWARE HANDBOOK 7451 .23 74184 2.00
3.49 DAC1020
FROM ELCOMP - $14.95
7473 .34 74185 2.00
4.49 DAC1022 7474 .33 74191 1.15
9.95 MC1406L6
Over 800 paces of manufacturers data
7475 .45 74192 .79
4.95 MC1406L6 sheets on most commonly used IC'5. 7476 .35 74193 .79
In cl ude s:
7482 .95 74194 .85
7483 .50 74195 .85
* TTL - 74/74LS and 74F
7485 .59 74197 .75
IDCEN35
*CMOS 7486 .35 74198 1.35
Ribbon Cable 35 Pin Male
* Voltage Regulators 7489 2.15 74221 1.35
IDCEN35/ F * Memory - RAM, ROM, EPROM
7490 .35 74245 1.35
7492 .50 74247 1.25
Ribbon Cable 35 Pin Female
* CPU'S - 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080,
7493 .35 74259 2.25
CEN35
8085, 8086/8
7495 .55 74273 1.95
Solder Cup
* MPU support & in t e rfa c e - 7497 2.75 74276 1.25
6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.
74100 1.75 74279 .75
74107 .30 74366 .55
74109 .45 74367 .55
74116 1.55 74368 .55
74121 .29 74393 1.35
74122 .45
74S00
74S02
74S03
74S04
74S05
74S08
74S09
74S10
74S11
74S15
74S20
74S22
74S30
74S32
74S37
74S38
74S40
74S51
74S54
74S65
74S74
74S65
74S86
74S112
74S113
74S114
74S124
.69
.55
.55
2.15
8.95
.89
.89
.79
.79
.69
.69
.79
.79
.89
.95
.99
.99
.99
1.29
1.49
.75
.99
.99
.59
.59
.59
.59
2.75
.59
.55
1.49
3.35
.49
1.98
.69
.89
.89
.99
.89
1. 75
3.50
1.75
1.29
1.29
1.35
1.95
.49
.49
.45
.45
1.39
1.39
.95
1.39
1.18
1.35
3.90
.45
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.49
2.95
.95
1.95
3.99
2.20
2.20
1.69
1.89
1.49
14.95
3.20
3.20
3.20
3.20
2.40
3.20
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
2.80
4.25
74LSOO
.24 74LS173
.25 74LS174
.25 74LS175
.25 74LS 181
.24 74LS189
.25 74LS190
.28 74LS191
.29 74LS192
.25 74LS193
.35 74LS194
.35 74LS195
.45 74LS196
.59 74LS197
.35 74LS221
.25 74LS240
.29 74LS241
.25 74LS242
.29 74LS243
.29 74LS244
.35 74LS245
.25 74LS247
.29 74LS248
.55 74LS249
.35 74 LS251
.35 74LS253
.25 74 LS257
.49 74 LS258
.75 74LS259
.75 74LS260
.75 74LS266
.25 74LS273
.29 74LS275
.29 74LS279
1.25 74LS280
.39 74LS283
.35 74LS290
.39 74LS293
.39 74LS295
.49 74LS298
.60 74LS299
.69 74LS323
.39 74LS324
.55 74LS352
.89 74LS353
.55 74LS363
.55 74LS364
.75 74LS365
.89 74LS366
.39 74LS367
.39 74LS368
.39 74LS373
.39 74LS374
.39 74LS375
.45 74LS377
.79 74LS378
2.90 74LS379
.49 74LS385
.49 74LS386
.59 74LS390
.59 74LS393
.39 74LS395
.99 74LS399
.55 74LS424
.55 74LS447
1.20 74LS490
2.49 74LS624
1.35 74LS640
.55 74LS645
.55 74LS668
1.90 74LS669
.69 74LS670
.69 74LS674
.65 1'4LS682
.59 74Ls683
.69 74LS684
.65 74LS685
.69 74LS688
.65 74LS689
.69 ' 81LS95
.95 81LS96
1.95 81LS97
1.75 81LS98
1.75 25LS2521
1.49 25LS2569
74LSOO
74LSOl
74LS02
74LS03
74LS04
74LS05
74LS08
74LS09
74LS10
74LSll
74LS12
74LS13
74LS14
74LS15
74LS20
74LS21
74LS22
74LS26
74LS27
74LS28
74LS30
74LS32
74LS33
74LS37
74LS38
74LS40
74LS42
74LS47
74 LS48
74LS49
74LS51
74LS54
74LS55
74LS63
74LS73
74LS74
74LS75
74LS76
74LS78
74LS83
74LS85
74LS86
74LS90
74LS91
74LS92
74LS93
74LS95
74LS96
74LS107
74LS109
74LSl12
74LSl13
74LSl14
74LS122
74LS123
74LS124
74LS125
74LS126
74LS132
74LS133
74LS136
74LS137
74LS138
74LS139
74LS145
74LS147
74LS148
74LS151
74LS153
74LS154
74LS155
74LS156
74LS157
74LS158
74LS160
74LS161
74LS162
74LS163
74LS164
74LS165
74LS186
74LS168
74LS169
74LS170
LED DISPLAYS
HP 5082-7760 .43" CC
MAN 72 .3" CA
MAN 74 .3" CC
FND-357 (359) .375" CC
FND-500 (503) .5" CC
FND-507 (510) .5" CA 1.49
TIL-311 4x7 .270" HEX W/ LOGIC 9.95
ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" ofthe "order by" part number listed. Example: A 10pin rightangle solder style '
header would be IDH1OSR.
DESCRIPTION SOLDER HEADER
RIGHTANGLE
WWHEADER
RIGHT ANGLE RIBBON RIBBON RIBBON
SOLDER HEADER WWHEADER HEADER SOCKET HEADER EDGE CARD
ORDER BY IDHxxS IDHxxSR IDHxxW IDHxxWR IDSxx IDMxx IDExx
CONTACTS 10 .82 .85 1.86 2.05 1.15 - 2.25
20 1.29 1.35 2.98 3.28 1.86 5.50 2.36
26 1.68 1.76 3.84 4.22 2.43 6.25 2.65
34 2.20 2.31 4.50 4.45 3.15 7.00 3.25
40 2.58 2.72 5.28 4.80 3.73 7.50 3.80
50 3.24 3.39 6.63 7.30 4.65 8.50 4.74
For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.
4.25
1.75
1.25
1.25
2.75
1.25
1.00
. 1.75
MCA-7
MCA-255
IL-1
ILA-30
ILQ-74
H11C5
TIL-111
TIL-113
OPTO-ISOLATORS
4N26 1.00
4N27 1.10
4N28 .69
4N33 1.75
4N35 1.25
4N37 1.25
MCT-2 1.00
MCT-6 1.50
NEW UN-USED
MUFFIN FANS
4.68 " Square 14.95
3.125" Square 14.95
HEAT SINKS
TO-3 alyle .95
TO-220 .Iyle .35
SWITCHES
SPOT mini-toggle 1.25
OPOT mlnl-Ioggle 1.50
SPST mlnl,pulhbuUon .39
RESISTORS
'I. WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL
STANDARD VALUES
FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM
50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025
. 100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02
1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015
EDGE-CARD
CONNECTORS
S-100 ST 3.95
S-100 WW 4.95
72 pin ST 6.95
72 pin WW 7.95
50 pin ST 4.95
44 pin ST 2.95
44 pin WW 4.95
IC SOCKETS
l-gg 100
.13 .11
. 15 .12
.17 .13
.20 .18
.29 .27
.30 .27
.30 .27
.40 .32
.49 .39
64 pin ST 4.25 call
ST = SOLOERTAIL
8 pin WW .59 .49
14 pin WW .69 .52
16 pin WW .69 .58
16 pln WW .99 .90
20 pin WW 1.09 .98
22 pin WW 1.39 1.28
24 pin WW 1.49 1.35
28 pin WW 1.69 1.49
40 pin WW 1.99 1.60
WW=WIREWRAP
16 pin ZIF 5.95 call
24 pin ZIF 7.95 call
26 pin ZIF 8.95 call
ZIF = TEXTOOL
(Zero Inlertlon Force)
MOUNTING HARDWARE 1.00
SOLDER CUP
RIGHTANGLE IDC
HOODS
DESCRIPTION
PC SOLDER RIBBON CABLE
MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE BLACK GREY
ORDER BY DBxxP DBxxS DBxxPR DBxxSR IDBxxP IOBxxS HOOD-B HOOD
CONTACTS 9 2.08 2.66 1.65 2.18 3.37 3.69 1.60
15 2.69 3.63 2.20 3.03 4.70 5.13 1.60
25 2.50 3.25 3.00 4.42 6.23 6.84 1.25 1.25
37 4.80 7.11 4.83 6.19 9.22 10.08 2.95
50 6.06 9.24 I 3.50
IDC CONNECTORS
r 10'
.83 7.30
1.00 8.80
1.25 11.00
1.32 11.60
1.32 11.60
1.65 14.50
1.92 16.80
2.50 22.00
COLOR CODED
l' 10'
.50 4.40
.55 4.80
.65 5.70
.75 6.60
.75 6.60
.98 8.60
1.32 11.60
1.38 12.10
SINGLE COLOR
10
16
20
25
26
34
40
50
(/)
o
Z
o
II:
I-
o
W
...J
W
6
o
-c
II:
120
CIRCLE 49 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
=1= JDR Microdevices
180USAftO
S
SOlOt
JDR 16K RAM CARD FOR APPLE 11+
* Expand yo ur 48K App le to 64K
* Fully compatible wit h Apple Lang uage System - Use
in pl ace of App le Langu age card
* Highest quality ca rd feat ures : gold edge connector,
sockets for all IC's.
* 2 YEAR WARRANTY $44
95
Kit wit h Instructi ons $40.95
Bare PC Card $14 .95
GET SLIM In 19841
JDR HALF-HEIGHT DISK DRIVE
* 35 Track if used with
Apple Controller .
* 40 Track Controller and DOS
Available (Call for Price)
$209
95
* Shugart Mechan ism -
Made i n U.S.A.
* Di rect Rep lace ment fo r
Apple Di sk II
* Co mpa tible wi t h Apple
Cont roller or ot her Apple
compatible controllers
* Specially designed
electronics with l ow power
co nsumption .
* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible
* One Year Warranty
CONTROLLER CARD
$69.95
APPLE COMPATIBLE
POWER SUPPLY
* Use To Power Apple-
Type Systems
* +5V @ 5A +12V @ 3A
-5V @ .5A -12V @ .5A
* Instructions Incl uded
$79
95
BMC .
BMI-IO PRinTER
* 80 CPS Dot Matrix Printer
* Prints Bi-Directional in 40, 80,
71 or 142 Co lumns in No rmal,
Double Width or Compressed
Text.
* Print Superscript As Well As
Superb Graphics in Character
or Bit Image .
VIEWMAX-80
NOW ONLY $159
95
* 80 Column Card for Apple 11+
* Video Soft Swi tch
* I nverse Video
* 2 Year Warranty
nASHUA DISKEnES
5'1, ' WITH HUB RING
M01 SOFT SECTOR. SS/SD 19.95
M010 SOFT SECTOR. SSIDD . 26.25
M020 SOFT SECTOR, DS/DD . . .. 30.75
M02F SOFT SECTOR, DS/Q UAD DENSITY 45.00
M0110 10 SECTOR HARD, SS/SD 19.95
"'02100 10 SECTOR HARD, DS/D D . 30.75
8" WITHOUT HUB RING
F01 SOFT SECTOR. SS/SD 24.75
F0 10 SOFT SECTOR, SS/DD 30.00
F020 SOFT SECTOR. DS/DD . . . 36.75
OTHER ACCESSORIES
FOR APPLE II
THUNDERCLOCK $129.95
* Real -Time Clock Calendar
* Software Inc luded
* Mountain Software Compatible
* BSR Cont rol Options Available
$39.95
VIEWMAX-80e
NEW $129
95
* 80 Col umn Ca rd for Apple li e
* 64K RAM Expandabl et o 128K
64K RAM Upgrade $4760
GRAPHMAX $129
95
* Hi Resolut ion Graphics
* Pr inter Card
* Centronics Parallel Interf ace
Graphmax with Color
Zoom Options .. . $149
95
VERBATIM
DATALIFE
DISKETTES
SS/DD SOFT SECTOR
$29.95
SS/DD 10 HARD SECTOR
_ $29.95
* ATTRACTIVE. FUNCTIONAL
DISK STORAGE SYSTEM
* 75 DISK STORAGE
CAPACITY
* MOLDED FROM' DURABLE
SMOKED PLASTIC WITH
FRONT CARRY- $16
99
ING HANDLE
monitoRs
BNic MONITOR STAND
MODEL PA-900
Your Display Will
Tilt & Swivel $29.95
MONOCHROME
BMC BM 12AUW GREEN 12" . . . . . . . . $89.95
BMC BM 12EUY 18 MHZ AMBER . ... . $139.95
BMC BM 12EUN 18 MHZ HIGH RES GREEN $115.00
NEC JB1201M - 20 MHZ GREEN . . . $169.00
ZENITH ZVM-121 -15 MHZ GREEN . . . . $99.00
_ COLOR
BMC BM-AU9191U COMPOSITE 13" . .
121
No cost ly Schoo l. :"0 commut ing t o class. The Origina l
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of exc iting j ob s in Communications. Radi o & T V.
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and low cost : GUARANTEED PASS - You get yo ur
FCC License or mon ey refunded. Write for free details.
So on you could be on your way being one of t he
highest worke rs in the electr oni cs field . Send for FREE
facts now. MAIL COUPON TODAY!
r----------------------,
I commdnD PRODUCTiOnS I
I FCC LICENSETRAINING, Dept. 90 I
I P.O. Box 2223, San Francisco, CA94126 I
I Rush FREEfacts on how I can get my FCC License I
I In spare time. No obligation: No salesman will cell. I
I NAME I
I ADDRESS I
I CITY ' - STATE-ZIP_ _ JI
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ TECHMCMNS& SERWCEMEN$
. COMPONENTS FOR YOUR MAINTENANCE & REPAIR WORK
$ SP.CIAL: OURLOWLOWPRICES $
$ REPLACEMENT FOR ECGTYPES $
1YPE NO. " YOUR COST 1YPE NO. YOUR COST
$ 85 FOUR for .99 125 SEVEN for .99 $
$
102A THREE for .99 159AP FOUR for .99
123A FIVE for .99 177 EIGHT for .99 $
$ 123AP SIX for.99 199 FIVE for .99 $
$ $
$ SUPER SPECIAL (MIN.5 PC. EACH) $
$ 1YPE NO. YOUR COlT 1YPE NO. YOUR COlT 1YPENO. YOUR COlT $
$ 124 . .. .. . ' .85 165 .. .. .. 2.25 375 .... ...90 $
$ 128 . . . . .. .145 171 . . . . .. .65 506 . . . . .. .55 $
$ 129 . . . . .. .145 184 . . . . . . .145 500A 8.95 $
$ 130 . . . . .. .80 185 . . . . .. .145 523 9.95 $
$ 152.. .140 238 : 2.25 526A 10.20
153 .. . .140 276 '. 6.95 529 13.75 $
154 291 .... . . 95 712 1.25 $
$ . JAPANESE TYPES (MIN. 5 PC. EACH)
$ 2SC867A 2.75 HA1366W 1.85 STK0029 3.80 $
$ 2SC1114 3.25 HA1377A 2.90 STK0080 9.99 $
$ 2SC1308K 1.95 LA4102 1.25 TA7205AP 1.50 $
$
AN214Q 1.145 M51515BL 2.95 TA7208P 1.85 $
AN239A 14.60 . STK433 3.95 TA7222AP 1.95
BA532 1;80 STK435 3.95 UPC1181 H 1.25 $$
GH3F 89 STK437 6.25 UP01182H 1.25
$ HA1342A 2.30 STK439 6.50 UPC1185H 2.99 $
COD ORDERS WELCOME ($25 MIN. ORDER) $
$
For Complete Co":'ponent Catalog Call or Write $$
DIGITRON ELECTRONIC
$$ ' 110 HILLSIDE AVENUE, SPRINGFIELD, N.J. 07081 $
$
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' ECGISATRADEMARK OFPHILIPSECG.
$ DIGITRON ISNOTASSOCIATEDINANY WAY WITH PHILIPS ECG. $
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
CIRCLE 11 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MINIMUM
ORDER $15 .00
ECKR-72 MINI-LYTIC KIT 56 .85
72 udhl electrolytic" .
price includes handy a -
us eeb I e 18 st e t ian c one-
e tn er with hinged lid .
4 ee . 18 t ypes .
NO LIMIT PER ORDER


516,. .7... 5__
71
includes , handy r e us ea bLe
pl n t i e tuy ,with hf ng ed
t cprd I vf de d partition. fo r
us)' eeces s to a ny 5wi t c h .
4 SWITCHES OF A TYPE lPi
AN 18 SECT. DIVIDED TRAY.
PSCK-l 06 POLYSTYRENE KIT 5 12 . 25
106 pcs. ax t a I h ad PO. Y
CAPS. auorted uf,s a nd
vo l r ag . , t he s e a re the . PS.CK. lll8
CoiPS whi c h ma ny pr efer .
becau se of st ab il i ty .
and low f ailure r at e .
18 !PYES of (6) PCS.. .
... ' </
u5u bh , h i nged cop box.
TOLL FREE CALL
POS. 1-800 JAVANCO

" TUI-25
OF SLI DE 5lIITCHES. r(:.
$2.00 PEl p e t G.
$2 . 90 P El plt c .
( 100 ) HEX HUD SClt!lIS FOil BAct or t QUI PIlENT P..tLS.'
S 1.00 PI I peKe .

(4 0) BY PASS & TYPE CAPACI TORS. PRI 'TED CIRCUIT

AND t ONG LEAD TYPES.
1-----------

5 - -,-.-.- ... -H-Z'-;-
6
7 : :::=H=:=!=!::: 8
9 .,. "..- '... - - :.4- -
- .-. .-.- - - 0
" .... ?ISO
SCK-IOO
G ENE R A i r e t s r c
MODULATING .
HEATlNG:COOllNG THERMOSTAT
GOLD PLATED CONTACTS
10 SWITCHES WIDE X 8
8CK-4 0
TIOIIOSTAT lIOIll W; 28I 120
VOlTAGE COOLING CURIENI UIING
22 VOLTS AC MINIMUM I AMP CONlillUOUS
21 VOlTS AC MAXIMUM 2 AlIIP ..RUSH
SEE IIISIAlLAIIOII .. STRUCIIONS fOR ernns
Nat' l. WATS 1 - 800 JAVANCO
Tn . WATS 1 - 800 251-5555
=I!!!' (D=
ECk-2 5C50 (25) PRU TED CI IlCUIT LEAD LYrICS .ALL RATED 50 VOLTS AIf1l ABOVE .
. 3 .25 PkG.
,...I D ('I I: A I) nIM CCC:I: ..... cnc... ATlntJ ("ADn
-e::Y
ECk.25A50 ( 25) AXIAL LEAD LYrICS .ALL RArd50 011 HIGHn.
53 .25 PK<i.. "
ECK-30 A25 ( 0 ) AXIAL LEAD LYTlCS.RATED AT 25 VOLTS 011 HIGHER.
53 .25 PKG.

ECK-30C 25 (0) PRI NTED LEAD LYrICS .llATED AT 2S VOLTS OR HIGHEIl.

$3 .25 PRG.
'-'AVANCO VISIT OUR
YOUl PUTS SUPIlIlUUET
.............., FORMED MCKR-90 >1YLAR CAPACITOR KIT 517. n
- LEAD PC 90 rad ia l p r i n t ed circuit ii{ij
2160 pes. BOARD 1/ 4 byp ass an d co upl i ng lIlylar . .'.CKR- \I n
Cl'f'l,Y 59. 75 "'ATT t yp e cepa c t r cr e veav e hav e
pes. so me pol yester e t c. "Il
... IN 18 SErI' . ALL GOOD FOR EVERY DAY
75 FOR 111 I I iii i . . ':"
l20 peS. EA. pe e ked in a plut i c , c l e u I - I
;Je5 LEADS CUT AND t r ay with b tnged lid.
READY fO R INSERTION 18 TY?S (5) EACH
h A
South Til. ReA. add 6.75 %Ta:.:
501 12t venue Tota.. Shipp.{.l1g Chg& . $2. 75 '

__en_n_._ _3_7_2_0_3__--l DON . T ,OR';ET TO ORD'
ELECTROLYTIC
SW-3005--$4.25 (3) $10.0
ACTUAL SIZE MATRIX SWITCH 5 DOOZY 57.00 EA.
II II I I j I II
WE HAVE QUALITY PARTS, DISCOUNT PRICES AND FAST SHIPPING!
123
170 MFD 330 VOLT
1 1/8 " 7/8 "
2 FOR $1.50 10 FOR $7.00
\[1t.iD
750 MFD 330 VOLT
SWITCHES
BUTTON
S P.S T. MO MENTARY . t
NORMALL Y OPEN
1/4 " BUSH ING
35e EA CH
10 FOR $325
100 FOR $3000
SPECIFY COLOR
RED. BLAC K. WHITE.
GREEN, YEL LOW.
.
POSITIONS
$3.50 EA .
O
' L1 GHTED
PUSH BUTTON
RED LI GH Te D 120 VAC
10 AMP . S,P.S T
" POWER" PRINTED ON
FAC E. MOUNTS IN
7/8" SQUARE HOLE
$1 .50 EA 10 FOR $13 50
SPRING STEEL IRON HOLDER
ON WEIGHTED BASE.
$5.00 EACH
BATIERY OPERATED
SMOKE DETECTOR
SOLDERING
IRON STAND
BRK MODEL' 79R
UL APPROVED
9 VOLTBATTERYOPERATION
FORCEILING ORWALL MOUNT.
$8.00 EACH 2 FOR$15.00
EDGE
CONNECTORS

ALL ARE .156" SPACING
22/44 GOlD
p. e. STYLE $2 .00 EACH
10 FOR $18.00
28/56 GOlD
28/ 56 GOLDPLATEDCONTACTS
. 156 CONTACT SPACING.
$2.50 EACH 10 FOR$2 2.00
501100 GOLD
STANDARD S100 CONNECTOR.
. 125" SPACING GOLD PLATED
P.C MOUNT.
$3 .75 EACH
15 PIN GOLD
SOLDER EYELET $1.75 EACH
15/30 GOLD
SOLDER EYEL ET $2.00 EACH
18/36 GOLD
SOLDER EYELET $2 .00 EACH
22144 TIN
P.C. STYLE: NO MOUNTING EARS.
$1.50 EACH 10 FOR $14.00
T1 -3/ 4 SIZE
WITH
WIRE LEADS
T1SIZE
WITH WIRE LEADS
3 to 6 VOLTS 2 for $1.00
Rated 55ma @ 5 VOLTS
6 to 12 VOL TS 2 fo r $1. 00
Rat ed 55ma @ 8 VOLT S
12 to 24 VOLTS 2 for $1. 00
Rat ed. 45ma @ 14. VOL TS
'NEON INDI CATO'";RATE D
120 V 1/ 3 W. MOUNTS IN
5/ 16" HOLE . . . RED LENS.
rse EA CH
10 FOR $7.00
100 FOR $65 00
.163" DI A (4.14mm)
3 to 6 VOLTS 2 for $1.00
Rated : 45ma @ 6 VOLTS
6 to 12 VOLTS 2 fo r $1.0 0
Rat ed : 55ma @ 8 TS
12 to 24 VOLTS 2 for $1.00
Rated @ 14 VOLTS
LIGHTS
GRAIN OF WHEAT
T1SIZE
. 125" DIA (3 15mm)
310 6 VOLTS 3 for $1.00
Rat ed 55ma @ 5 VOLI S
6 to 12 VOLTS 3 fo r $1.00
Rat ed . 55ma @ 8 VOL15
12 1024 VOLT S 3 l or $1.00
Rated . 45ma @ 14 VOL TS
NEON WI RESISTOR

7 for $1. 00 FROM 120 VOLT

l OOK li near tape
2" LONG
1 5/ 8" TRAVEL 75e EACH
500K li near taper
27/8" LONG
1 3/4" TRAVEL EACH
DUAL lOOK audio taper
3 1/2" LONG
2 1/2" TRAVEL. $1.50 EACH
fJ CRYSTALS
IT CASE STYLE HC33/U
COLORBURST
2 MHZ 3579.545 KC
$3.50 EACH $1.00 EACH
METAL
VARISTOR
G.E. " V82ZA 12
50 VOLTS, NOMINAL D.C.
VOLTAGE. 5/ 6" DIAMETER.
2 FOR $1.50 '
MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES
ALL ARE RATED 5 AMPS @ 125 VAC
S.P.D.T. S.P.D.T. j S.P.D.T.
(on-on) (on-on) (on-all-on )
PC STYL E. SOLDER LUG
NON- $1.00 EACH TERMINAL S
BUSH ING Ht.. 10 FOR $9 00 $1.00 EACH
00 100 FOR $80 00
S.P.D.T : D.P.D.T.. '
(on-all-on) ( ) (on-on )
PC LUGS.
NON - THR EADED SOLDER LUG
BUSHING TERMINALS
/;; 00
10 FOR $7 00 100 FOR $80 00 100 FOR $180 00
120V IND ICATOR
:'(1) ,.,.opg;;;;
CIRCLE 12 ON FREE INFORMATION. CARD
SUB-MINIATURE
DTYPE
CONNECTOR

I
SOLDER TYPESUB MI NIATURE
CONNECTORS USED FOR
COMPUTERHOOKUPS.
DB15 PLUG $2. 7 5
DB 15 SOCKET $4. 0 0
DB15 HOOD $1.50
DB 2 5 PLUG $2. 7 5
DB 2 5 SOCKET $3 . 50
DB 25 HOOD $ 1. 2 5
METER
0- 15 V.D. C.

-oA-r SQUARE METER
. MEASURES
. 0- 15 VDC.
$4.50 EACH
MIKE
CONNECTOR

5 COND UCTOR IN-LI NE PLUG
AND CHASSIS MOUNT JACK. ..... --.....;,-------1
TWIST LOCK STYLE. SAME AS
SWITCHCRAFT 12CL5M.
$2.50 PER SET
4 PDT RELAY
.14 pm style ,
3 amp contacts __
24 .... olt d c or l
120 ....ott a C COil '
Used but fu l ly tested
ROTARY
SWITCHi
1 POLE ,
. 6 P.OSITlON :_ _,'
1Y.. DIA x 1V2: " HIGH -
75' EACH 10 to- $6 .00
WILL HOLD PC BOARD OR
OTHER SMALL ITEMS AND
ALLOW BOTH YOUR HANDS
FREEDOM TO WORK.
$6.50 EACH
HELPING HAND
5 STATION
NON-INTERLOCKING
SAME AS ABOVE. EXCEPT
EACH SWITCH OPERATES
INDEPENDENTLY
$2 .50 EAC H
MUlJ"I-
SWITCHES
3 STATION
NON-INTERLOCKING

3 2PDT SWITCHES.
EACH OPERATES 1---.............----4
INDEPENDENTLY.
BETWEEN
MOUNTING CENTERS
$1.75 EACH
5 STATION
INTERLOCKING
MADE BY ALPS.
3 2PDT AND . ,
2 - 6PDT
SWITCHES ON FULLY
INTERLOCKING ASSEMBLY.
31. W BETWEEN
MOUNTING CENTERS
$2.5 0 EACH
SOLID STATE
RELAYS
2AMP
r< ...,
MOTOROLA
# MP 1200 2
RATED
CONTROL-366VDC
LOAD- 120VAC 2 AMPS
T.T.L. COMPATIBLE.
SIZE: I I VI' x lot J( 1 HIGH
$3 .50 EACH 10 FOR$3200
LINE CORDS
:>== -===a:
TWO WIRE
6' 18ga TWO WIRE
3 FOR $1.00
THR EE WIRE
18 INCH 18ga THREE WI RE
2 for $1. 00
8 FOOT 18ga THREE WIRE
$2 .00 EAC H
2K10TURN
MUL POT

SPECTROL
_ _MOD 534-7 161
$5 .00 EA CH
5 tor $1.0 0
4 lor $1. 00
8 for $1.00
4 fo r $1.00
4 for $1.00
4 for $1.00
10 FOR $9 00
2N706
2N2222A
PN2222
2N2904
2N2905
2N290 7
$1 .00 EACH
2 CHANNEL LIGHT ORGAN
EAS ILY HOOKS INT O STEREO SPEAKERS
AND ALL OWS 110 VAC LIG HTS TO DAN CE
WIT H MUS IC TWO SEPARAT E 110 VAG
OUTPUTS FORHIGH AN D LOW FREQUENCY
AU DIO SIGNALS. USE TWO ORGANS FOR
ST EREO .
$6.50 PER UNIT
COL OR LIGHT STRING AVAILABLE$1.7 5 EA
10 POSITION ROTARY
SCREWDRIVERADJUST;
FITS6 PIN OJP,
",
$1.85 EACH
TRANSISTORS
POWER SUPPLY WI PRE-AMP
THIS SUPP LY WAS USED TO POWER
AN 8 TRACK/ CASSETTE UNI T. IT
. / .... WI LL SUPP LY APPROX. 18 VDC AN D
INCLUDES A SMAL L PRE-AMP TO
BOOST SIGNAL LEVEL
RCA PLUGS FOR LI NE IN/ OUT.
KEY
ASSEMBLY
5 KEY

CONTAINS 5 SING LE-POL E
NOR MALL V OPEN SWITC HES.
MEASURES 3 3/4" LONG
" 6 KEY

CONTAINS 6 SING LE-PO LE
NORMALLY OPEN SWITCH ES
MEASURES 41 /4 " LON G
WALL
TRANSFORMER
ALL AR . E 115 VAC
PLUG IN
4 VDC @70 MA $2.00
6 VDC @100 MA $2.50
6 VDC @500 MA $5. 00
9 VDC @225 MA $3.00
14 voce sccMA $3.50
15 VAC @300 MA $3. 00
16.5 VAC@10 VA $3.50
17 VAC @500 MA $4. 00
SPRINGLEVER
TERMINALS
r-'---l
0
2 3/ 4 . 33/ 4 +-
BAKELI TE PLATE. 0 0
GREATFORSPEAKER ENCLOSURES
OR POWERSUPPLI ES.
TRANSFORMERS
120.011
pri marle.
5.6 VOLTS @ 750 MA $3.00
6 VOLTS@150MA $1.25
12 VCT @200 MA $2.00
16.5 V. @3 AMPS $6.50
18 V. @650 MA $3.50
18 VOLTS@ 1 AMP $4.50
24 VOLTS @ 250 MA $2. 50
24 VCT @1 AMP $4. 50
42 VCT @1.2 AMP $4.50
STATIC RAMS
2101
256 1 4145Onl ) 1.90
5101 256 1 4 45Onl) (cmol) 3.90
21021 102411 45Onl) . .88
2102L-4 1024 1 1, (45Onl) (LP) .98
2102L2 1024 1 1 (25Onl) (LP) 1.45
2111 25614 (45Onl) 2.45
2112 256 1 4 (45Onl) 2.95
2114 102414 (45Onl) 819.90
2114-25 1024 1 4 l25Onl ) , 819.95
2114L-4 1024 1 4 45Onl) (LP) aN1.95
2114L-3
10241 4 (3OOnl!lLP) aN2.45
2114L2 10241 4 (200nl LP) aN2.95
2147 _ 40961 1 (55nl) 4.90
TMS4044-4 4096 1 1 (45Onl) 3.45
TMS40443 4096 1 1 (300nl) 3,95
TMS40442 4096 1 1 (200nl) 4.45
MK4118 10241 8 (25OnI! 9.90
TMM2016-200 2048 1 8 (200nl 4.10
TMM2016-15O 20481 8 (15Onl) 4.90
TMM2016-100 2048 1 8 (100nl) 6.10
HM6116-4 2048 1 8 (200nl) (cmol) 4.70
HM6116-3 20481 8 (15Onl) (cmol) 4.90
HM6116-2 20481 8 (120nl) (cmol) 8.90
HM6116LP-4 2lI48'18 (cmol)(LP) 5.90
HM6116LP-3 20481 8 (1 nl) (cmol)(Lp) 6.90
HM6116LP2 20481 8 (120nl) (cmol)(LP) 9.95
Z6132 40961 8 (300nl) (Qslal) 33.95
LP - LowPower Qltal - Quall Slallc
DYNAMIC RAMS
TMS4027 40961 1 (25Onl) 1.95
UP0411 40961 1 (3OOnl) 2.95
MM5280 4096 1 1 (300nl) 2.95
MK4108 81921 1 (200nl) 1.90
MM5298 81921 1 (25Onl) 1.80
4116-300 163841 1(3OOnl) 8NO.75
4116-250 163841 1(25Onl) 8NO.95
4116-200 163841 1(2OOnl) 8N1.95
4116-150 163841 1(15Onl ) aN3.95
4116-120 16384 x 1(120nl) 8/28.95
2118 163841 1(15Onl\ (5vj 4.90
4164200 655361 1(2OOnl (5v) CALL
4164-150 655361 1(15Onl ) (5v) CALL
5V - l ingle 5 vililiupply
EPROMS
1702 2561 8 (lUI) . 4.45
2708 10241 8 (45Onl) .. 3.90
2758 10241 8 (45Onl! (5v) 5.90
2716 20481 8 (45Onl (5v) 3.90
2716-1 . 2048 1 8 (35Onl) (5v) 5.911
TMS2516 2048 1 8 (45Onl) (5v) 5.45
TMS2716
2048 1 8l45Onl!
7.911
TMS2532 4096 1 8 450nl (5vj 5.90
2732 4096 1 8 (45Onl! (5v) 4.90
2732250 4096 1 8 (25Onl (5v) 8.90
2732200 40961 8 (2OOnl) (5v) 10.95
2764 81921 8 (45Onl) (5v) 9.90
2764-250 81921 8 (25Onl) (5v) 13.95
2764-200 81921 8 (2Oilnl) (5v) 23.95
TMS2564' 81921 8 (45Onl) (5v) 16.95
MC68764 819218 (5v)(24pin) 38.95
27128 16384 1 8 all Call
5v - Single 5 VoII Supply
74LSOO
74LSOO .23 74LS92 .54
74LS01 .24 74LS93 .54
74LS02 .24 74L$95 .74
74LS03 .24 74LS96 .88
74LS04 .23 74LS107 .38
74LS05 .24 74LS109 .38
74LS08 .27 74LS112 .38
74LS09 .28 74LSl13 .38
74LS10 .24 74LSl14 . 38
74LSll .34 74LS122 .44
74LS12 .34 74LS123 . 78
74LS13 .44 74LS124 2.85
74LS 14 .58 74LS125 . 48
74LS15 .34 74LS126 .48
74LS20 .24 74LS132 .58
74LS21 .28 74LS133 .58
74LS22 .24 74LS136 . 38
74LS26 .28 74LS137 .98
74LS27 .28 74LS138 .54
74LS28 .34 74LS139 .54
74LS30 .24 74LS145 1.15
74LS32 .28 74LS147 2.45
74LS33 .54 74LS148 1.30
74LS37 .34 74LS151 .54
74LS38 .34 74LS153 .54
74LS40 .24 74LS154 1.85
74L$42 .48 74LS155 .68
74LS47 .74 74LS156 .68
74LS411 .74 74LS157 .64
, 74LS49 .74 74LS158 .58
74LS51 .24 74LS180 .68
74LS54 .28 74LS161 .64
74LS55 .28 74LS162 .68
74LS63 1.20 74LS163 .64
74LS73 .18 74LS164 .68
74LS74 .34 74LS165 .94
74LS75 .38 74LS166 1.90
74LS76 .38 74LS168 1.70
74LS78 .48 74LS169 1.70
74LS!J3 .59 74LS170 1.45
74LS85 .68 74LS173 .68
74LS86 .38 74LS174 .54
74LS90 .54 74LS175 .54
... 74LS91 .88 74LS181 2.10
74LSl119 74LS363 1.31
74LS 190 .88 74LS364 1.91
74LS191 .88 74LS365 .4l
74LS192 .78 74LS366 .4l
74LS193 .78 74LS 367
74LS194 .68 74LS368 .4:
74LS195 .68 74LS373 1.3!
74LS196 .78 74LS374 1.3!
74LS197 .78 74L$377 1.3!
74LS221 . 88
74LSr
8 1.1:
74LS240 . 94 74LS 79 1.31
74LS241 .98 74LSa85 1.81
74LS242 .98 74LS386 .4<
74LS243 .98 f4LS390 1.11
74LS244 1.25
74LS333 1.11
74LS245 1.45 14LS3 5 1.11
74LS247 .74 74LS399 1.41
74LS248 .98 74LS424 2.91
74LS249 .98 74tS447 .31
74LS251 .58 74 S490 1.91
74LS253 .58 74LS824 3.9!
74LS251 .58 74Ls640 2.1!
74LS258 .58 74LS645 2.1!
74LS259 2.70 74LS688 1.8!
74LS260 .58 74LS669 1.8!
74LS266 .54 74LS6 70 1.4!
74LS273 1.45 74LS6 74 9.61
74LS275 3.30 74LS882 3.1!
74LS279 .48 74LS663 3.11
74LS280 1. 95 74LS864 3.11
14LS283 . 68 74LS685 3.1!
74LS290 . 88 74LS668 2.3!
74LS293 .88 74LS689 3.1!
74LS295 .98 14LS783 23 .9!
74LS298 . .88 81 LS95 1.41
74LS299 1.70 81LS96 1.4!
74LS323 3.45 81LS97 1.4!
74LS324 1.70 81 LS98 1.4!
74LS352 1.25 25LS2521 2.7!
74LS353 1.25 25LS2569 4.21
6500
lMHZ
6502 .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 4.90
6504 . , ..... ........ . . . . . . .. 6.90
6505 .. .. . . . ...... . . . .... . .. 8.90
6507 ..... . . . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . .. 9.90
6520 .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 4.30
6522 .... . .... . .. . . . . . . . . .. 7.90
6532 . . . . ... . . . . . .. .. .. . . . 9.90
6545 ... . . . . . ... .. . .. . . . . . . 21.50
6551 . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . .. . . . . . . . . 10.85
2MHZ
6502A . . .. .... ... .. .. .. . .. 6.90
6522A . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . 9.90
6532A .... ....... ........... ... . 10.95
6545A . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. 26 .95
6551A . . . . .. . . . . . ,..... . . ... . . 10.95
. 3MHZ
65028 . . .... .. .. .. . . ' .... . . . .. 13.95
6800
68000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 .95
6800 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 3.90
6802 . . . . . . ..... . . .. .. . . . . . 7.90
6808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 90
6809E . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.95
6809 . . ...... . .... .. . . ... . . ... . 10.95
6810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.90
6820 .. . . . . .... . . . .... . . ..... . 4.30
6821 .... .. .. . . ... .. .. . . 3.20
6828 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 13.95
6840 11.95
6843 . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . ... ... . . 33 .95
6844 . .. ... ... . .. . . . . .. . ... 24.95
6845 .. . . . . . .. . . ... . ... ... ... . . 13.95
6847 .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. 10.95
6850 . .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 3.20
6852 15. 70
6860 . . . .. . .. . .. . . . ...... . .. .. 9.90
6862 . ..... .... .. ... .. .... . .. .. 10.95
6875 . . . . . . . ....... ..... .. . . 6.90
6880 . ... . .. .. . . . . . .. . . ... ... 2.20
6883 . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .... .... .. 21.95
68047 .. . . .. .. ..... .. . . . . . . .. 23 .95
68488 18.95
6800 lMHZ
68800 .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... .. . 9.95
68802 .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,1.25
68809E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 28 .95
68809 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 28 .95
68810 . ... .... . .... . . . . .... ... .. 6.90
68821 . .. .. . . . . . ....... . . .. . . . 6.90
68845 . .. . . . . .. . ... .. . . . . . . .. 18.95
68850 . . . . ... . .. ..... . ... . . . . . . . 5.90
8000
8035 .. .. .... .... . . . .. ... 5.90
8039 .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 6.90
INS-8060 .. . .. ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . 16.95
INS-8073 .. . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . . . 49 .95
8080 .. . . ... .. . . .... . .. .. . ... .. . 3.90
8085 . ... .. . . . . ...... . .. . .. .... . . . 5.90
8085A-2 . . ... . . .. . .... . . . . .. . . . . 10.95
8086 . . . . .... . ....... . . , . .. . . . . . 28 .95
8087 CALL
8088 ... . .. . .. . . .. ..... .. ...... 38.95
8089 . . . .. . . . .. ... .. . . .. . 88 .95
8155 . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 6.90
8155-2 ... ... . . .. .. ... .. . .... . .. .. .. 7.90
8156 . . . . ... ... .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . 6.90
8185 . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . .... 28 .95
8185-2 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 38.95
8741 .......... .. . . .. : . ..... . .. 38 .95
8748 . ... . .. ... . .. . .. ... .. . ..... 49.95
8755 . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 23.95
. .
2100 De La Cruz Blvd .
Santa Clara, CA 95050
60 Column Card 129.95
16 KCard 42.50
Fan 38.95
Power Supply 84.95
RF Mod 24.95
Joy Stick (Appla II) 29.95
Paddl es Apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 9.95
ZSO Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129.95
SCRG Switch--Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.95
Paddl e Adapple 24.95
Extend-ASlot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.95
Disk Drive 224.95
Cont roller Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.95
APPLE ACCESSORIES
The Flip Sort Plus
The Flip Sort Plus adds new dimensions to
storage . Designed with similar elegant lines as
the original Flip Sort , in a transparent
smoked acrylic . The Flip Sort Plus has a stor-
age capacity of over 100 diskettes and has all
the outstanding features you have come to ex-
pect from the fl ip sort Family. 24.95 each
.74 7905T .84
.34 7908T .84
.74 7912T .84
.74 7915T .84
.74 7924T .84
.74 7905K 1.44
1.34 7912K 1.44
1.34 7915K 1.44
1.34 7924K 1.44
1.34 79105 .78
.68 79112 .78
.68 79115 .78
.68 lM323K 4.90
9.90 UA78S40 1.90
9.90
K - 10-3 l - TO-92
7805T
78M05C
7808T
7812T
7815T
7824T
7805K
7812K
7815K
7824K
78l0S
78112
78115
78H05K
78H12K
C,T - 10-220
199 100
8plnST .12 .10
14 pin ST .14 .11
16 pin ST .16 .12
18 pin ST .19 .17
20 pin ST .28 .26
22 pin ST .29 .26
24pln ST .29 .26
28 pin ST .39 .31
CoolingFan
40 pin ST . 48 .38
64 pin ST 4.20 call
ST - SOlOERTAll
----
8plnWW .58 .48
14plnWW .68 .51
16plnWW .68 .57
18 pin WW .98 .89
20 pin WW 1.04 .97
22 pin WW 1.34 1.23
24plnWW 1.44 1.30
28plnWW 1.64 1.44
40plnWW 1.94 1.75
WW - WIREWRAP
16 plnZIF 6.70 call
24 plnZIF 9.90 call
28 plnZIF 9.95 call
ZIF - TEX100l (Zero Insertion Force)
DIP SWITCHES
4 POSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .84
5 POSITION ... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .89
6 POSITION .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 '
7 POSITION .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
8 POSITION .94
14WATT 50 CARBONFILMALL STANDARD VALUES
FROM1 OHMTO10MEGOHM
50PCS 1.25
100 PCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.00
1000 PCS . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.00
RESISTORS
ICSOCKETS
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
CRYSTALS
32.768khz .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 1.90
1.0 mhz 4.90
1.8432 . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .... ... . . . . 4.90
2.0 .. . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 3.90
2.097152 . ... .. . .... .. . ... ... ... . . 3.90
2.4576 ' . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . 3.90
3.2768 . . . . . ...... . . .... . . .. . . . .. 3.90
3.579535 .. .. . . . .... .... . .. .. . .. 3.90
4.0 . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... 3.90
5.0 .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.90
5.0688 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 3.90
5.185 3.90
5.7143 . . .... . .... . .... .. . ... 3.90
~ O .. .. . ... .. . . .... ... . .. 3.90
6.144 . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . . .. . . . .. 3.90
6.5536 .. . . . .... .... .. . ... . . . 3.90
8.0 .. ... . . . . .. .. . ... . . . .. . . . .. 3.90
10.0 . ... . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . 3.90
10.738635 3.90
14.31818 . . . .. . .. . .... ... . . . .. 3.90
15.0 ....... . ... .. ... . ..... 3.90
16.0 ... . .. . . ... . . .. .. ... 3.90
17.430 . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 3.90
18.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.90
18.432 . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . 3.90
20.0 . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . ...... . . . 3.90
22.1184 . . . . . .. ..... . .. . .. ..... . 3.90
32.0 .. .... . ... .. .. . . .... .. . ... . 3.90
BULK DISKETTES
5
1
/4" DISKETTES
ATHANA OR NASHUA
SSSO.... ...... . . . ..... . . . . .. . . 18.95
SSOO ... . . . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . . . . .. 22.95
OSDO .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 27.95
5
1
/4" DISKETTES
NO LABEL
SINGLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY
(WITH JACKETS AND HUB RING)
Pack 01Ten $ 6 ~ 5
Pack 01100 $149.00
Z-80
2.5 Mhz
Z8O-CPU . . . . .. . .... . .. . ... .. . 3.90
Z8o-eTC . ... . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . 4.45
Z8o-0ART 9.95
Z8o-0MA 13.95
Z8o-PI0 .. . ......... ... . ... ..... 4.45
Z8o-SI0/0 ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 15.95
Z8o-SION . .. . .. ... .. ... . . . .. 15.95
Z8o-SI0/2 15.95
Z8o-SI0/9 15.95
4.0 Mhz
Z80A-CPU .. .. .. .... . ..... .. . . . . 4.90
Z80A-CTC . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . 4.90
Z80AOART . . . . . . .. . ... . ..... .. . . ... 10.95
Z80A-OMA ... ........ .. .. . ... . ... . . 15. 95
Z80A-P10 .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .... ... .. . . 4.90
Z80A-S10/0 15.95
Z80A-SION . . . .... . . . . .. . . . 15.95
Z80A-S10/2 15.95
Z80A-S10/9 15.95
6.0 Mhz
Z80B-CPU . . ... .... .. ... .. ...... .. 12.95
Z80B-CTC 12.95
Z80B-P10 12.95
Z80B-OART 18.95
UARTS
AY3-1014 .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ... 6.90
AY5-1013 . . . ... . ... . . . . ...... . . . . 3.90
AY3-1015 . . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . 6.90
PT-1472 .. . . . . . . .. ... . .. . .. 9.90
TR1602 . . . ... . . .. . . . ... . .. . 3.90
2350 . . .. .. .. . .. ... . ... .. . .. 9.90
2651 . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 8.90
TMS601
1
5.90
IM640:: .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 7.90
IM6403 . . . . .. ... . . ... .. . . . 8.90
INS8250 . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . ... . 9.95
8200
1202 .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... 23.Q5
1203 .. . .. .... . . .. .. . . . . . 38.95
1205 . ... . . .. . .. ... . . . . ... 3.45
1212 . . . . . . . .. . ... . . .. . . .. .. 1.75
1214 .. . .. .. ... .... ... .. .. . 3.80
1216 . . . ...... . . . .. . . . ... . .. . 1.70
1224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20
1226 . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . ..... . 1.75
1228 . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . .. . ... . 3.45
1237 . . .. . , . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . 18.95
12375 . .. . .. . ... . . . .. ... . 20.95
1238 ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 4.45
1243 . . . ... .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . 4.40
1250 . .. . ... .. ... .. . . . . .. .. . . . ... 9.95
1251 . .. . ....... . .. . . . .. . . . 4.45
1253 ... . . .. . . . .. . .... . . . . .. . 6.90
1253-5 .. . . . . .. . .... . ... .. . . . . . 7.90
1255 . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . .. . 14.95
1255-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.95
1257 . . ... .. . .... ..... . . .. 7.90
1257-5 . ... . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . 8.90
1259 . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 6.85
1259-5 .... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 7.45
1271 .. . .. .. . .... . . . . . . . . ... 38.95
1272 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. 38.95
1275 .. .. . . . . . ...... .. .. . . .. 28.95
1279 .. .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. . 8.90
1279-5 . . . ..... . . .. . . .. . ... . 9.00
5283 . . . . . . ... .. . . ... 6.45
5284 . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . 14.95
5286 . .. ... . . . .. .... . .... . .. . 6.45
5287 . .. ... . .. . . . ... . . . .. . . .. 6.45
5288 . .. .. .. .... . .. . . .. ... . .. 24.00
B289 .... . . ... . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . ... 48.95
ZILOG
Z6132 .. . . . .. . . . ... .. . .. . . 33.95
Z8671 .. . . . . .... . ... .... ... 38.95
INTERFACE
8T26 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1.54
8T28 .. .. . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 1.84
8T95 . . . . ... . . .... . .. . .. . . . . . ....88
8T96 88
8T97 . . . . . . . . . .... ....... . .. . . . . . .88
8T98 . . . .. . .. ...... . .. .. . .. . . . .. ....88
OM8131 ... .. .. . ......... ... .. .. .. 2.90
OP8304 . . .. ... . . . . .. .. .. . .. . ... 2.24
OS8835 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.94
OS8836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
DISC CONTROLLERS
~ 7 7 . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. ... . .. . 15.95
1791 . . .. ...... .... ....... . 23.95
1793 .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. 25.95
1795 .. . . . . . .. .. . .... . .. .. .. 48.95
1797 . . . . . . . . ... .. ... ... .. . . 48.95
2791 . . ... . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 53.95
2793 .. ... .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . 53.95
2795 .. .. . .. . . .. ... . . .. . 58.95
2797 . . . . .... .. .. . . . 58.95
6843 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 33.95
8272 . . . ... . ..... .. . ... . ... 38.95
UP0 765 .. ... . . . . . .... . . . .. . . 38.95
MB8876 ... .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 28.95
MB88n . . . .. .. . ... .. . . . . 33.95
1691 . . . . . .. .... . .. . . . 16.95
2143 .. . . .... ..... . . . ... . . 17.95
CIRCLE 99 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

.
.
,
/ .
....
ISO } ISOLATOR
3 i sol ated sockets; quality spi ke
suppression; basi c protection. 88 1.95
ISO3 SUPER.ISOLATOR
3 dual i sol ated sock ets; suppressor;
commercia l protecti on.. $122.95
ISO 17 MAGNUMISOLATOR
4 qu ad i sola ted sockets; suppressor;
l aboratory grade protecti on.. 8213.95
Our Isol ators eliminate equipment
int eraction, clea n up interference,
curb damagi ng power line spikes
and
li ghtning
bursts.
Eifl1I.,_ Electronic Specialists,lnc.
171 S. Maln, Natlc k. MA01760 (6 17) 655-1532
Toll Free Order Desk 1-800- 225-4876
MasterCard. VISA . American Express
DON'T
BLAME THE
SOFTWAREI
T" f .UU NlW W _ .. ...-.o
tpoone..9\.'Tennii
EXTENDS CORDLESS TELEPHONE
RANGE UP TO 3 TIMES!
Here'Slhe best
lIUl hl y. best
Wll fklngptmlle
J lllennl on the
nurket. Simple

I,lcunlSClutdOOf S

te'eencne
Wiirflnty .
CQMPl EUKIT
Illclll(lUii ntennl .
40' COJXIl I caee.
.ldl plorall!leny
e wcetens
PilPULARIC'
TOP QUALITY
NO SECONDS ' I
THE ORIGINAL NEQ4 IS NOW BACK IN STOCKl
13.50 E. ch
""
DU Cltln lON ,.,
10 UI'
l M-380N 2 Wi tt AlKIlO Amp $1.49 , ..
Lr.4)e& N.J Low Volta ge AudIO Amp ... 1.19
Phil " l oc ked Loop ' . 9 ..
lM 733N Video Amp Ul9 ..
Mc. l3JO VIdeo Dot.c:tOf 22.
'" Me-13of ll Video If Amp
'"
L"
MC. 1350 Vi deo If Amp 1.75 1.19
VIM<) II Amp AGe
' "
'DO
A\.>dlo lfArnp 1. 75 t.e..
MC137.. P R.F. Modul llor ). 19
'" sc-ree DUl l Com poOp Amp 58
" I.lC1496N a.1.nctod MOd;()emodu l.lor
,."
,,..
1I041889 Vldoo Modul alOl' 279
". li NEAR Y(IlT"1M1lIlUlATOIlS
LM7&05 5 Voll f>1:)$I I .... . Vol t Reg 1.19 ..
lM 7808 8'0'011PO$llr we VoIl.Rog 1.111
"
LM7812 12VolI Po , ,1.... oV oll. Reg 1.19 ..
15 Vol l POlllt l.... Vol l. Reg 1.19 ..
LM7818 18 vonPOIlltl vct Vol t Reg 1.19 es
LM7824 24Voll POllltl .,. Voll. Reg.

WAHL SOLOERINO IRONS
Your Chok. $42.50
MODEL 1410
T.mp..-.l_Adj",l1lble
MlcroSoklar1ng Sla llon

""lett t, mot'o
l"Cl ... G'O'v<>dtd
top COmnWl!n J /JI
B I)1lt l>[l I'PWlIl''''1

)"" 19'il<InOIcl
po\IItl"';lPI't tofd
PROJECT . .
BOXES -. '.
Woodgrain
Thi S bo x IS .
6Y, 0 wi th . remov. ble .I uml
num U,' hll ped c ha nl' 11W
3 Yl"'H Insi de
'12.50 .
.. or mora ' 10.95 ..,
' 14.95 .
OELUXE
A-B
SWI TCHES
Specify
Pushbutton
or /erer type
For CATV MATV- VCR
75 chm . 90 db Isolati on
$5.95 .
2 or more $5.50 .
PilPULAR
MICROWAVE
PARTS
UHFTUNERS
' 45 MHz
Outp ut
MAF-901 $2.39
g u p . . .. 1.95
MRF911. . . 3-46
9 Up 3.12
M60'101 . . ,58
CHIP CAps .00 1 mid . . . . . . .SO
2$ UP 30
. 11,g&
JERROLO400
OI GiTAL CATV CONVERTER



10 liOTV l '"ICI llwm lJ
Chol-' roelJWI11l tllfr lmol. tQrJ.oIyQllUl1
t lU"9i t lU""tI$ , yQll' TV(In Qr011 . Q<
_ 1,". t....

.... ,... .... . 1
""'"" 119.95 . a.
1N4D0101
151 0r . $1.00
100 l or . . .. 5,00
Now S_ck In Stock!
MITSUMI
UHF
VARACTOR
TUNERS
75 OllmInput - 45 MHz Output
For Chann el s 14. 83
NEW LOW "trlCf $15.95 .
A!I unit , lI r. brll nd n.......
C. II tor Ouutlfy PrIc.
' 34.95...
HOWl ' 15.95.a.
All units arc br.lnd now from Sanyo
C. II fo r Quantity Price
Wit h Schemati C
SANYOUHF VARACTORTUNERS
75 OhmInput - 45 MHz Output
For Channels 14 83
SPECIAL PRICE!
' 94.00 ...
B.ZCiWVn
NEW 1984
B&K AUTO/MANUAL
RANGING
MULTIMETER
I!ill3
NOW AVAILABLE
NEW TUNEABLE DELUXE MODEL CVU1000
OPTIONAl 12 db GAIN
Wlneg lrd
UHF ""Ion",. SPKlf r Channfi
*8.95 EA.
NF l 8db
'39 .95 " .
\S.'rW I N I! DAR D 7ELEMENT
75 OHMUHFYAGIANTENNAS
D
OUALITY
PilWERTRANSFORMERS
24 '1 CT, 500 mAo
'3.19 . 10. 49$2. 75 ...
50 or more ' 2.25 .
SONY
SURPLUSUHFVHF
VARACTOR TUNERS
These tuners recerve an chan-
nels 2-83. plus midband cable
channels and are perfec t l or
hom tt-br ew TV circuit s et c.
Output Freq. 45 104Hz. Hookup
data rnciuceo. Namo Bran d.
' 852
SCOOl
2ormore
SPEAKER
CABINET
Popvl,lr
u,lIme lsfor reese
lm10Us homt brlW
TV Clftu lis
Incluoed
Dimens ions: 7"' '' wille x 9"' ''
RemovJble 1/8"

' 10.95.0.
$8.95 .
@ R.F. ELECTRONICS
OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA 1086 C N STATE COLLEGE BLVD . DEPT. R _ fR kt dOl 10 6
714.635.5090 ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92806
INSIDE CALIFORNIA PERSONAL CHE CKS HELD FOR CLEARANCE _ NO MIN IMUM ORDER
- AL L PREPAID ORDERS 2 t.asOR LESS MUST INCLUDE $2.50 SHIPPING & HANDLING - SHIPPED SAME DAY RECEIVED
HAL-TRONIX
P,O. Box 1101
Southgote. Mt 4&195
CIRCLE 75 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Compl ete Sets of P.C. BoardsAvailable For: Unicorn
Robot Projectand Heart-A-Matic Project.
MANY. MANY OTHER KITS AVAILABLE
s.nd 20unh $tJImp 00' S A S f . l or InIDf m. t1on.nd .. on
HALTROHIX products. ToOfdef by phon. , 13U 2I S01112
CIRCLE 6 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
PREAMPLI FIERS
HAL PA-19--1. 5 mhz 10150 rnhz. 19dbgain operates
on 8 to 18 valls at 10ma. Complete unit $8.95.
HAL PA-1.4-3 mhz to 1.4 9hz. 10 1012 db gain op-
erates on 810 18 volts at 10ma. Complete unrl $12.95.
(The above unitsareideal for receivers, counters, etc.)
16 LINE TOUCH TONE DECODE KIT WITH P,C.
BOARD AND PARTS , ,. $69.95
12 LINE TOUCH TONE DECODER KIT WITH P.C.
BOARD AND PARTS " " . $39.95
16 LINE ENCODER KIT, COMPLETE WITH CASE,
PAD AND COMPONENTS " $39,95
12 LINE ENCODER KIT, COMPLETE WITH CASE,
PAD AND COMPONENTS . . $29.95
ELECTRONIC KITS
FROM HAL-TRONIX
2304 MHZ DOWN CONVERTERS. TUNES IN ON
CHANNELS 2 TO7 ONYOUROWN HOME T.V, HAS
FREQUENCY RANGE FROM 2000 MHZ TO 2500
MHZ. EASY TO CONSTRUCT AND COMES COM-
PLETE WITH ALL PARTS INCLUDING A DIE-CAST
ALUM CASE AND COAX FITTINGS, REQUIRE A
VARIABLEPOWERSUPLYANDANTENNA(Antenna
can be a dish type or coffeecan type dependingon Ihe
signal strength in your area.)
2304 MOD 1 !Basic Kit) $19.95
(Less case & flll mgs)
2304 MOD 2 (Basic/Pre-amp) $29.95
[less case & fl tl lngs}
2304 MOD 3 (Hi-Gain Pre-amp) $39.95
(Incl udes case & f lllingSl
POWER SUPPLY FOR EITHER MODEL ABOVE IS
AVAILABLE. COMESCOMPLETEWITHALL PARTS.
CASE. TRANSFORMER, ANTENNA SWITCH AND
CONNECTORS (Kil) $24.95
Assembled " .,. $34.95
Slotted Microwave Antenna For Above
Downverlers .,.. . , ,_ ,.. $39.95
20" Aluminum Dish
Up to 55dB Gain
Low Priced $98
95
High Gain Vagi Antenna with Down Converter and $8995
Power Supply. Complete System. Ready to Use.
Send $2.00 for Cat alog. Refundable wit h first purchase.
Available thru Mail and Phone Orders Only

tPOfSQnal Chocks, allow 2-5 weeks to clear )
MICROWAVE
TV SYSTEM
Varible from 1.9 to 2.5 GHz
The latest advance
in microwave
technology with a
SNOW-FREE
PICTURE.
20" Fiberglass Dish
Up to 55dB Gai n
Special $98
95
CIRCLE 21 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
Add 10% for Foreign orders or U.S. Parcel Post
Two Models to choose from.
Both Models Include:
20" Parabolic Dish
Pre-assembled Probe
with Down Converter
Power Supply and Coax Switch
60' of RG-59/U Coax with Connector
Transformer for 75 to 300 Ohms
All Mounting Hardware for Fast and
Easy Installation
ZIP
CIRCLE 27 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
Z-80 BASED
ST
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CITY
ACCT. NO.
ADDRESS
CIRCLE 39 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
MICROCOMPUTER
A superb learning tool for students ,
instructors, hobbyists.
Nothing else needed. Just plug in and start
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for Z80-CTC, Z80-P IO, EPROM, Bread boarding
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D Check this box for FREE
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$12.95 val ued
Forlmmediateaction call TOll FREE
1-800-426-1044
Redmond. WA 96052
NAME
(f)
o
Z
o
a:
I-
U
W
..J
W
o
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a:
126
OALBANICORPORATION
LA-3155 .59 M-51514 .88 STK2028 4.55
LA-3160 .29 M51515BL 1.43 STK2029 4.08
LA-3161 .30 M-51516 1.16 STK2030 5.78
LA-3201 .33 M51517 1.21 STK-2129 4.92
_ I I : I ; I I ~ - _:11..'1:1;11*-
LA-3210 .26 M51518 1.08 STK-2139 5.38
-Q4-1#;II*,
2SA-ll05 1.44 2SC1956 4.05
LA-3300 .76
-M:.1*"!.
STK-3041 2.92 2SA-1106 1.82 2SC-1960 4.02
AN-124Q $ .88 BU205A $ .94 LA-3301 .68 STK-3042 3.46 uPC-l6C $ .94
_.1'1:1.'1:1;11*'
2SC-1968 12.84
AN203C .69 BU2OSA .99 LA-3350 .23 MB3705 $ .96 STK-3062 3.57 uPC-2OC 1.16 2SC-1972 4.05
AN21 0 .81
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LA-3361 .45 MB3712M .68 STK-3082 3.85 uPC-3OC 1.19 2SB-22 $ .17 2SC-1975 .86
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AN225 1.90 CX-143A 5.46 LA-3375 .78 MB-373 1M 1.33 TA-7054P $1.56 uPC-588H .23 2SB-507 .34 2SC-2029 .71
AN228W 1.76 CX-186 5.46 LA-3380 1.20 MB-3756M .94 TA-7063 .28 uPC-571H 1.13 2SB-539 2.14 2SC-2073 .32
AN-234 2.22 CX-187 5.46 LA-403O .75 MB-8719 2.35 TA-7070 1.21 uPC-574 .25 2SB554 2.85 2SC2075 .41
AN-236 1.29
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LA-4031P .55
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TA-7072 1.50 uPC575C .50 2SB557 1.57 2SC2098 3.28
AN-239Q 2.68 LA-4032P .69 TA7073A .93 uPC-576H 1.14 2SB560 .16 . 2SC212O .07
AN-240P .55 HA-1125 $ .61 LA-4050 1.09 STK-Q025 $2.57 TA7092 2.92 uPC577 .33 2SB-563 2.22 2SC2131 1.85
AN-241P .55 HA-1137W .58 LA4051P 1.13 STK-0029 2.37 TA-7108P .99 uPC580 1.68 2SB-595 .45 2SC2153 .22
AN-245 2.00 HA-1156 .54 LA4100 .35 STK-0030 2.75 TA-7109A 1.41 uPC592C .29 2SB-596 .39 2SC2166 .50
AN-247 1.46 HA-l199 .59 LA4101 .41 STK-0039 2.37 TA7119P 1.29 uPC595C .65 2SB-616 .61 2SC2237 2.56
AN-252 1.14 HA-l306W 1.13 LA4102 .41 STK-Q040 3.28 TA-712OP .28 uPC596 .66 2SB-618A .96 2SC2238 .34
AN-253 .71 HA-1319 1.21 LA4110 .49 STK-0049 4.14 TA713OP .29 uPC1oo1H 1.16 2SB-633 .45 2SC-2278 .23
AN-259 .65 HA-1322 1.25 LA-4112 .43 STK-Q050 3.38 TA7133 .65 uPC-l02O 1.10 2SB-636 .07 2SC-2385 3.42
AN-262 .78 HA-1339 1.13 LA412O 1.14 STK-Q059 4.95 TA7137 .32 uPC-1023 .20 2SB-681 1.85 2SC-2369 .78
AN-264 1.00 HA-1339A 1.13 LA412 1 1.06 STK-006O 5.14 TA7142 .55 uPC-1025H 1.38 2SB-754 .42 2SC-2369 .78
AN-271 .99 HA-1342A 1.16 LA-4125 1.09 STK-0080 5.02 TA7146 1.32 uPC-l026C .43 2SB-755 1.14 2SC-2407 .23
AN-274 1.24 HA-1366W .66 LA4126 1.07 STK-Oll 2.99 TA7157 .71 uPC-1028H .32 2SB-844 .67 2SC-2458 .06
AN-277 1.00 HA-1366WR .66 LA-4135 .75 STK-Q13 5.07 TA7193 2.55 uPC-l031H .68
_.1''111.'1:1;11*'
2SC-2502 .79
AN-295 2.01 HA-1368 .94 LA-4137 .73 STK-Q14 4.95 TA72oo .79 uPC-1032 .22 2SC-2540 9.40
AN-303 2.30 HA-1368R .94 LA-414O .31 STK-Q15 2.75 TA7201 1.29 uPC-1155 .91 2SC-373 $ .08 2SC-2577 .74
AN-313 1.55 HA-1371 1.58 LA-4160 .63 STK-Q16 3.64 TA7202 1.82 uPC-ll56H .69 2SC-398 .50 2SC-2578 .99
AN-315 .75 HA-1377 1.20 LA-4170 .53 STK-02O 3.03 TA-7203P 1.22 uPC-1181H .50 2SC-460 .06 28C-2579 .99
AN-316 1.98 HA-1377A 1.20 LA-4175 .53 STK022 4.40 TA-7204P .66 uPC-1182H .50 2SC-461 .06 28C-2580 1.17
AN318 3.25 HA-l388 1.41 LA-4182 .88 STK-Q27 4.54 TA-7205 .77 uPC-1185 1.12 2SC-495 .21 28C-2581 1.44
AN-328 2.10 HA-1389 .95 LA-4185 1.14 uPC-123OH 1.11 28C-710 .06 28C-2582 .28
AN-331U 1.41 HA-1389R .95 LA-4190 .89 uPC-1350 .61 2SC-73O 1.33 28C-2695 9.79
AN-360 .31 HA-1392 1.28 LA-4200 .64 uPC-1363C 1.65 2SC-792 1.58 28C-3019 .84
AN-362 .75 HA-1394 1.67 LA-4201 .70 uPC-1384 2.22 2SC-828 .06 28C-3021 5.61
AN366P .61 HA-1397 1.71 LA-4220 .59 uPC-1447H .34 28C-829 .06 28C-3022 12.84
AN61O .64 HA 1398 1.63 LA-423O .93 uPC-1458C .39 28C867A 2.04
_.1''1...'1*"*' AN612 .64 HA-11211 .57 2SC-940 .95
AN5111 2.23 HA11215 2.14 2SC945 .06 2S024Y $ .62
AN5132 1.46 HA11221 1.60 28C980 .32 280-188 .36
AN5250 .94 HA-11227 .46 28C-998 2.43 280198R 1.09
AN-5310 1.72 HA11229 .83 28C-l034 2.56 280287 2.85
AN5320 1.27 HA 11235 1.05 28C-1047 .14 280313 .24
AN-5411 1.65
_".'1:1;11*-
2SCl060 .26 2S0 325 .23
AN-5510 1.41
2SC-l061 .26 280348 2.44
AN-5722 .55 LA-llllP $ .48 2SC-l074 .43 2S0-350 2.00
AN573O .66 LA-113O .71 2SC-l096 .24 280-371 .35
AN-5732 .50 LA-ll50 .35 LA-4250 1.17 STK-Q32 7.54 TA-7205AP .77
8I1Q''''I*II*'
2SC-1114 2.60 2S0 388 .96
AN-5753 .69 LA-1201 .40 LA-44oo 1.50 STK035 8.82 TA-7207 .57 28C-1115 2.28 280-401 A .41
AN-5763 1.32 LA-1210 .61 LA-4420 .64 STK-040 5.29 TA-7208P .68 UP0-4160 $1.10 2SC-1124 .54 2S0-424 2.00
AN6100 1.79 LA-1222 .25 LA-4422 .75 STK-050 14.03 TA-7209 1.16 UPO27160 2.70 2SC-1162 .18 2S0-425 1.69
AN-612O 1.50 LA-1230 .59 LA-4430 .53 STK-Q58 6.33 TA-7210 1.76 UPO2764 4.95 2SC-1165 2.15 2S0-427 1.64
AN-6344 2.62 LA-1231N .69 LA-4440 1.20 STK-070 16.10 TA-7212 .77
-.I'1j!.'14;11*,
2SC-1172B 1.38 2S0-470 1.47
AN-7110 .50 LA-124O .63 LA-4460 1.38 STK-Q75 3.97 TA-7214 1.69 2SC-1177 8.76 280-478 .32
AN-7114E .58 LA-1245 .85 LA-4461 1.38 STK-Q77 4.26 TA7215P 1.28 2SA-564 $ .07 2SC-1226A .31 2S0-495 .21
AN-7115E .68 LA-1320 .54 LA-5110 .71 STK-078 6.05 TA-7217A .73 2SA-634 .25 2SC-1305 1.50 280-525 .43
AN-7120 .61 LA-1352 .98 LA-5112 .56 STK-oBOG 4.47 TA-722OP .79 2SA-683 .17 2SC-1306 .44 280-526 .36
AN-713O .63 LA-1354 .53 LA-57oo .80 STK-082 5.61 TA-7222AP .77 2SA-684 .20 2SC-1306 .44 280-587 .68
AN-7145M 1.16 LA1357 1.34 LA-7003 1.29 STK-083 8.11 TA-7223P 1.10 2SA-699 .35 2SC-1307 .95 280-588 .88
AN-7146M 1.23 LAl363 .64 LA-7802 .92 STK-Q84 6.97 TA-7224 1.64 2SA712 .06 2SC-1308K 1.60 280-612 .18
AN-7150 1.17 LA-l364 .71
:..'1*11*-
STK-Q66 8.25 TA-7226P .88 2SA715 .21 2SC-1313 .10 280-613 .32
AN-7151 1.17 LA1365 .50 STK-415 4.40 TA-7227P 1.35 2SA-72O .17 2SC-1316 2.56 280-636 .15
AN-7154 1.10 LA-1367 1.53 LB-1405 $ .49 8TK-430 11 3.49 TA-723OP .99 2SA-733 .06 2SC-1317 .11 280-638 .12
AN-7156N 1.55 LA l368 1.27 LB-1409 .90 8TK-43OM 3.49 TA-7232P .73 2SA-771 .78 2SC-1318 .09 280-665 2.53
AN-7254 .73 LA1369 1.17 LB-1415 .49 STK-433 2.75 TA-7310 .51 2SA-773 .12 2SC-1342 .06 28 0-667 .14
AN-7311 .35 LA-1385 .78 LB-1416 .52 STK-435 2.92 TA7312P .55 2SA-777 .19 2SC-1345 .07 280-668 .25
AN-7363 1.22 LA1387 1.84 LB-1426 .52 STK-436 3.36 TA7313P .45 2SA-899B .21 2SC-1358 .36 2S0 -669 .25
-:5'14;11*-
LA1388 1.84 LB-1551 1.02 STK-437 3.74 TA-7315 .66 2SA-913 .48 2SC-1364 .20 280-712 .36
LA-1390 1.61
'11.'14;11*-
STK-439 3.41 TA7325P .38 2SA-916 .07 2SC-1383 .13 280-718 .63
BA-301 $ .34 LA-1460 1.16 STK-441 5.52 TA7328A .71 2SA-940 .42 2SC-1384 .15 280-733 1.36
BA-311 .36 LA-1464 1.48 LC-7120 $1.78 STK-443 6.06 TA7607A 1.46 28A-950 .08 2SC-1413 1.82 280-746 1.73
BA-313 .39 LA-2100 1.14 LC-713O 1.64 STK-467 4.82 TA7608CP 2.21 2SA-953 .06 2SC-1449 .19 280-824 .38
BA-511A .79 LA2101 1.16 LC-7200 5.03 STK-459 4.56 TA7609 1.41 2SA-964 .11 2SC-1501 .41 280-844 .71
BA-514 .68 LA22oo .75 LC-7250 3.79 STK-461 5.29 TA7615 2.04 2SA-992 .09 2SC-1507 .22 280-870 1.25
BA-521 .61 LA-3101 .60 LC-78oo .75 STK-463 5.81 TA7619 2.51 2SA-l015 .12 2SC-1675 .06
-.I''I;'M;II*, BA-526 .50 LA-3110 .32
-6..'1*11*-
STK-465 5.99 TA-7644BP 3.65 2SA-l048 .06 2SC-1678 .53
BA-527 .61 LA-3115 .35 STK-l039 2.92
_.:1'.'14;11*,
28A-l075 1.39 2SC-1815GR .15 28K-19 $ .31
BA-532 .65 LA-3120 .35 STK-1040 3.71 28A-l076 1.57 2SC-1826 .21 2SK-49 .08
BA-536 .97 LA-3122 .60 STK-1049 4.42 TBABOO $ .83 28A-l095 1.82 28C1881 .48 2SK-117 .12
BA-1310 .72 LA-3130 .33 STK-l070 5.17 TBA810SH .70 28A-l102 .91 2SC1913 .44 2SK168 .31
BA-132O .64 LA-3133 .60 STK-l07011 5.70 TBA82OM .85 28A-l103 1.00 28C1946 6.60 2SK-241Y .16
BA-133O .77 LA-3150 .30 STK-2025 4.07 2SA-l104 1.13 2SC1947 1.68
DALBANI CORPORATION
785 EAST 14TH STREET LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90021 U.S.A. TELEPHONE: (213) 747-6830 747-6856 TELEX: 194654 DELBANI USA
CIRCLE 10 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
127
MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS :1 ' Digitalker"
DT1050
-
Applica ti ons: Teachi ng ai ds,
appliances, cl ocks, automotive, tel ecommunlca
tion s, language tr anslations, et c.
The OTl O5Oil a Ilandard OIGITAl KER k.it encoded "ilh 137 se pat ale
a nd us elu l words, 2 tone s , a nd S d ifferent s ile nce du ralionl. The
words a nd to nes ha ye as sign ed euerete addre ss el , making it
poSSible to ou lput s ingl e wordl or words con calenal ed into phrases
or eve n sentences. The " voice" out put 01 Ihe OTl O5Oil a high lr in-
telli gi ble male yoice_Fe male a nd c hild re n-I vcrc es ca n be srnlhe slz
eel . Tne vocabulary Is c holen so thaI n is a pplicable 10 man r pro-
duc ll and markels.
The DT1D50 con i li t l 01 a SpHC h Procel sor Chip . MII 54104 totO- pin)
a nd two (2) SPftCh ROMs MM52114SSAl a net MM52114SSR2 (24-pin)
Il ong with a Mast Word 1111 a nd a rK ommended IctMmaUc
diagram on the application I h"1.
0T1050 Dignalker
T
...... . . ... . $34.95ea.
MM54104 Processor Chip .... . . .... $14.95ea.
011057 Expand. thl OTl O5Q Y1ICI bula.., In1m 137\0m, 260
words. Includes 2 ROMsJnd spets.
PortNo. OTl057 .. .. .. . . . .... $24.95 ea.

....
KIts
Jl I/11I
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" PlIII .......
-
104!111't 11 CIr,lDS PrKlilOl'l TJmor
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7045EVlKI! ' 21 SIOlJl'loJttIlCmp,XTl 1995
1106C1't. .. 3VrD9lAlO(lCDr)"1Ye1
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FE02030 1995
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7101CI't. 40 3Vr[llgrIA/ D(LEOl)-rye1 11
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7116C1't. .. 3YtD9tA/DlCOOosKl D 1695
. 720llU5
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7215tlJI lIo.g.1Freq CounterCA 249 5
7216O!PI &DoglI Freq CoumtrCC l!i 9!l
12171J1 4 091 l EDUp/DolrrInCounlfrCA 10 95
7211AJ PI 4 DIgoIl EDUp/DownCountCC 11 95
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30003 1982 Nat . linear Dat a Book 11952pgi ) _$11.95
."
.30
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. 41
...
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149 -1/995
1 9!1 1/ 1J 9!l
175 -1/1195
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SOLDERTAIL
STANDARD (TIN)
19 1().i9 lao- up
.. .... DYNAMIC RAMS "".
14 pin sr
li pili ST
l' pill ST
UpinST
Z4 pill ST
11 pill ST
40p! nST
Spec Sheet s - 30c each

Prices Subjec t to Change
!'IrtNI
11 1024xl (JOOni) 99
1& (250111) .... ... 2.49
16 16 Ja4xll15QnS) 119 111495
1& 16 Ja4xl (1OOns) 169 11/ 1295
1& 149 11/1095
16 65.53&.: I [I50ni ) 69!l 1/4995
1& 65,536x1 1200l'Is) !l9511 /4495
11 102hl (JOans) 49 11/195
II 2O.4Illl 13&5nl ) . 10
11 4096x1 (2)>11) I,IK4096 495
(200IIS)2107 395
16 16 3a.4x111!lQrl il 11191 /1495
16 16 384l 1(200ns) 1 69 &/ 12 95
1& 16,384xl (25Ons) 149 1 /1095
1& 819b l (200ns) 169
- - - - STATICRAMS- - - - - I
1101 1& 156>11
2101 II 156x4 (45On111l101
1102 1& 1024xl {3!JOnsl
21101 1& 1014xl (4!JOnill P
2111 11 2!J6x4 14!lOnsl l i l l
2112 11 (45Ons I MOS
2114 11 1024x4 1450IIs I
2114l 11 1024x4 W)l)nsllP
11142 11 1024x4 12QOns)
2114l 1 11 1024x4 12'OOns l l P
2141 1I ..co96x: I (TOni)
21411 11 1024x4 170ni}
11 1024x4 (4!J()nsJ
1024x4 \4!lOMj
5101 1Z 1!J6x4
Joll,4525 1 11 4096;<1 14!J(1ni l4044
KM6116p3 14 20411ll8 11!l()1'lsIC1,40S
H\I6116P-4 24 104axll 12OOnilCMOS
24 204ax8 1200nill P CUDS
I1Jol6264p15 11 1l92x& tl!lOl1slC I,4D5
271SOO lIi 156:xl l&On$) l P
HII9 16 16.x4 (5Ons) 3101
14C92tl 12 256x4 {2!lOni}
HC911 18 25&4 (25Qni)CMQ5
HC929 16 1024xl 125Qni} CMQ5{65Ol)
14C93O 111 1024xl /25Oni}CM05( 6518)
145189 16 16Jc 4 1351u)9340!l
HS200 16 180ni) 93410
745206 lIi (6Ofli)93411
745289 16 16x. 4 (35ni) 3101
12510 1& 1024xl 15OnijOC
1252!l 1& 1&4 r5Oni)OC (7451119}
--- - PROMS/ EPROMS- - - -
1102A 14 1!l6x8 tluil . 4 95
17011 24 1024x1 1450ns) 395
270!5 14 1024x1 195
TMS2516 14 20411x1l 145Qni}2716 595
14 4096.l11 Wilni1Hl,lC2532 595
21 11192x& (450ns) 1495
24 20411x1l 995
2716 14 10411x1l r4SOni ' -495
27161 14 20411x1l 1350nSI 95
271605 14 104axl 1!l !lOrl$} 449
1732 24409&.:11 t45Qnsl 695
2132A-3 Z4 4095.>;11 130ClrI sl 195
2732A-4 14 4096Jt1l 145Qns121V 695
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....... ,"lIU1l-
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. "'IlI: 4" lbs.
ADD-514..$195.95
13"-1.. x 6'-'"W x 5"H
TRS-SOto 16K, 32K, or 48K
Modell . From4K to 16K R,qulr ll (1) One Kn
Mod,l 3 . From 4K to 4SKRequire, (3) Throe Kn,
Color. From 4Kto 16K Require, (1) One Kn
. Mel 1 ... Ex"..........11 ., tI 41KT Us ",-1rM
- 0.. Kl hqlltrall'" ndI 1ilif Ex,.. -
TRS16K3' ZOOn, fo r Col or & Model III $12.95
TRS16K4Z50n, for Mo dell . . . . $10.95
UVEPROM Eraser
Easy to install kIts comes complole with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200n s) 64K
dyna mic RAMs and conversN)n doc umentati on. Conve rts TA$-BO
color compute rs with D, E, ET, F and NCcircui t boards to 32K.
Also converts TRS- BOcolor computer 11 10 64K. Flex DOS or O$ g
requ ired to utili ze full 64K RAM on all computers.
TR5-64K2 , .. , , , , $44.95
SAVE HUNDREDS OF $$$ BY UPGRADING
MEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF!
Mo.t 01t he popu lar mem ory boa rd. allow you to add an addl tlona'
&4K. 121K, 1I2K, Of 251K. Tn. I BMS4K KII will popI.lI . I. I n.Mboarda
In 14K byte Incr.menta. TIM eni Impl. to Intt all - ju. t In' er1 the
nine &4K RAMch ips In the provided sock.tl and s.t the two gr<M.lp,
01awltche . Di rect ions .re Included.
FDD1008
Er.... 2701, 271&" 2732. 27&4.2511, 2512. 25M. Er.... lJP to' chlpt
wlthl n 51 mlnut.s (1 chip In 37 mlnut. s). M. lntalns conl tanl . xpoI ure
dl.tanc. of one Inch. Special cond uctl .... tCNIm li n e1lmlnat.1 .t.tlc
buikJ.up. Bulltln ..' ety loclc to prevent UV. xposur. Compact - only
'.007 x 3.7D x 2.60 ". Compl.t. with hold ing tr . y lor I ch ip.
DE4 UVEPROM Eraser .. ,$79.95
UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb , . $16.95
+5VDC @6 Amps
+12VDC @4Amps
12VOC @0.5 Amps
Microcomputer
Powerlne.
Regulated
Power Supply
- Perfect for comput er or disk
drtYesystoms Supply has AMP
co nnect ors for dir ect con nec-
t ion to two di sk dr i ves
Cooli ng fan Input: 100/115 /
47-63Hz ' Output
(above) wei9 ht: 9 Ibs.
CP167........ . .. .... . . $59.95
J:J ' .,D....5riiii: 5 Protect Yourself...
DATASHIELD(Il)
. ..
I'- before it can damageyour equipmentor cause
J data loss ' 6 month warranty Pbwer di ssipa-
_ __
..- age indi cator light BrownoutIblack out reset
switch 'Neigh!; 2 lbs,
Model 100 : . . . . $69.95
DATASHIELD
. Back-Up
Power Source
I Provides up to 30 minutes of continuous 120
V/IC 60Hz power to your computer system
(load dependent) when you have a black out
or voltage sag Output rating : 200 watts Si x
month warranty Weight: 19 Ibs.
Model 200 (PC200) . . . . $349.95
10 10K
100 lit .K
10 II.K
' 00 1 .K
_ .. A1CI
'0 u n,
- IOo-,N.-1i
10- 21. "
- 1 0cl - ne:' s-

- - tQo-lii:K-
Spec Sheat a - 30C each
send $1.00 Postage for your
FREE 1984 JAMECO CATALOG
Price s Subj ect to Change
..

...... _._
"'-'tH-.. ,.,.,. .
MP5201 10WM . S'AlErtVelope s .. . . 10 Ior S l.U
MP52011oo l00 Wh,l. 5.... En....lopes . . 1oofor S10.15
MPI201 10WhiI. a En lOPls , .. ... 10Ior S 1.tS
MP12011oo 100 WM.a En lope s ' . 1oolor S11.15
71-Key ASCII Cherry Keyboard
7 bit para llel ASCII wit h strobe 11 key numeri c
keypad SPST mechan ical keyswitc hes " 5/ 30
connector' Features: escape, co ntrol ,
cursor controls, plu s 10 add'l. spec ial funct ion keys
Color : whit e ' 'Noight 2 Ibs. Spec , inc luded
KB1801.. . . .. . . . . . $29.95
106-Key 8-Bil Serial ASCII Keyboard
Numericand curso r keypad 10 user defina-
ble keys' 7 LED functio n displays security
lock ' N-key rollover ' Uses Intel 8048/8748 1
Color : white w/black panel Documentation
included' Weight: 6\2 lbs.
KB139 . .. . . 559.95
Mitsumi 54-Key Unencoded
Matri x AII-Purpose Keyboard
SPST keYSWltCheS 20 pi n ribbon ca bl e ccnnec-
non . Low profile keys Feature s: cursor controls.
control, cap s (loc k). funct ion. enter and shift keys
Co lor (keycaps) : gr ey Weight: 1 Ib
.. .. . .. . . . . . .
ULTRA MAGNETICS - 5V. DISKETTES
Mad Order E'-Clroruu WOf1ctw.o.
5'1,' and 8' Di skettes
UOCI ...... a..-c....I" OSDO.o-.-c.....O-'Oty
SSQO S-OooH_.IIT
U. 1UI SsS$D taMCompel... CI21 .. 'S. 21 s.c I....l ancl l__ 10 )4 "
UMOOlK S sUo lt MCool'IjNI"bM,l21 "S. :K hcl_l I"'. ' 00 ntH
.. .-I ....
UIIIII..' S.SSODSolIs.cI.. ..
U-oM S,, 5500 Soli s.clO<.. H..tIIIl.f.o
UIIKNO, s... osoo1011leel II"'l1aN:! 1ft""","
Uiiilool4O s.. DaDOloti sKI ..... iII"'111"'lkl
S' . - SSOOIoIl s.cI
UMOOZI4 5... SSQll ..U Sec l (klll,j
.. 10 41M
...
- JRJESKE.,I) 5Y4 DISKETTES
$.KID S.... S! OOIol(s.cIOt .. .. .....
t Kl ll 5' . ' DSOOloll s.clor II.... aftd
SKllla S\lo- 05 00 Soil leel... ... HlOll II'''l11''''kl
ULTRA MAGNETICS S" DISKETTES
UMlZT2l SDSOOIoI1s.clor(UftIor""'lledl ... '0 4' ."
",-..0 . 0$00 SoIl Ik 100 III"
:':'-:!"'=....Ha .... a,., .,,_r_ "," _oI r Dw'Dtot.. t, a,,*
4-CHANNEL SWITCHING POWERSUPPlY
Microprocessor. mini-computer, terminal. med ical equipme nt and process
co ntrol app lications Input : 90-130VIC. 47-440Hz Output: + 5VDC ft SA.
-5VDC ft 1 A; + 12VOC0 1A.-12VOCO lA- Line regulations: O.2% Ripple:
30mV p-p Load reg ulation: %. 1'lb - Overcurrent protection Adj: 5V main
output : 10% - Size: 6't"L x 1 x 4- 15116-H !Neighl : 1\2 lbs.
FCS-604A..... .... . .. .. . . . . . $69.95 each
Switching Power Supply for APPlE II, 11+ & lie'
Can dr ive four fl oppy di sk dri ves and up to eight expa nsion cards
Short circuit and overload protection Fits inside Apple computer
Fully regul ated +5V Ii! SA, +1 2V Ii! 3A, -5V Ii! .5A, - 12V Ii! .5A
Direct pl ug-i n powe r cor d includ ed ' Size: 91,i"Lx x 2t,4"H
Weight: 2 Ibs.
KHP4007. .. .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . $79.95

POWERSUPPLY+5YDC CIl 7.6 AMP,12VDC a 1,5 AMP SWITCHING
Input. 11SVN:;, SO-60Hz . 3 a mp/2 3OVAC, SOH1: ' .6 a mp ' Fan supply
eetec t s......tches (11S/23OV1Cj QulpuLSVOCe 7 6 a mp. 12VOC.1 S amp' 8 Joot blaclo:
11'1'W lr:13\o"O x3lrro"H'Nelght6Ibs
PS94VOS. . . . ... ...... ... . . . $39.95
KEPCOITDK 4.QUTPllT SWITCHINGPOWERSUPPlY
Ideal for disk driv e nMdt of CRTterminals, microcomputers and
video games - Input: 1151230V/IC, 5OI60Hz Output : +5VCl 5 AmP. + 12V.
1.8 Amp. + 12V. 2 Amp. - 12V . 0.5 Amp UL recognized' CSA certified
Size: 71i1.. x 6--3/ 16'W x 1lot..... Weight: 2 Ibs.
MRM 174KF. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . $59.95
Power/Mate Colli . REGULATEDPOWERSUPPlY
-tn put: 105- 125/210-250 VIC at 47-63 Hz Une regulatio n: :t o.05Clb Three
moun ting surfaces OYel"t'Ol tage protection ' UL recogniZed - CSAcertified
FWt No. Output Size Weight Prioe
5V03A16VCl2.5A x4'Wx2,. ,.. 2 Ibs. $29.95
5VCl6A16V0 5A 5'1"l x4
1
t 'Wx 4 Ibs. $39 .95
21'. "l X 9.8"W x 3"H
18"l X 7..'W X l " "H
'\
... -. . . ...
................
I::: :::
-::::.::=::-- I..:: :::
MI NIPAK
- SIOflS 10 (5',(,1 dls k.lln Protec ts dIsk from dus l
con laml nalton Oura ble smoked plf;sllC SlI' S l X
S"'H x 1\ 0'0

Mp10 Sloreto10(SV., o.sk. lI.s .
Attr,ctiYI. lunction,1 dl lk stora ge sysl em - 50{a, or15
(5'1.' disk st orag e ca paCity Eas y IllIng and r.ltl....ll'lg
Prot ec ts dlWl; Irom dust contamInatIon ' Molded Irom
durabl. plas tiCWIth lront ca lrylng hand l Slle :
7'"IN )( 6'h "H x \l "" "O W01ghl 2 l bs
"'"
OM75 Slores75 {SYo"jDtsk.t1 es . .. . . S1 .ts ..ch
OMSO SIOfe. fI, DI1I<..l1 e . . . . . . . . S21.15 ch
$10.00 Minimum Order - U.S. Fundi Onl y
Californi a Residents Add 6V. % Solos Tax
Shipping - Add 5% plus $1.50 Insur.nce
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sa' a. Fly er!
[EEJ]J amecoI VISA" I
1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
5/84 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 5928097 Telex: 176043
$14l!1
$14905
$1495
-
$IUS
$1415
$IH6
2W n . $IUS
.....,.,.,.1\
--- 5V.+$II/,+U'" '**'* n
For Commodoro 64 8 YIC-ZO . .
ForApplen . n+ . andlie . ..
...'.. tSnlIGYsI
-
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....
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APPLICATIONS: securttyWarning TttKommunicl tlon
Teaching Handap Aid
Instrumentation Gamn

lion . Utilizing Notiona l Semiconductor's DIGI1l\lKER
N
Speech Processor Ie (with four custom memory chip s),
the JE520 compresses natura l speech into digital mem-
TheI
P.r1 No . Dnc rlpt ion
The JE750 Clock Kit is a versatile 12-h our digital clock
with 2C-hour alarm. The clock has a bright 0.5 high
bl ue-green fluorescen t display. The di splay wi ll automat-
icaUy dim with changing light co nditions. The 24- hour
alarm allows the user to di sable the alarm and immediat-
ely re- enabl e the alarm to act ivate 24 hour s later. The kit
includes all docum entati on, compo nents, case and wall
tr ansformer. Size: x 3M:lOWx 1
JE750 Alarm Clock Kit $29.95
JE520CM
Ovtr 250 wMd vocabulary-.mlls allow Ihllonnationof more
than500words - Built-in spelkef, Y1lIuml control, and 1--:,,--='-'-'=:.c..r-"-"-""-'-'-'- - --J-..:..::::..:.;= c..:....:c..:....:..:....:..:....:..:....:...:....:..:..:. .:..:. = = = -1
audiojack. Recrutl SI dar, rmural male YOb . fJ'ug-lnuser
rudy wflh documentation Ind sample softwne Ci ll slZl:
7''' Ol x 3V."W x 13/soH
Bright 4-dlgit 0.5" hlogh displa y. 10 mlnut . snoo.I. a'-nn
- AMIPM1ndkator Automatic display di mm
JE520CM
JE520AP
4-Dlgit Fluorescent Alarm Clock Kit
EPRClM.JJMPERMOOlA.ES -


JE665 - RS232C 0P110II - ThoRS232C ...... ""'" _

lr"*Ef"R)Mdmlolllld!rom1tlt,f: 66(


FORA UIMTEDnve A SAMPlE Of SOfTWARE WRITTEN INBASICFOR
T1-f ms-ao IMXlEl lEVELUCOMPUTERwtll AlSO BEPROVIOEO
JE664-ARS EPIIOIl Pre\. wlJEUl o,tiee $1195.00
Assem bled l T. l ted (IncludeI JM16AModule)
JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER
8K to 64K EPROMS - 24 &28 Pin Packages
Colllliellll w.ee_j - Mditlollli Systo.. hr Opentie.
Program. and validrol EPROMs Checks for properly eru.d EPROM.
o Emulate. PROM.or EPROMs' RS232C Comput er Inleffac e torediti ng and
progr Jlm Lo-d. dlta into RAM by keyboard' Changes data in RAM
by keyboard ' Loads RAM Irotnan EPROM ' ComPiore. EPROM. torconl ent
diff,renctl Cope. EPROMs 11SVAC.6OHz, lessthan 10W
consu mption Enc losu r. : Iil;ht IMI panels With
molded .nd pIeCes in mOChabr O'Mt $u:.: 1S'la'"Lx SloDx 3" H W.ig ht
S-.o tbs



.. E66n lWlsrt':l!bellCttUedb"tfnI.UIIonPllPOltS


.....Lalllw'ngIlluse:lacklrmn ., fIt EPfOl
10beprogrJlMlId '* 'lIIC!lOuI1llICtSSlIy fII"W' traSi!l9. Tht dd9laYs DATAand
AOCRSS ., tcIfI'tIt(lIIfI IItxadK1mII format. A"USfU,YEf'fWJM MTA-

Thtlronlpa'lM!Nbm;ltolI't'tMlIIQPtfatlngOl"dt TheS64

JE664-A EPIIOIl P",,,,,,,,r $995.00
Assembled & T. sttd (lrK;ludel Jt,A16A Modul.)
VOICE SYNTHESIZER
FOR APPLE AND COMMODORE
HEW!
CIRCLE 41 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
129
TA-1500
160 WATT DC STEREOAMP/ PREAMPKIT
The TA-800 is an 80 wat Vchannel preamp
and power amp wit h tone control . high .
middl e and bass controls. Volume and
balance cont rol are built-in . On board
power supply requires only 60 volt C.T.
XFMR. Specificatio ns: OOW x 2. into 8
Ohms. Freq. Range: OHZ-loo Khz... 3dB.
Thd: .01%. SI N Ratio: 80 dB. Sensitivity:
3 mu into 47 K. Power Requi rement s:
24-40 VAC.
TA-800 $65.00
UHF TV PREAMP
S
8 FEATURES:
...- 0 ...- 25 dB galnl
,,, 0.0 . Kit
Your rec eptio n wil l dram aticall y Improve' Thi s
unit wi ll enab le you to pull 10 si gnals yo u never
knew were t here' For both indoor and out ooor
use Input and ou tput i mpedance 75 ohm. No
adjustme nt' Easy assembl y.
JH- OKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23.95
More power for stereo blaster! 100 watt sl
channel, stereo preamp bui lt-i n. Trebel,
mi drange, bass, mic vol ume. Balance and
volume are standard controls on the pre-
amp. Mic input allows you to use it asa P.A.
Specifica ti on.: 100 w x 2 into 8 Ohms. Freq.
Range: O-looKhz ... 3dB. Thd: .01%. SIN
Rati o: 80 dB. Sensit ivit y: 3 mu int o 42K.
Power Requi rement . : 24-40 VAC.
TA-1500 $72.00
Int ra-red Remote Con-
t rol SWitch can be used
to co nt rol ap pliances
up to 500 W
The 1 has ettecnv e control up to 10
met ers No anten na needed Featu res latestl C
cont roller 'Ntlrch excludes Interferences f rom
li ght or AC pulse sign al
TK-41 Klt. $24.95
INFRA-REO
REMOTE CONTROL
SWITCH KIT
ThIS IS a sohd state all t ransistor crrcuu ry on
boa rd stere o ampli f ier Power ou tput emp loys
2 pairs 01 mat ch i ng Dar li ngto n t ranstsrors
T H.D. less than between DC to 200 KHz
Power supply requires VCT 2 amp I FMR
LOW TIM DC STEREO
PRE-AM KIT TA2800
Incorporat.. stale of D.C. des ign thai gives II
freq uency response1romOHz- 100KHz +.5dB.
Feat ures tone def eat swrtcn . loudness.
treble. mi dr ange , bass. balance Contains
qu ad BtFet op-amp to devel op T.H D,of 005%

supply + 15 vo lt DC at 2A Kit co mes Wi th
al l yo u need IS a15-20
TA-2800
ONLY
$44.50
Tr ansfo rmer
(opHonal)
$9.95

. . - -_ .. - - .
... . . - .
SOL ID STATE STEREO
GRAPHICEQUALIZER
PRE AMP KIT
NEW
KIT
Microwave Preamp!
Use with PS-3 Kit . Ad dS 20-25 db ga in to boo st
recep t io n di stance .
l ow No ise
High Gai n
Can be used with -al l existi ng stop Sign
boa rd recewe -s'
1.9-2.5 gHZ Freq. Range
PS-4 (Kit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34.95
- -.. - - .
Co mmerci al grade co nstr uct ion Sturdy
Par aboli c al umi num ref lector antenna . Hi gh
gai n 50 dB! . l ine of si ght dista nce 45 miles!
Complete sys tem. power suppl y, cable, as-
semb led reflect or antenna, and downc onverter.
Oownconvert er mounted In attract ive cab net.
90 day warranty on PS-5!
PS5 Assembled $109.95
Kit Form $ 79.95
SOLID STATE STEREO
REVERBERATION AMPLIFIER
AMATEUR MICROWAVE
Receiver System
1.9-2.5 GHZ
MICROWAVE
RECEIVER
SYSTEM
CIRCLE60 ON FREEINFORMATION CARD
CIRCLE 29 ON FREEINFORMATIONCARD
MICROWAVE TVANTENNA SYSTEMS
NEW DIP SWITCH
..- ,,- .
THf."J blP l!
THE $, U,IIf AS
Better Heat Convect ion
STOCKING DISTRIBUTOR
Call or Write For Quotes Over 1.000 PiecE:. C)
OLD nIP a WITCH
-
....
CIRCLE 83 ON FREEINFORMATION CARD
You Can Use Automatic Insertion Equipment
The a-posIt ion program-
mable SPST K40 uses a bifur-
cated slide co ntact that allows
two point contacts for each
swit ch contact. doubli nq the
co ntact reliabilit y. The
bifur cated co ntact travel of
026" eli minated many of the
intermitte nt problems that
plague dip switches.
The K40 shows exce llent
Electrical. Mechanical and
Physical specifications.
Same Size as an I.C.!
1 THRU 8 POSITION DIP
SWITCHES AVAILABLE
8 POSITION DIP SWITCHES
1 ea. 51.95 100 ea. 51.30
10 ea. 51.60 1000 ea. 5 .95
Incl ude 52.50 For Shipping
ELECTRONICS
\l7 CORPORATION
SEMICONDUCTOR PARTS AND PRODUCTS
1043 N. STADEM DRIVE (602) 967 6945
TEMPE, ARIZONA 85281 -
Call or Write for FREE
Semiconductor Paris & Products Catalog


WORLD'S SMALLEST DIPSWITCHES
en
o
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o
a:
t-
o
W

W
o
o

a:
130
wou
YOU buy?
131
Let's face it. If you get all this ...and
the prices are ALWAYS to 25%less.. .
there's no doubt which you'll buy.
HANDY. It's our name. i.and it tells you
what we do.
What are you waiting for ? Order your
HANDY breadboarding products today.
A toll-free call is all it takes!
Here's how to order...
HANDY Sockets and Buss Strips
HANDY Breadboard Assemblies
A-to-D and consist of 25 contacts each.
Bold red and blue lines show where
contact strips begin and end.
Finally, we have a full line of breadboard-
ing equipment, from discrete sockets and
buss strips to multi-board assemblies,
available at comparable lower-than-Iow
prices.
Part Socket Buss Binding Tie 14pin
Number Strips Strips Posts Points IC Capty. Price
HB-2112 2 1 2 1380 18 25.95
HB-2313 2 3 3 1980 18 31.00
HB-3514 3 5 4 2420 27 47.95
HB-4714 4 7 4 3260 36 63.95
Part Socket Buss Ground Tie 14pin
Number Strips Strips Plate Points ICCapty. Price
HB-0100 N/A 1 no 100 N/A 2.25
HB-1000 1 N/A no 640 9 9.95
HB-1110 1 1 yes 740 9 11.95
HB-1210 1 2 yes 840 9 13.95
Mall Orders: Please add $3 (Canada & Int I add $5) to cover cost of shi ppi ng/ handl ing. Sorr y! No C.O.D. ord ers.
Charge Cards: (Mi n. $15). Please includ e Accl. No. , Exp. Dat e, Bank No. (M/C only) and yo ur signat ure.
Ch ecks: Drawn i n U.S. Doll ars on U.S. banks only. Conn ecticut Resident s: Add 7''; %Sales Tax.
,...-, To order ... caIl1-800-34-HANDY

....charge with VISA, MasterCard or American Express.
All Items off-the-shelf for Immediate Shipment!
a division of RSP Electronics Corp.
7 Business Park Drive. P.O. Box 699 Branford, CT 06405 (203) 488-6603 TWX: (910) 997-0684
Easy-Link Mail Box: 62537580 CompuServe: 71346, 1070
U.S. and Canadian Distributor inquiries welcomed.
CIRCLE 5 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Just look at all these EXTRAS built into
every HANDY test socket and buss strip...
Total contact labeling ...
simplifies circuit design/layout
Self-adhesive backing. for one-step
simplified alignment and mounting
Full 9 14-Pin I.C. Capacity
Expands both horizontally and
vertically. interlocks can't break
or twist off
High temperature plastic housing...
to 80Coo . no warping or melting ever!
Prices always up to 25% less than
other leading brands
To all these add: Long Life, low resistance
and wide range contacts that accept
combinations of resistors, capacitors,
diodes, transistors, I.C.s, etc. with leads
from .012 - .032" or 20 - 29 AWG. Clear,
easy-to-read-and-identify contact mark-
ings simplify layout, wiring and docu-
mentation. Socket rows are labeled t-to-
64, and columns are marked A-to-E and
F-to-J. Mating buss strip rows are labeled
I
f you have two similar products, both
designed for the same function . ..and
one offers you MORE features for LESS
money. .. which would YOU buy? The
answer is obvious!
l 07 n
10101
11100

1\ 112

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L$10)1 D C TO SIX DECADE " . OS UP COW' lT Ul ,"'1"1' $13 1!t
CreAD{ LATCH ...10 l"IUl TlJ' \EXEO EICO OUTPUTS A.!'lO
OfOIT S H'OBE$ ACCESS TO LSD l ATc .. es ALLOWS
ATT40'>.lENT OF PRE SCALI es f Dl:l CQlJ"Ij Tr' , G TO SOQM>l1
t S1110 1.Pl",O,VA,UT . OTI...I .. ...If' M ... ...lLOC" SJ 50
C" fCU,T HAS 5040 t -OKOn CO l,' BI'- " Tl() ' .S ,"11"1 1$
!,.IICROA'.H' S TA"i Oa V SAovE "' OOE f OR VAt ET P"'tO(j'4G
l R172'tC vccn rER Df l ECtO A rc A.Al OG Slc. IAL P \3 ::'0
CESSI G CO' .t AI' .') .v.AL OG 'olULTIp\' ,EA
"'O D\Jl. Al ORS A"' O " IO[ P('40 l "l T ",GH G.... ,... OP A'.tP
DIH ERl',T IAl 1'" t' jI'U TS A,PPl ICATlO. S r OA P>iASI
OETECtlO'" UP TO 100 ,-,,, , eu, e SIG'.- " I Y.e " .....'
DETECTl O,," OR Ol';[ RAII O', IRI"'4G, [ TO S" . h , AVE
CO.. .. [ RSION OR fA [ OUPj CY TR" ' j5 l "' T10r.
WIQEwQAP
IC
SOCKET;

i
ELECTRONICS COMPANY
PO BOX 12095 Dept 102
SARASOTA. FLA. 33578
Phone Orders (813) 953-2829
CONTI NENTAL us ADO "16 0 FOR THE FI RST lB a 1II
50 FOR EACH ADDITIONAL lB. FlA ADO 5,. TAX.
WEST COAST ADO '1.10 FORTHE FIRST POUND a
se - FOR EACH ADolnONAl POUND
MAIL ORDER* 7 MINIMUM
COD & CREDIT CAAD ;15 MINIMUM
Ammonium Persulfate
ETCHAHT '" 195
F.... ST a E.... sv TO USE
.... DD W.... TEA .. ETCH LB
WHEN Full
OF I ll!l MAKES
Z GALLONS H-2240 17
50
MODULAQ
PHONE -lACK
CIRCLE 24 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
(J)

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POPULAR CHIPS
NETWORK SALES, INC.
UHF AMP KIT
NE564 2.75 25db Gai n stripline PC board
LM 301 .49 using (2) BFR-90's
LM 565 .95 Co mp lete (no enclosure) $10.95
MC 1330 1.25 DELUXE PARTS ASSORTMENTS
ASTEC VIDEO Power supply for above $3.49
MC 1350 1.15 . 1 R.llitor. & Trlmpo', U Coli A Choko.
Video & Audio Inputs.
MC 1458 .49
68 Y. watt. SltfD resi stor s & 1 each of 15. 33. and 100
Chan 3 or 4 Output. - . THUMBWHEEL TRIMMER POTS
MC 1496 1.00
5 PT-15 10K trim pots , 1 (uh) micro henries
Mod el UM1285-8. . -
VERTICAL MOUNT
LM 1889 1.75
each - 51. 75.100.470 . chokes. l-variable RF
W/sp ecs. $8.25 ' . -
OHMS 500. lK. 2K. 5K. 10K. 25K
7805 .80
1.5K. 3.6K. 51K. 470K. coil (same as
50K, lOOK, 200K, 500K. 1 MEG.
7808 .50
13-1.2K, 2-220, 3- 100K, 049A537MPCI UHF TUNER
4/$100 100/$20.00
6-330. 6-12K, 7-910, $3.250', 10/30.00
Mechanical Detent Tuning
7812 .80
!l-3.3K, & 14-4, 7K. oSIC'. Sockot., A Ssml'.
7815 .80
$4.500', 10/40.00 1 each of : NE564. LM565,
Chan 14-83. 12 VDC . 300 Ohm input. FUNCTION GENERATOR KIT
7818 .80
2 Clplcltor "A" MC1330, MC1350.
45 MHZ output. $2.95 ea. 4/10 .00 Uses XR- 2206 IC. 1 Hz to 100 kHz .
MV 2109 .69
Monolythics - 1-560pf. MC1496, LM1889. 7812,
Complete with PC Board & all parts except
2N2222 .30 7-,1 mfd. & 1-.22 mfd. 7818. 2N2222A. MV2109.
SILVER MICA CAPS power supply and enclosure $19,95
MC 1349 1.79 Si lver Mic as - 2-1Opt. & 1 heat si nk 2-MC1458.
10 PF. 43 PF. 110 PF, 560 PF,
each of 43pf, 110pf. 4-1N4oo2, 4-8 pin, 2- 14
1200 PF. 35Cea, 10/3.00, 100/25 .00 BYPASS CAP SPECIAL
SPECIALS
560pf. 12oopf, 3000 or pin , 1-16, & 1-18 pin 3000 PF 80Cea, 1017.00, 100/69.00 .1 MFD - 50vDC 100/$5.00 1000/37.50
3300pf. socket.
ON
$4.950a, 10/45.00 $13.50 eo, 101125.00 VOLUME DISCOUNT
.,
PRIME IC'.
VERNIER PANEL POTS
. 3 Clplcltor "B" "6 Mile H.rdwlr.
S 10.00 - 499.00 NET 1000.00 - 4999.00-5%
Multi-turn, Y." shaft.
NE564
Mylars 4-.001, 2- .047. LED & holder, f use &
$2.75 ea, 10/$25, 100/$195 29- .01. Radiall yti cs 3-10 hold er . line cor d.
500.00 - 999.00 - 2% 5000.00 & up - 10%
500 ohm, t x , or 10K. $4.49
... ................
mId 16V. 1-1000 mfd 50V, grommet. SPST switch .
LM1889 1-2200 mId 35V. Disc DPOT switch. 2-F61
" F" CONNECTORS
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS.
$1.750a, 10/16.50, 100/$150 Caps 1 each of 5, 12. 27. co nn. & lugs . knob.
F-59 20Coa. 10/1.50, 100/10.00
.
...................
36,1 10. 330pl , 2-120pl . a-spacers. 6-scr ews &
F-61 35Cea, 4/1.00,100/22.00
MC1496
3-39pl , 3-220pf. and 1 nuts. 2RG-174. matching
F-81 35Cea, 3/1.00, 100/29.00
3A 400 PIV $1.00
$1.00 ea, 10/$9, 100/$75
Vari Cap 5-35pt . transf ormer w/ nut .
=*
................... $7.50 oa, 10/70.00 $5.950', 10/57.50
/1 10
MYLAR CAPS

" 50 volts
MISC. SPECIALS
.001 mf d 10Cea.
2200 mId 40V Axi al Cap 79c
'OW"",.,'O,.", 10TURN POT
.01 mf d 100/7,00
470 mId 16V Radi al Cap 10/1.00
Pri: 115V AC ./' -
10K ohm. Panel Mt.
.047 mId 1000/48.00
10 mId 35V Radial Cap 12/1.00 Sec: 24 volts @ .350 A 0
0=
. 1
7808 8 volt Regulator 49C Dim: 2Y.xl . x 2H , $6.95
,h\
28 Pin IC Socket l 011.00 $1.95 ea. 10/$15 .00 100/$125.00 ' _ " ,
DIGITAL VOLTMETER KIT
3 DIGIT. 0 to 99.9 VDC.
MATCHING TRANSFORMERS Uses CA316 1E & CA31 62E.
NETWORK SALES, INC.
TERMS: Visa, M.C. , Check .
UHFNHF
;g
Co mp lete with PC Board and parts , except
2343 W. BELMONT AVE.
Money O rder or COD (addit . 75/300 Outdoor /Indoor po we r supply and enclosure. $24.95
$3.00) . Min . Order $ 10. 00. Add 300/ 75 Push- on/Indoor
CHICAGO, IL. 60618
$2.50 S&H for USA. III. add 8%
Your choice 89Cea, 1017.00,
4 TURN TRIM POTS
,
T ax . MAIL ORDER ONLY.
100/55.00
312/248-3202
J.
BOURNS . 3339B
Prices subject to change
S wi 1K -6K R/A-l0K
Phone Orders Welcome.
without notice.
99Cea.
WRITE FOR OUR MONTHLY SOLID CARBIDE PC DRILL
QUANTITIES MAY BE LIMITED
UN-ADVERTISED SPECIALS 055 1/8 in. SHANK FOR

RF COIL
USE WITH DREMEL TOOL
Same as #49A537MPC
@COPYRIGHT 1984 NETWORK SA LES , INC. Special 79Cea 10/5.00
$1.25 ea 10/10,00
134 CIRCLE 90 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
THERE'S MORE FOR BUILDERS AT THE SHACK
Low Prices! Huge Selection! No Mail-Order Hassles!

59
95
Power Transformers
Computer Connectors
120VAC Pr i maries /
Type Volts Current Cat. No. Each
Mrni 6.3 300 mA 273-1384 2.59
Mini 12.6 300mA 273-1385 2.79
Mini 252 300 mA 273-1386 2_99
Mini 12.6 CT 450 mA 273- 1365 359
Mini 25.2CT 450mA 273- 1366 399
Std. 63 1.2A 273-050 3.79
Std. 126 CT 1.2A 273-1505 399
Std. 25.2 1.2A 273- 1480 439
H-D 12.6 CT 3.0A 273-1511 599
H-D 25.2CT 2.0A 273-1512 6.29
H-D' 18.0CT 2 0A 273-1515 6.99
Type Position s Cat. No. Each
Solder Sub- D Male 9 276-1537 1.99
Solder Sub-D Female 9 276-1538 2.49
Hood for Above 9 ' 276-1539 1.99
Soider Sub-D Male 15 276-1527 2.49
Solder Sub-D Female 15 276-1528 3.49
Hood for Above 15 276-1529 1.99
Solder Sub-D Male 25 276 1547 2.99
Solder Sub-D Female 25 276-1548 3.99
Hood for Above 25 276-1549 1.99
Ze ro-adj ust for pr eci se low-
resi st an ce measure ments.
" Diode check" for t esting
se micond uc tors . Ove rload
pr ot ected . Meas ures to 1000-
volts AC , 500 vo lts DC , 200
mA AC and DC, resi st ance to
20 megohms. 6
3
/8 x 3
'
/2 x 13/8': Wit h spare fuse,
leads. Requires two " AA" batt er ies.
22 191 . . 59 .95
21-Range Digital
Multimeter
Cont inu ity Beeper Also
I n di c ates Over-Range
-Really Saves Time!
Home Computer I f
Programs ..
Save $5 $/W' ..
For TRS80'" 16K
Mode ls I , III, 4 '.:':=-="::
Us i ng the TRS80 in Your Home. Li st ings for
ov er 75 useful pro grams-financ ial , automotive,
kitchen helpmates, sc hep uli ng, fil ing , mat h, met-
ric and temper atu re co nvers ions , games , more.
330 pages . 622069 Sale 2.95
Repair or " roll yo ur own" ex tensi on cor ds and
sav e!
.49
.49
.49 '
.59
.69
.79
Each j.JF WVDC Cat. No .
0.1 35 272-1432
0.47 35 272-1433
1.0 35 272 1434
2.2 35 272-1435
10 16 272 1436
22 16 272-1437
Operational Amplifiers
Type Ca t. No. Each
LM383ITDA20 02 276-703 3.19
LM386 276-1731 1.09
TA7 205 AP 276- 705 2.99
LM380
. 276-706 1.59
Audio Power Amplifiers
Type Cat . No . Each
74 1 (Sin gl e) 276-007 .79
MC1458 (Du al) 276-0 38 .99
LM324 (Qu ad) 276-17 11 1.29
TL082 (Du al) 276-17 15 1.89
TL084 (Qu ad) 276-1714 2.99
LM3900 (Qu ad) 27 6-1713 1.39
LM339 (Qu ad) 276 1712 1.49
Electrolytic Capacitors
'A x i a l Leads
WVDC Cat. No. Each
4.7 35 272-1012 _49
10 35 2721013 .59
22 35 272-1014 .69
47 35 272101!\ .69
100 35 272-1016 .79
220 35 2721017 .89
470 35 2721018 .99
1000 35 2721019 1.59
2200 35 2721020 2.49
3300 35 272-1021 2.99
4700 35 272-1022 3.59
470 50 272-1046 1.59
1000 50 272-1047 1.99
2200 50 272-1048 3.49
PCMount Leads
WVDC Cat. No. Each
220 16 272-956 .79
470 16 272-957 .89
1000 16 272-958 .99
4.7 35 2721024 .49
10 35 272 1025 .59
22 35 272-1026 .69
47 35 272-1027 .69
100 35 2721028 .79
220 35 272 1029 .89
470 35 272-1030 .99
1000 35 2721032 1_59
100 50 272-1044 .89
Mini SPOT Relays
[6J

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[Q]
<,
-
"
11 /32 X 3/8 X 1/ 4" 3/ 8 X 911 6 X 3/ 8" 9116 X 25/ 32 X t:
Fig. Coil Contact s Cat. No. Each
A 5 VDC 1A, 125 VAC 275-240 1.99
B 5 VDC 2A, 125 VAC 275-243 2.49
C 5 VDC 3A. 125 VAC 275-246 2.99
C 12 VDC 3A, 125 VAC 275-247 2.99
Tantalum Capacitors
20% Toler anc e
Standard I C P i n Spacing
Dynamic Transistor Checker
1------------ - ---1
Te s t s I n or Onl y
Out o f Circ u it 14
95
- -=-
Th e quick, eas y wa y to
tes t s mall-s ig na l a nd
power types and mat ch
simila r tr an si st or s . Lamp
i ndicates relati ve gai n,

2
3
/ 4 X 4
3
/ 8 X 13/ 16". Re- '
quires " AA" batt er y.
22 025 14.95
Voltage ICs
Type Adjustable Cat. No. I Each
LM723 oto 40 VDC 276-1740 .89
LM317T r .zto 37 VDC 276-1778 2.79
Type Fixed Output Cat. No. Each
7805 + 5 VDC 276-1770 1.59
7812 + 12 VDC 276-1771 1.59
7815 + 15 VDC 276-1772 1.59
7905 -5 VDC 276-1773 1.59
7912 - 12 VDC 2761774 1.59
4000-Series CMQS ICs
. Type Cat. No. Each
4001 2762401 .79
4011 2762411 .79
4013 2762413 ' .99
4017 276-2417 1.49
4023 2, 76-2423 .99'
4049 276-2449 .99
4066 276-2466 .99
TTL Digital ICs
Type Cat. No. Each
7400 276-1801 .59
7404 276-1802 .79
7408 276-1822 .79
7447 2761805 1.19
7490 276 1808 .89
Replacement
:....
Transistors
Type Cat. No. Each
2N1305 PNP 276-2007 1.19
MPS222A NPN 276-2009 .79
PN2484 NPN 27620 10 _89
MPS3904 NPN 2762016 .69
TIP31 NPN 2762017 .99
TIP3055 NPN 2762020 1.59
MPS2907 PNP 2762023 .79
MJE34 PNP 276-2027 1.49
2N3053 NPN 2762030 .89
MPS3638 PNP 276-2032 .79
TIP120 NPN 276-2068 1.29
2N3055 NPN 276-2041 1.99
MJ2955 PNP 2762043 2.19
2N4124 NPN 276-2057 .59
2N4401 NPN 276-2058 .59
MPSA06 NPN 276-2059 .59
MPSA13 NPN 2762060 .59
MPSA42 NPN 2762061 _69
MU4891 UJT 2762029 .99
2SD313 NPN 276-2048 1.79
2SC945 NPN 276-2051 .79
2SC1308 NPN 276-2055 7.95
2N3819 N-FET 276-2035 .99
MPF102 NFET 276-2062 .99
Sale! Low-Cost
Computer Talk! mllnl1111 1
. . AV-3-1015
AY 3 1015 Singl e Su pply UART, Fu ll-duplex un ]-
versal tr an scei ver accepts async hrono us se rial
characters and co nve rts to a para ll el format , and
v ice ve rsa . Sel ect abl e baud rat e, bits per cha rac -
t er, stop bit s and parity. 4 .75- 5 .25VDC. 40-pin with
specs, data. Reg . $5. 95. 276 1794 .. Sale 3.69
AY 5 8116 Dua l Baud Rate IC. Generat es the fu ll
s pec t rum of async hro nous/sync hro no us data
communication fr equencies for us e wit h UARTs
such as #276,1794, above . On- chi p oscillator re-
qu ires crys ta l, ava ilable separately. Single 5 VDC
supply. 18-pin wit h specs, data . Reg. $8. 95.
276' 1795 Sa le 5.55
A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION ltadl8 IhaeK OVER 8800 LOCATIONS WORLDWIDE
Pri ces apply at part icipat ing Rad io Shack stor es and dealer s
CIRCLE 61 ON FREE INFORMATI ON CARD
135
V1050F
100MHz Quad Trace'
De layed Sweep
PERSONALDEFENSEANDPROPERTYPROTECTION
UTILIZESPACEAGE TECHNOLOGY.
CAUTiON THESE DEVICESCAN8EHAZAROOUS ANDMAYSOON
8EILLEGAL.
POCKETPAINFIELDGENERATOR-IPG50
Assembled , , , $59.50
IPG5 Plans $7.00 IPG5K Kit/Plans $39.50
PAINFIELDCROWDCONTROLLER- PPF10
ssembled , $250.00
PPF1 Plans $15.oo PPF1K Kit/Plans $175.oo
Providesaplasmadischargecapableof puncturing
BLS10 , Assembled ,.$79.50
BLS1 Plans $10.oo BLS1K Kit/Pians $59.5O
YZINGDEVICE- Veryintimidatingand
SHG60 Assembled $99.50
SHG6 Plans $10,00 SHG6 Kit/Plans $79.50
RUBYLASERRAYGUN- intensevisibieredbeamburnsand
weidshardest of metals. MAY BEHAZARDOUS.
RUB3AII Parts Available for Completing Devlce$15.oo
CARBONDIOXIDEBURNING, CUTTINGLASER- Pro-
ducesacontinuousbeamof highenergy.MAYBEHAZARDOUS.
LC5..AII Parts Available for Completing Devlce..$15.oo
VISIBLELASERLIGHTGUN- producesintensered beamfor
sighting, spotting, etc. Hand heldcompiete.
LGU3..Pians..$10.oo(Ki t &. Assembled Uni ts Available)
IRPULSEDLASERRIFLE - Produces 15-30wattinfrared
pulsesat 2002000persec.
LRG3 AII Parts & Di odes Avallabl e $10.oo
BEGINNERSLOWPOWERVISIBLELASER- Choice of
red . yellow. green- providesanexcellentsource of monochromatic
light.
LHC2 Plans $5.oo LHC2K Kit... $29,50
SNOOPERPHONE- Aliows user tocall hispremisesandlisten
inwithout phoneever ringing.
SNP20.. . Assembled $89.50
SNP2, Plans $9.00 SNP2K Plans/Kit.. $59.50
LONGRANGEWIRELESSMIKE- Miniaturedeviceclearly
transmitswell over onemile, Super sensitive,powerful.
MFT1...,....Plans..,.....$7.oo MFT1K....,Pians/Kit.....$39,50
WIRELESSTELEPHONE TRANSMITTER- Transmi tsboth
sidesofphoneconversauonover onemile.shutsoff automaticaliy.
VWPM5 Plans $8.00 VWPM5K Plans/Kit...$34,50
TALK3< TELL AUTOMATICTELEPHONERECORDING
DEVICE- Great for monitoringteiephoneuse.
TAT20 .Assembled. , , ,$24.50
TAT2 , Plans , $5.oo TAT2K Plans/Ki t.. $14.50
Our phoneisopenfor ordersanytime. Techniciansare available911
a.m.. MonThulSforthose needingassistanceorinformation. Send
forfreecatalogofhundredsmoresimilar devices. Sendcheck,cash.
MO.Visa. MC. CODto: INFORMATION UNLIMITED
DEPTR8. PO 80x716. Amherst.N. H. 03031 Tel: 6036734730
CIRC LE 88 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
V650F
60MHz Dual Trace
Delayed Sweep
TEST EQUIPMENT
DiSCOUNT PRICES
. .
,KEYBOARD STYLE
PUSH BUTTONS 50C!:
N. Open Momentary (Contact s
typical ly 100 MA @ 5 VDC) <;

JEANRENAUD =i
m op . TFD (")

1111 6" sa, m (J)
GRAvHI LL
8244 Series 1/2" SQ. 9f16" SQ.
CALL TOLL FREE FOR
SAME DAY SHIPMENT
SAME DAY SAVINGS
3Y1: Digit. 8 Functi ons .
+1S--+ 28-c Accuracy .
AC & DC Re, I, 1 500
Hours. Oata wlBaI
tery, r . at l ead. & FuM.
Aut o ran ge
VR3510
Rog. $187
$137
VR,3525
Roil . $141
$107
VR3550
Rog. $121
$97
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS
COMPLETE LINE OF
INSTRUMENTATION
AT THE MOST
COMPETITIVE PRICES
OSCILLOSCOPES
95C!:
V509
MAIL ORDER ON LY-NO CO D'S- $10.00 MIN . ORDER
ADD POSTAGE:
Continental U.S. add $1.60 for 1st pound & 50 for ea. additional pound,
West Coast add $1.80 for the 1st pcund & 50 for each additional pound.
MC & VISAwith all information.trorn card & phone no,
Send SASE for complete Lists (FL residents add 5% Sales Tax.)
Ask about volume discounts-all orders processed same day.
ALL MERCHANDISE NEW and GUARfl NTEEDa ANTITIES LIMITED
Reg. $895
$649
4-POSITION KEY SWITCH
ALLEN BRADLEY-800 MR-N31QB
4 N.O. Contacts 300 VAC Max.
. 360 VA Break
Each positi on closes
one contact, opens
ot her t hree-Key removable
m in one posit i on only
$6.75 I l!l
Includ es 2 Keys wli nfo.
$40. 00 INDUSTRI AL QUALITY
V:422
DC-40MHz Dual Tr ac e
R&D
Electronics
Reg. $695
$545
1202H Pine Island Road
Cape Coral. FL 33909
V222
DC20MHz Dual Trace
TOTAL ELECTRONICS CENTER
WM. B. ALLEN SUPPLY CO. INC.
ALLEN SQUARE
300 BLOCK NORTH RAMPART STREET, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70112
ULTRA THIN MEMBRANE
KEYPAD
w/Mat i ng Con nect or
SANYO'S HYBRID AUDIO AMPLIFIERS 24 VA POWER ISOLATION XFMR
VOLTAGE AMPLI FI ER POWER AMPLI FIER DPC-120-200 or DALE
STK 3082 100 per Channe l, max, ST K 0080 ]I . > III
Requi ,res various external components Dual 120 VAC Primari es [
and power supply- 16 paqes of Dual 60V 200MA-Secondaries ] e:
.... applica tio ns and info. + specs . Included E.-
.02 S' TllD mux , . 00', f, ;) 1/3 out $5.75
SPECIAL
l St ereo STK 3082 and 2Mono power amps PC...'""'", Yields: 120 VCT @ .2 A (seri es) or
wJ16 pages of inf o for $19.00 WI. 12 0' 60 V @ .4 A (parallel)
DIP SWITCHES
Fit 0.1" spacing
ffi SPST ALCO TSS-11 AG pcl,Jf' 65C!:
:I: $1 00 10 posit ion SPST
U . Amp 4351667
10 posi ti on BCD $2.00
3= Amp 54778 1 w' l complemenl
f/) "WORW S
$2 00 Rot ary BCD S.... LLEST"
EECO . DIP 'I'rj<r 318 sa.
_SWITCHES....__SALE __",__SWITCHES_
. DPST TOGGLE DPDT 10 AMP MOMENTARY SWITCH BANK
f/) 20 AMP 6 AMP PUSH BUTTON GRAYHILL-8244 Se ri es (J)
W Hi Impac t 7590 K6 Twel ve individual normall y open :E
Plast ic Hand le by CUTLER CHERRY (? contact s =i
by Built for very
:: :::; rugged use rn
Over $4.00 List 75C!: $2.50
$1.50 . $1.00 '+'
(f)
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a:
I-
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W
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W
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136 CIRCLE 56 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
CABLE TV CONVERTERS
TV Remote Controller
TV Remote Controller
MANUFACTURE MOOEL # RETAIL
A JERROLD LCC-91 129.00
B JERROLD LCC-58 1;9.00
C JERROLD 300 JRX-3 79.00
0 JERROLD 300 JXS-3 69.00
B. JERROlD LCC-58
Remote Control Lets You Chang e TV
Channels From t he Comf ort of Your
Chair
Turn Your TV Set On and Off With out
Touch ing t he Dial
58 Channel Capacity
Lighted Digital Display On the Con-
verte r Indicates the Channel
Simpl e Do It Yours el f Inst allati on In
Min utes
Wor ks With All TVModels and Compat-
ible With All Cable Syst ems
Guaranteed One Year By Mor e Than
300 General Instrument Warr anty
Stat ions
A. JERROlD LCC-91
Remot e Cont rol Lets You Cha nge TV
Channels From the Comf ort of Your
Chai r
Turn Your TV Set On and Off Without
Touching the Dial
66 Channe l Capacity
Ligh t ed Digital Display On t he Con-
verte r Indicates the Chann el '
Simple Do It Yourself Installat ion In
Minutes
Wor ks With All TV Model s and Com-
patible With All Cabl e Syst ems
Guarant eed One Year By More Than
300 General Inst rument Warranty
Stati ons
D. JERROLD # JSX-3
37 Channel
Converter
Set-Top Model
C. JERROLD # JRX-3
37 Channel Capability
Cord Type Remote Control
Remot e Channel Selecti on
Remot e-Fine Tuning
Model JRX
Remote
-------- -- -
\CC,; .. .
8
LCC-91
A
LARGE QUANTITY DEALERS INVITED. SPECIAL PRICING ARRANGED.
GM HIGH TECH
So>: OY44/:!
d '/iami, 33:!Oy
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CIRCLE 26 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
137
ADVERTISING INDEX
RADIO-ELECTRONICS does not assume any responsibil ity for errors that may appear in the index below.
OK Industries . . Cover 3
Pace Products International Inc 105
Paia . . 109
PhilipsECG I
Philips Tech Electronics .. 130
Pomo na. . .30
Professional Video . . . .. . 126
PTS. ..46
Quietroll Co . . 110
Radio Shack. . . 135
Ramsey . . 113
Random Access. . 45
RCA Dis . and ,Speci al Prod 14
R&D Elect ronics 136
RF Electronics. . 126
RSPHandy 131
Scientific Syste ms 136
SEI 130
SM Robotics 45
Solder Craft 32
Spartan Electronics . . 138
Spectrum . . 105
Tektronix 5
Test Probes Inc. . . .93
Texas Instruments 21
Tr io-Kenwood. . 20
Vector Electronics . . 4 I
VIZ. .... ....... . . . . .... . .. 13
Wahl Clipper . . 27
Westec h 116
WM B Allen. . 136
WM Goosby 28
W.S. J enks and Son 45
45
59
91
8
13
56
32
57
58
36
19
62
98
22
52
47
29
37
21
43
89
61
79
31
86
3
27
5
88
60
Elect ronic Book Club .. 87
Electronic Industries . . . 108
Elect ronic Speci alists . . 126
Electronic Ware house. . 109
Etronix 116
Firestik . . 32
Fluke Manufacturing 7
Fordham Rad io. .. . .. 15.103
Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Global Specialties 39
Goldsmith Scientific 134
GM High Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 137
Gnmtham College of Engineeri ng 25
Ha ltronix 126
Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-55
Hickok 3\
HMRCQ . .
Instrument Mart. . 26
l watsu Cover 4
.lameco 128. 129
Javanco . . 122
.JDR 118- 121
Jensen : . . . 45
.J&W ... ..... .. . .. 110
KCS . ... ..... .... ... . .. . 130
McGraw Hill Book Club 70:73
Mcintosh Labs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
MF.J . . 108
Network Sal es 134
Newtu ne Electronics 43
Non Linear. . 93
NRI .......... . .. . 16-19
NTS . . 88-91
93
66
90
73
75
15
85
38
28
64
41
42
49
7
4
83
26
76
96
44
6
9
39
40
Page
46 Acor n
77 Acti ve Elect ronics 112
80 Advanced Computer Products . I 15
Advance Electronics. . 9- 11
12 All Electronics . . . 123
67 Al\I C Sal es . . 32
84 Appl iance Service 45
87 AP Products . . 23
17 AW Sperry. .22
72 BBC . . 33
100 Beckman Instruments . . Cover 2
16 B&K . . 24
C&\l . . 32
18 CEI. . 10 1
34 Chaney 116
70 Chemt ronics. . . . 28
cm ... .34-37
C. O. l\I. Il .. . . . 99
2.1 Command Productions. . . . . 122
35 Commuuications Electronics . . 1
50 Contact East. .45
CPU 100
55 Dandy Manufacturing. . .44
10 Dalbani . . 127
24 Diamondback . . . . 134
65 Diglkey 132.133
II Digitron 122
. Direct Video . . 107
99 Dokav . . 124.125
54 DTI . . . 27
92 El CO . . .... . 107
81 Electra Benrcat . 29
Free Information Number
2708
1024 x-a $1.95
While Quantities Last
PROFESSIONAL
TELEPHONE PRODUCT TESTER
BJl1Dil:rl .
Features: MODEL 1045
- sroooes baSIC operation tests fOI corcee
and cccrees telephones answering
machines. and automatic dIalers
- Checks le1ephoo e li ne co rds and handset
co rds !of con tol'lu,ty. shof1s and
Int ermitt ent,
- Vc" hcs numbel d!alod atW:l !Of __---
pulse Of touch tone telephone s
- ProYlckls low and normal ICYIl' lf\f19 1M \.
......,..
- Vc r,!"" !hal VOICOand DTMF (Dua l Tone
Mull<p1eFreql)(l t'JCy)I CWlIs arc above
m'rllmum requned IcYCl
$335.95

- Can be "sed by tho salesperson to
demonstrate opcr at oon and teet cres of
te'ecrc oe products and to screen returns
bejore malong an cx.ctlange
BEFORE YOU'PAYSS FORA
TELEPHONESERVICECALL, TESTIT
YOURSELF!!!
BJl1Dil:rl
Telephone Line Analyze
---'1
l ell!p hon c opera l OOl'l I.
- Vcnhes hnc al'ld nng YOl lage IoYels r ...
- Che<:!l; s condoll()n lonefrom
Central eece to user s
- can $19.95
REFURBISHED
MONITORS
9",12", Co mmerc ia l $39 95-
G r ade as low as
Jerrold 36 Channel
RemoteCATV
Converter '
w/on/off Fin e Tuninq $94.95
58 Cha nnel Wirel ess $109.95
AUTO ALARM SYSTEMS
Keyless A utomatic
Passive t.
. -arms when ignition is
turned off '..
-automatic turn-off and $64.95
reset timer
40 Channel VHF to UHF
Converter
28.95 Ea.
24.954 & up
Deluxe Version - Features fine tuning knob,
matching X former & 2 cables $38.95
2000 Auto' Watchma n
-prevents use of master
keys or the removal of 0
ignition lock to start
vehicle .-
-protects all foreign and
. American cars $34.95

$64.95
8 functions and 30 ranges -
Diode/transi stor test function -
auto-potarity.,auto-zero, and
auto-decimal - 10 Amps AC and
DCCurrent Capability - Transistor
Gain Test (hFE) - Conductance
BECKMAN
CIRCUITMATE 20
$26.95
SGL WABER $35.95
Protect yo ur DG115P
co mp ute r and
elect ronic equipme nt
fro m vo ltage spikes
COMPUTER.CAREKIT
The Preventative maintenance kit for the
office and home computer ...-
Conla,ns PreoSlOnDtJster. .
$18 95 -ie... -c:
Charge AntlSlal ...
CIRCLE' FREE INFORMATION CARD
Dealers Welcome 10 00 $250 Ove' 100000 $1250
Min Orcer 525 00 v '" MC SAC Arne, A ,100ve 1600 10 25000 $450
Volume International shlppmg Add I COO 2 00 Extra pI ce, IlCuOt' -1 C,lsh OISCOLn: 2510010 50000 $600 l516) Mon Th Tu W F Sa
Discounts Pnces sublect 10change .Add I shlppmg COD II1U'W', oruer cnec- ADD lor 5010010 15000 $850 499-9500
Without notice tor monitors PO 'IG 1510010 100000 $1200 9-8 9-6 9:30-5
en
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138
IK1S Hot Tip for Desoldering Problems
11-6 DESOLDER IRON
volutionary new electric desoldering iron combines the ease and
rtab ility of a hand-held, manual, desolder pump, wit h performance of
industrial desolder station. This unique ACpowered compac t tool
itures portable, one-hand desoldering eliminating the need for
ierete soldering iron and desolder pump. No shop air required.
ientiel for all tool kits, field service technicians, and repairmen, as well
production applications. Vacuum chamber is easily removed for
aning or replacement. Replacement tips available. Tool is supplied
th SAT-6-059 tip; diameter .059 inch (J,5mm).
:ATURES:
Self contained suction power and heating element.
Economical.
Lightweight 4oz. (J 73gms).
Compact size 70 1,14 inches (26cm).
Replacement nozzles available.
'ODEL NO.
iA-6-11S
iA-6-230
NOZZLE
:4T-6-059
:4T-6-070
Multi-function 4-channel a-trace Oscilloscopes,
each with a superb fundamental performance
Coarse focusing, traces that shift up and
down when the deflection factor is changed,
waveforms that become distorted when
signals approaching the frequency limit of
the oscilloscope are input ... everybody
has experienced these problems.
In many cases, the problem lies in the
oscilloscope's fundamental characteristics.
To eliminate these problems, the excellent
performance of every IWATSUoscilloscope
is achieved by going back to the basic
concept of an oscilloscope as a measuring
instrument; it should be reliable, easy to
operate and have a wide range of useful
features.
88-5711 DCl\l100 MHz
Frequency response margin
(typically an additional 20 MHz)
Guaranteed time difference between channels
1 mV/div deflection factor (at x 5 gain)
2 ns/div sweep rate (at x 10 mag)
Independent A and B triggers
88-5710 DCIIoI60 MHz
Guaranteed time difference between
channels .
1 mVldiv deflection factor (at x 5 gain)
5 ns/div sweepj ate (at x 10 mag)
TV trigger
Optional DMM and counter
55-5710
-In Canada: ATELCO, 3400 Pharmacy Avenue, Unit 1, Scarborough, Ontario, M1W 3J8, Phone (416) 497-2208,TWX 610-492-0122
CIRCL E 64 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD