Design of "Radiation Alert" Mobile PH

Design Of “Radiation Alert” mobile Phone
( An Application of ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS )
Abstract
Third generation users enjoys its latest developments like high data transfer, video telephony
etc. For this upgraded features we can’t expect the same old conventional antennas would
fulfil the thirst. The ready remedy for this is Adaptive antennas. This paper presents the
distinguished features of adaptive antennas. Starting with the drawbacks of the conventional
antennas and problems faced in satisfying the 3g users, we move to the Technical analysis of
the “smart antenna” which is a practical model of the adaptive antenna. Brief design
procedure, radiation patterns, beam forming techniques, radio interface design, benefits and
the challenges of the adaptive antennas are been presented. A practical design of the
Quadrifilar helix antenna is presented. Two models “Signal tracking” and “Radiation alert”
has been proposed to eliminate the health hazards due to adaptive beam.
1. Introduction
“Adaptive” is a term derived from the adaptive signal processing. Adaptive antennas are
one of the distinguished applications of the adaptive signal processing. Adaptive antennas
have only been thought of and seen in wireless communications for the basestations, not on
the handsets. With operators and manufacturers preparing and deploying Third Generation
systems the increasing growth of mobile phone users has created a need for higher capacity
in the cellular network.
One way of overcoming the capacity problem is by using multiple adaptive antennas on
the handset. In addition to the higher capacity benefit, it may offer improved efficiency in the
following areas,
Reduction of multipath fading;
• Suppression of interference signals;
• Improvements of call reliability;
• Lowering the specific absorption rate (SAR);
• Mitigation against dead zones;
• Increased data rates;
• Spectral efficiency.
Conventional cellular antennas transmit energy over the entire cell, whereas adaptive
antennas combine the transmitting energy to a narrow beam. The conventional antennas
cause coupling of the hand and the head but there is no coupling of the hand and the head
with adaptive antennas. To an operator, this would mean reduction in infrastructure cost as
the number of base stations would be reduced, increase in the number of users and increase
in the data rates per square kilometre.
1
Adaptive Antennas, what are they?
Adaptive Antennas may be defined as “an array of antennas which is able to change its
antenna pattern dynamically to adjust to noise, interference and multipart”. Adaptive
Antennas are used to enhance received signals and may also be used to form beams for
transmission. Unlike conventional cellular antennas, which broadcast energy over the entire
cell, adaptive antennas are antenna arrays that confine the broadcast energy to a narrow
beam.
The advantages of directing the broadcast energy into a narrow beam are increased
signal gain, greater range of the signal path, reduced multipath reflection, improved spectral
efficiency, and increased network capacity.
Adaptive antenna technology uses multiple antennas, digital processing techniques and
complex algorithms to modify the transmit and receive signals at the base station and at the
user terminal. All of the existing IMT-2000 radio interfaces might obtain significant
performance improvements from the application of Adaptive Antenna systems.
2.1 Adaptive Antenna Design Basics.
Adaptive Antenna technology consists of the use of multiple antennas, digital signal
processing techniques and complex algorithms that modify the transmit and receive signals at
a base station and user terminal. The Adaptive Antenna system optimizes the way signals are
distributed through space on a real time basis by focusing the signal to the desired user and
“steering” it away from other users occupying the same cell and adjacent and distant cells if
the adaptive antennas are on the base station or if the adaptive antennas are on the handsets,
the signal would be steered from the handset onto the desired base stations.
2.2 Access technique used for Adaptive Antennas.
The primary objective of developments in wireless communication systems is to increase

the density of subscribers. Another major objective is to provide services where high rates of
data transmission are needed. This can be achieved by extending the multiple access scheme
and by improving channel modulation and coding. There are two major approaches to the
multiple access scheme problem, the spatial division multiple access (SDMA) and code
division multiple access (CDMA).
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
In SDMA the access is based on the direction of arrival of the signal

It is a technique that is useful for increasing capacity, reducing interference and improving
SDMA accessing technique
2
overall wireless communication link quality. SDMA ranges from switched-beam techniques
to adaptive antennas.
SDMA and intelligent antennas are the way to increase capacity and quality of service
(higher transmission data rate and lower system delay) in wireless communications.
3. Techniques used for adaptive antennas

3.1 Switched Beam Systems.
It is where a number of beams are formed by adding complex weights to the signal
received by each element in the array. The system then selects the beam port with the highest
power. The beam forming method used is often termed beam co-phased excitation. The
signals from all the elements are arranged to add together in phase for a single beam
direction. Complex weights are applied to the received signals in order to produce different
number of beams directed towards the desired directions.
3.2 Diversity.
There are three types of diversity:
a) Spatial
b) Polarisation
c) Angle (pattern)
3.2.1 Spatial
Spatial diversity is with spatial separation of the antennas, it is difficult on a small handset.
Only a quarter wavelength separation is required for low correlation of the multipath fading
between antennas on the handset.
3.2.2 Polarisation
It is where both vertical and horizontal polarisation are used to obtain dual diversity
without spatial separation. Polarisation diversity provides only dual diversity, though
polarisation diversity can be used in combination with other forms of diversity.
3.2.3 Angle
It is the signal from two or more beams (generally the beams from the highest signal
powers) are used to obtain diversity, but performance depends on the angular spread.
If the angular spread is small, then the receiving signal is mainly arriving on one
beam and angle diversity will not provide a significant gain.
3.3 Diversity Combining
It is a combining technique that combines the signals from multiple antennas in a way that
mitigates multipath fading.
4. Adaptive Beam forming.
It is accomplished using software and advanced signal processing. The technology

combines the inputs of multiple antennas (from an antenna array) to form very narrow beams
toward individual users in a cell. The concentrated energy of the focused beams creates
significant gain and allows signals to extend farther. The narrow beams get rid of
interference, allowing many users to be connected within the same cell at the same time
using the same frequencies. With adaptive beam forming, spectral efficiency of the cell could
be multiplied at least ten times.
5. Type of Adaptive Antenna
3
The Quadrifilar helix antenna
 Quadrifilar helix antenna (QHA), it is a particular form of adaptive antenna

 It was developed with funding from the Mobile VCE
 The QHA is four, twisted wires around the other in a helix
 It permits reception inside the buildings where signals are too weak to be
picked up by standard antennas.
 Designed to improve performance and minimise radiation into the human
head
 The signal is produced through the use of a torch beam to
mean smaller amounts of radiation are reduced by the handset.
Instead of radiation going in all directions, it will use a narrow
beam travelling toward the nearest mast or satellite.
 Reduces the required transmit power by a factor of 10.
 The antenna works out where a user’s head is by
detecting reflections of its own signal
 The antennas reduce radiation and deliver 10 times less
radiation to the user’s head, without any shielding device.
 It makes batteries last longer
 It will allow dual mode terminals with one antenna.
5.1 The Quadrifilar Antenna Basic Structure.

Basic structure of the QHA ,The solid state antenna
 Surface mounted to mother board
 Approx one tenth size of conventional copper antenna
 It aids in spectral efficiency that will hence aid in the success of 3G applications.
 Have improved signal by the antenna on the handset selecting the reception only from the
direction of the base station.
 The network capacity increased by using spatial multiplexing, this means more users on
the same frequency.
 Interference is suppressed, from another operator’s base station or another terminal.
 The antenna is steer able, not multi-beam or switch beam.
 Life of the battery is increased as the handset only points in the direction of the base
station so more efficient transmission, less time and use of battery power for
transmission.
 Minimises RF health issue by directing the RF emissions away from the head or body.
 Antenna avoids detuning by the proximity of the user.
The Intelligent quadrifilar helix antenna (I-QHA) configuration
6. Benefits of Smart Adaptive Array Antennas over other antennas
Some problems faced in wireless communications:

 Poor BER due to the range which causes path loss
 Poor BER due to uniformity of coverage which causes fading
 Poor BER due to Frequency reuse which causes co-channel interference
 Need more capacity (reuse would affect the BER), which causes co-channel interference.
7. Challenges facing smart antenna technology.
1. Computational complexity and associated design issues.
4
2. Difficult to evaluate capacity in a limited field test.
3. Aesthetics- Arrays are not often considered pleasing to the eye.
4. Lacking of complete elimination of health hazards.
8. Remedy proposed for the health HAZARDS.

Two alternatives have been put here for the safer execution of the mobile phones.
Primarily the “signal tracking method” and the other one is the “radiation alert”.
8.1 Signal Tracking.

With the help of this method we can create the tracking beam on the desired direction at
a desired angle. This allows receiving the rf signal in the certain direction only. In this
method, through adaptive signal processing the total area is divided into two parts i.e. the
active zone and the dead zone. The tracking beam is available only in the active zone.
The antenna doesn’t radiates in the dead zone..
Base station
Dead zone Active zone
Schematic diagram for null, dead zone, active zone.
The dead zone area is selected in the direction of users head, thus eliminating the
penetration of radiation into human brain
8.2 Radiation Alert

RADIATION ALERT is the other remedy proposed here.
1. This detects the radiation beam that penetrates through the human brain.
2. When the radiation crosses the threshold value of the sensor, this generates the beep
sound to alert the user to change the position of the mobile he is handling.
3. This creates the awareness in the user in which direction the narrow beam is
transmitted form the mobile phone.
4. Thereby, changing the orientation of the phone i.e. changing the position of the phone
from left ear to right ones, and vice versa.
5
PROPOSED LAY OUT OF RADIATION ALERT
9. Conclusion.
It has been seen that there are many benefits in using an adaptive antenna especially on the
handset like increased coverage, data rates, reduced interference, and increase in spectrum
efficiency, which all are beneficial to the Radio communications Agency (RA), in terms of
conserving the limited radio spectrum. The general public would benefit as well to this
reduction in base stations as there is already an immense fear among the public about the
environmental effects caused by the base stations and the heath issues concerning them.
There’s no doubt that adaptive antennas in mobile handsets strike the commercial market in
no time and enable the 3g users to enjoy the top class quality of mobile communications in
the coming days.
And at the end, the remedy proposed i.e. “Radiation Alert” makes the user aware of the
radiation penetrating into their head. This helps in eliminating over 80% of the radiation
entering into the brain, hence the safer execution of the mobile phones.
11. References
1. MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY(2001): ‘Types of Smart

Antennas’ http://www.geocities.com/hamsadhwani8/smartantennas/types.html
2. ANTENOVA: http://www.antenova.com/

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Design Of “Radiation Alert” mobile Phone

( An Application of ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS )

2.1 Adaptive Antenna Design Basics.

2.2 Access technique used for Adaptive Antennas.

The primary objective of developments in wireless communication systems is to increase

In SDMA the access is based on the direction of arrival of the signal

SDMA accessing technique

3. Techniques used for adaptive antennas

3.3 Diversity Combining

4. Adaptive Beam forming.

It is accomplished using software and advanced signal processing. The technology

5. Type of Adaptive Antenna

 Quadrifilar helix antenna (QHA), it is a particular form of adaptive antenna

5.1 The Quadrifilar Antenna Basic Structure.

6. Benefits of Smart Adaptive Array Antennas over other antennas

Some problems faced in wireless communications:

7. Challenges facing smart antenna technology.

1. Computational complexity and associated design issues.

8. Remedy proposed for the health HAZARDS.

8.1 Signal Tracking.

Schematic diagram for null, dead zone, active zone.

8.2 Radiation Alert

1. MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY(2001): ‘Types of Smart

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