Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions: Bernd SCHR Oder

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Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Bernd Schr oder
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
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Introduction
1. For real numbers we have e
i
= cos() +i sin().
2. Replacing with we obtain e
i
= cos() i sin().
(Remember that the cosine is even and the sine is odd.)
3. Adding the two and dividing by 2 gives cos() =
e
i
+e
i
2
.
4. Subtracting the two and dividing by 2i gives sin() =
e
i
e
i
2i
.
5. The right sides above make sense for all complex numbers.
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Introduction
i
= cos() +i sin().
i
= cos() i sin().
e
i
+e
i
2
.
e
i
e
i
2i
.
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Introduction
i
= cos() +i sin().
i
= cos() i sin().
e
i
+e
i
2
.
e
i
e
i
2i
.
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Introduction
i
= cos() +i sin().
i
= cos() i sin().
e
i
+e
i
2
.
e
i
e
i
2i
.
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Introduction
i
= cos() +i sin().
i
= cos() i sin().
e
i
+e
i
2
.
e
i
e
i
2i
.
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Introduction
i
= cos() +i sin().
i
= cos() i sin().
e
i
+e
i
2
.
e
i
e
i
2i
.
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Introduction
i
= cos() +i sin().
i
= cos() i sin().
e
i
+e
i
2
.
e
i
e
i
2i
.
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Denition.
For any complex number z we dene
cos(z) =
e
iz
+e
iz
2
and
sin(z) =
e
iz
e
iz
2i
.
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Denition. For any complex number z we dene
cos(z) =
e
iz
+e
iz
2
and
sin(z) =
e
iz
e
iz
2i
.
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cos(z) =
e
iz
+e
iz
2
and
sin(z) =
e
iz
e
iz
2i
.
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This Time, All Common Identities Carry Over
1. sin(z
1
+z
2
) = sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
2. cos(z
1
+z
2
) = cos(z
1
)cos(z
2
) sin(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
3. sin
2
(z) +cos
2
(z) = 1
4. sin(z +2) = sin(z)
5. cos(z +2) = cos(z)
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1. sin(z
1
+z
2
) = sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
2. cos(z
1
+z
2
) = cos(z
1
)cos(z
2
) sin(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
3. sin
2
(z) +cos
2
(z) = 1
4. sin(z +2) = sin(z)
5. cos(z +2) = cos(z)
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1. sin(z
1
+z
2
) = sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
2. cos(z
1
+z
2
) = cos(z
1
)cos(z
2
) sin(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
3. sin
2
(z) +cos
2
(z) = 1
4. sin(z +2) = sin(z)
5. cos(z +2) = cos(z)
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1. sin(z
1
+z
2
) = sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
2. cos(z
1
+z
2
) = cos(z
1
)cos(z
2
) sin(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
3. sin
2
(z) +cos
2
(z) = 1
4. sin(z +2) = sin(z)
5. cos(z +2) = cos(z)
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1. sin(z
1
+z
2
) = sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
2. cos(z
1
+z
2
) = cos(z
1
)cos(z
2
) sin(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
3. sin
2
(z) +cos
2
(z) = 1
4. sin(z +2) = sin(z)
5. cos(z +2) = cos(z)
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1. sin(z
1
+z
2
) = sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
2. cos(z
1
+z
2
) = cos(z
1
)cos(z
2
) sin(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
3. sin
2
(z) +cos
2
(z) = 1
4. sin(z +2) = sin(z)
5. cos(z +2) = cos(z)
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Some Proofs Actually Are Simpler Now
sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
This is why many people like to work with the complex denition of
the trigonometric functions.
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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sin(z
1
)cos(z
2
) +cos(z
1
)sin(z
2
)
=
e
iz
1
e
iz
1
2i
e
iz
2
+e
iz
2
2
+
e
iz
1
+e
iz
1
2
e
iz
2
e
iz
2
2i
=
1
4i
_
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
+ e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
z
2
)
+e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
1
4i
_
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
_
=
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
e
i(z
1
+z
2
)
2i
= sin(z
1
+z
2
)
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Other Proofs Stay The Same
sin(z +2) = sin(z)cos(2) +cos(z)sin(2)
= sin(z)
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sin(z +2)
= sin(z)cos(2) +cos(z)sin(2)
= sin(z)
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= sin(z)
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= sin(z)
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The Other Trigonometric Functions
1. tan(z) :=
sin(z)
cos(z)
2. cot(z) :=
cos(z)
sin(z)
3. sec(z) :=
1
cos(z)
4. csc(z) :=
1
sin(z)
Note that secant and cosecant are not very common (around the
world).
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1. tan(z) :=
sin(z)
cos(z)
2. cot(z) :=
cos(z)
sin(z)
3. sec(z) :=
1
cos(z)
4. csc(z) :=
1
sin(z)
world).
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1. tan(z) :=
sin(z)
cos(z)
2. cot(z) :=
cos(z)
sin(z)
3. sec(z) :=
1
cos(z)
4. csc(z) :=
1
sin(z)
world).
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1. tan(z) :=
sin(z)
cos(z)
2. cot(z) :=
cos(z)
sin(z)
3. sec(z) :=
1
cos(z)
4. csc(z) :=
1
sin(z)
world).
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1. tan(z) :=
sin(z)
cos(z)
2. cot(z) :=
cos(z)
sin(z)
3. sec(z) :=
1
cos(z)
4. csc(z) :=
1
sin(z)
world).
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1. tan(z) :=
sin(z)
cos(z)
2. cot(z) :=
cos(z)
sin(z)
3. sec(z) :=
1
cos(z)
4. csc(z) :=
1
sin(z)
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
sec(z) = sec(z)tan(z)
6.
d
dz
csc(z) =csc(z)cot(z)
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)
=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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The Derivatives
1.
d
dz
sin(z)=
d
dz
e
iz
e
iz
2i
=
ie
iz
+ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=cos(z)
2.
d
dz
cos(z) =sin(z)
3.
d
dz
tan(z) =
1
cos
2
(z)
4.
d
dz
cot(z) =
1
sin
2
(z)
5.
d
dz
6.
d
dz
world).
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Denition.
For any complex number z we dene
cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz)
=
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz)
= cosh(z)
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cosh(z) =
e
z
+e
z
2
and
sinh(z) =
e
z
e
z
2
.
Note.
sin(iz) =
e
iiz
e
iiz
2i
=
e
z
e
z
2i
= ii
e
z
e
z
2i
= i sinh(z)
cos(iz) = cosh(z)
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Another Connection Between Sine and Hyperbolic Sine
| sin(z)|
2
= sin(x +iy)sin(x +iy)
=
_
sin(x)cos(iy) +sin(iy)cos(x)
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
sin(x)cosh(y) +i sinh(y)cos(x)
_
_
sin(x)cosh(y) i sinh(y)cos(x)
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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| sin(z)|
2
=
_
_
sin(x +iy)
=
_
_
_
_
= sin
2
(x)cosh
2
(y) +sinh
2
(y)cos
2
(x)
+sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x) sinh
2
(y)sin
2
(x)
= sin
2
(x)
_
cosh
2
(y) sinh
2
(y)
_
+sinh
2
(y)
_
cos
2
(x) +sin
2
(x)
_
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
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Theorem.
The only zeros of the complex sine function are the
numbers n where n is an integer.
Proof. The only solutions of
0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
are y = 0 and x = n. So z = n where n is an integer are the zeros of
the sine function.
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Theorem. The only zeros of the complex sine function are the
0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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Proof.
The only solutions of
0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
are y = 0
and x = n. So z = n where n is an integer are the zeros of
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
are y = 0 and x = n.
So z = n where n is an integer are the zeros of
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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0 =
sin(z)
2
=
sin(x +iy)
2
= sin
2
(x) +sinh
2
(y)
the sine function.
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Identities for Hyperbolic Functions
1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
6. sinh(z +2i) = sinh(z)
7. cosh(z +2i) = cosh(z)
... and more. And they can all be veried straight from the denition.
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
... and more.
And they can all be veried straight from the denition.
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1.
d
dz
sinh(z) = cosh(z)
2.
d
dz
cosh(z) = sinh(z)
3. sinh(z
1
+z
2
) = sinh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +cosh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
4. cosh(z
1
+z
2
) = cosh(z
1
)cosh(z
2
) +sinh(z
1
)sinh(z
2
)
5. cosh
2
(z) sinh
2
(z) = 1
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Theorem.
The only zeros of the complex hyperbolic sine function are
the numbers ni, where n is an integer.
Proof. sinh(z) =i sin(iz) is equal to zero where sin(iz) is equal to
zero. Hence the zeros of sinh(z) are at z = ni, where n is an integer.
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Theorem. The only zeros of the complex hyperbolic sine function are
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Proof.
sinh(z) =i sin(iz) is equal to zero where sin(iz) is equal to
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Proof. sinh(z) =i sin(iz)
is equal to zero where sin(iz) is equal to
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zero.
Hence the zeros of sinh(z) are at z = ni, where n is an integer.
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More Hyperbolic Functions
1. tanh(z) :=
sinh(z)
cosh(z)
2. coth(z) :=
cosh(z)
sinh(z)
3. sech(z) :=
1
cosh(z)
4. csch(z) :=
1
sinh(z)
Note that hyperbolic secant and cosecant are not very common
(around the world) either.
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1. tanh(z) :=
sinh(z)
cosh(z)
2. coth(z) :=
cosh(z)
sinh(z)
3. sech(z) :=
1
cosh(z)
4. csch(z) :=
1
sinh(z)
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1. tanh(z) :=
sinh(z)
cosh(z)
2. coth(z) :=
cosh(z)
sinh(z)
3. sech(z) :=
1
cosh(z)
4. csch(z) :=
1
sinh(z)
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1. tanh(z) :=
sinh(z)
cosh(z)
2. coth(z) :=
cosh(z)
sinh(z)
3. sech(z) :=
1
cosh(z)
4. csch(z) :=
1
sinh(z)
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1. tanh(z) :=
sinh(z)
cosh(z)
2. coth(z) :=
cosh(z)
sinh(z)
3. sech(z) :=
1
cosh(z)
4. csch(z) :=
1
sinh(z)
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1. tanh(z) :=
sinh(z)
cosh(z)
2. coth(z) :=
cosh(z)
sinh(z)
3. sech(z) :=
1
cosh(z)
4. csch(z) :=
1
sinh(z)
logo1
Remaining Derivatives
1.
d
dz
tanh(z) =
1
cosh
2
(z)
2.
d
dz
coth(z) =
1
sinh
2
(z)
3.
d
dz
sech(z) =sech(z)tanh(z)
4.
d
dz
csch(z) =csch(z)coth(z)
logo1
1.
d
dz
tanh(z) =
1
cosh
2
(z)
2.
d
dz
coth(z) =
1
sinh
2
(z)
3.
d
dz
4.
d
dz
logo1
1.
d
dz
tanh(z) =
1
cosh
2
(z)
2.
d
dz
coth(z) =
1
sinh
2
(z)
3.
d
dz
4.
d
dz
logo1
1.
d
dz
tanh(z) =
1
cosh
2
(z)
2.
d
dz
coth(z) =
1
sinh
2
(z)
3.
d
dz
4.
d
dz
logo1
1.
d
dz
tanh(z) =
1
cosh
2
(z)
2.
d
dz
coth(z) =
1
sinh
2
(z)
3.
d
dz
4.
d
dz
logo1
1.
d
dz
tanh(z) =
1
cosh
2
(z)
2.
d
dz
coth(z) =
1
sinh
2
(z)
3.
d
dz
4.
d
dz
logo1
Theorem.
For all complex numbers z we have
arccos(z) =i log
_
z +i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
where the right side is a multivalued function.
logo1
Theorem. For all complex numbers z we have
arccos(z) =i log
_
z +i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
logo1
Theorem. For all complex numbers z we have
arccos(z) =i log
_
z +i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Proof.
w = arccos(z)
cos(w) = z
e
iw
+e
iw
2
= z
e
iw
2z +e
iw
= 0
_
e
iw
_
2
2ze
iw
+1 = 0
e
iw
=
2z
4z
2
4
2
= z
_
z
2
1
w =
1
i
log
_
z
_
z
2
1
_
= i log
_
z i
_
1z
2
_
logo1
Similarly We Can Derive ...
1. arcsin(z) =i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
2. arctan(z) =
i
2
log
_
i +z
i z
_
3. arsinh(z) = log
_
z +
_
1+z
2
_
1
2
_
4. arcosh(z) = log
_
z +
_
z
2
1
_
1
2
_
5. artanh(z) =
1
2
log
_
1+z
1z
_
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1. arcsin(z) =i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
2. arctan(z) =
i
2
log
_
i +z
i z
_
3. arsinh(z) = log
_
z +
_
1+z
2
_
1
2
_
4. arcosh(z) = log
_
z +
_
z
2
1
_
1
2
_
5. artanh(z) =
1
2
log
_
1+z
1z
_
logo1
1. arcsin(z) =i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
2. arctan(z) =
i
2
log
_
i +z
i z
_
3. arsinh(z) = log
_
z +
_
1+z
2
_
1
2
_
4. arcosh(z) = log
_
z +
_
z
2
1
_
1
2
_
5. artanh(z) =
1
2
log
_
1+z
1z
_
logo1
1. arcsin(z) =i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
2. arctan(z) =
i
2
log
_
i +z
i z
_
3. arsinh(z) = log
_
z +
_
1+z
2
_
1
2
_
4. arcosh(z) = log
_
z +
_
z
2
1
_
1
2
_
5. artanh(z) =
1
2
log
_
1+z
1z
_
logo1
1. arcsin(z) =i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
2. arctan(z) =
i
2
log
_
i +z
i z
_
3. arsinh(z) = log
_
z +
_
1+z
2
_
1
2
_
4. arcosh(z) = log
_
z +
_
z
2
1
_
1
2
_
5. artanh(z) =
1
2
log
_
1+z
1z
_
logo1
1. arcsin(z) =i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
_
2. arctan(z) =
i
2
log
_
i +z
i z
_
3. arsinh(z) = log
_
z +
_
1+z
2
_
1
2
_
4. arcosh(z) = log
_
z +
_
z
2
1
_
1
2
_
5. artanh(z) =
1
2
log
_
1+z
1z
_
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
where the right side is
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z)
=
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Theorem.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
multivalued again.
Proof.
d
dz
arcsin(z) =
d
dz
_
i log
_
iz +
_
1z
2
_
1
2
__
= i
1
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
i +
1
2
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
(2z)
_
=
i
iz +(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
i
_
1z
2
_
1
2
z
(1z
2
)
1
2
_
_
=
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
logo1
Similarly ...
1.
d
dz
arccos(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
2.
d
dz
arctan(z) =
1
1+z
2
logo1
Similarly ...
1.
d
dz
arccos(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
2.
d
dz
arctan(z) =
1
1+z
2
logo1
Similarly ...
1.
d
dz
arccos(z) =
1
(1z
2
)
1
2
2.
d
dz
arctan(z) =
1
1+z
2

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions: Bernd SCHR Oder

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Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions: Bernd SCHR Oder

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Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

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