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    20.3 The Curl of A Vector Field: N Area (D) 0 C

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    thgnguyen
    This document summarizes key concepts about the curl of a vector field from a Calculus III class. It defines the curl as the circulation density of a vector field and provides the formula for calculating curl in rectangular coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate how to calculate the curl of specific vector fields and how the curl operator works for scalar field multiplications and vortex vector fields.

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    20.3 The Curl of A Vector Field: N Area (D) 0 C

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    24 views2 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts about the curl of a vector field from a Calculus III class. It defines the curl as the circulation density of a vector field and provides the formula for calculating curl in rectangular coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate how to calculate the curl of specific vector fields and how the curl operator works for scalar field multiplications and vortex vector fields.

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    This document summarizes key concepts about the curl of a vector field from a Calculus III class. It defines the curl as the circulation density of a vector field and provides the formula for calculating curl in rectangular coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate how to calculate the curl of specific vector fields and how the curl operator works for scalar field multiplications and vortex vector fields.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views2 pages

    20.3 The Curl of A Vector Field: N Area (D) 0 C

    Uploaded by

    thgnguyen
    This document summarizes key concepts about the curl of a vector field from a Calculus III class. It defines the curl as the circulation density of a vector field and provides the formula for calculating curl in rectangular coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate how to calculate the curl of specific vector fields and how the curl operator works for scalar field multiplications and vortex vector fields.

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    MATH 2400 Calculus III class 20.3 A.

    Spina, instructor 1
    20.3 THE CURL OF A VECTOR FIELD
    Circulation Density and Curl. Let D is a disc with center at (x, y, z) in the plane
    perpendicular to n, with boundary C oriented in the positive direction (given by n), and

    F is a smooth vector eld at (x, y, z). Then, the circulation density of



    F in the direction
    of n at (x, y, z) is given by
    circ
    n

    F(x, y, z) = curl

    F(x, y, z) n = lim
    area(D)0
    _
    C

    F dr
    area(D)

    The Curl in Rectangular Coordinates. We did most of this work with Greens
    Theorem. When we computed the circulation on a planar region in the xy-plane we
    obtained _

    F dr =
    x
    F
    2

    y
    F
    1
    .
    In 3D, oriented surfaces can be treated (almost) as if they were vectors. If we project the
    disc D on the three coordinates planes, the result we just obtained is the z-component of
    the curl. The others are obtained by cyclic permutation. Thus
    curl

    F =

    i
    _

    y
    F
    3

    z
    F
    2
    _
    +

    j
    _

    z
    F
    1

    x
    F
    3
    _
    +

    k
    _

    x
    F
    2

    y
    F
    1
    _
    Curl free vector eld = irrotational vector elds.
    Example 20-3.22. Use the geometric denition to nd the curl of the vector eld

    F(r) = r. Check your answer using the coordinate denition.


    SOLUTION
    Using the geometric denition,

    F = r = x

    i + y

    j + z

    k = grad
    _
    x
    2
    2
    +
    y
    2
    2
    +
    z
    2
    2
    _
    lim
    area(D)0
    _
    C

    F dr
    area(D)
    = lim
    area(D)0
    0
    area(D)
    = 0 , n
    curl

    F n = 0 , n
    curl

    F =

    0 .
    Using the algebraic equivalent,
    curl

    F =

    i
    _

    y
    z
    z
    y
    _
    +

    j
    _

    z
    x
    x
    z
    _
    +

    k
    _

    x
    y
    y
    x
    _
    =

    0 .
    Example 20-3.28. Show that curl(

    F) = curl

    F + grad

    F for a scalar function


    and a vector eld

    F.
    SOLUTION


    F = (F
    1
    )

    i + (F
    2
    )

    j + (F
    3
    )

    k ,
    MATH 2400 Calculus III class 20.3 A. Spina, instructor 2
    _
    curl
    _


    F
    __
    1
    =
    y
    _
    F
    3
    _

    z
    _
    F
    2
    _
    =
    y
    F
    3
    + (F
    3
    )
    y

    z
    F
    2
    (F
    2
    )
    z
    =
    _

    y
    F
    3

    z
    F
    2
    _
    +
    _
    (F
    3
    )
    y
    (F
    2
    )
    z
    _
    ,
    _
    curl
    _


    F
    __
    2
    =
    _

    z
    F
    1

    x
    F
    3
    _
    +
    _
    (F
    1
    )
    z
    (F
    3
    )
    x
    _
    ,
    _
    curl
    _


    F
    __
    3
    =
    _

    x
    F
    2

    y
    F
    1
    _
    +
    _
    (F
    2
    )
    x
    (F
    1
    )
    y
    _
    ,
    curl
    _


    F
    _
    =
    _
    curl
    _


    F
    __
    1

    i +
    _
    curl
    _


    F
    __
    2

    j +
    _
    curl
    _


    F
    __
    3

    k
    =
    _
    (F
    3
    )
    y
    (F
    2
    )
    z
    _

    i +
    _
    (F
    1
    )
    z
    (F
    3
    )
    x
    _

    j +
    _
    (F
    2
    )
    x
    (F
    1
    )
    y
    _

    k +
    _

    y
    F
    3

    z
    F
    2
    _

    i +
    _

    z
    F
    1

    x
    F
    3
    _

    j +
    _

    x
    F
    2

    y
    F
    1
    _

    k
    =
    __
    (F
    3
    )
    y
    (F
    2
    )
    z
    _

    i +
    _
    (F
    1
    )
    z
    (F
    3
    )
    x
    _

    j +
    _
    (F
    2
    )
    x
    (F
    1
    )
    y
    _

    k
    _
    _

    i +
    y

    j +
    z

    k
    _

    _
    F
    1

    i + F
    2

    j + F
    3

    k
    _
    = curl

    F + (grad )

    F .
    Example 20-3.34. A vortex that rotates at a constant angular velocity about the
    z-axis has velocity vector eld v = (y

    i + x

    j).
    (a) Sketch the vector eld with = 1 and the vector eld with = 1.
    (b) Determine the speed ||v|| of the vortex as a function of the distance from its center.
    (c) Compute divv and curl v.
    (d) Compute the circulation of v counterclockwise about the circle of radius R in the
    xy-plane, centered at the origin.
    SOLUTION
    (a) . . .
    (b)
    ||v|| = || y

    i + x

    j|| =
    _
    (y)
    2
    + (x)
    2
    = ||
    _
    x
    2
    + y
    2
    = ||r .
    (c)
    divv =
    x
    _
    y
    _
    +
    y
    _
    x
    _
    = 0 .
    curl v =
    _

    x
    _
    x
    _
    +
    y
    _
    y
    __

    k = 2

    k .
    (d)
    _
    C
    v dr =
    _
    C
    ||v|| cos || dr || =
    _
    C
    ||v|| cos || dr || =
    _
    C
    (R)(1) ds
    = (R)
    _
    C
    ds = (R)(2R) = 2R
    2
    .

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