When Some: Tlie Tlie Is It Is

82
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE. lioOK II.

brick or stone work, the flashings are passed on one edge into and between a joint of the
Work, and tlie edges of the flat or gutter heing bent up, the other edge of tlie flasliing is
dressed over it. If there be no joint into which the flashing can be inserted, it is fastened
on that side with wall hooks (par. 2211/t.}. Drips in flats and guiters are used when the
leiigtli of the gutter or flat is greater than the length of the slieet of lead, or sometimes for
convenience, or to avoid joining lead by soldering it. Some arcliitects place them e^ery
6 iir 8 feet, which however good in a box or parallel gutter, it raises an ordinary gutter
too much, and causes great width of lead at the head. They are formed by raising one part
above another, and dressing the lead round, as has been described for rolls. No sheet
slioiild be laid in greater length than 10 or 12 feet without a ilrip, to allow of exjjansion
and contraction. Small cisttrns are often sunk in gutters to collect the water before passing
ott'into the head of the down pipe. The cistern lias usually over it a perforated lead rose,
to prevent dirt, leaves, &c. passing down with the water.
2215. Tlie work of the plumber is estimated by its weight and the time employed in
fixing it.
2215a. The thickness of sheet lead varies from 5 to 12 lbs. in weight to the superficial
foot, and is used in covering large buildings, in flats or slopes, for gutters, the hips, ridges,
and valleys of roofs, the lining of cisterns, &c. 'J'hus Tib. lead is commonly used for
roi)fs, flats, and gutters
;
it is the least thickness in which hossing can be properly done.
8lb lead is a better (|uality for all these purposes. 6lb. lead is used fur hips and ridges
;
tliis is the thinnest quality for such purposes. 511). lead is used for flashings. It is said
that 16ll). lead was used on the earlier mediaeval churches. The following thicknesses,
oblained from Hurst, Surreyors Hindbuok, may be compared with the Birmingham Wire
Gauge given in p(tr. 2254, Sect. x.
Table I. of the Thickness and Weight or Lead, per Superficial Foot.
Thickness . - -
or Decimal of an Inch -
1
IS
0625
I
125
3
T5
-1875
i
25 3125
.)
8
375 -4375
-5
Pounds
- - - - 5-708 7-417 11-125 I4^833 18-542 22-250
I
875
25 958
Ti3
-9375
29 667
Tiiickiuss ...
or l)ec"nai of an Inch
- 56-25
1
625 6875
a
4
75 8125
Inch.
1-0
Pounds - - . -
.'5.3
-.375 .37
083 40 792
1
44-500
48 208 51-917
55 625
59-333
'I'abi.e II. OF the Weight and Thickness or Lead, per Foot Superficial.
Wri^'ht ill
P.HlllllS.
1
2
3
4
5
1
Tliickness
in inches.
Weight ill
Fouiids.
ThickiiHss
ill inclies.
W-i-ht in
PoUlMS.
Thiclii ess
in iuiiKf.
0017
0-034
0-0
n
068
0-0
5
6
7
8
9
10
101
O-llH
0-135
0-1.-,
2
169
11
12
01 86
li03
22156. Lead is generally cast about 7 feet wide and about 33 feet in length, but its
width and length depend upon the margin which is cut oflf after casting, as the scum, &c.,
is driven to those parts. This may reduce it about 6 inches in width and 18 to 24 inches
in length. Lead is now cast to the above-named weights, and also
'-
bare," according to
the directions of the contractor. The architect, to do justice to liis employer, should care-
fully ascertain for himself the weight and size of the sheet of lead from wliich the piece is
cut. It is usually marked or painted upon it. A small piece is not a true test either for
weight or gang , and the edge is sometimes cut on a bias. The best direction is that it
should weigh over the weiglit specified.
2'.^
16. A liuiulred weight of .sheet lead will usually cover on a platform, roof, gutter, &c,
at 4 lb.s. =28 ft.
;
5 lbs. =22 ft. 5 in.s. ; 6 lbs =18 ft. 8 ins. ; 7 lbs = 16 ft. ; 8 lbs. =
14 ft.
;
9 lbs = 12 ft. 6 ins. ;
and 12 lb.s. =9 ft. Old lead weighed for recasting has generally a
deduction made of 6 lbs. per cwt. for waste, &c.
2217. Lead is used to fasten iron cramps, posts, and bars into masonry by filling up the
cavities between them. Sheets of thin lead are sometiiues placed between the drums of
c.;luiiins (par. 1925a.), as well as in the bed joints of wrought stone arches, to distribute

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THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE. lioOK II.

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