BJT AC Analysis 1 of 38

The r
e
Transistor model




Remind
Q-poiint
re = 26mv/IE
BJT AC Analysis 2 of 38
Three amplifier configurations,

Common Emitter

Common Collector (Emitter Follower)

Common Base

BJT AC Analysis 3 of 38
Process
Replace transistor with small-signal model.
Replace capacitors with short-circuits (at midband frequency caps have relatively low impedance)
Replace DC voltage sources with short-circuits. Replace DC current sources with open-circuits).






















BJT AC Analysis 4 of 38

R1
1840k
RC
4k
Q1
Q2N2222
C1
10u
1
2
V2
12Vdc
0
0
C2
10u
1
2
RL
1000000
Vo
Vb
V3
FREQ =10000
VAMPL =1mV
VOFF =0

The simulation results include the following,
I
B
= 6.172A
I
C
= 0.9932mA
I
E
= 0.999mA
V
C
= 8.027V
V
B
= 0.6433mV
BJT AC Analysis 5 of 38

Output voltage, v
o
; i.e., collector voltage.

The peak voltages are +142.692mV and -147.4mV, an average of about 145mV.
Ti me
4. 0ms 4. 2ms 4. 4ms 4. 6ms 4. 8ms 5. 0ms
V( RL: 1)
- 200mV
0V
200mV
( 4. 2245m, - 147. 400m)
( 4. 2745m, 142. 692m)

BJT AC Analysis 6 of 38

A
vb
= v
cp
/v
bp
where p means the peak value.

v
cp
= -i
cp
(Rc//r
o
)
= -i
bp
(Rc//r
o
) = -i
bp
Rc when r
o
is >> Rc

v
bp
= i
bp
(1 + )r
e
)

A
vb
= v
cp
/v
bp

~ -Rc/r
e
and = 26mV/0.999mA = 26 ohms

|A
vb
| = 4000/26 = 153.8 which is close to the simulation value, 145 which is the result of 145mV/1mV.

BJT AC Analysis 7 of 38

A
ib
= i
cp
/i
bp
= where p means the peak value.

The AC collector current peak-to-peak is about 1.0302mA 0.957434mA = 0.072766mA, so the peak is
about 0.36383mA.
Ti me
4. 0ms 4. 2ms 4. 4ms 4. 6ms 4. 8ms 5. 0ms
I C( Q1)
0. 950mA
0. 975mA
1. 000mA
1. 025mA
1. 050mA
( 4. 2765m, 957. 434u)
( 4. 2244m, 1. 0302m)

The AC base current is nearly identical to current passing through the capacitor, C1, and the peak is about
220nA.
Ti me
4. 0ms 4. 2ms 4. 4ms 4. 6ms 4. 8ms 5. 0ms
I ( C1)
- 400nA
0A
400nA
( 4. 2708m, - 222. 757n)
( 4. 2195m, 217. 707n)

Using these values the transistor beta is 165.
BJT AC Analysis 8 of 38

Z
ib
= v
bp
/i
bp
= i
bp
(1 + )r
e
/ i
bp
= (1 + )r
e

Using the beta information from the simulation,
Z
ib
= 4300 ohms

Z
i
= R
B
// Z
ib
In this circuit since R is so large, Z
i
~ Z
ib

Output Impedance, Zo
Turn off the input signal, Vs = 0.
The input current is zero so the collector current is zero.
i
b
= 0 and i
c
= 0
Connect a test signal generator to the circuit output
Vx
ro Rc
ix

Zo = v
x
/i
x
i
x
= v
x
/(Rc//r
o
)
Zo = Rc//r
o
BJT AC Analysis 9 of 38
Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit 4 resistor bias and gain stabilizing emitter resistor.

RE1
200
R1
100k
RC
4k
Q1
Q2N2222
C1
10u
1
2
Vcc
12Vdc
0
0
C2
10u
1
2
RL
1000000
Vb
Vo
V3
FREQ =10000
VAMPL =1mV
VOFF =0
RS
50
R2
50k
RE
4k
C3
10u
1
2

The simulation results include the following,
I
B
= 4.053A
I
R1
= A
I
C
= 0.7565mA
I
E
= 0.7614mA
V
C
= 8.974V
V
B
= 3.835mV
BJT AC Analysis 10 of 38

Output voltage, v
o
; i.e., collector voltage.

The peak voltages are +16.721mV and -16.753mV, an average of about 16.4mV.
Ti me
4. 0ms 4. 2ms 4. 4ms 4. 6ms 4. 8ms 5. 0ms
V( C2: 2)
- 20mV
0V
20mV
( 4. 3247m, - 16. 753m)
( 4. 2735m, 16. 721m)






BJT AC Analysis 11 of 38


A
vb
= v
cp
/v
bp
where p means the peak value.

v
cp
= -i
cp
(Rc//r
o
)
= -i
bp
(Rc//r
o
) = -i
bp
Rc when r
o
is >> Rc

v
bp
= i
bp
(1 + )(R
E1
+ r
e
)

A
vb
= v
cp
/v
bp

~ -Rc/(R
E1
+ r
e
) and = 26mV/0.7614mA = 31.15 ohms

|A
vb
| = 4000/(200 + 31.15) = 17.31 which nearly identical to the simulation value, which is the result of
17.3.



Rit = vb/ib = (1 + ac)(re + Re1) = 121(26.597 + 200) = 27.418k
Avb = vc/vb
ve = ib(1 + ac)Re1
vb = ib(1 + ac)(re + Re1)
vc = -ac(ib)Rc
Avb = vc/vb
= -ac(ib)Rc .
ib(1 + ac)(re + Re1)
= -ac(Rc) .
BJT AC Analysis 12 of 38
(1 + ac)(re + Re1)
= -120*3.9k .
121*226.597
= -17.069

Notice that the gain is stabilized by including the Re1 resistor. Without Re1 the gain is very dependent on the value of
the transistor gain, , which varies quite a bit and results in variations in base current which in turn changes the value of re.
BJT AC Analysis 13 of 38
Rot
ib
0
(1+B)re
2021
Rc
3.9k
vx
Re1
200
B


vx - ix (Rc) = 0

Rot = vx/ix = Rc = 3.9k
BJT AC Analysis 14 of 38
R
OL

ib
Rc
3.9k
(1+B)re
2021
0
Re1
200
vx
RL
1k
B

RL = Rc//RL = Rc*RL . = 795.92
Rc + RL
R
OL
= RL

BJT AC Analysis 15 of 38

With RL attached the voltage gain is reduced,

Avb = vc/vb
= -ac*RL . = 3.482 which is a low level of gain
(1 + ac)(re + Re1)
BJT AC Analysis 16 of 38

Avs .
Rs
50
Rth
7.5k
B
ib
0
(1+B)re
2021
vb
Re1
200
vc
Vs
RL
1k
Rc
3.9k

RL
1k
Vs'
Rc
3.9k
Rs'
49
B
vb
ib
0
vc
(1+B)re
2021
Re1
200

Vs = Vs*Rth .
Rs + Rth

BJT AC Analysis 17 of 38
Rs = Rs*Rth .
Rs + Rth

Vs = ib[Rs + (1 + ac)(re + Re1)]

Vs*Rth . = ib[Rs + (1 + ac)(re + Re1)]
Rs + Rth

Vc = ib*RL = Vs * Rth . * RL .
[Rs + Rth] [Rs + (1 + ac)(re + Re1)]

BJT AC Analysis 18 of 38
Another way to tackle the gain calculation simplifies the math,

Rs
50
Rth
7.5k
vb
Rit
27.418k
Vs


Vb/Vs = Rth//Rit . = 5889 . = 0.99158
Rth//Rit + Rs 5889 + 50

From earlier analysis,

Avb = Vc/Vb
= -ac*RL .
(1 + ac)(re + Re1)

Combining the above two equations,

(Vb/Vs) * (Vc/Vb) = Vc/Vs

so that,

Vc/Vs = Rth//Rit . * -ac*RL . = 0.99158 * 3.482 = 3.4528
Rth//Rit + Rs (1 + ac)(re + Re1)

High-frequency analysis will use this approach of breaking down the problem into pieces followed by multiplication of the
individual gains.

BJT AC Analysis 19 of 38
To summarize,
1. Compute Rit
2. Compute the gain Vs/Vb using the value of Rit.
3. Compute the gain Vc/Vb.
4. Multiply the gains to get the overall gain Vc/Vs.


Avb A1



BJT AC Analysis 20 of 38
Graphical Analysis

DC & AC load lines on characteristics

Inverting nature of amplifier -
Increase input voltage,
increases base and collector current,
decreases collector voltage because of more drop across load resistance.



BJT AC Analysis 21 of 38
Emitter Follower Amplifier (Common-Collector) Basic Operation

The emitter follow circuit acts as a buffer between stages.
R1
30k
R2
14.3k
RE
10k
Q1
Q2N2222
Rs
50
C1
1
1
2
V2
15Vdc
0
0
Vb
Vs
FREQ =1000
VAMPL =1mV
VOFF =0
Ve
C2
1
1
2
RL
10k
V
V


BJT AC Analysis 22 of 38

The input and output voltage waveforms are nearly identical; almost independent of the value of the load
resistor.


Ti me
5. 0ms 5. 5ms 6. 0ms 6. 5ms 7. 0ms 7. 5ms 8. 0ms 8. 5ms 9. 0ms 9. 5ms 10. 0ms
V( Rs: 1) V( C2: 2)
- 1. 0mV
0V
1. 0mV

BJT AC Analysis 23 of 38
Emitter Follower Amplifier (Common-Collector) AC Analysis

C3
1n
R1
30k
Vcc
20Vdc
C1
1n
RL
500
Re
40k
0
Re1
200
Q2
Q2N3904
R2
10k
Rs
50
Q2N3904
Re2
4.1k
C2
1u
Vs
FREQ =10000
VAMPL =0.001
VOFF =0
Rc
3.9k


ac = 120 assume r
o
is very large re2 = 66.93





BJT AC Analysis 24 of 38
mitter-Follower Stage E


RL
500
Rc
3.9k
ic1
Re
40k
C2
1u
Q2
Q2N3904




BJT AC Analysis 25 of 38
Without the load resistor,

+
-
vc1
vb
Ra
40k
Rc
3.9k
ib
(1+B)re2
121*66.39
0
B

vb - ib*(1 + ac)re2 - ib(1 + ac)Ra = 0

Rit = vb/ib = (1 + ac)(re2 + Ra) = 121(66.39 + 40000) = 4.848M

BJT AC Analysis 26 of 38
With the load resistor,
(1+B)re2
121*66.39
Rc
3.9k
B
+
vb
Ra//RL
493.9
-
0
vc1
ib

Rit = vb/ib = (1 + ac)(re2 + Ra//RL) = 121(66.39 + 493.9) = 67.8k

ve/vb = (1 + ac)(Ra//RL)/(1 + ac)(re2 + Ra//RL)

= Ra//RL/(re2 + Ra//RL)

BJT AC Analysis 27 of 38

Output Resistance

B
vb
ib
vx
Ra//RL
493.9
(1+B)re2
121*66.39
Rc
3.9k
-
+
0


Ro = vx / ix

Sum currents entering the emitter node.

ix + ac*ib2 + ib2 - vx / (Ra//RL) = 0

ix + (1 + ac)ib2 - vx / (Ra//RL) = 0

ib2 = - vx / [Rc + (1 + ac)*re2)]


ix + (1 + ac)(- vx) / [Rc + (1 + ac)*re2)] - vx / (Ra//RL) = 0

BJT AC Analysis 28 of 38
ix - vx [ 1 . + 1 . ] = 0
Rc/(1 + ac) + re2 Ra//RL

Two resistors in parallel, (Rc/(1 + ac) + re2 ) and Ra//RL equals Ro.





BJT AC Analysis 29 of 38


BJT AC Analysis 30 of 38
Common-Base Configuration





















Zo

Vo
Io
Vo
Io
Zo
re 26
mV
IE IE
Zi
Vi
Ii
Vi
Ii
Zi re re
BJT AC Analysis 31 of 38
Common Base Amplifier

Av


Vo
Vi
Vo
Vi
Ai
Io
Ii
Io
Ii
RL


Vo Ic RL
.
Ic RL
Ai
Ie
.
Ie
Ie
Ie

Vo Ie
.
RL
.
Ie RL


Vi Ie re
.
Ie re
Ai
Av
RL
re
.

RL
re
Example

IE = 4 mA
= 0.98
RL = 560 ohms
Vi = 2 mV

Compute
re, Ii, Vo, Av, Ai

BJT AC Analysis 32 of 38
Common-Base Configuration














BJT AC Analysis 33 of 38
Zi = R
E
//r
e

Zo = Rc

Av = Vo/Vi

Vo = I
C
R
C
Vi = I
E
r
e

Av = I
E
R
C
= R
C
I
E
r
e
r
e


Ai =






BJT AC Analysis 34 of 38
Darlington
Curren















BJT AC Analysis 35 of 38










BJT AC Analysis 36 of 38

Current Source Circuit






















BJT AC Analysis 37 of 38

Current Mirror Circuit





BJT AC Analysis 38 of 38