Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
IP Addressing and Subnetting
How to identify a student in a university?
UAP
UIU
CSE
EEE
BBA
CSE
EEE
BBA
Create student ID to identify each student
University
Department
Batch #
How to identify a PC in a network?
Create ID to identify each computer
IP Address (Network, Host)
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway
Student #
IP addresses are used to uniquely identify individual TCP/IP networks and hosts, such as computers and printers,
on those networks in order for devices to communicate. Workstations and servers on a TCP/IP network are called
hosts and each has a unique IP address. This address is referred to as its host address. In its basic form, the IP
address has two parts:
A network address
A host address
The IP address of a workstation, or host is a logical address, meaning it can be changed. The Media Access Control
(MAC) address of the workstation is a 48-bit physical address. This address is burned into the network interface
card (NIC) and cannot change unless the NIC is replaced. The combination of the logical IP address and the physical
MAC address helps route packets to their proper destination.
Review IP address classes and their characteristics
Address classes
There are five classes of IP addresses, A through E. Only the first three classes are used commercially. A Class A
network address is discussed in the Table 1 to get started. 127 is reserved for loopback testing. The first octet alone
defines the network ID for a Class A network address.
Default subnet mask
The default subnet mask uses all binary ones, decimal 255, to mask the first 8 bits of the Class A address, first 16 bits
of the Class B addresses, and first 24 bits of the Class C addresses. The default subnet mask helps routers and hosts
determine if the destination host is on this network or another one. It is common to subdivide the network into
smaller groupings called subnets by using a custom subnet mask.
Network and host address
The network or host portion of the address cannot be all ones or all zeros. As an example, the Class A address of
118.0.0.5 is a valid IP address. The network portion, or first 8 bits, which are equal to 118, is not all zeros and the host
portion, or last 24 bits, is not all zeros or all ones. If the host portion were all zeros, it would be the network address
itself. If the host portion were all ones, it would be a broadcast for the network address. The value of any octet can
never be greater than decimal 255 or binary 11111111.
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 1
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Example IP Address
Example Network Address
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 2
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Example Broadcast Address
Table 1
Example:
Find the class of the following IP addresses.
a. 208.34.54.12
b. 238.34.2.1
c. 114.34.2.8
d. 129.14.6.8
Decimal-to-Binary and Binary-to-Decimal
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 3
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Example:
Convert the following numbers into binary: 201, 511, 156.
Example:
Convert the following binary numbers into decimal: 11011101, 11110111, 10001100.
Example:
Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation.
a. 114.34.2.8
b. 129.14.6.8
c. 208.34.54.12
d. 238.34.2.1
Example:
Find the network ID and the host ID of the following IP addresses
Network id
Host id
a. 114.34.2.8
b. 132.56.8.6
c. 208.34.54.12
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 4
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Public and Private IP addresses
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 5
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Subnetting:
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 6
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Subnetting Example
3. Steps
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
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June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Handout # 1
Page # 8
Subnetting
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Example:
Write the following masks in slash notation (/n).
a. 255.255.255.0
b. 255.0.0.0
c. 255.255.224.0
d. 255.255.240.0
A Simple Algorithm for Subnetting
Suppose,
Number of network bits before subnetting = N
Number of bits borrowed (subnetting bits) = S, and
Number of host bits remaining after subnetting = H.
Then, N + S + H must be equal to 32 bits.
You can arrange the 32 bits in the following way:
N (Network Bits)
If you need to find
steps below:
S (Subnetting Bits)
H (Host Bits)
mth valid IP address in the nth subnet after subnetting, follow the
Step 1: Write down the network part in the N
(Network Bits) part.
Step 2: Convert n into binary in exactly S bits and write in the S (Subnet Bits) part.
Step 3: Convert m into binary in exactly H bits and write in the H (Host Bits) part.
Step 4: Group the bits from right to left 8-bits at a time and convert to the dotted
decimal format.
Example:
You have the following IP 211.63.57.0, this network is subnetted by 3-bits. Find the 50th IP
address of subnet # 6.
Example:
You have the following IP 7.0.0.0, this network is subnetted by 11-bits. Find the 500th IP address
of subnet # 60.
Example:
You have the following IP 189.23.0.0, subnetted by 9-bits. Find 100th IP address of subnet # 300.
N
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
S
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H
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
A Step by Step Guide to Subnetting
Address 172.16.0.0/16
default subnet 255.255.0.0
ie Class B address
16 network bits
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Network
Host
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
You may be asked to supply 500 subnets; using the formula Subnets = 2n, Where n = no. of bits to borrow
Step 1
Step 2
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
From the table on the right; to
obtain 500 subnets.
We need to borrow 9 host bits
as subnet bits.
This will give us;
29 = 512 subnets
(Remember you may end up
with unused subnets)
2n
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
65536
To determine the number of
usable hosts per subnet we
subtract the borrowed bits (9)
from the total number of host bits
(16) which gives us 7 remaining
host bits. Using the formulae
Hosts = 2n 2 = 27 2 . From
the table 27 = 128. Thus usable
hosts = 128 2 =126
(Remember the first and last
addresses are for network and
broadcast, hence the minus 2 in
the formula)
Step 3
Mark the borrowed bits as subnet bits
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Network
Subnet
Host
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
Remember the borrowed bits in the mask change
from 0 (zero) to 1 (one)
Step 4
Define the subnetted network;
Address 172.16.0.0/25
subnet mask 255.255.255.128 (custom Subnet Mask)
The first 3 octets (24 bits) are network
bits, hence each octet = 255. The final
octet has only the MSB (Most Significant
Bit) as a network bit, hence 128.
There are now 25 network bits.
(16 original + 9 borrowed)
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 10
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Step 5: Calculate the subnet addresses and usable hosts for each subnet
IP Address
Mask
Network
Subnet
Host
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
We are only interested in this
part of the address when
calculating the subnets
00000000.00000000
For each subnet, the binary value
of the subnet bits will increment
by 1, so the first 5 subnets and
last 2 are; *See appendix
First usable network
Last usable network
00000000.0
00000000.1
00000001.0
00000001.1
00000010.0
etc.
11111111.0
11111111.1
(zero subnet, may not be used)
(one subnet, may not be used)
Thus first usable subnet (Subnet 1) = 10101100.00010000.00000000.10000000
=
172 . 16
.
0 . 128
the first usable host (Subnet 1) = 10101100.00010000.00000000.10000001
172 . 16
.
0 . 129
the last usable host (Subnet 1) = 10101100.00010000.00000000.11111110
172 . 16
.
0
. 254
the broadcast address (Subnet 1) = 10101100.00010000.00000000.11111111
172 . 16
.
0
. 255
Thus host range (Subnet 1) =
10101100.00010000.00000000.10000001 to 10101100.00010000.00000000.11111110
172 . 16
.
0 . 129
172 . 16
.
0
. 254
Thus 2nd usable subnet (Subnet 2) = 10101100.00010000.00000001.00000000
=
172 . 16
.
1 .
0
the first usable host (Subnet 2) = 10101100.00010000.00000001.00000001
172 . 16
.
1 .
1
the last usable host (Subnet 2) = 10101100.00010000.00000001.01111110
172 . 16
.
1
. 126
the broadcast address (Subnet 2) = 10101100.00010000.00000001.01111111
172 . 16
.
1
. 127
Thus host range (Subnet 2) =
10101100.00010000.00000001.00000001 to 10101100.00010000.00000001.01111110
172 . 16
.
1 .
1
172 . 16
.
1
. 126
the host range (Subnet 3) =
10101100.00010000.00000001.10000001 to 10101100.00010000.00000001.11111110
172 . 16
.
1 . 129
172 . 16
.
1
. 254
and the host range (Subnet 4) =
10101100.00010000.00000010.00000001 to 10101100.00010000.00000010.01111110
172 . 16
.
1 . 129
172 . 16
.
1
. 126
and so on
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Page # 11
June 21, 2014
Computer Networks
CSE 323
Handout # 1
Subnetting
Appendix
IP Value
Subnet Number
Subnet 0( Not Used)
Subnet 1 Address
Subnet 1 Host 1
Subnet 1 Host 126
Subnet 1 Broadcast
Subnet 2 Address
Subnet 2 Host 1
Subnet 2 Host 126
Subnet 2 Broadcast
Subnet 3 Address
Subnet 3 Host 1
Subnet 3 Host 126
Subnet 3 Broadcast
128
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64
128
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Subnet 510 Address
Subnet 510 Host 1
Subnet 510 Host 126
Subnet 510 Broadcast
Subnet 511(Not Used)
1
128
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
etc$.
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
64
32
16
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
Note: Only the final two octets are shown for clarity.
Example:
An organization is granted the address block 130.56.0.0/16. The administrator wants to create 512
subnets.
a. Find the subnet mask.
b. Find the number of addresses in each subnet.
c. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 1.
d. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 512.
Example:
In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one host is 182.44.82.16/26. What are the
network address and the broadcast address in this block?
Example:
Assume: Network: 170.60.0.0, SM: 255.255.255.128. Which of the following table is an invalid IP?
WHY?
IP
170.60.25.1
170.60.26.127
170.60.40.139
170.60.212.212
170.60.255.190
170.60.252.16
170.60.100.63
Validity
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
reason
Page # 12
June 21, 2014
