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Redox Reactions
Section 20.1

Oxidation and Reduction

In your textbook, read about redox reactions.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Redox reactions are characterized by
a. formation of a solid, a gas, or water.
b. replacement of one element in a compound by another element.
c. sharing of electrons.
d. transfer of electrons.
2. If a calcium atom loses two electrons, it becomes
a. a Ca2 ion.

b. an oxidizing agent.

c. oxidized.

d. reduced.

3. In a redox reaction, an oxidizing agent is

a. balanced.

c. oxidized.

b. increased in oxidation number.

d. reduced.

4. An oxidation reaction occurs

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a. at the same time a reduction reaction occurs.

b. before its corresponding reduction reaction occurs.
c. independently of any reduction reaction.
d. only when electrons are gained.
5. Consider the equation Ca(s)  O2(g) 0 2CaO(s).

In this reaction, calcium is oxidized because it

a. becomes part of a compound.

c. loses electrons.

b. gains electrons.

d. reacts with oxygen.

6. The number of electrons lost by an element when it forms ions is the elements
a. charge.

b. oxidation number.

c. reduction number.

d. shared electrons.

7. A loss of electrons is
a. oxidation.

b. oxidationreduction. c. redox.

d. reduction.

8. Redox reactions can involve

a. ions only.

c. uncharged atoms only.

b. molecules only.

d. ions, molecules, or uncharged atoms.

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Section 20.1 continued

In your textbook, read about determining oxidation numbers.

For each redox reaction below, determine the oxidation number of each element present.
Write your answer above each symbol for the element.
9. Cd(s)  NiO(s) 0 CdO(s)  Ni(s)

10. Fe(s)  CuSO4(aq) 0 FeSO4(aq)  Cu(s)

11. 2Sb(s)  3I2(g) 0 2SbI3(s)
12. 2Cu2S(s)  3O2(g) 0 2Cu2O(s)  2SO2(g)
13. PbO2(s)  Pb(s)  2H2SO4(aq) 0 2PbSO4(aq)  2H2O(l)

15. Fe2O3(s)  3CO(g) 0 2Fe(s)  3CO2(g)

In your textbook, read about oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agents, and reducing
agents.

Use your answers from questions 915 to fill in the following table for the listed
reactions. For each reaction, show what is oxidized, what is reduced, the oxidizing agent,
and the reducing agent.
Equation

Oxidized

Reduced

Oxidizing Agent

Reducing Agent

16. Cd(s)  NiO(s) 0 CdO(s)  Ni(s)

17. Fe(s)  CuSO4(aq) 0
FeSO4(aq)  Cu(s)

18. 2Sb(s)  3I2(g) 0 2SbI3(s)

19. 2Cu2S(s)  3O2(g) 0

2Cu2O(s)  2SO2(g)

20. PbO2(s)  Pb(s)  2H2SO4(aq) 0

2PbSO4(aq)  2H2O(l)

21. NH4NO3(s) 0 2H2O(g)  N2O(g)

22. Fe2O3(s)  3CO(g) 0
2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

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14. NH4NO3(s) 0 2H2O(g)  N2O(g)

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Balancing Redox Equations

In your textbook, read about balancing equations by using the oxidation number
method.

Answer the following questions.

1. Why couldnt the oxidation number method be used for balancing the following

equation?
KI(aq)  Pb(NO3)2(aq) 0 PbI2(s)  KNO3(aq)

2. The conventional method of balancing equations can be used to balance redox equations

also. Why is it easier to use the oxidation number method to balance redox equations
such as Zn(s)  MnO2(s)  H2O(l) 0 Zn(OH)2(s)  Mn2O3(s)?

3. Why might you sometimes use a combination of the oxidation number method and the
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

conventional method to balance a redox equation?

4. If you are balancing an ionic redox equation, why is it important to know whether the

reaction takes place in an acidic solution? How might your answer change if the reaction
takes place in a basic solution?

5. What would be the advantage of using a net ionic equation to represent a redox reaction?

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Section 20.2 continued

Write the numbers 1 through 5 to place in order the steps used to balance an equation
by the oxidation number method.
6. Determine the oxidation number of each element shown

in the equation.
7. Draw a line connecting the atoms involved in oxidation

and another line connecting the atoms involved in

reduction.
8. If necessary, use the conventional method of balancing

equations to balance all atoms and charges.

9. Use coefficients in front of formulas in the equation to

balance the number of electrons transferred in the redox

part of the reaction.
10. Write a chemical equation, showing all reactants and

products in the reaction.

In your textbook, read about balancing net ionic redox equations by the oxidation number method.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Balance the following equations, using the oxidation number method for the redox part
of the equation. If you need to, use the conventional method to balance the rest of the
equation. Show your work.
11. N2(g)  H2(g) 0 NH3(g)

12. S8(s)  Cu(s) 0 Cu2S(s)

13. NO3(aq)  Zn(s) 0 Zn(OH)42(aq)  NH3(aq) in a basic solution

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Half-Reactions

In your textbook, read about half-reactions.

In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.
1. A species is any kind of chemical unit involved in a process.
2. Glucose and sucrose are different types of sugars. A solution of

glucose, sucrose, and water contains exactly two different species.

3. A half-reaction is part of a decomposition reaction.
4. When magnesium reacts with oxygen, Mg 0 Mg2  2e is the

reduction half of the reaction.

5. A species that undergoes oxidation will donate electrons to any

atom that accepts them.

6. A species can be a molecule, an atom, or an electron.
7. Balancing equations by half-reaction is based on the number of

atoms transferred.
8. Balancing half-reactions involves balancing both atoms and charge.

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9. In writing an equation in ionic form, ionic compounds are written

as molecules.
10. The half-reaction SO2  H2O  2e 0 SO42  4H shows

that the reaction takes place in a basic solution.

In your textbook, read about identifying half-reactions.

For each of the following reactions, write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
Identify each half-reaction as either oxidation or reduction. Then list the spectator ions
that are present in the reaction. If no spectator ions are present, write none.
11. Ca(s)  Al(NO3)3(aq) 0 Al(s)  Ca(NO3)2(aq)

12. NO2(g) + NaOH(aq) 0 NaNO2(aq) + NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

13. HCl(aq)  KMnO4(aq) 0 KCl(aq)  MnCl2(aq)  Cl2(g)  H2O(l)

14. H3PO3(aq)  HNO3(aq) 0 H3PO4(aq)  NO(g)  H2O(l)

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Section 20.3 continued

In your textbook, read about balancing equations using half-reactions.

Use your answers from questions 1113 to help you balance these equations. Show
your work.
15. Ca(s)  Al(NO3)3(aq) 0 Al(s)  Ca(NO3)2(aq)

16. NO2(g)  NaOH(aq) 0 NaNO2(aq)  NaNO3(aq)  H2O(l)

Balance the following equations, assuming all reactions take place in an acidic solution.
Remember that charge, as well as atoms, must be balanced. Show your work.
18. NO3(aq)  H2S(g) 0 S(s)  NO(g)

19. Cr2O72(aq)  I(aq) 0 Cr3(aq)  I2(s)

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17. HCl(aq)  KMnO4(aq) 0 KCl(aq)  MnCl2(aq)  Cl2(g)  H2O(l)

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Electrochemistry
Section 21.1

Voltaic Cells

In your textbook, read about redox in electrochemistry.

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
voltaic

electrochemical cell

electric current

salt bridge

galvanic

Oxidation and reduction reactions can occur in separate solutions, as long as there are two
connections between the solutions. One connection is a(n) (1)
through which ions can flow. The other connection is a metal wire through which electrons
. The

can flow. The flow of ions or electrons is known as a(n) (2)

complete setup, called a(n) (3)

, can convert chemical energy into

electrical energy or electrical energy into chemical energy. These cells are also known as
cells or (5)

(4)

cells.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Wire

Use the diagram of an electrochemical cell to answer the

following questions.

Pt

6. The equation at the bottom of each beaker shows the half-

reaction that is occurring in that beaker. What kind of reaction

(oxidation or reduction) is occurring in each beaker?
Left beaker

K

Cl

Cl

K

Ions

Ions

Ni

Right beaker
7. Write the net ionic equation for this electrochemical cell.

Pt2  2e 0 Pt

Ni 0 Ni2  2e

8. In which direction do electrons move through the wire?

9. What kind of ions (positive or negative) move from the -shaped tube into each beaker?

Left beaker

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Right beaker

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Section 21.1 continued

In your textbook, read about the chemistry of voltaic cells.

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A

Column B

10. One of the two parts of an electrochemical cell, where

a. battery

either oxidation or reduction takes place

b. electrical potential

11. An electrode where oxidation takes place

c. half-cell

12. An electrode where reduction takes place

d. cathode

13. One or more electrochemical cells in a single package that

e. anode

generates electrical current

14. A measure of the amount of current that can be generated

from an electrochemical cell to do work

In your textbook, read about calculating cell electrochemical potential.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

a. electron potential.

c. reduction potential.

b. gravitational potential.

d. oxidation potential.

16. A sheet of platinum covered with finely divided platinum particles is immersed in a

1M HCl solution containing hydrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of

25C. The platinum sheet is known as a
a. standard platinum electrode.

c. hydrogen chloride electrode.

b. standard hydrogen electrode.

d. platinum chloride electrode.

17. The standard reduction potential of a half-cell is a measure of

a. concentration.

c. temperature.

b. pressure.

d. voltage.

18. Which of the following is the correct way to represent the equation,

H2(g) + Cu2(aq) 0 2H(aq)  Cu(s)?

a. H2HCu2Cu

c. Cu2CuH2H

b. HH2CuCu2

d. CuCu2HH2

19. When connected to a hydrogen electrode, an electrode with a negative standard reduction

potential will carry out

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a. reduction.

c. both oxidation and reduction.

b. oxidation.

d. neither oxidation nor reduction.

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15. The tendency of an electrode to gain electrons is called

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Section 21.1 continued

In your textbook, read about calculating cell electrochemical potential.

Use the table of standard reduction potentials below to answer the following questions.
Half-reaction

E0 (volts)

Al3  3e 0 Al

1.662

Ga3
Tl3

3e

3e

0 Ga

0.549
0.741

0 Tl

20. Suppose you have two voltaic cells whose half-cells are represented by the following

pairs of reduction half-reactions. For each voltaic cell, identify which half-reaction will
proceed in the forward direction as a reduction and which will proceed in the reverse
direction as an oxidation.
Voltaic Cell #1

Voltaic Cell #2

Al3(aq)  3e 0 Al(s)

Tl3(aq)  3e 0 Tl(s)

Ga3(aq)  3e 0 Ga(s)

Ga3(aq)  3e 0 Ga(s)

21. Calculate the cell standard potential, E 0cell, of each voltaic cell in question 20.

Voltaic Cell #1:

Voltaic Cell #2:
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In your textbook, read about using standard reduction potentials.

Use the table of standard reduction potentials at the top of this page to answer the following questions.
22. Write the reduction and oxidation half-reactions for the following reaction:

Tl(s)  Al3(aq) 0 Tl3(aq)  Al(s)

reduction half-reaction:
oxidation half-reaction:
23. What is the standard reduction potential, E 0, for each half-reaction in question 22?

E 0reduction:

E 0oxidation:

24. Calculate the cell standard potential, E 0cell, for the reaction in question 22.

25. Will the reaction in question 22 occur spontaneously as written? Explain why or why not.

26. Will the reverse reaction, Tl3(aq)  Al(s) 0 Tl(s)  Al3(aq), occur spontaneously?

Explain why or why not.

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Batteries

In your textbook, read about dry cells, the leadacid storage battery, and lithium batteries.

Complete the table below by writing the type of battery described on the right. Choose
your answers from the following types: leadacid battery, lithium battery, mercury battery,
nickelcadmium battery, zinccarbon dry cell.
Type of Battery

Description

1.

Often used to power hearing aids and

calculators because of its small size

2.

The standard, rechargeable automobile battery

3.

Often used in cordless drills, screwdrivers,

and shavers because it is compact and rechargeable

4.

The most commonly used voltaic cell from

the 1880s until recently

5.

Lightweight, long-lasting battery often

used in watches and computers to
maintain time and date settings

6. In a zinccarbon dry cell, a carbon rod serves as the cathode.

7. Secondary batteries produce electric energy by means of redox

reactions that are not easily reversed.

8. One advantage of alkaline cells is that they are larger than dry

cells.
9. When a leadacid battery is generating electric current, sulfuric

acid is consumed and lead(II) sulfate is produced.

10. Dry cells, alkaline cells, and mercury batteries are examples of

primary batteries.
11. Compared to most other batteries, lithium batteries store a small

amount of energy for their size.

12. Secondary batteries are rechargeable.
13. Each cell in a leadacid battery generates about 12 volts.
14. In a mercury battery, liquid mercury is reduced, forming mercury

oxide.
15. Leadacid batteries and nickelcadmium batteries are examples of

secondary batteries.
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In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.

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Section 21.2 continued

In your textbook, read about fuel cells.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
16. The main purpose of a fuel cell is to produce
a. fuel.

b. electric energy.

c. chemical energy.

d. heat.

17. In the hydrogenoxygen fuel cell,

a. hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

c. both oxygen and hydrogen are oxidized.

b. oxygen is oxidized and hydrogen is reduced.

d. both oxygen and hydrogen are reduced.

18. What is the main difference between the reaction in a hydrogenoxygen fuel cell and the

burning of hydrogen in air?

a. When hydrogen burns in air, the oxidation and reduction reactions are separated.
b. The burning of hydrogen in air does not produce water.
c. The reaction in a fuel cell does not produce water.
d. The reaction in a fuel cell is very controlled.
In your textbook, read about corrosion.

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Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.

Underground
iron storage
tank
Sacrificial anode

Wire

19. What is the function of the sacrificial anode?

20. Name one metal that is commonly used as a sacrificial anode.

21. Galvanizing the iron tank (or pipe) would serve the same function as a sacrificial anode.

What is galvanizing?

22. In what two ways does galvanizing protect iron?

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Electrolysis

In your textbook, read about reversing redox reactions and electrolysis.

In the space at the left, write the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes
the statement.
1. When a battery is being recharged, its redox reaction is reversed

and energy is (absorbed, released) by the battery.

2. The use of electrical energy to cause a chemical reaction is called

(combustion, electrolysis).
3. An electrochemical cell in which electrolysis is occurring is called

an (electrolytic, exothermic) cell.

4. In a Downs cell, sodium metal and chlorine gas are produced

from (molten, solid) sodium chloride.

5. The electrolysis of brine involves applying current to an aqueous

solution of (hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride).

6. The commercially important products of the electrolysis of brine

In your textbook, read about the purification of metallic ores, electroplating, and
aluminum manufacture.

Answer the following questions.

7. Copper can be produced by heating Cu2S in the presence of oxygen. Why must the

copper then be subjected to electrolysis?

8. When an object is electroplated with silver, what is the anode and what is the cathode?

anode
cathode
9. The manufacture of aluminum begins with the electrolysis of aluminum oxide, Al2O3.

What half-reaction occurs at the cathode?

10. Why are plants that produce aluminum often built close to large hydroelectric power

stations?

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are hydrogen gas, chlorine gas, and (oxygen gas, sodium

hydroxide).