World history

World history
World history, global history or transnational history (not to be confused with diplomatic or international
history) is a field of historical study that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s. It examines history from
a global perspective. It is not to be confused with comparative history, which, like world history, deals with the
history of multiple cultures and nations, but does not do so on a global scale.
World History looks for common patterns that emerge across all cultures. World historians use a thematic approach,
with two major focal points: integration (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together)
and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).

Establishment of the field

The advent of world history as a distinct academic field of study can be traced to 1980s,[] and was heralded by the
creation of the World History Association and graduate programs at a handful of universities. Over the next decades
scholarly publications, professional and academic organizations, and graduate programs in world history
proliferated. World History has often displaced Western Civilization in the required curriculum of American high
schools and universities, and is supported by new textbooks with a world history approach.
Organizations
The H-World discussion list[1] serves as a network of communication among practitioners of world history, with
discussions among scholars, announcements, syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews.
The International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations (ISCSC) approaches world history from the
standpoint of comparative civilizations. Founded at a conference in 1961 in Salzburg, Austria, that was attended
by Othmar Anderlie, Pitirim Sorokin, and Arnold J. Toynbee, this is an international association of scholars that
publishes a journal, Comparative Civilization Review, and hosts an annual meeting in cities around the world.
The Journal of World History has been published quarterly by the World History Association since 1990.[2]
World History Association (WHA) - Established in the 1980s, the WHA is predominantly an American
phenomenon.[3]

History
Pre-modern
The study of world history, as distinct from national history, has existed in many world cultures. However, early
forms of world history were not truly global, and were limited to only the regions known by historian.
In Ancient China, Chinese world history, that of China and the surrounding people of East Asia, was based on the
dynastic cycle articulated by Sima Qian in circa 100 BC. Sima Qian's model is based on the Mandate of Heaven.
Rulers rise when they united China, then are overthrown when a ruling dynasty became corrupt.[4] Each new dynasty
begins virtuous and strong, but then decays, provoking the transfer of Heaven's mandate to a new ruler. The test of
virtue in a new dynasty is success in being obeyed by China and neighboring barbarians. After 2000 years Sima
Qian's model still dominates scholarship, although the dynastic cycle is no longer used for modern Chinese
history.[5]
In Ancient Greece, Herodotus (5th century BC), as founder of Greek historiography.,[6] presents insightful and lively
discussions of the customs, geography, and history of Mediterranean peoples, particularly the Egyptians. However,
his great rival Thucydides promptly discarded Herodotus's all-embracing approach to history, offering instead a more
precise, sharply focused monograph, dealing not with vast empires over the centuries but with 27 years of war
between Athens and Sparta. In Rome, the vast, patriotic history of Rome by Livy (59 BC-17 AD) approximated

World history
Herodotean inclusiveness;[7] Polybius (c.200-c.118 BC) aspired to combine the logical rigor of Thucydides with the
scope of Herodotus.[8]
In Central Asia, The Secret History of Mongols is regarded as the single significant native Mongolian account of
Genghis Khan. The Secret History is regarded as a piece of classic literature in both Mongolia and the rest of the
world.
In the Middle East, Ala'iddin Ata-Malik Juvayni (12261283) was a Persian historian who wrote an account of the
Mongol Empire entitled Ta' rkh-i jahn-gush (History of the World Conqueror).[9] The standard edition of Juvayni
is published under the title Ta' rkh-i jahn-gush, ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazwini, 3 vol, Gibb Memorial Series 16
(Leiden and London, 191237). An English translation by John Andrew Boyle "The History of the
World-Conqueror" was republished in 1997.
Rashd al-Dn Fadhl-allh Hamadn (12471318), was a Persian physician of Jewish origin, polymathic writer and
historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language, often considered a
landmark in intercultural historiography and a key document on the Ilkhanids (13th and 14th century).[10] His
encyclopedic knowledge of a wide range of cultures from Mongolia to China to the Steppes of Central Eurasia to
Persia, the Arab lands, and Europe, provide the most direct access to information on the late Mongol era. His
descriptions also highlight the manner in which the Mongol Empire and its emphasis on trade resulted in an
atmosphere of cultural and religious exchange and intellectual ferment, resulting in the transmission of a host of
ideas from East to West and vice versa.
One Arab scholar, Ibn Khaldun (1332-1409) broke with traditionalism and offered a model of historical change in
Muqaddimah, an exposition of the methodology of scientific history. Ibn Khaldun focused on the reasons for the rise
and fall of civilization, arguing that the causes of change are to be sought in the economic and social structure of
society. His work was largely ignored in the Muslim world.[11] Otherwise the Muslim, Chinese and Indian
intellectuals held fast to a religious traditionalism, leaving them unprepared to advise national leaders on how to
confront the European intrusion into Asia after 1500.

Early modern
During the Renaissance in Europe, history was written about states or nations. The study of history changed during
the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Voltaire described the history of certain ages that he considered important,
rather than describing events in chronological order. History became an independent discipline. It was not called
philosophia historiae anymore, but merely history (historia).
Giambattista Vico (16681744) in Italy wrote Scienza nuova seconda (The New Science) in 1725, which argued
history as the expression of human will and deeds. He thought that men are historical entities and that human nature
changes over time. Each epoch should be seen as a whole in which all aspects of cultureart, religion, philosophy,
politics, and economicsare interrelated (a point developed later by Oswald Spengler). Vico showed that myth,
poetry, and art are entry points to discovering the true spirit of a culture. Vico outlined a conception of historical
development in which great cultures, like Rome, undergo cycles of growth and decline. His ideas were out of fashion
during the Enlightenment, but influenced the Romantic historians after 1800.
A major theoretical foundation for world history was given by German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who saw the
modern Prussian state as the highest stage of world development.

World history

Contemporary
World history became a popular genre in the 20th century with universal history.
In the 1920s several best-sellers dealt with the history of the world, including surveys The Story of Mankind (1921)
by Hendrik Willem van Loon and The Outline of History (1918) by H.G. Wells.
Influential writers who have reached wide audiences include H. G. Wells, Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee,
Pitirim Sorokin, Christopher Dawson,[12] and Lewis Mumford. Scholars working the field include Eric Voegelin,[13]
William H. McNeill and Michael Mann.[14]
Spengler's Decline of the West (2 vol 19191922) compared nine organic cultures: Egyptian (3400 BC-1200 BC),
Indian (1500 BC-1100 BC), Chinese (1300 BC-AD 200), Classical (1100 BC-400 BC), Byzantine (AD 3001100),
Aztec (AD 13001500), Arabian (AD 3001250), Mayan (AD 600960), and Western (AD 9001900). His book
was a smashing success among intellectuals worldwide as it predicted the disintegration of European and American
civilization after a violent "age of Caesarism," arguing by detailed analogies with other civilizations. It deepened the
post-World War I pessimism in Europe, and was warmly received by intellectuals in China, India and Latin America
who hoped his predictions of the collapse of European empires would soon come true.[15]
In 19361954, Toynbee's ten-volume A Study of History came out in three separate installments. He followed
Spengler in taking a comparative topical approach to independent civilizations. Toynbee said they displayed striking
parallels in their origin, growth, and decay. Toynbee rejected Spengler's biological model of civilizations as
organisms with a typical life span of 1,000 years. Like Sima Qian, Toynbee explained decline as due to their moral
failure. Many readers rejoiced in his implication (in vols. 16) that only a return to some form of Catholicism could
halt the breakdown of western civilization which began with the Reformation. Volumes 710, published in 1954,
abandoned the religious message, and his popular audience slipped away, while scholars gleefully picked apart his
mistakes.,[16]
McNeill wrote The Rise of the West (1965) to improve upon Toynbee by showing how the separate civilizations of
Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus
precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice
became necessary. McNeill took a broad approach organized around the interactions of peoples across the globe.
Such interactions have become both more numerous and more continual and substantial in recent times. Before about
1500, the network of communication between cultures was that of Eurasia. The term for these areas of interaction
differ from one world historian to another and include world-system and ecumene. Whatever it is called, the
importance of these intercultural contacts has begun to be recognized by many scholars.[17]

History education
United States
In college curricula of the United States, world history became a popular replacement for courses on Western
Civilization, beginning in the 1970s. Professors Patrick Manning, previously of Northeastern University and now at
the University of Pittsburgh's World History Center; and Ross E. Dunn at San Diego State are leaders in promoting
innovative teaching methods.[18]

Recent themes
In recent years, the relationship between African and world history has shifted rapidly from one of antipathy to one
of engagement and synthesis. Reynolds (2007) surveys the relationship between African and world histories, with an
emphasis on the tension between the area studies paradigm and the growing world-history emphasis on connections
and exchange across regional boundaries. A closer examination of recent exchanges and debates over the merits of
this exchange is also featured. Reynolds sees the relationship between African and world history as a measure of the

World history
changing nature of historical inquiry over the past century.[19]
Histories have traditionally been written from the perspective of national governments or of geographically based
communities. However, it is also possible to see world history as the story of a single human civilization developing
new institutions and forms of expression over successive periods of time. World history can thus be a creation
story to tell how the world of human society developed. In this mode, the story would include not only political and
diplomatic history but also events relating to religion, commerce, education, and entertainment. Technologies of
communication would have an important role in this history.[20]

World historians
Christopher Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World: Global Connections and Comparisons, 17801914 (London,
2004)
Philip D. Curtin (1922-2009), The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in
the Age of Empire. (2000) 308 pp.ISBN 978-0-521-77135-1. online review [21]
Christopher Dawson. (1889-1970) Religion and the Rise of Western Culture(1950) excerpt and text search [22]
Francis Fukuyama (1952 ) The End of History and the Last Man (1992)[23]
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (17701830), philosopher of world history[24]
William McGaughey, Five Epochs of Civilization (2000).[25]
William H. McNeill (born 1917);[26] see especially The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
(1963)
McNeill, Robert, and William H. McNeill. The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View of World History (2003) excerpt
and text search [27]
Patrick Manning, Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (2003)[28]
Carroll Quigley (1910-1977), The Evolution of Civilizations (1961), Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in
Our Time (1966), Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History (1983)
Pitirim Sorokin (18891968), Russian-American macrosociology; Social and Cultural Dynamics (4 vol.,
193741)[29]
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), German; Decline of the West (191822) vol 1 online [30]; vol 2 online [31]; excerpt
and text search, abridged edition [32]
Peter Stearns, USA; World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change and Continuity, 7th ed. (2009);
Encyclopedia of World History, 6th ed. (200pp)
Luc-Normand Tellier, Canadian; Urban World History, PUQ, (2009), 650 pages; online edition [33]
Arnold J. Toynbee, British; A Study of History (193461);[34] see especially A Study of History.
Eric Voegelin (19011985) Order and History (195685)[35]
Immanuel Wallerstein, world systems; leftist but not Marxist
Will Durant (1885-1981) and Ariel Durant (1898-1981); Story of Civilization(1935-1975).

Bibliography
Adas, Michael. Essays on Twentieth-Century History (2010); historiographic essays on world history
conceptualizing the "long" 20th century, from the 1870s to the early 2000s.
Bentley, Jerry H. Shapes of World History in Twentieth Century Scholarship. Essays on Global and Comparative
History Series. (1996)
Costello, Paul. World Historians and Their Goals: Twentieth-Century Answers to Modernism (1993).
Curtin, Philip D. "Depth, Span, and Relevance," The American Historical Review, Vol. 89, No. 1 (Feb., 1984),
pp.19 in JSTOR [36]
Dunn, Ross E., ed. The New World History: A Teacher's Companion. (2000). 607pp. ISBN 978-0-312-18327-1
online review [37]

World history
Frye, Northrop. "Spengler Revisited" in Northrop Frye on modern culture (2003), pp 297382, first published
1974; online [38]
Gombrich, Ernst "A Little History of the World" (1936 & 1995)
Hughes, H. Stuart. Oswald Spengler (1952).
Hughes-Warrington, Marnie. Palgrave Advances in World Histories (2005), 256pp, articles by scholars
Lang, Michael. "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee," Journal of World History 22#4 Dec. 2011 pp.
747-783 in project MUSE [39]
McInnes, Neil. "The Great Doomsayer: Oswald Spengler Reconsidered." National Interest 1997 (48): 6576.
Issn: 0884-9382 Fulltext: Ebsco
McNeill, William H. "The Changing Shape of World History." History and Theory 1995 34(2): 826. Issn:
0018-2656 in JSTOR [40]
McNeill, William H., Jerry H. Bentley, and David Christian, eds. Berkshire Encyclopedia Of World History (5 vol
2005)
Manning, Patrick. Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (2003), an important guide to the
entire field excerpt and text search [41]; online review [42]
Mazlish, Bruce. "Comparing Global History to World History," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 28, No.
3 (Winter, 1998), pp.385395 in JSTOR [43]
National Center for History in the Schools at UCLA. World History: The Big Eras, A Compact History of
Humankind (2009), 96pp
Neiberg, Michael S. Warfare in World History (2001) online edition [44]
O'Brien, Patrick K., ed. Atlas of World History. (2002)
Patel, Klaus Kiran: Transnational History [45], European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European
History(2011) retrieved: November 11, 2011.
Richards, Michael D. Revolutions in World History (2003) online edition [46]
Roberts, J. M., The New Penguin History of the World (2007)
Roupp, Heidi, ed. Teaching World History: A Resource Book. (1997), 274pp; online edition [47]
Smil, Vaclav. Energy in World History (1994) online edition [48]
Stearns, Peter N. The Industrial Revolution in World History (1998) online edition [49]
Szulc, Tad. Then and Now: How the World Has Changed since W.W. II. First ed. New York: W. Morrow & Co.
(1990). 515 p. ISBN 0-688-07558-4
Tellier, Luc-Normand. Urban World History (2009), PUQ, 650 pages; online edition [33]
Watts, Sheldon. Disease and Medicine in World History (2003) online edition [50]
Weech, William Nassau. "History of the World" (1944)

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

see H-World (http:/ / www. h-net. org/ ~world/ )

see JWH Website (http:/ / www. historycooperative. org/ jwhindex. html)
History Association - Mission (http:/ / www. thewha. org/ history_mission. phpWorld)
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian: Qin Dynasty (3rd ed. 1995) excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/
0231081693); Burton Watson, Ssu-ma Ch'ien: Grand Historian of China (1958)
S. Y. Teng, "Chinese Historiography in the Last Fifty Years," The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Feb., 1949), pp. 131156 in JSTOR
(http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0363-6917(194902)8:2<131:CHITLF>2. 0. CO;2-W)
K.H. Waters, Herodotus the Historian (1985)
Patrick G. Walsh, Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods (1961)
Frank W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, (3 vols. 195782)
History of the World Conqueror by Ala Ad Din Ata Malik Juvaini, translated by John Andrew Boyle, Harvard University Press 1958, Project
Gutenberg on line edition

[10] Elliot, H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir; John Dowson. "10. Jmi'u-t Tawrkh, of Rashid-al-Din". The History of India, as Told by Its Own
Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.). London : Trbner & Co.. http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ cu31924073036737#page/ n15/
mode/ 2up.

World history
[11] Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History ed. by N. J. Dawood, Bruce Lawrence, and Franz Rosenthal (2004) excerpt and
text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0691120544)
[12] Bradley J. Birzer, Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson (2007)
[13] Michael P. Federici, Eric Voegelin: The Restoration of Order (2002)
[14] Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power: Volume 1, A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760 (1986) excerpt and text search
(http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 052131349X)
[15] Neil McInnes, "The Great Doomsayer: Oswald Spengler Reconsidered." National Interest 1997 (48): 6576. Fulltext: Ebsco
[16] William H. McNeill, Arnold J. Toynbee a Life (1989)
[17] William H. McNeill, "The Changing Shape of World History." History and Theory 1995 34(2): 826.
[18] Patrick Manning, Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (2003); Ross E. Dunn, ed., The New World History: A
Teacher's Companion. (2000).
[19] Jonathan T. Reynolds, "Africa and World History: from Antipathy to Synergy." History Compass 2007 5(6): 19982013. ISSN 1478-0542
Fulltext: [1. History Compass]
[20] Five Epochs of Civilization http:/ / www. worldhistorysite. com
[21] http:/ / www. h-net. org/ reviews/ showrev. cgi?path=101631014404360
[22] http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0385421109
[23] See revised edition (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0743284550)
[24] see Philosophy of History (http:/ / libcom. org/ library/ philosophy-history-hegel)
[25] Summary of Five Epochs of Civilization (http:/ / www. worldhistorysite. com/ gensummary. html)
[26] See McNeill, The Pursuit of Truth: A Historian's Memoir (2005) (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0813123453)
[27] http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0393925684
[28] See excerpt (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 1403961190)
[29] B. V. Johnston, Pitirim A. Sorokin an Intellectual Biography (1995)
[30] http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ declineofwest01spenuoft
[31] http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ declineofwest02spenuoft
[32] http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0195066340
[33] http:/ / www. puq. ca/ catalogue/ themes/ urban-world-history-886. html
[34] William H. McNeill, Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life (1990)
[35] Jeffrey C. Herndon, Eric Voegelin and the Problem of Christian Political Order (2007) excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/
dp/ 0826217370)
[36] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0002-8762(198402)89%3A1%3C1%3ADSAR%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-S
[37] http:/ / www. h-net. org/ reviews/ showrev. cgi?path=104721001962579
[38] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=WzgZrML6tQ0C& pg=PA297& dq=%22electron+ or+ the+ dinosaur%22& source=gbs_toc_r&
cad=0_0& sig=c73q8UNO2Z6dbrg27Hmf0_1PlFY
[39] http:/ / muse. jhu. edu/ journals/ journal_of_world_history/ v022/ 22. 4. lang. html
[40] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0018-2656(199505)34%3A2%3C8%3ATCSOWH%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-3
[41] http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 1403961190
[42] http:/ / www. h-net. org/ reviews/ showrev. php?id=8878
[43] http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 205420
[44] http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 102819116?title=Warfare%20in%20World%20History
[45] http:/ / nbn-resolving. de/ urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921314
[46] http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 107983628?title=Revolutions%20in%20World%20History
[47] http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 6674780?title=Teaching%20World%20History%3a%20A%20Resource%20Book
[48] http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 94468450?title=Energy%20in%20World%20History
[49] http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 6967400?title=The%20Industrial%20Revolution%20in%20World%20History
[50] http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 107990563?title=Disease%20and%20Medicine%20in%20World%20History

World history

Further reading
The Changing Shape of World History, William H. McNeill, Paper originally presented at the History and Theory
World History Conference, March 2526, 1994. Originally at www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/10/041.html

External links
Professional groups

World History Association (http://www.thewha.org/)

Bridging World History (http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/worldhistory/)
H-World (http://www.h-net.org/~world/) The H-World discussion list
CLIOH-WORLD (http://www.cliohworld.net/) CLIOH-WORLD: European Erasmus Network about
researching, teaching and learning world history

Resources
Student Handouts, Inc. (http://www.studenthandouts.com/worldhistory.htm) Free World History Lesson
Plans, Handouts, and Worksheets
World History Matters (http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorymatters/)
The TimeMap of World History (http://www.timemaps.com/history) - World History Atlas
HistoryWorld (http://www.historyworld.net/)
World History For Us All (http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/) (Christian) World History Model
Curriculum

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

World history Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567747519 Contributors: -- April, 130.94.122.xxx, A3RO, Academic Challenger, Addshore, Aeusoes1, Ahasuerus, Alan
Liefting, AnakngAraw, Anonymous editor, Arrivisto, Badamsambu, Barticus88, Beland, BigDunc, BoH, Bongwarrior, Brambleclawx, Brunnock, Calabraxthis, Camagd99, Cammcshane,
CanadianLinuxUser, CardinalDan, Cherubinirules, Clarince63, Conversion script, Corleonebrother, Coskia, Coutasji, Cquan, DASonnenfeld, DVdm, Dan Skoog, Daniel5127, Dansore, Daveh4h,
Deor, Dhurata, Dialectric, Dina, Dinkytown, Discospinster, DocteurCosmos, Dogface, Dratman, Dthomsen8, Dweller, E-dabdob, ESkog, El C, Elcobbola, Enviroboy, Epbr123, ErikHaugen,
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Powder Ma, HalfShadow, Harry, HenryLi, Herr Lennartz, Hertz1888, HexaChord, Historianofcentralasia, Homescool, Hqb, IW.HG, Idh0854, Ixfd64, JaGa, Jacob.jose, Jim1138, Jjc2002, Jkelly,
Johann Wolfgang, Jon helgem, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jovianeye, Jusses2, Kenshe, King jakob c 2, Kisskass19, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kukini, LarryQ, Laurinavicius, Leonard^Bloom, Lihaas,
Lildelpies, Logologist, Lovenoble, Lugia2453, Lycaon83, Macaddct1984, Mashford, Masseman, Mgiganteus1, Michael Cockrell, Mikael Hggstrm, Mikeo, Miranche, Mish wish, Mkill,
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Wittylama, Wmcg, X42bn6, XWillie763x, Yfhua, Zaalbar, 268 anonymous edits

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