A Novel Method For Enhancing Satellite & Land Survey Images Using Color Filter Array Interpolation Technique (CFA)

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org

Volume 3, Issue 5, September-October 2014
ISSN 2278-6856
A Novel Method for Enhancing Satellite & Land

Survey Images Using Color Filter Array
Interpolation Technique (CFA)
Suma Chappidi1, Sandeep Kumar Mekapothula2
1
PG Scholar, Department of ECE, RISE Krishna Sai Gandhi Group of Institutions, Ongole
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, RISE Krishna Sai Gandhi Group of Institutions, Ongole
Abstract
Satellite images are being used in many fields of research. One
of the major issues of these types of images is their resolution.
In this paper, we proposed a new method for satellite image
resolution enhancement technique based on the CFA
interpolation. The proposed technique has been tested on
satellite benchmark images. A commercial digital camera
captures only one of the channels at each pixel location and
the other two needs to be estimated to generate the
complete color information this process is called color
filter array (CFA) interpolation. In order to reduce the
cost, the use of one sensor per channel has been avoided
with the use of color filter array (CFA) .The red and blue
images are sampled at a lower rate, so if standard
interpolation techniques are used, the reconstructed red
and blue images will be missing some high frequency
information and could contain distortions from aliasing.
This paper proposes a method of CFA interpolation that
combines information from the green image with the
subsample red and blue images to attack these problems.
The green high-frequency information is added to the
interpolated red and blue images to increase the sharpness
of the output and is also used to estimate the aliasing in
the interpolated red and blue images, providing a means of
reducing the appearance of the aliasing distortions.
Keywords- Satellite image resolution enhancement, CFA

interpolation, communication and texture
1. INTRODUCTION
Satellite technology in the areas of remote sensing,
communication and navigation can provide valuable
information in a number of areas from business to disaster
-management to agriculture. There is great potential for
such technology to help solve problems in developing
countries. Satellite images are being used in many fields of
research. One of the Major issues of these types of images
is their resolution and poor contrast of the images. In this
paper, we
propose a new satellite image resolution
enhancement technique based on the interpolation of the
high-frequency obtained by CFA and the input image.
Resolution of an image has been always an important issue
in many image- and video processing Applications, such as
video resolution enhancement, feature extraction, and
satellite image resolution enhancement. Interpolation in
image processing is a method to increase the number of
pixels in a digital image. Interpolation has been widely
used in many image processing applications, such as facial
reconstruction and image resolution enhancement. This
paper proposes a method of CFA interpolation that

combines information from the green image with the
subsample red and blue images to attack these
problems. The green high-frequency information is
added to the interpolated red and blue images to
increase the sharpness of the output and is also used
to estimate the aliasing in the interpolated red and blue
images, providing a means of reducing the appearance of
the aliasing distortions. The growing popularity of
digital
photography demands every attempt of
improvement in terms of quality and speed of the
features provided in digital cameras. The heart of a digital
still or video camera is its sensor, a 2-D array of
Photo sites that measure the amount of light absorbed
during the exposure time. The color information is
obtained by means of a color filter array (CFA)
overlaid on the sensor, such that each photo site is covered
by a color filter sensitive to only a portion of the visible
light spectrum [7].Color images require multiple data
samples for each pixel as opposed to grayscale images for
which a pixel is represented by only one data sample.
For the RGB image format, these data samples
represent red, green and blue channels. A typical
digital camera captures only one of these channels at
each pixel location and the other two needs to be
estimated to generate the complete color information.
This process is called color filter array (CFA) interpolation
or demosaicing. Although many different CFA patterns
have been proposed, the most prevalent one is the Bayer
pattern shown in Fig1. As an important step in image
processing pipeline of digital cameras, demos icing has
been an area of interest in both academia and
industry. The simplest approach to the demos icing
problem is to treat color channels separately and fill in
missing pixels in each channel using a spatially invariant
interpolation method such as bilinear or bi-cubic
interpolation. While such an approach works fine in
homogenous areas, it leads to color artifacts and lower
resolution in regions with texture and edge structures.
Obtaining better demosaicing performance is possible
by exploiting the correlation between the color
channels. Spectral correlation can be modeled by either
constant color ratio rule [2], [3] or constant color
difference rule [4], [5]. The basic assumption is that
color ratio/difference is constant over a local distance
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inside a given object. This assumption is likely to break
apart across boundaries; hence many demosaicing
algorithms try to utilize it adaptively in one way or
another. Since the Bayer CFA pattern has twice as many
green channel samples as red and blue ones, green
channel suffers less from aliasing and is the natural
choice as the starting point of the CFA interpolation
process. In [6], proposed improving red and blue
channel
interpolation by adding
high
frequency
components extracted from green channel to red and
blue channels. In another frequency-domain approach
used an alternating projections scheme based [7]
On strong inter-channel correlation in high frequency sub

bands. Although the main objective is to refine red and
blue channels iteratively, the same approach can also
improve green channel interpolation (GCI) beforehand
which in turn yields better red and blue channel
results. A more recent method [8] makes several
observations about color channel frequencies and
suggests that filtering the CFA image as a whole
instead of individual color channels should preserve
high frequency information better. To estimate luminance,
the method proposes a fixed 5-by-5 filter at green pixel
locations and an adaptive filter for red and blue pixel
locations. The estimated full resolution luminance is
then used to complete missing the chrominance
information. Edge-directed green channel interpolation
has been proposed early on with various direction decision
rules [4], [5], [9], [10]. The method outlined in [4] is
particularly noteworthy because it proposed using
derivatives of chrominance samples in initial green
channel interpolation. Several subsequent demosaicing
algorithms made use of this idea. Authors of [11]
proposed using variance of color differences as a
decision rule [12] proposed making a soft decision to
improve the interpolation performance of the original
method [4]. In this method [12], color differences along
horizontal and vertical directions are treated as noisy
observations of the target pixel color difference and
they are combined optimally using the linear minimum
mean square - Error estimation (LMMSE) framework. In
[13] further improved directional filtering proposed in
[12] by introducing scale adaptive filtering based on
linear
polynomial
approximation (LPA).
Several
methods proposed performing interpolation in both
horizontal and vertical directions and making a
posteriori decision based on some criteria. In [13]
compared local homogeneity of horizontal and vertical
interpolation results and in [14] used color gradients
over a local window to make the direction decision. In
ISSN 2278-6856
this paper a robust color filter array interpolation

technique for color image enhancement is
proposed.
2. PROPOSED ALGORITHM:
Step1: The mosaiced image has one of the three color
channels available for every pixel location and it certainly
does not have complete luminance information at any
pixel. The edge strength filter (ESF) can be applied to a
mosaiced image by making an approximation. Instead of
trying to estimate luminance information and taking
estimated luminance differences of neighboring pixel
pairs, we take the difference in terms of the available
color channel for each pixel pair. For instance, for the red
center pixel case the diagonal differences will come from
the blue channel and the rest from the green channel.
The edge strength for green and blue pixels will be

calculated in the same way. The edge strength map
obtained from the mosaiced input image will help us both
in initial green channel interpolation stage and in
subsequent green channel update.
Step2: In this process every green pixel interpolated is
marked either horizontal or vertical by comparing the
edge strength differences along each direction on a
local window. For a window size of 5 by 5, horizontal
and vertical difference costs can be formulated as follows:
Where Si,j is the edge strength filter output at pixel

location (i,j), and Hi,j and Vi,j represent the total
horizontal and vertical costs, respectively. The target
pixel will be labeled horizontal if horizontal cost is less
than vertical and vice versa. The rationale behind this
decision scheme is that if there happens to be a
horizontal edge in a given neighborhood, then the edge
strength differences between vertical neighbors will
vary more than those of horizontal neighbors. After all
the pixels are labeled, the robustness of the direction
decision can be improved by relabeling them based on
the directions of
their neighbors. For instance,
considering the closest 8 neighbors of a target pixel
and the pixel itself, it will be labeled horizontal only
if more than 4 of those 9 pixels are initially labeled
horizontal. Based on the final direction label, green
channel is interpolated as follows:
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ISSN 2278-6856
green channel result while

is the initial green
channel interpolation.
Is a nonzero constant to avoid
zero denominator
is the weight for the initial color
difference estimation and
is the neighbors
contribution to the green channel update.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Green channel estimation for red pixel locations is

performed simply by replacing Pbs with prs in the
equations above.
Step3: In This step we update the three color channels
by making use of the constant color difference
assumption Combined with
edge strength filter
to
improve the initial Green channel interpolation while
avoiding averaging across edge structures. For every
green pixel to be updated, the closest four neighbors
with available color Difference estimates are considered.
We expect the edge Strength difference between two pixels
to be large across edges. That is why the weight for
each neighbor is inversely correlated with the total
absolute edge strength difference in its direction. In other
words, a neighbor will contribute less to the update result
if there happens to be a strong edge between the target
pixel and itself. Assuming we are updating the green
channel value at a blue pixel.
In this paper, we evaluate the proposed method by several

experiments on different satellite surveying images, and
compared the output images of Gaussian,
salt and
pepper, speckle noises with ground truth images by
mean and placed in the tables, drawn the graphs and
shown the ground truth , noisy and output images.
The existing method median filter will not remove the
Gaussian noise. The proposed method confirms the
qualitative improvement over the traditional methods.
From the tables and graphs it is clear that in any category
of images the mean lies in the range of dominant pixels of
the image, or between the two or more dominant pixels
region. Hence mean evidences the location of object or
back ground. The vagueness in the image is Always lies
around the edges. The table of values and graph show that
the mean of proposed method will always has better quality
of output image than mean of the existing method.
3.1. Gaussian noise
3.1 .1.Gaussian noise for existing method
3.1.2. Gaussian noise for proposed method
3.1.3 Graph for Mean values
Again, green channel values at red pixel locations are

updated in the same way by replacing pbs with prs
in the equations above.
Stands for updated
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3.1.4 Gaussian noise for existing method
3.1.5. Gaussian noise for proposed method
3.2.5. Salt & Pepper noise for Proposed Method
3.2.6. Graphs for Mean Values
3.1.6. Graph for Mean values
3.3.1. Speckle Noise for Existing Method
3.2.1. Salt &Pepper noise for Existing Method
3.3.2. Speckle Noise for proposed Method
3.2.2. Salt & Pepper noise for Proposed Method
3.3.3. Graph for Mean Values

3.2.3. Graph for Mean values
3.3.4. Speckle Noise for Existing Method
3.2.4. Salt & Pepper noise for Existing method
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3.3.5. Speckle Noise for Proposed Method
[7] B. K. Gunturk, Y. Altunbasak, and R. M. Mersereau,

Color plane interpolation using alternating
projections, IEEE Trans. Image Process. vol. 11, no.
9, pp. 9971013, Sep. 2002.
[8] K. Hirakawa and P. J. Wolfe, Advancing the digital
camera pipeline formobile multimedia:
Key
challenges from a signal processing perspective, in
Proc. of IEEE ICASSP, 53325335 2008.
[9] X. Li, B. K. Gunturk, and L. Zhang, Image
demosaicing: A systematic survey, in Proc. Of
IS&T/SPIE VCIP, vol. 6822, San Jose, CA, USA, Jan.
2008.
3.3.6. Graphs for Mean Values
AUTHORS
Suma Chappidi received her B.Tech,
Degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering and currently pursuing M.Tech
at Rise Krishna Sai Gandhi Group of
Institutions, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Her main
research interest includes Enhancement, Pattern
Recognition and Image Processing.
4. CONCLUSION
The Experimental results which we have taken for
different set of test images. Here the performance of green
channel is updated and improved by making adaptive for
each pixel by checking the total absolute difference
between the closest known green pixels. Here we applied
this method for three different noises salt & pepper,
speckle, and Gaussian noise. The noises have been
eliminated by using this proposed method.
REFERENCES
Sandeep Kumar Mekapothula iscurrently

working as Assistant Professor in the
department of ECE at Rise Krishna Sai
Gandhi Group of Institutions, Ongole,
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. He has received B.Tech, Degree
in Electronics and Communication Engineering. His main
research interest includes Segmentation, Image
Enhancement, Pattern Recognition and Image Processing.
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sensing properties, in Proc. Of IEEE ICIP, Cairo,
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1890, Oct. 2008.
[3] M. Kumar, E. Morales, J. Adams, and W. Hao, New
digital camera sensor architecture for low light
imaging, in Proc. of IEEE ICIP, Cairo, Egypt, Nov.
2009.
[4] Y. M. Lu and M. Vetterli, Optimal color filter array
design: Quantitative conditions and an efficient
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[5] C. A. Laroche and M. A. Prescott, Apparatus and
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org