Homework 10

Homework #10 Solution Set
(25 points - 1 per problem)

1. List the ways that a transmission line can lose signal. Which of these ways could
cause interference with other systems?
A transmission line can lose signal through Ohmic loss (conductor loss) and
radiation. Radiation loss is caused by poor shielding and could lead to interference
with other systems.
2. Why isn't twisted pair line useful at radio frequencies?
Twisted pair has too much capacitance per unit length to be useful at radio
frequencies. The capacitance shunts the radio frequencies to ground.
3. Explain the difference between balanced and unbalanced transmission lines, and
give an example for each one.
The difference between the two types is that balanced line is symmetrical - the
conductors are of equal size and shape. Ladder line is a balanced transmission line.
Unbalanced line has unequal (asymmetrical) conductors. Coaxial cable is an
unbalanced transmission line.
4. What type of transmission line is popular at microwave frequencies?
Waveguide is popular at microwave frequencies because of its low loss.
5. Calculate the wavelength of the following signals in free space:
a) 2 MHz
b) 10 MHz
c) 100 MHz
v 3 10 8 m / s
=
= 150m
f
2 MHz
v 3 10 8 m / s
b) =
=
= 30m
f
10MHz
v 3 10 8 m / s
c) =
=
= 3m
f
100 MHz
a) =
6. Which of the connectors in figure 11-3 is most useful at UHF? Why?

The N connector is the most efficient at UHF frequencies. It is a true constantimpedance connector, which means that it does not introduce an impedance
mismatch into the circuit it is connected to. N connectors are useful well into the
microwave region
7. Which of the connectors in figure 11-3 would be cost effective for a 27 MHz CB radio
system?
The PL-259 ("UHF") connector would be quite effective at 27 MHz.
8. Draw the schematic diagram showing the equivalent circuit for: a) A lossy
transmission line, and b) A lossless line. What types of losses do the two resistors in
the lossy model represent?
R1
L1
Upper Wire Resistance
Top Wire Inductance
Upper Wire Resistance

G1
Dielectric Leakage
C1
Dielectric Leakage
R2
L2
Lower Wire Resistance
Interwire Capacitance
Bottom Wire Inductance
Lower Wire Resistance
One Infinitely Small Section

of Transmission Line
a)
[Figure 11-4]
Inductance/Unit Length
Capacitance/Unit Length
C
Capacitance/Unit Length
One Infinitely Small Section

of Transmission Line
b)
[Figure 11-5]
The two resistors in the lossy model represent Ohmic or conductor loss, and
dielectric loss.
9. Explain the charging action that takes place in figure 11-6 after closure of the
switch S1. Why doesn't the voltage appear instantly at the 50 Ohm load?
TP1
S1
V1
50 Volts
DC
Amps
L1
L2
C1
TP2
L3
TP3
TP4
L4
C2
C3
C4
R(Load)
50 Ohms
Transmission Line
[Figure 11-6]
When S1 is closed, C1 charges through L1, and as C1 charges, C2 begins charging
through L2, and so on. This is very much like toppling a line of dominos. The
voltage can't appear instantaneously across the 50 Ohm load because the
capacitors and inductors on the line can not charge instantaneously.
10. What is the velocity of propagation for a length of RG59U cable having L=298
nH/meter and C=52.5 pF/meter?
1
=
LC
vp =
1
= 2.528 10 8 m / s
(298nH / m)(52.5 pF / m)
11. What is the velocity factor (VF) for a cable whose velocity of propagation vp is 2 x 108
m/s?
VF =
vp
C
2 10 8 m / s
= 0.666
3 10 8 m / s
12. RG62 as manufactured by General Cable is specified has having a velocity factor of
84%, and a capacitance of 44.3 pF/m. Find the equivalent inductance per meter for
this cable.
This problem is solved by manipulating the equation for velocity of propagation:
vp =
LC
Solving for L, we get:
L=
1
v C
2
p
The velocity of propagation is 84% of the speed of light, or (0.84)(3 x 108 m/s) or
2.52 x 108m/s. Substituting:
L=
1
1
=
= 355.5nH / m
8
v C (2.52 10 m / s ) 2 (44.3 pF / m)
2
p
14. How long will it take for a signal to travel through a 10 meter length of cable with a
velocity factor (VF) of 0.7?
T=
D
D
10m
=
=
= 47.6nS
8
v p C VF (3 10 m / s )(0.7)
20. What is the loss of a 50 foot section of RG62A at 100 MHz?

According to table 11-2, the specific loss is 2.7 dB/100 ft. The loss is therefore:
dB Loss = (50 ft) X (2.7 dB/100 ft) = 1.35 dB

21. An RG174 cable is being driven by a 10 Watt source, and is terminated 25 feet away
by a 50 Ohm load. What power will be delivered to the load at (a) 50 MHz, (b) 400
MHz?
a) At 50 MHz, the specific loss of RG174 is 8 dB/100 ft. The loss in the cable is
therefore (25 ft)(8 dB/100ft) or 2 dB. The power at the load will be:
Po = Pi 10 (dB / 10 ) = 10W 10 (2 / 10 ) = 6.3Watts

b) At 400 MHz, the specific loss is 20.4 dB/100 ft, and the loss in the cable will be
(25 ft)(20.4 dB/100ft) or 5.1 dB. The power at the load will be:
Po = Pi 10 (dB / 10 ) = 10W 10 (5.1 / 10 ) = 3Watts

22. What is the proper impedance for terminating 50 Ohm transmission line?
The proper impedance is 50 Ohms.
23. If the final power amplifier stage in a transmitter fails, what is a good thing to
check before placing the transmitter back in service?
The transmission line and antenna system should be checked. Problems here can
cause transmitter final PA damage.
24. What causes reflections on transmission lines? How can reflections be eliminated?
Impedance mismatches or discontinuities cause reflections. Reflections can be
eliminated by properly terminating transmission lines.
25. What causes standing waves to develop on transmission lines?
Standing waves are the result of the interaction between forward and reflected RF
energy waves on a transmission line. Where the waves have the same polarity, the
voltage is at a maximum; where they cancel, the line has a node (minimum).
26. A certain transmission line has standing waves; the maximum voltage on the line is
100 V, and the minimum voltage is 50 V. What is the SWR?
VSWR =
Vmax 100V
=
= 2 :1
Vmin
50V
27. Find the reflection coefficient, , that will result when a 75 Ohm line is terminated
in the following resistances: a) 100 Ohms ; b) 50 Ohms ; c) 25 Ohms ; d) 75 Ohms.
ZR Z0
Z R + Z0
Z Z0
b) = R
Z R + Z0
Z Z0
c) = R
Z R + Z0
Z Z0
d) = R
Z R + Z0
a) =
100 75
= + 0.142
100 + 75
50 75
= 0.2
50 + 75
25 75
= 0.5
25 + 75
75 75
=
= 0 (No reflection in this case)
75 + 75
28. Calculate the SWR of the line for each of the four load resistances of problem 27.
Which of the SWR readings would be high enough to require further investigation?
(1 + ) = (1 + 0.142 ) = 1.33 : 1
(1 ) (1 0.142 )
(1 + ) = (1 + 0.2 ) = 1.5 : 1
b) SWR =
(1 ) (1 0.2 )
(1 + ) = (1 + 0.5 ) = 3 : 1
c) SWR =
(1 ) (1 0.5 )
(1 + ) = (1 + 0 ) = 1 : 1
d) SWR =
(1 ) (1 0 )
a) SWR =
Reading C is high enough to require further troubleshooting.

29. A certain transmitter provides an output voltage of 100 Volts to a 75 Ohm
transmission line. The line is driving a mismatched load of 50 Ohms. Determine the
following: a) The SWR ; b) The maximum and minimum voltages on the line.
a) Since the load is purely resistive, the SWR can be calculated as
SWR = (Z0 / Zr) = (75 Ohms / 50 Ohms) = 1.5:1
b) The incident voltage is 100 Volts (given) and the reflected voltage is:
Z R Z 0 50 75
=
= 0.2
Z R + Z 0 50 + 75
Vr = Vi = (0.2)(100V ) = 20Volts
=
The maximum and minimum voltages are:
V max = Vi (1 + ) = 100V (1 + 0.2) = 120V
V min = Vi (1 ) = 100V (1 0.2) = 80V
30. You have been given a 100 foot length of transmission line to test. The characteristic
impedance of the line is unknown, but according to your measurements, an SWR of
2:1 results when the line is terminated in 50 Ohms, and an SWR of 3:1 results when
a 75 Ohm termination is substituted. What is the characteristic impedance of the
mystery line? (Hint: Use equations 11-14.)
Either 25 or 100 Ohm line will have a 2:1 SWR when terminated in 50 Ohms,
according to equation (11-14). Line impedances that would result in a 3:1 SWR
with a 75 Ohm termination are either 25 Ohms or 225 Ohms.
The line impedance is therefore 25 Ohms.
31. A certain directional wattmeter reads 100 W in the forward position, and 10 W in
the reverse position while testing a transmission line and antenna for an HF
transmitter. What is the SWR on the line, and should it be troubleshot?
SWR =
Pf + Pr
Pf Pr
100W + 10W
100W 10W
= 1.9 : 1

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Homework #10 Solution Set

(25 points - 1 per problem)

6. Which of the connectors in figure 11-3 is most useful at UHF? Why?

Upper Wire Resistance

Top Wire Inductance

Upper Wire Resistance

Lower Wire Resistance

Bottom Wire Inductance

Lower Wire Resistance

One Infinitely Small Section

One Infinitely Small Section

Solving for L, we get:

20. What is the loss of a 50 foot section of RG62A at 100 MHz?

dB Loss = (50 ft) X (2.7 dB/100 ft) = 1.35 dB

Po = Pi 10 (dB / 10 ) = 10W 10 (2 / 10 ) = 6.3Watts

Po = Pi 10 (dB / 10 ) = 10W 10 (5.1 / 10 ) = 3Watts

Reading C is high enough to require further troubleshooting.

The maximum and minimum voltages are:

V max = Vi (1 + ) = 100V (1 + 0.2) = 120V

V min = Vi (1 ) = 100V (1 0.2) = 80V

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