Dow - Ucar

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins
Flexible Solutions
for Coatings
Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.
Trademark of
The Dow Chemical Company
(Dow) or an affiliated
company of Dow.
Contents
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UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings

Typical Properties Table
Applications Table
General Characteristics Table
3
4
6
6
FDA Status
Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymers
Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymers
Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymers
Hydrolyzed Resins
Directly Polymerized Resins
10
10
10
Carboxyl Modified/Hydroxyl Modified Vinyl

Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
11
Sulfonate Modified Copolymer
11
Solution Vinyl Resins for VOC-Compliant

CoatingsWater-based Resin
12
Solutions
Viscosity Behavior
Application Methods
Solution Preparation
12
22
23
23
Formulation of Clear Coatings

Plasticizers
Heat Stabilizers
Light Stabilizers
25
25
25
26
Formulation of Pigmented Coatings
27
Modification with Other Polymers

Compatibility
Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems
30
30
30
Adhesion
32
Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings
32
Product Stewardship
34
of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings

Through advanced solution vinyl resin
technology, Dow has successfully extended
the 50 years of proven performance of the
vinyl chloride backbone.
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are available in

four general copolymer types:
Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl
Acetate
Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl
Acetate
When properly pigmented, coatings based on

vinyl chloride/acetate copolymers have excellent
outdoor durability. Hydroxyl-modification
improves compatibility and adhesion, and
provides a site for crosslinking. Carboxyl
modification permits formulation of coatings
that will adhere to clean metal surfaces on airdry. Epoxy modification provides the ability to
crosslink with carboxyl-modified vinyl resins to
give an all-vinyl reactive system that yields
thermoset-like characteristics, most notably
improved toughness, enhanced physical
properties, and superior chemical resistance.
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, produced by a
proprietary solution polymerization process,
offer several advantages:
High Purity
These copolymers are available as powders and
solutions in a range of molecular weights and
compositions.
Coatings based on these resins are nonoxidizing
and permanently flexible, and are characterized
by the absence of color, odor, and taste. They are
not attacked at normal temperatures by dilute
alkalies or mineral acids, alcohols, greases, oils,
or aliphatic hydrocarbons. They have a low
moisture-vapor transmission rate, low order of
water absorption, and are tough and durable.
No water-soluble suspending agents or

surfactants are used in the manufacture;
therefore, water resistance is outstanding.
Additionally, the as-received vinyl chloride
monomer (VCM) content of dry vinyl powders
is nondetectable.
Uniform Polymer Composition and Narrow

Molecular Weight Distribution
Provide predictable solution viscosities and
batch-to-batch production uniformity.
Low in Gels
The molecular weight and the ratio of vinyl
chloride to vinyl acetate affect the solubility and
other physical properties of the resin. As the
molecular weight (degree of polymerization) is
increased, the solution viscosity increases and the
strength of the film increases. Vinyl chloride
contributes film strength and toughness, as well
as water and chemical resistance. Vinyl acetate
improves solubility and film flexibility.
Easily dissolved and low in gels and insoluble

materials.
Compatibility
All UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are completely
compatible with each other and many different
types of resins.
Recoatable
Typically dry by evaporation. Hydroxyl-modified
vinyls can be cured by crosslinking.
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Table 1A-Typical Properties of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

VYNS-3
VYHH
VYHD
VMCH
VMCC
VMCA
Polymer Composition % by Wt
VCl
VAc
Other
90
10
86
14
86
14
86
13
1a
83
16
1a
81
17
2a
Reactive Functionality
Type
carboxyl
carboxyl
carboxyl
1.0
1.0
2.0
Acid No.
10
10
19
Hydroxyl Value
Epoxy Equivalent Wt
Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243
0.74
0.50
0.40
0.50
0.38
0.32
Specific Gravity ASTM-D792
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
79
72
72
74
72
70
Average Molecular Wt, Mnb
44,000
27,000
22,000
27,000
19,000
15,000
Solution Viscosityc at 25C, cP
1300d
600
200
650
100
55
Typical Solution Properties

Solids, % by Wt
MEK/Toluene
Viscosity at 25C, cP
15
67/33
250
20
50/50
200
25
33/67
175
20
50/50
150
25
25/75
250
30
25/75
370
% by Wt
Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), C
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Maleic acid
Referenced to polystyrene standard.
30% resin in MEK
20% resin in MEK
The
physical property data listed here are considered to be typical

properties, not specifications.
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Table 1BTypical Properties of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

Polymer Composition % by Wt
VCl
VAc
Other
Reactive Functionality
Type
VAGH
VAGD
VAGF
VAGC
VROH
90
4
6d
90
4
6d
81
4
15e
81
4
15e
81
4
15e
hydroxyl hydroxyl
% by Wt
UCARMAG Binder
527
569
82
4
14a,e
85
13
2f
hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl/ sulfonate

carboxyl
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.3
2.3
Acid No.
Hydroxyl Value
76
76
59
63
66
59
Epoxy Equivalent Wt
Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243
0.53
0.44
0.56
0.44
0.30
0.56
0.33
Specific Gravity ASTM-D792
1.39
1.39
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.35
79
77
70
65
65
72
72
Average Molecular Wt, Mnj
27,000
22,000
33,000
24,000
15,000
35,000
17,000
Solution Viscosityk at 25C, cP
1,000
400
930
275
70
720
850
Typical Solution Properties

Solids, % by Wt
MEK/Toluene
20
50/50
350
25
50/50
400
20
50/50
171
30
50/50
184
30
25/75
340
20
50/50
170
20
50/50
500
Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), C
(a)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(j)
(k)
Maleic acid
Vinyl alcohol
Hydroxyalkyl acrylate
Sulfonate-containing monomer
Referenced to polystyrene standard.
30% resin in MEK
The
physical property data listed here are considered to be typical

properties, not specifications.
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Applications and Characteristics

Table 2Applications
UCAR Solution
Packaging
Vinyl Resin
Food
Non-Food
VYNS-3
VYHH
VYHD
VMCH
VMCC
VMCA
VAGH
VAGD
VAGF
VAGC
VROH
UCARMAG
Binder
527
569
General
Metals
Marine and
Maintenance
Magnetic
Media
Inks
Adhesives
Table 3General Characteristics of

Appearance
Particle Size
% by wt, min, through 20 mesh
Bulk Density, lb/ft3
Heat Loss, % by wt, max
Water Content, % by wt, max
Melting Point, C
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White powder
98
24 to 34
3.0
0.5
93 to 135
Strippable Wood
Coatings Finishes
FDA Status
The UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins listed below
are cited in the following regulations1 of the
United States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for use in food-contact applications, such
as can, paper, film, and foil coatings, and coatings
for closures.
FDA Regulation
Use
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin
21CFR 175.105
Components of adhesives used in articles intended

for packaging, transporting, or holding food.
VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH
21CFR 175.300
(b)(3)(XV)
Components of resinous and polymeric coatings

to be applied as continuous films to food-contact
surfaces of articles intended for use in processing,
manufacturing, packing, producing, heating,
packaging, holding, or transporting food.
VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH
21CFR 175.320
Components of a coating that is applied as a

continuous film over one or both sides of a base
film produced from one or more of the basic olefin
polymers complying with 177.1520.
VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH
21CFR 176.170 (b)
Components of the food-contact surface of paper

and paperboard used to package aqueous and
fatty foods.
VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH
21CFR 176.180
Components of paper and paperboard in contact

with dry food.
VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH
21CFR 177.1210
Components of closures with sealing gaskets

for food containers.
VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH
(1) Since government regulations are subject to revision, it is the users responsibility to refer to the Code of Federal Regulations
or the Federal Register to determine current regulatory status.
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UCAR VYNS-3 Solution Vinyl Resin
The highest molecular weight Solution Vinyl
Resin, having a composition of approximately 90
percent vinyl chloride and 10 percent vinyl
acetate, UCAR VYNS-3 Solution Vinyl Resin is
usually dissolved in relatively strong ketone
systems to provide resin solutions of 13 to 17
percent solids. It is used where the ultimate
toughness, durability, and chemical resistance are
required. Because of its excellent tensile tear
properties, UCAR VYNS-3 Solution Vinyl Resin
is ideally suited for strippable coatings
applications. UCAR VYHH Solution Vinyl
Resin is often blended with UCAR VYNS-3
Solution Vinyl Resin to increase sprayable solids.
UCAR VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin

A high molecular weight resin having a
composition of approximately 86 percent vinyl
chloride and 14 percent vinyl acetate, UCAR
VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin offers a desirable
balance of chemical resistance, solubility, film
strength, and thermoplasticity. It is usually
dissolved in a relatively strong solvent/diluent
combination, such as ketone solvent/aromatic
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diluent (50/50 percent by weight). With this

system, a solids content of 20 to 22 percent can
be achieved. Marine and maintenance coatings,
ink and overlacquers for vinyl substrates,
strippable coatings, and masonry and metal
coatings are among the principal appli-cations
for UCAR VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin.
UCAR VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin

A medium molecular weight resin having a
chloride and 14 percent vinyl acetate; UCAR
VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin is more soluble in
ketones and other solvents than UCAR VYHH
Solution Vinyl Resin and, therefore, has a greater
tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon diluents.
Resin solutions of 25 percent solids can be
achieved by dissolving UCAR VYHD Solution
Vinyl Resin in a system consisting of ketone
solvent/aromatic diluent (35/65 percent by
weight). UCAR VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin
can be substituted for UCAR VYHH Solution
Vinyl Resin in most applications where higher
solids are needed.
Carboxyl-Modified
The carboxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl
acetate copolymers are made specifically for the
formulation of coatings having excellent adhesion
to various substrates, especially metals, cellulosics,
and certain plastics.
UCAR VMCH Solution Vinyl Resin

A high molecular weight resin containing
approx-imately 86 percent vinyl chloride, 13
percent vinyl acetate, and 1 percent maleic acid;
UCAR VMCH Solution Vinyl Resin is usually
dissolved in relatively strong solvent/diluent
combinations, such as 50 percent ketone/50
percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce
solutions of 20 to 22 percent solids. UCAR
VMCH Solution Vinyl Resin is used primarily
for air-dry finishes, such as maintenance, marine,
and metal coatings, and is often used to make
heat-sealable packaging coatings.
UCAR VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin

A medium molecular weight resin containing
approximately 83 percent vinyl chloride, 16
UCAR VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin is more
soluble than UCAR VMCH Solution Vinyl
Resin in ketones, esters, and other solvents used
to dissolve vinyl resins.
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UCAR VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin also has a

higher tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon
diluents. When dissolved in a suitable solvent
system, such as a 50 percent ketone/50 percent
aromatic hydrocarbon, resin solutions of 23 to
25 percent solids can be achieved. UCAR
VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin is often used in the
same applications as UCAR VMCH Solution
Vinyl Resin. However, because of its better
solubility, it is also used as an adhesion promoter
for vinyl organosols in can coatings.
UCAR VMCA Solution Vinyl Resin

A low molecular weight resin containing
approximately 81 percent vinyl chloride, 17
UCAR VMCA Solution Vinyl Resin is
characterized by a high degree of solubility in
solvent systems having a high aromatic
hydrocarbon content. When dissolved in a
suitable solvent/diluent combination, such as 25
percent ketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon,
resin solutions of 30 percent solids can be
achieved. UCAR VMCA Solution Vinyl Resin
yields the good balance of solubility and viscosity
properties needed for high-build, air-dry
maintenance finishes. It can also be used in
coatings and adhesives applications where higher
solids are desirable.
Hydroxyl-Modified
Hydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate
copolymers are manufactured using two different
processes. UCAR VAGH and VAGD Solution
Vinyl Resins are polymers made in a two-step
process that yields vinyl alcohol in the backbone.
The other hydroxyl-modified resins are produced
by a one-step polymerization process similar
to that used to make the copolymer and
carboxy-functional solution polymerized resins
described above.
Hydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate
copolymers are noted particularly for
compatibility with other film-forming resins,
such as alkyds, urethane elastomers, isocyanate
resins, epoxy polymers, and urea and melamine
resins. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls are, therefore,
often formulated with these and other filmforming materials to improve coating properties,
such as adhesion, flexibility, toughness, hardness,
and chemical resistance. Hydroxyl-modified
resins are often used to impart snap-dry
properties to a coating. The hydroxyl
functionality permits crosslinking reactions for
thermoset coating systems that exhibit
outstanding chemical and water resistance.
Coatings based on these resins also have good
adhesion to wash primers, metals, wood, and
many plastic substrates.
Hydrolyzed Resins
UCAR VAGH Solution Vinyl Resin
A high molecular weight, partially hydrolyzed
vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate resin having a
chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate, with a hydroxyl
content of approximately 2.3 percent; UCAR
VAGH Solution Vinyl Resin can be dissolved in
relatively strong solvent/diluent combinations,
such as 50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatic
hydrocarbon, to produce resin solutions of 20
percent solids. UCAR VAGH Solution Vinyl
Resin can be used for a wide range of coatings
applications, including industrial maintenance
and marine finishes, wood finishes, paper
coatings, metal decorative and container
coatings, and as a binder in magnetic tape.
10
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UCAR VAGD Solution Vinyl Resin

A medium molecular weight, partially hydrolyzed
vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate resin having a
chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate, with a hydroxyl
content of approximately 2.3 percent. The lower
molecular weight provides improved solubility
and permits the formulation of solutions
containing higher solids.
Directly Polymerized Resins

UCAR VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin
A high molecular weight copolymer comprised of
vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl
acrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is about 81
percent with the hydroxyl content at 1.8 percent.
The solution viscosity and other properties of
UCAR VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin strongly
resemble those of UCAR VAGH Solution Vinyl
Resin. UCAR VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin can
be used for a wide range of coatings
applications, including industrial maintenance
and marine finishes, paper coatings, general
metal finishes, and as a binder in magnetic tape.
UCAR VAGC Solution Vinyl Resin

A medium molecular weight copolymer
comprised of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate,
and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinyl chloride
portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxyl
content at 1.9 percent. The solution viscosity
and other properties of UCAR VAGC Solution
Vinyl Resin are very similar to those of UCAR
VAGD Solution Vinyl Resin. UCAR VAGC
Solution Vinyl Resin finds commercial
application in clear and pigmented coatings for
metal, wood, paper, concrete, masonry, films,
foils, fabrics, and leather.
Sulfonate Modified
Copolymer
UCAR VROH Solution Vinyl Resin
UCARMAG 569 Binder Resin
A low molecular weight copolymer comprised of

vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl
acrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is
approximately 81 percent, and the hydroxyl
content is approximately 2 percent. High
tolerance for alcohols and aliphatic diluents
broadens the usefulness of UCAR VROH
Solution Vinyl Resin. UCAR VROH Solution
Vinyl Resin can be dissolved in solvent/diluent
combinations, such as 25 percent ketone/75
percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resin
solutions of 30 percent solids. Also, 35 percent
resin solutions can be prepared with UCAR
VROH Solution Vinyl Resin using Rule 66-type
exempt solvent systems (for the wood coatings
industry) containing as much as 30 percent by
volume butanol. UCAR VROH Solution Vinyl
Resin can be used in a wide variety of clear and
pigmented coatings for metal, wood, paper, film,
foil, and fabric.
A medium molecular weight copolymer

containing vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a
monomer with metal sulfonate functionality.
The vinyl chloride of the copolymer is about 85
percent by weight. The sulfonate functional
monomer provides the copolymer with
exceptional wetting characteristics which make it
an excellent dispersing medium for high surface
area pigments used in magnetic media
applications. Since the copolymer has excellent
heat stability, it can be used in applications
requiring high shear milling operations to
disperse high surface area or highly porous
pigments. UCARMAG 569 Binder Resin,
because of its sulfonate functionality, may also
be useful in other nonmagnetic media
applications where good dispersing capabilities
are needed. For example, UCARMAG 569
Binder Resin is an efficient grinding vehicle for
hard-to-disperse organic colors such as lithol
rubine red. Color concentrates impart high gloss
and tinting strength in inks and coatings.
Carboxyl Modified/
Hydroxyl Modified
Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl
Acetate Copolymer
UCARMAG 527 Binder Resin
A high molecular weight copolymer comprised
of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, a hydroxy-alkyl
acrylate, and a carboxylated monomer. The vinyl
chloride content is about 80 percent by weight
and the hydroxyl content is about 1.8 percent.
The molecular weight and physical properties of
UCARMAG 527 Binder Resin are similar to
those of UCAR VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin. A
carboxyl monomer in the UCARMAG 527
Binder Resin gives the copolymer excellent
wetting and pigment dispersion properties and
has made the resin especially useful in magnetic
tape coatings containing neutral or basic
pigments. Because of its unique functionality,
UCARMAG 527 Binder Resin might also be
considered as a binder for printing inks, paper
coatings, and general metal finishes.
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11
Solution Vinyl Resins for

VOC-Compliant Coatings
Water-based Resin
UCAR AW-875 Waterborne Vinyl Resin
Dispersion
Since their commercialization about 50 years
ago, UCAR Solution-Polymerized Vinyl Resins
have become the standards for a wide range of
coatings applications. UCAR AW-875
Waterborne Vinyl Resin dispersion has been
developed for compliant waterborne coatings,
adhesives, and inks. This waterborne resin
dispersion utilizes a solution-polymerized vinyl
resin backbone that has been chemically
modified to allow dispersion in water.
Solutions
Several criteria must be weighed in choosing
solvents and diluents for UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins:
Solvent Strength
Volatility
Toxicity
Odor
Cost
Flammability
Type of Application
Esters are useful in applications where minimal

attack on the substrate is desirable (as with
coatings on plastics). Because of their low
solvency for vinyls, they should be used in
combination with other active solvents.
Urethane-grade esters are preferred for minimum
viscosity and optimum viscosity stability. Figure 2
compares the solvent strength of different esters
for UCAR VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin.
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are readily

dissolved into clear solutions at room
temperature by ketones, nitroparaffins, esters,
and chlorinated hydrocarbons. In general,
ketones are the most suitable solvents for vinyl
resins. Compared to other solvents, ketones yield
higher resin concentrations without gelling and
lower solution viscosities at equivalent solids
content. Because of their solvency, they tolerate
greater dilution with economical hydrocarbon
diluents and exhibit better storage stability.
Figure 1 compares the solvent strength of
different ketones for UCAR VYHD Solution
Vinyl Resin.
12
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Figure 1Viscosity vs. Concentration of UCAR VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin in Ketones
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
Isophorone
4,000
Cyclohexanone
3,000
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
2,000
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Acetone
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
50
Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or
100 rpm with spindles #2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.
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13
Figure 2Viscosity vs. Concentration of UCAR VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin in Esters
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
Methyl PROPASOL Acetate
4,000
Isopropyl Acetat e
3,000
Butyl Acetate
2,000
Ethyl Acetat e
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
15
20
25

14
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30
35
Table 4Solution Viscosity of UCAR VYHH Solution Vinyl

Resin in Ketones and Ketone/Aromatic Blends
Solution Viscosity at 25C, cP
Formula A Formula B
84
88
86
130
124
212
230
360
304
504
316
684
672
360
930
484
Ketone Solvent
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Propyl Ketone
Methyl Isoamyl Ketone
Methyl n-Amyl Ketone
Cyclohexanone
Isophorone
Formulation
UCAR VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin
Ketone Solvent
Xylene
Toluene
Parts by Weight
Formula A
20
80
100
Formula B
20
40
20
20
100
Diluents lower coating costs, alter the

evaporation rates, and provide other important
coating characteristics. Typical diluents for use
with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins include
aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene and
xylene. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral
spirits, VM&P naphtha, and heptane can also be
used. These aliphatic hydrocarbons are less
effective than aromatic hydrocarbons and should
be used at levels not exceeding 10 percent of the
solvent blend.
Ketones tolerate greater amounts of aromatic
diluents than do the ester solvents. Table 4
compares the viscosity of UCAR VYHH
Solution Vinyl Resin in ketones with the viscosity
in ketone/diluent mixtures.
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Optimum formulation stability and the lowest

solution viscosities are obtained when the solvent
system contains only active solvents. As the
proportion of diluent increases, the stability
declines. Figures 3 to 5 compare the solution
viscosity of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins versus
solids content in methyl ethyl ketone and in a
methyl isobutyl ketone/toluene (50/50) blend.
Formulating at excessively high solids or with
weak solvent mixtures can result in solutions
having unstable viscosities and can even lead to
the formation of gel structures. As the molecular
weight of the vinyl resin decreases, however, the
diluent level can be increased while maintaining
the same level of viscosity.
15
Figure 3Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate

Copolymers in Methyl Ethyl Ketone
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
VYNS-3
3,000
VYHH
2,000
VYHD
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30

16
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40
50
Figure 3AViscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
VYNS-3
3,000
VYHH
2,000
VYHD
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
50

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17
Figure 4Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified

10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
VAGH
4,000
VAGF
3,000
VAGD
2,000
VAGC
VROH
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30

18
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40
50
Figure 4AViscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified

Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
VAGH
4,000
VAGF
3,000
VAGD
2,000
VAGC
VROH
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
50

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19
Figure 5Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified

10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
VMCH
2,000
VMCC
VMCA
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30

20
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40
50
Figure 5AViscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified

Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
VMCH
2,000
VMCC
VMCA
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
50

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21
Figure 6Memory Effect of Vinyl Resin Solutions
Viscosity
Cooled
Room T emperatur e
Heated
Time (weeks)
Viscosity Behavior
Viscosity behavior of vinyl solutions is influenced
by resin concentration, active solvent used, ratio
of solvent to diluent, and solution temperature.
Viscosity changes in vinyl solutions are the result
of different equilibrium effects that occur during
the preparation and storage of resin solutions.
The formation of a slight degree of microcrystallinity among adjacent polymer molecules
in solution is responsible for the observed
viscosity increase.
The time required to reach equilibrium viscosity
for vinyl resin solutions is influenced by resin
molecular weight, solids content, solvent strength,
processing time, and temperature. Vinyl resin
solutions usually increase in viscosity with time.
The extent of the total increase can range from a
minor viscosity drift to a major change, such as
gelation. Vinyl solutions that have gelled because
of excessive solids content or a solvent mix that
is too weak can be restored to fluidity by proper
thinning and mixing.
22
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Another equilibrium condition that affects

solution viscosity is the memory effect. It is
noted in vinyl solutions that have been subjected
to increases or decreases in temperature and is
characterized by a significant lag in the rate at
which a vinyl solution returns to equilibrium
viscosity after a temperature change. For example,
a vinyl solution that has been heated will
maintain an abnormally low viscosity for
extended periods after it has returned to its
initial temperature. This viscosity change is
caused by differences in the degree of
microcrystallinity of the solution at various
temperatures. As the temperature increases,
the degree of microcrystalline regions that
exist in the solution decreases and the viscosity
decreases. The memory effect is illustrated
in Figure 6.
Formulators must be aware of both these effects
and the time required to reach equilibrium
conditions, so that viscosity stability problems,
resulting from the preparation of solutions at
incorrect solids levels or solvent blends, are
avoided.
Application Methods
Solution Preparation
Coatings based on UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

may be readily applied by commonly used
application methods, such as brushing, spraying,
dipping, and roller coating. Of major
considertion for all applications is the correct
consistency of the coating and proper
evaporation rate of the solvent used in a
particularapplication method. Table 5 shows
the properties of solvents useful with UCAR
Solution Vinyl Resins.
Use a high-shear mixer to prepare solutions

of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. Slow-speed,
paddle-type agitators are not as effective as highshear mixers. Equip the mixers with tight-fitting
covers.
Paper and cloth coatings may be formulated

with highly volatile solvents, such as acetone
and methyl ethyl ketone. Application by roller
coaters requires solvents and diluents with a
slow evaporation rate. Isophorone is used for
roller coating because it is an excellent solvent
for vinyls and has a slow evaporation rate.
Methyl PROPASOL Acetate and
Cyclohexanone Solvents are used for brush
applications because they are slow-evaporating
solvents that promote ease of application and
good flow-out.
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins should not be

charged into equipment containing flammable
liquid or vapor unless precautions are taken
to eliminate static electrical discharge (see
Storage and Handling guide for UCAR Solution
Vinyl Resin.)
Add the solvent/diluent mixtures to the highshear mixer. As the solvent mixture is agitated,
add the resin slowly. The resin must be added
slowly or lumping may occur.
As an alternate procedure, slurry the vinyl resin

in a solvent/diluent blend containing about 20
percent of active solvent. Add the resin slowly.
When all the resin is thoroughly wetted,
vigorously agitate the slurry and slowly add the
remaining portion of the active solvent.
Do not slurry the vinyl resin in the diluent alone;
slurrying with diluents may produce a static
electrical discharge and cause a flash fire.
Follow all precautions for the safe handling of
organic solvents and diluents.
High-shear mixing will heat solutions, especially
viscous solutions. Maintain the solution
temperature as low as possible. If solutions are
held at elevated temperatures for long periods of
time, discoloration may result.
The addition of about 1.0 to 2.0 percent
ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxide on resin will
help control discoloration without affecting
coating performance. For maximum stability,
vinyl resin solutions should be stored in baked
phenolic-lined containers.
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Note: ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxide does not have FDA clearances for
use in food-contact applications.
23
Table 5Solvents for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

Relative
Evaporation
Rate
(BuAc=100)
Solubility
with VYHHa,b
Weight
per gallon
at 20C, lb
Distillation
Range, C
Flash Point,
Closed
Cup, F
1160
615
570
500
275
S
S
S
S-G
S
6.59
7.51
6.71
7.26
7.39
56-57
76-78
78-81
86-90
99-103
0
30
24
42
58
Medium Evaporating
Isobutyl Acetate, Urethane Grade
Butyl Acetate, Urethane Grade
165
145
100
S
S
S
6.67
7.25
7.34
114-117
112-117
124-129
61
62
84
Slow Evaporating
Amyl Acetate, Primary
Cyclohexanone
Methyl PROPASOL Acetate Solvent
Diisobutyl Ketone
Diacetone Alcohol
Isophorone
42
23
34
18
14
3
S
S
S
S-G
S
S
7.29
7.89
8.09
6.72
7.82
7.67
140-150
156
146
163-173
145-172
210-218
101
111
114
120
133
179
Solvents
Fast Evaporating
Acetone
Ethyl Acetate, 99%
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Isopropyl Acetate, 99%
Propyl Acetate
(a) 0.5g VYHH to 4.5ml solvent

(b) S = Soluble
S-G = Soluble, tendency to gel
24
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Formulation of Clear Coatings

Clear vinyl coatings can be modified with
plasticizers, heat and light stabilizers, and other
materials for specific performance properties.
Before incorporating any modifier in the
formulation, understand clearly how the
modifier meets the demands of the application.
Do not use clear vinyl coatings for applications
that involve long-term exposure to ultraviolet
light.
The optimum level of plasticizer for a formulation

will depend upon the specific resin used and the
performance property required by the application.
To obtain equivalent degrees of flexibility, higher
molecular weight resins require more plasticizer
than lower molecular weight resins. Proportions
of 10 to 25 parts plasticizer per 100 parts of
resin are typically used.
Table 6 provides a list of plasticizers having good
compatibility with UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins.
Plasticizers
The addition of a plasticizer in the coating
formulation will enhance flexibility and help
to minimize solvent retention in the film. The
typical phthalate, adipate, citrate, epoxy, and
phosphate plasticizers are compatible with
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. In general,
compatibility decreases as the hydrocarbon
nature of the plasticizer increases. Polymeric
plasticizers are less efficient than monomeric
plasticizers.
Other factors to consider in selecting plasticizers
include solubility, volatility, the effect on outdoor
durability, the need for low-temperature
flexibility, and suitability for contact with food.
Certain citrates, epoxies, and phthalates are
permitted under FDA regulations. Monomeric
plasticizers are most commonly used, although
the polymeric plasticizers are used to provide
special film characteristics, such as low
extractability or migration. Phosphate
plasticizers are generally not recommended for
outdoor exposure because of poor light stability.
When a bake cycle is required, the volatility of
the plasticizer is particularly important. The
plasticizer may volatilize sufficiently to lower
the concentration below what was originally
intended for the dried or cured formulation.
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Heat Stabilizers
As with all vinyl resins, UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins are degraded upon prolonged exposure to
heat. The degradation products include hydrogen
chloride, which accelerates further resin
degradation and leads to the development of
unsaturated polymer structures that can be easily
oxidized. The result is embrittlement, loss of
flexibility, and discoloration of the vinyl film. To
minimize the degradation of vinyl films, add
suitable heat stabilizers.
Baking at temperatures above 248F (120C) for
more than five minutes will usually require a
thermal stabilizer to avoid degradation of the
film. The use of a tin mercaptide stabilizer
(1 percent) in combination with a liquid epoxy
resin, such as ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxy
resin, or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A resin
(3 to 5 percent) gives the best results.
Do not use barium, cadmium, or zinc stabilizers
with the carboxyl-modified vinyl resins; they
tend to react with the carboxyl groups. Zinc
stabilizers also tend to develop color quickly,
especially in low plasticizer systems. Iron and
zinc surfaces can accelerate decomposition and
discoloration.
25
Table 6Typical Plasticizers for

on weight of vinyl resin
Light Stabilizers
An adequate quantity of a hiding pigment will
screen out incident radiation and prove the best
light stabilizer for pigmented vinyl coatings.
Do not use unpigmented vinyl coatings outdoors.
Where only limited ultraviolet light exposure will
be encountered, clear films should be formulated
with a light stabilizer system to prevent
discoloration. The best light stabilizer system
includes an ultraviolet light absorber (substituted
benzophenones), a hindered amine light stabilizer
(HALS), and ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxy
resin.
A typical system would be comprised of the
following:
Ingredients
UV Absorber1
HALS 2
ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxy resin
%
1
2
3
Type
Phthalate
Citrate
Phosphate
Epoxy
Polymeric
on weight of vinyl resin

(1) UV AbsorberUvinul D-5O (BASF), Tinuvin 327
or 328 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.
(2) HALSTinuvin 292 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.
In all cases, choose stabilizers carefully and

test them under actual use conditions.
Consult suppliers of stabilizers for specific
recommendations.
26
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Miscellaneous
Product
Diisooctyl Phthalate
Diisodecyl Phthalate
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Butyl 2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate
2-Ethylhexyl Isodecyl Phthalate
Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
Acetyl Triethyl Citrate
Tributyl Citrate
Tri(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate
Triphenyl Phosphate
Tributyl Phosphate
FLEXOL EPO Plasticizer
(Epoxidized soybean oil)
FLEXOL EP-8 Plasticizer
(2-Ethylhexyl epoxy tallate)
FLEXOL LOE Plasticizer
(Epoxidized linseed oil)
Adipic Acid Polyester
Azelaic Acid Polyester
Sebacic Acid Polyester
Blown Castor Oil
Blown Soybean Oil
Blown Linseed Oil
Dibutyl Sebacate
Di(2-ethylhexyl) Sebacate
Di(2-ethylhexyl) Azelate
Formulation of Pigmented Coatings

Pigments are selected for hiding power, ultraviolet
protection, purity, and ease of wetting. Although
most commercially available pigments are
suitable for use with UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins, there are some general constraints.
Additionally, there are specific constraints that
apply to UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution
Vinyl Resins.
Do not use natural iron oxide pigments with
any UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin. These
pigments contain trace impurities that can gel
the coating or cause discoloration or excessive
chalking of the film. Do not use iron-containing
pigments, such as Prussian blue or the so-called
chrome greens (blends of Prussian blue and
lead chromate). Chromium oxide green,
however, performs well with UCAR Solution
Vinyl Resins.
When an iron oxide pigment is desired, use
synthetic iron oxides; they perform well with
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. With coatings
containing synthetic iron oxides, use a heat
stabilizer, particularly when bake temperatures
may reach 248F (120C).
Gold bronze metallic pigments are powdered
alloys of copper and zinc. They tend to react
with vinyl, causing color development and
gellation. When used to make gold inks, the
powder is stirred into the ink vehicle shortly
before use, and quantities sufficient for the job
at hand are prepared.
There is a minimum amount of pigment that
must be used to impart opacity to ultraviolet
light. For example, about 65 parts of titanium
dioxide (TiO2) per 100 parts of vinyl resin is the
minimum amount that should be used. To obtain
maximum hiding power in thin films, about 125
parts TiO2 per 100 parts of vinyl resin is a
practical maximum concentration.
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Exceeding this level can cause excessive chalking.

If color pigments are desired, they can generally
be substituted for TiO2 at an equal volume
replacement. There are exceptionsultra-fine
particle size pigments, for example, are used at
much lower concentrations.
The use of extender pigments or fillers will help
improve the economics of the formulation. They
will also help prevent sagging of thick wet films
on vertical surfaces, will help control gloss
(flatting) at low levels, and will permit greater
film thickness per coat. Talcs, clays, barytes, and
silicas may be used as extender pigments. If they
are used, they will contribute little to ultraviolet
absorption. A sufficient quantity of ultravioletlight-absorbing prime pigment must be included
in the formulation.
Table 7 provides a listing of pigment types and
loadings typically recommended for UCAR
Vinyl Copolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl
Resins.
Formulation with UCAR VMCH, VMCC, and
VMCA Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins
involves special considerations. The carboxyl
groups of these products are randomly spaced
along the polymer chain and will react with
basic materials to form irreversible gels or
increased consistency of pigment-vinyl
combinations. Do not use basic pigments,
extenders, or fillers with UCAR
Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.
Particularly, avoid lead-containing pigments (red
lead, chrome yellow, chrome orange), zinc dust
or zinc oxide, strontium-containing pigments,
and calcium carbonate. Do not even use small
amounts of these basic materials in pigment
blends. With minor proportions of basic
pigments, viscosity aberrations may not be
predictable; some batches may have a normal
viscosity and others will gel. Table 8 lists
pigments typically used with UCAR
Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.
27
Table 7Typical Pigments for UCAR Vinyl Copolymer

and Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins
Parts per
100 Parts Resin
Pigment
Red
Pigment Scarlet
Permanent Red 2B
(Non-Resinated Calcium, Barium,
or Strontium Lakes of 2-B Acid
BON Reds
Pyrazolone Reds
Indanthrene Reds
Quinacridone Reds
Perylene Scarlet
Pyranthrone Scarlet
Perylene Vermillion
Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types
55 to 100
Yellow
Nickel-Titanium Yellow
Indanthrene Types
Benzidines
Nickel Azo Types
Flavanthrone
Anthrapyrimidine
Pyratex Yellows
55 to 100
Orange
Vat Orange
Dianisidine Orange
Benzidine Orange
Anthanthrone
Green
Phthalocyanine Green
28
Pigment
Maroon
Thioindigo Types
Alizarine Types
BON Types
Perylene Maroon
Brown
55 to 100
Black
Carbon Black
Furnace Black
Lampblack
5 to 7
5 to 7
5 to 7
55 to 100
White
Antimony Oxide
Titanium Dioxide
Zinc Oxide
75 to 125
Violet
Carbazole
Carbozole Dioxane
Metallic
Aluminum Pastes (65%)
Leafing or Non-Leafing
Blue
Phthalocyanine Blue
15 to 25
indicates that the minimum level of pigment to prevent ultraviolet light degradation has not been established.
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Parts per
100 Parts Resin
60 to 85
Table 8Typical Pigments for UCAR

Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins
Pigment
Aluminum Powder
Titanium Dioxide
Phthalocyanine Green
(Non-Resinated)
Phthalocyanine Blue
(Non-Resinated)
Carbon Black
Iron Blue
a
Iron Oxide Yellow, Synthetic
a
Iron Oxide Red, Synthetic
a
Iron Oxide Black, Synthetic
a
Iron Oxide Brown, Synthetic
Ultramarine Blue
Zinc Phosphate
Talc
Clay
Barytes
Parts per
100 Parts Resin
35 to 50
75 to 125
15 to 30
15 to 30
7
Chalks badly
60 to 125
60 to 125
60 to 125
60 to 125
Chalks and fades
75
Use as filler
or extender
pigments
(a) Natural oxides are not satisfactory. Synthetic oxides are satisfactory
in either air-dried or baked coatings.
If water is present in a pigmented coating

containing a carboxyl-modified vinyl, the
water molecule may form a bridge between
the polymers carboxyl group and the pigment
surface. Silica and alumina hydrate are prone
to bridging or hydrogen bonding. Since most
chloride-process TiO2 pigments have silica, zinc
oxide, or alumina treatments, they can develop
hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding manifests
itself as viscosity instability. The viscosity may
increase slowly over a period of several months
or it may increase rapidly in a few days or
weeks. If the water content reaches two percent
based on the weight of carboxyl-modified vinyl,
the paint may even gel.
Commercial-grade materials typically limit water
content adequately and should introduce no
serious viscosity instability. If water does
contaminate the formulation, it may come from
the solvents or be introduced through poor
storage practices.
Organic acids, mineral acids, and certain
acid-esters will reverse bridging from excessive
moisture. Organic acids (such as citric, maleic, or
malonic) or mineral acids (such as phosphoric)
are all effective at concentrations of one-fourth
to one percent, based on the weight of the
carboxyl-modified vinyl resin.
To restore a gelled paint to fluidity, first prepare
a solution of the acid or acid-ester in acetone or
other compatible solvent. Then, slowly add the
solution to the gelled paint with agitation. Acid
treatment of the coating may, however, affect
adhesion and reduce gloss.
Trademark
29
A small amount of acid or acid-ester can also

prevent or minimize viscosity excursions during
paint manufacture. As with the restoration of
gelled paints, this treatment may also affect
adhesion and reduce gloss.
then blended with the plasticizers, stabilizers,

grinding aid, and pigments. For higher gloss
coatings, predisperse the pigment in plasticizer,
thinner, and grinding aid before adding to the
vinyl resin solution.
The best way to control viscosity aberrations from

water content is to prevent water from entering
the formulation.
Where maximum gloss is desired, add pigments

in either vinyl pigment chip or vinyl pigment
paste form. For faster dispersion, incorporate
wetting agents in the formulation. Soya lecithin
or Nuosperse 657 (Creanova, Inc.) have been
extensively tested and are effective wetting
agents, when used in concentrations of one to
five percent, based on pigment weight. Other
suppliers such as Byk Chemie offer additives
useful for pigment dispersion.
Pigments can be easily dispersed into vinyl

coatings with conventional equipment, such as a
pebble mill, sand grinder, and high-speed stirrers.
To prevent iron contamination, do not use steel
ball mills for pigment dispersion. The most
common technique is to dissolve the vinyl resin
in the appropriate solvents. The vinyl solution is
Modification with Other Polymers
30
Compatibility
Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems
The vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers are

compatible with each other and with most
acrylic resins. They have, however, a low order
of compatibility with most other resin types.
UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl
Resins will improve the general adhesion
characteristics of other UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins. They will also improve air-dry adhesion
of many acrylic coatings. UCAR HydroxylModified Solution Vinyl Resins (notably VAGF,
VAGC, VAGH, VAGD, VROH) are compatible
with a broad range of other film formers, such as
alkyds, melamines, ureas, epoxies, and urethane
prepolymers. Table 9 lists typical modifiers and
shows their relative compatibility with UCAR
Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.
UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl

Resins can be cured with amino resins or
isocyanate prepolymers to increase film hardness
and resistance to solvents, chemicals, and
moisture. Vinyl wood sealers cured with urea
formaldehyde resins and acid catalysts cure
rapidly at ambient temperature or short,
low-temperature bake cycles. Vinyl coatings
for metal containers cured with phenolic or
melamine resins require higher bake
temperatures, but the resulting coatings have
excellent resistance to water immersion,
pasteurization, and steam sterilization.
Hydroxyl-modified resins cured with urethane
prepolymers cure at ambient temperature or low
bakes. Films can range from hard to elastomeric
depending on the choice of urethane prepolymer.
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Table 9Compatibility a of UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution

Vinyl Resins with Other Resins
Vinyl/Modifier Ratiob
VAGH
VAGD
VROH
4:1
1:4
4:1
1:4
4:1
1:4
Modifier Resin
c
Alkyds (non-drying)
Beckosol 12-021, coconut, short oil, PA content - 47%
C
C
I
C
C
C
I
C
H
C
I
C
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
C
C
C
H
C
C
I
C
C
H
C
C
I
C
C
H
C
C
I
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Alkyds (drying)
Beckosol 11-035, soya, medium oil, PA content - 35%
Beckosol 12-005, soya, short oil, PA content - 42%
Beckosol 11-070,
linseed/soya, medium oil, PA content - 31%
Beckosol 12-054,
tall oil fatty acids, short oil, PA content - 41%
d
Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
Beetle 55 (methylated resin)
Beetle 80 (butylated resin)
Hexamethoxymethylmelamine
Cymel 303
Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
Cymel 350
Cymel 370 (methylated resin)
Cymel 225-10 (rapid-cure resin)
e
Urethane Prepolymers
Mondur CB-60, aromatic polyisocyanate
Desmondur N-75, aliphatic polyisocyanate
Mondur HC, polyisocyanate copolymer
Key:
C=
H=
I=
PA =
Compatible
Haze in film, but coating uniform
Incompatible
Phthalic Anhydride
(a) 5-mil (125 microns) wet drawdowns on glass; coatings dried 20 min at 140F (60C) prior to rating
(b) Solids basis
(c) Supplier: Reichhold
(d) Supplier: Cytec Industries
(e) Supplier: Bayer
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31
Adhesion
For good adhesion, surfaces must be free of
rust, grease, oil, dirt, and other contamination.
Common techniques for cleaning surfaces include
solvent wash, vapor degreasing, chemical
treatment, and brush cleaning. For maximum
adhesion, use a phosphate treatment or a vinyl
butyral wash primer before applying the vinyl
coating. Where vinyl butyral primers are used,
the next coat must be based predominantly on
hydroxyl-modified resins (VAGF, VAGC, VAGH,
or VAGD).
Maximum adhesion of vinyl coatings is
usually obtained at bake temperatures high
enough to drive out traces of residual solvents.
Over porous surfaces, such as concrete and cloth,
mechanical adhesion should be sufficient for
good performance; baking is not generally

needed. Baking finishes can be cured with heated
air, infrared radiation, or by heating the metal
surface on which the coating is applied. Control
temperature carefully to avoid overbaking the
coating. Maintain proper ventilation and
uniform temperature distribution.
UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl
Resins adhere well to many types of finishes and
are quite useful in applications where coatings
based on the unmodified vinyl resins will not
adhere. UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution
Vinyl Resins adhere to clean metal and to air-dry
or baked topcoats or primers. Table 10 compares
the air-dry adhesion of coatings based on the
three basic types of UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins.
Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings

Vinyl coatings should not be used in applications
where the continuous service temperature
exceeds 140F (60C).
No specific recommendations can be made for
applications where the service temperature of the
coating exceeds 140F (60C) intermittently or
repeatedly.
The recommendations for the use of heat
stabilizers in UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins,
given elsewhere in this booklet, are specific to
a single-bake operation. The formulator is
cautioned not to directly apply information
about heat stabilizers to applications where
service temperature exceeds 140F (60C)
intermittently. Heat stabilizers that are effective
at high bakesin excess of 350F (176C)may
have an adverse effect on coating adhesion if
used at lower service temperatures.
32
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Table 10Air-Dry Adhesion of Coatings Based on

Substrate
Acrylic and Methacrylic Ester Resins
Alkyd Resin
Cloth
Concrete (somewhat dependent on type)
Glass
Metal (clean and smooth)
Metal, Phosphatized
Nitrocellulose
Oleoresinous (varies widely)
Paper
Phenolic Resins
Plaster (somewhat dependent on type)
Rubber, Chlorinated
Shellac
Urea Resins
Vinyl Butyral Resin
Vinyl Chloride Resins
Wood
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VYHH
Excellent
Poor
Poor
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Excellent
Poor
VAGH
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Fair
Poor
Fair
Poor
Fair to Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Fair
VMCH
Excellent
Fair
Fair to Excellent
Excellent
Fair
Excellent
Excellent
Fair
Poor
Good
Fair
Excellent
Fair
Poor
Fair
Fair
Excellent
Fair
33
Product Stewardship
The Dow Chemical Company has a fundamental
concern for all who make, distribute, and use its
products, and for the environment in which we
live. This concern is the basis of our Product
Stewardship philosophy by which we assess the
health and environmental information on our
products and then take appropriate steps to
protect employee and public health and the
environment. Our Product Stewardship program
rests with every individual involved with Dow
products from the initial concept and research to
the manufacture, sale, distribution, and disposal
of each product.
34
Trademark
When considering the use of any Dow products

in a particular application, you should review
our latest Material Safety Data Sheets and ensure
that the use you intend can be accomplished
safely. For Material Safety Data Sheets and other
product safety information, contact Dow at the
numbers of the back cover of this brochure.
Before handling any other products mentioned in
the text, you should obtain available product
safety information and take necessary steps to
ensure safety of use.
35
The Dow Chemical Company

Midland, Michigan 48674 U.S.A.
In the United States and Canada: call 1-800-447-4369 fax 1-989-832-1465
In Europe: call toll-free +800 3 694 6367 call +32 3 450 2240 fax +32 3 450 2815
In the Pacific: call toll-free +800 7776-7776 fax toll-free +800 7779-7779
call +60 3-7958-3392 fax +60 3-7958-5598
In Latin America: call (+55) 11-5188-9222 fax (+55)-11-5188-9749
Or visit us at www.dow.com
NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one
location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are
appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other
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Published December 2006.
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What are the different types of vinyl resins discussed in the document?

What are the different types of vinyl resins discussed in the document?

What properties do coatings based on vinyl resins typically have?

What properties do coatings based on vinyl resins typically have?

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Carboxyl Modified/Hydroxyl Modified Vinyl

Sulfonate Modified Copolymer

Solution Vinyl Resins for VOC-Compliant

Formulation of Clear Coatings

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings

Modification with Other Polymers

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings

of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are available in

When properly pigmented, coatings based on

No water-soluble suspending agents or

Uniform Polymer Composition and Narrow

Easily dissolved and low in gels and insoluble

of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.

Table 1A-Typical Properties of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792

Average Molecular Wt, Mnb

Solution Viscosityc at 25C, cP

Typical Solution Properties

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), C

physical property data listed here are considered to be typical

of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.

Table 1BTypical Properties of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins

hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl/ sulfonate

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792

Average Molecular Wt, Mnj

Solution Viscosityk at 25C, cP

Typical Solution Properties

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), C

physical property data listed here are considered to be typical

of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.

Applications and Characteristics

Table 3General Characteristics of

of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an affiliated company of Dow.

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin

Components of adhesives used in articles intended

VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

Components of resinous and polymeric coatings

VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

Components of a coating that is applied as a

VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

21CFR 176.170 (b)

Components of the food-contact surface of paper

VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

Components of paper and paperboard in contact