1

MATRICES

MATRICES
1.1 Basic Concepts
A set of mn numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m rows and n columns is called m n matrix (to
be read as m by n matrix.)
Thus m n matrix (to be read as m by n matrix.)
Thus m n matrix A is written as
a11
a21

A = a31
...
am1

or

a12
a22
a32
...
am 2

...
...
...
...
...

a1n
a2n
a3n

...
amn

A = [aij] ; i = 1, 2, .........m

j = 1, 2, .........n
or A = [aij]m n
where aij represents the element at the intersection of ith row and jth column.
In case the order of a matrix is established or known then we shall simply write
A = [aij] of type m n.
1.2 Various Types of Matrices
1. Square Matrices : A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a
Square Matrix. Thus m n matrix A will be a square matrix. if m = n, and it will be tenned as a square matrix
of order n or n-rowed square matrix.
2.

Diagonal Matrices : In a square matrix all those elements aij for which i = j i.e. all those elements which
occur in the same row and same column namely a11, a22, a33 are called the diagonal elements and the line
along which they lie is called the principal diagonal. Also the sum of the diagonal elements of a square

matrix A is called trace of A.

i.e. a11, + a22, + a33 = Trace of A.
In general a11, a22, ......... ann are the diagonal elements of n-rowed square matrix and
a11 + a22 + ............ ann = Trace of A.
A square matrix A is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements be zero.

Thus

d1 0 0
1 0 0
0 4 0 or 0 d2 0
0 0 d
0 0 8
3

Above are diagonal matrices of the type 3 3. These are in short written as
Diag [1, 4, 8] or Diag [d1, d2, d3]
3.

Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix [i.e. all non-diagonal elements being zero] whose all the diagonal elements
are equal is called a scalar matrix.

Thus,

3 0 0
d 0 0
0 3 0 or 0 d 0
0 0 3
0 0 d

are both scalar matrices of type 3 3.

In general for a scalar matrix.
aij = 0 for i j and aij = d for i = j

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MATRICES
4.

Unit Matrix : A square matrix A all of whose non-diagonal elements are zero (i.e. it is a diagonal matrix) and
also all the diagonal elements are unity (i.e. it is a diagonal matrix) and also all the diagonal elements are
unity is called a unit matrix or an identity matrix.
1 0 0
Thus 0 1 0
0 0 1

are unit matrices of order 3

In general for a unit matrix,
aij = 0 for i j and aij = 1 for i = j.
They are generally denoted by I3, I4 or In where 3, 4, n denote the order of the square matrix. In case the order
be known then we may simply denote it by I.
5.

Zero matrix or Null Matrix : Any m n matrix in which all the elements are zero matrix is called a zero
matrix or null matrix of the type m n and is denoted by Om n.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thus 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

All the above are zero or null matrices of the type 3 2, 3 3 and 2 4 respectively.
6.

Determinant of a Square Matrix : If we have a square matrix having same number of rows and columns it
will have n n = n2 arrays of numbers. These n2 numbers also determine a determinant having n rows and n
columns and is denoted by Det A or | A |.

7.

Equality of Matrices : Two matrices A = [aij]m x, B = [bij]m n are said to be equal and written as A = B if and
only if they have the same order or are of the same type i.e. each has as many rows and column as the other
[In this case they are said to be comparable and also each element of one is equal to the corresponding
element of the other i.e. aij = bij for each pair of subscripts i and j where i = 1, 2, ......m and j = 1, 2, .......n.]

8.

Idempotent Matrix
A matrix A such that A2 = A is called Idempotent matrix.

9.

Periodic Matrix
A matrix A will be called a periodic matrix if Ak + 1 = A where k is +ive integer. If, however, k is the least +ive
integer for which Ak + 1 = A, then k is said to be the period of A.

10. Nilpotent Matrix

A matrix A will be called a nilpotent matrix if Ak = O (null matrix) where k is a +ive integer. If, however, k is the
least +ive integer for which Ak = O, then k is the index of the nilpotent matrix A.
11. Involuntary Matrix.
A matrix A will be called an involuntary matrix if A2 = I (unit matrix).
Since I2 = I always.
\ Unit Matrix I is involuntary.
Hence we can say that two matrices are equal if and only if one is duplicate of the other.
12. Symmetric Matrices
A square matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if for all values of i and j, aij = aji.
i.e. every i-jth element = j-ith element.
a h g
is a symmetric matrix.
e.g. A = h b f
g f c
33

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MATRICES
13. Skew Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] will be called skew symmetric if its i-jth element is ive of j-ith element for all values
of i and j
i.e. aij = aji for all values of i and j.
Since diagonal elements will be of the type a11, a22, a33 ....... aii and by given condition aii = aii for all values
of i
or 2aii = 0
\ aii = 0.
Hence the diagonal elements of skew symmetric matrix are zero.
0 h g
e.g. - h 0 f is a skew symmetric matrix.
- g - f 0

Property : A = A.
14. Hermitian Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called Hermitian matrix if every i-jth element of A is equal to conjugate complex
of j-ith element of A. In other words if for all value sof i and j, aij = a ji then the matrix A is Hermitian
Property :
A = Aq = ( A' )
15. Skew Hermitian matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] will be called a skew Hermitian matrix if every i-jth element of A is equal to negative
conjugate complex of j-ith element of A. In other words for all values of i-j
aij = - a ji .

All the elements in the principal diagonal will be of the type a11, a22,........aii and by definition aii = - aii .
or aii + aii = 0. If aii = a + ib then aii = a - ib and their sum 2a is zero if a = 0 i.e. aii is pure imaginary or else
it could be possible if aii = 0. Hence all the diagonal elements of a skew Hermitian Matrices are either zeroes
or pure imaginary.
1.3 Properties of Matrix Addition and matrix multiplication
A + B = B + A.
(a) Matrix addition is commutative
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
(b) Matrix addition is associative.
(c) Multiplication of Matrices is distributive with respect to addition of matrices i.e.
A (B + C) = AB + AC.
(d) Matrix Multiplication is associative
i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
(e) The multiplication of Matrices is not always commutative. i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
(f)

Multiplication of a Matrix A by a null matrix conformable with A for multiplication is a null matrix i.e. AO = O.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null matrix of the same order, then OA = OA = O.

(g) If AB = 0 then it does not necessarily mean that A = O or B = O or both are O as shown below.
0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 = 0 0

None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their product is a null matrix.

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MATRICES
(h) Multiplication of Matrix A by a Unit Matrix I : Let A be a m n matrix and I be a square unit matrix of
order n, so that A and I are conformable for multiplication then
AIn = A.
Similarly for IA to exist I should be square unit matrix of order m and in that case ImA = A.

1.4 The Transpose of a Matrix and its properties

If A be a given matrix of the type m n then the matrix obtained by changing the rows of A into columns and
columns of A into rows is called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A. As there are m rows in A therefore
there will be m columns in A and similarly as there are n columns in A there will be n rows in A.
Hence the matrix A is n m type.
3 4
e.g. A = 2 1
5 9
32

3 2 5
then A = 4 1 9

2 3

(1) (A) = A.

(2)

(KA) = KA . K being a scalar.

(3) (A + B) = A + B.

(4)

(AB) = BA.

(5) (ABC) = CBA

1.5 Conjugate of a Matrix. and Properties

Definition : Let A = [aij] be a given matrix then the matrix obtained by replacing all the elements by their
conjugate complex is called the conjugate of matrix A and is denoted by A = [ aij ] where aij is conjugate of
corresponding element aij.
(a)

A =A

(b)

(c) ( KA ) = K A , K being any complex number..

A +B = A + B

(d) ( AB ) = A B

(e) ( A ) = ( A ' ) = Aq.

1.6 Adjoint of a Matrix and Properties

If A = [aij] be a n-squared matrix then the matrix B = [bij] such that bij is the co-factor of the element aji in the
determinant | A | is called the adjoint of matrix A and is written as adj. A.
In simple language we can say that adj. A is the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of elements of
|A|.
Working rule for finding the adjoint of A. Write down the determinant | A | and the co-factors of various rows which
will be columns of adj A or replace each element in A by its co-factors and then take transpose to get adj. A.
The product of a matrix and its adjoint is commutative.

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MATRICES
(a) If A be n-rowed square matrix then
(adj. A) A = A (adj. A) = | A | . In
where | A | is determinate A and In is the n-rowed unit matrix.
Deduction (a). If A is a n-squared singular matrix then
A (adj. A) = (adj. A) A = O (null matrix) A matrix is said to be Singular if its determinate is zero i.e. | A | = 0
Deduction (b) . |adj. A| = |A| n 1 If |A| is not zero.
If clearly follows from above on taking determinants in (a) that
| A |. |adj. A| = |A|n = | adj. A|. | A |
| adj. A | = | A |n 1 provided | A |
is not zero.
If | A | is not zero then A is said to be non-singular matrix.
(c) Adj. (AB) = (Adj. B).(Adj.A).

1.7 The inverse of a Matrix and properties

Definition : If A and B be two n-squared matrices such that AB = BA = I then we shall say that B = A1. i.e. B is
equal to inverse of A. Also the matrix B has an inverse. We shall say that A = Bi i.e. A is equal to inverse of B.
It will be seen that every square matrix does not possess an inverse.
Properties
Inverse of a matrix is unique.
(a) We shall show below that if a matrix A has an inverse, then it is unique.
(b) Condition for a square matrix A to possess an inverse is that A is non-singular.
i.e. | A | 0.
(c) Inverse by the help of adjoint.
A1 =

1
(adj. A)
|A|

(d) If A be non-singular and AB = AC then B = C, where B and C are square matrices of the same order.
(e) Reversal Law for the inverse of product.
i.e. (AB)1 = B1 A1.
In other words it means that inverse of the product is the product of the inverses in the reverse order.
(f)

The operation of transposing and inverting are commutative

i.e. (A)1 = (A1)

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MATRICES

SOLVED PROBLESM

Ex.1

-tan
0
cos -sin
2
If A =
and I is the identify matrix of order 2, show that I + A = (I A) = sin cos .

0
tan
2

Sol.

a
a
2 tan
1 - tan2
a
2
2
Let tan
= p. Then sin a =
, cos a =
2a
2a
2
1 + tan
1 + tan
2
2

Also,

1 p
0 - p
1 0
I A = 0 1 p 0 = - p 1

1 - p2

2
1 p 1 + p
cos a - sin a
(I A) sin a cos a = - p 1

2p
1 + p2

1 - p2
2p2
+

2
1 + p2
1+ p
=
- p(1 - p 2 )
2p

+
1 + p2
1 + p2

Also,

- 2p

1 + p2
1 - p2

1 + p2

1 + p2
p(1 - p2 )
a

=1
-p

- tan
2
2
2
1
1+ p
1+ p

1 + p
1 - p
2
=

= p 1 =
a
1 + p2
2p2
1 - p2

tan
1

=
1
+
p
2

1 + p2
1 + p2 1 + p 2
- 2p

a
a

- tan
- tan
0
1
1 0
2
2
=
I + A = 0 1 +

a
a

tan
tan
0
1
2

cos a - sin a
Hence, I + A = (I A) sin a cos a

Ex.2

Sol.

cosx -sinx 0
If F(x) = sinx cosx 0 , show that F (x) . F(y) = F(x + y).
0
0
1

Here.

cos y - sin y 0
cos x - sin x 0

sin
x
cos
x
0
F(x) =
, F(y) = sin y cos y 0
0
0
1
0
0
1

and

cos( x + y ) - sin( x + y) 0

F(x + y) = sin( x + y) cos( x + y) 0

0
0
1

Now

cos x - sin x 0 cos y - sin y 0

F(x) . F(y) = sin x cos x 0 sin y cos y 0

0
0
1 0
0
1

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..........(1)

MATRICES
cos x cos y - sin x cos y - sin y cos x - sin x cos y 0

cos(x + y) - sin( x + y ) 0
cos( x + y ) 0 = F(x + y) [From (1)]
0
1

= sin x cos y + cos x sin y - sin x sin y + cos x cos y 0 = sin( x + y )

0
0
0 1

Ex.3
Sol.

2 -1
5 2
2 5
Let A = 3 4 , B = 7 4 , C = 3 8 , Find a matrix D such that CD AB = O.

Since A, B, C are all square matrices of order 2, and CD AB is well defined, D must be a square matrix of
order 2.
Let

a b
D = c d . Then CD AB = O gives

2 - 1 5 2
2 5 a b
3 8 c d 3 4 7 4 = O

0 0
2b + 5d
2a + 5c - 3
3a + 8c - 43 3b + 8d - 22 = 0 0

0 0
3 0
2a + 5c 2b + 5d
43 22 = 0 0

3a + 8c 3b + 8d

2a + 5c 3 = 0
2b + 5d = 0
3a + 8c 43 = 0
3b + 8d 22 = 0
On solving these equations, we have a = 191, b = 110, c = 77 and d = 44
- 191 - 110
a b
Hence D = c d = 77
44

Ex.4

cos sin
cos n sin n
n
If A = -sin cos , then prove that A = -sin n cos n , n N.

Sol.

We shall prove that result by using principle of mathematical induction.

We have

cos nq sin nq
cos q sin q
n
P(n) : If A = - sin q cos q , then A = - sin nq cos nq

cos q sin q
cos q sin q
1
P(1) : If A = - sin q cos q , then A = - sin q cos q

Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.

Let, the result be true for n = k. So
cos q sin q
cos kq sin k q
k
P (k) : If A = - sin q cos q , then A = - sin kq cos kq

Now, we prove that the result is true for n = k + 1

Now, A

k+1

cos q sin q cos kq sin k q

k
= A.A = - sin q cos q - sin kq cos kq

cos q sin kq + sin q cos kq

cos q cos kq - sin q sin kq
= - sin q cos kq + cos q sin kq - sin q sin kq + cos q cos kq

cos(k + 1)q sin( k + 1)q

cos( q + k q) sin( q + k q)
= - sin(q + kq) cos(q + kq) = - sin( k + 1)q cos(k + 1)q

Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Thus, by principle of mathematical induction, we have
cos nq sin nq
n
A = - sin nq cos nq , holds for all n N.

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MATRICES

Ex.5
Sol.

If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

If A and B are skew symmetric matrices, then A = A and B = B
We shall prove that (AB BA) = (AB BA)
Now, (AB BA) = (AB) (BA)
= BA AB
= (B) (A) (A) (B)
= BA AB
= (AB BA)
Hence, (AB BA) is a skew symmetric matrix.

Ex.6

Show that the matrix BAB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew
symmetric.
Case 1 : Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then A = A
Now consider (BAB)
= BA (B)
= BAB
= BAB
(Q A = A)
Hence, BAB is a symmetric matrix.
Case 2 : Let A be a skew symmetric matrix. Then A = A
Now consider (B AB)
= BA (B)
= BAB
= B (A) B
= BAB
Hence, BAB is a skew symmetric matrix.

Sol.

Ex.7

0 2y z
Find the values of x, y, z if the matrix A = x y -z satisfy the equation AA = I.
x -y z

Sol.

Here,

z
0 2y

A = x y - z
x
y
z

0
x
x
2y y - y
A =

z -z z

Let AA = I. Then
z 0 x
x
0 2y
1 0 0
x y - z 2y y - y = 0 1 0
x - y
0 0 1
z z - z
z

4y 2 + z2
- 2y 2 + z 2
2y 2 - z2
1 0 0

2
2
2
2
2
x + y + z x 2 - y 2 - z 2 = 0 1 0
2y - z
0 0 1
- 2y 2 + z 2 x 2 - y 2 - z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2

4y + z = 1,
2
2
2y z = 0,

x =

x=

1
2

x +y +z =1
2
2
2
x y z =0

1
1
1
2
2
, y =
and z =
2
6
3

, y=

1
6

and z =

1
3

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Ex.8

MATRICES
Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
1 3 -2
-3 0 -5
2 5 0

Sol.

1 3 - 2
Consider A = - 3 0 - 5
2 5 0

We write A = IA
1 3 - 2
1 0 0
1 3 - 2
1 0 0

3
0
5

0
1
0

0
9
11

=
A
= 3 1 0 A (R
( 2 R2 + 3A1)
2 5 0
0 0 1
2 5 0
0 0 1
1 - 3 - 2
1 0 0

0
9
11

= 3 1 0 A (R
( 3 R3 + 2A1)
0 - 1 4
- 2 0 1
1 - 3 - 2
1 0 0
1 - 3 - 2
1 0 0
0 - 1 4 = - 2 0 1 A (R
( 2 R3) 0 - 1 4 = - 2 0 1 A ((R3 R3 + 9R2)
0 9 - 11
3 1 0
0 0 25
- 15 1 9
1 0 10 - 5 0 3
0 - 1 4 = - 2 0 1 A ((R1 R1 + 3R2)
0 0 25 - 15 1 9

- 5
1 0 10
0 1 - 4 = 2
0 0 1
- 3
5

1
0 - 1 A (R2
R )
25 3

1
9
25 25
0

1 0 10
-5 0 3
0 1 - 4 = 2 0 - 1 A ((R (1) R )
2
2
0 0 25
- 15 1 9

2
3

1 - 5 - 5
0
1 0
0 1 - 4 = 2
- 1 A (R
0
( 1 R1 10R3)
3 1
0 0 1
9

5 25 25

2
3

1 - 5 - 5
2 4
1 0 0
11
A (R
0 1 0 = ( 2 R2 + 4R3)
5 25 25
0 0 1
9
3 1
- 5 25 25

2
3

1 - 5 - 5
2 4
11
1

Hence, A = 5 25 25
9
3 1
- 5 25 25

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MATRICES

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
EXERCISE I
Q.1

Construct a 3 2 matrix whose elements in the ith row and jth column are given by
aij =

3i + j
2

Q.2

3
3x + y
x + 10 y 2 + 2y
=
Find the values of x and y, if
2

y - 5 y
-4
0
0

Q.3

3
2x - 3y z - w
1 - 2 3
Find x, y, z and w if 1
x + 4 y 3 x + 4w = 1 6 29

Q.4

sin q - sin q
cos q sin q
Simplify : cos q - sin q cos q + sin q cos q sin q

Q.5

- 2 2
2 3
Find x and y, if 2x + 3y = 4 0 and 3x + 2y = 1 - 5

Q.6

Prove that : Elements in the main diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero.

Q.7

Prove that : A matrix which is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric is a zero matrix.

Q.8

Prove that : for any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A is a symmetric matrix and A A is a skew
symmetric matrix.

Q.9

Show that Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.

Q.10

cos q - sin q
If A = sin q cos q , then

(i)

Show that A + A is a symmetric matrix.

(ii)

Find the value of q satisfying the equation

A + A = I2

Q.11

1 - 5
6
Express as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices : A = - 2 - 5 4
- 3 3 - 1

Q.12

3 - 5
If A = - 4 2 . Find f(A), where f(x) = x2 5x 14.

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Q.13

MATRICES
cos q i sin q
If A = i sin q cos q , then prove by the

principle of mathematical induction that

cos nq i sin nq
An = i sin nq cos nq , where n N

Q.14

1 2 2
By using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix A = 2 1 2
2 2 1

Q.15

Prove that : If A is a square matrix, then adj A = (adj A)

Q.16

Show that If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also symmetric.

Q.17

Show that |adj A| = |A| n1

Q.18

Prove that : If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then AB is also invertible and
(AB)1 = B1A1.

Q.19

Prove that : If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then
(adj AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)

Q.20

3 1
For the matrix A = 7 5 , find l and m so that A2 + lI = mA. Hence, find A1.

Q.21

2 -1 1
3 1 - 1
If A = - 1 2 - 1 and B = 1 3 1 , find AB and use this result to solve the following system of
1 - 1 2
- 1 1 3

equations :
2x y + z = 1
x + 2y z = 4
x y + 2z = 3
Q.22

Solve the following system of equations by matrix method :

3
6
9
2
10
4
5
6
20
+
+
=4;

+
=1;
+

=2
y
y
y
x
z
x
z
x
z

Q.23

Solve the following system of equations :

xy+z=3
2x + y z = 2
x 2y + 2z = 1

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MATRICES

BOARD PROBLES
EXERCISE II
Q.1

1 2 2
If A = 2 1 2 , find A1 and hence prove that A2 4A 51 = 0.
2 2 1

Q.2

2 3
If A = 4 5 , prove that A AT is a skew symmetric matrix where AT denotes he transpose of A.

[C.B.S.E. 2000]

[C.B.S.E. 2001]
Q.3

4 1
If A = 5 8 , show that A + AT is a symmetric matrix where AT denotes the transpose of matrix A.

[C.B.S.E. 2001]
Q.4

3 - 2
- 1 2
Find a matrix X such that 2A + B + X = 0, where A = 3 4 and B = 1 5 .

[C.B.S.E. 2002]

Q.5

- 1
If A = 2 and B = [2 1 4], verify that (AB) = BA.
3

[C.B.S.E. 2002]

Q.6

Construct a 2 3 matrix A, whose elements are given by aij =

Q.7

From the following equation, find the values of x and y :

Q.8

Solve using matrix method

(a)

x + 2y + z = 7

(b)

3
2
10
+
=4
+
y
x
z

(i - 2 j)2
.
2

[C.B.S.E. 2002]
[C.B.S.E. 2002]

x + 3z = 11
6
4
5

=1
+
y
x
z
2x 3y = 1

6 9 20
+ =2
x y z

[C.B.S.E. 2002]

Q.9

- 16 - 6
5 - 7
Find X such that X. - 2 3 = 7
2 .

[C.B.S.E. 2003]

Q.10

1
2 - 3 x
Solve for x and y given that 1 1 y = 3

[C.B.S.E. 2003]

Q.11

5
a b 2
Find the values of a and b for which the following holds - a 2b - 1 = 4

[C.B.S.E. 2003]

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13
Q.12

MATRICES
1 - 1 0
Given that A = 2 3 4 and B =
0 1 2

2 2 - 4
- 4 2 - 4 , find AB.
2 - 1 5

Use this to solve the following system of equations :

xy=3
2x + 3y + 4z = 17
y + 2z = 7

[C.B.S.E. 2003]

Q.13

3 - 4
Express A = 1 - 1 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

[C.B.S.E. 2004]

Q.14

Solve 2x 3y + z = 1, x 2y + 3z = 6, 3y + 2z = 0

[C.B.S.E. 2004]

Q.15

2 3
If A = 1 2 , prove that A3 4A2 + A = 0

[C.B.S.E. 2005]

Q.16

- 1
If A = 2 , B = [2 1 4], verify that (AB) = BA.
3

[C.B.S.E. 2005]

Q.17

1 0
If A = - 1 7 ; find k so that A2 = 8A + kI.

[C.B.S.E. 2005]

Q.18

2 - 3 5
If A = 3 2 - 4 , find A1. Use it to solve the following system of equations :
1 1 - 2

2x 3y + 5z = 16, 3x + 2y 4z = 4, x + y 2z = 3

[C.B.S.E. 2005]

Q.19

Solve 3x y + z = 5, 2x 2y + 3z = 7, x + y z = 1

[C.B.S.E. 2006 ]

Q.20

Solve x + y + z = 6, x y + z = 2, 2x + y z = 1

Q.21

[C.B.S.E. 2007]

3 2 5
Let A = 4 1 3 . Express A as sum of two matrices such that one is symmetric and the other is skew
0 6 7
symmetric.
[C.B.S.E. 2008]

Q.22

1 2 2
If A = 2 1 2 , verify A2 4A 51 = 0.
2 2 1

[C.B.S.E. 2008]

Q.23

2 - 1 4
Find inverse 4 0 2
3 - 2 7

[C.B.S.E. 2008]

Q.24

2 - 3 5
If A = 3 2 - 4 , find A1. Using A1, solve the system of equations
1 1 - 2

2x 3y + 5z = 11, 3x + 2y 4z = 5, x + y 2z = 3

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[C.B.S.E. 2008]

14

MATRICES

Q.25

Solve 3x 2y + 3z = 8, 2x + y z = 1, 4x 3y + 2z = 4

Q.26

Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations :

3 0 - 1
A = 2 3 0
0 4 1

Q.27

[C.B.S.E. 2009]

[C.B.S.E. 2009]

5
2 - 3

If A = 3 2 - 4 , find A1. Using A1 solve the following system of equations :

1 1 - 2

[C.B.S.E. 2010]

2x 3y + 5z = 16 ,
3x + 2y 4z = 4,
x + y 2z = 3
Q.28

Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, and verify your result:
3 -2 -4
3 -2 -5
-1 1 2

[C.B.S.E. 2010]

Q.29

Solve 4x + 3y + 2z = 60, x + 2y + 3z = 45, 6x + 2y + 3z = 70

[C.B.S.E. 2011]

Q.30

Using matrices, slove the following system of equations : 2x + 3y + 3z = 5, x 2y + z = 4, 3x y 2z = 3

[C.B.S.E. 2012]

Q.31

The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x) for
honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some others (say x) for supervising the workers to keep the
colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees for cooperation
and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for honesty is 33. If the sum of the number of
awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for helping others, using matrix
method, find the number of awardees of each category. Apart from these values, namely, honesty cooperation
and supervision, suggest one more value which the management of the colony must include for awards.
[C.B.S.E. 2013]

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15

MATRICES

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1 (UNSOLVED PROBLEMS)
2 5 / 2
1. A = 7 / 2 4
5 1/ 2

2. x = 3, y = 1

2 1
- 2 0
5. x = - 1 - 3 y = 2 2

p
10. (ii) q = 2np , n z
3

12. f(A) = 0

14. A

21. x = 1; y = 2; z = 1

22. x = 2; y = 3 and z = 5

1 0
4. 0 1

3. x = 2, y = 1, z = 3, w = 5

S.M
- 1/ 2 - 4
6
11. - 1/ 2 - 5 7 / 2 +
- 4
7 / 2 - 1

2/5
- 3 / 5 2 / 5
= 2/5 - 3/5 2/5
2 / 5
2 / 5 - 3 / 5

20. l = 8, m = 8 A

23. x =

S.S.M
3 / 2 - 1
0
- 3 / 2
0
1/ 2
1
- 1/ 2 0

5 / 8 - 1/ 8
= - 7 / 8 3 / 8

5
4
;y= +k z=k
3
3

EXERCISE 2 (BOARD PROBLEMS)

1.

2
1 - 3 2
2 -3 2
5 2
2 - 3

-1 - 2
4. - 7 - 13

1/ 2 9 / 2 25 / 2
6. 0
2
8

8. (a) x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 (b) x = 2, y = 3, z = 5

- 60 - 142
9. 25
59

11. a = 1 ; b = 3

12. x = 2, y = 1, z = 4

13.

14. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

17. 7

18. A

7. x = 2 ; y = 9

10. x = 2; y = 1

1 6 - 3
1 0 - 5
+
2 - 3 2
2 5 0

0 1 -2
= - 2 9 - 23 ; x =2, y = 1, z = 3
- 1 5 - 13

19. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1

20. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

3 5 / 2
-1 5/ 2
3
0
1 9 / 2 + 1
0 - 3 / 2
21. 3
5 / 2 9 / 2 7
- 5 / 2 3 / 2
0

1
- 2 1/ 2

11
1
6
23.
4 - 1/ 2 - 2

24. A

25. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

3 -4 3
26. - 2 3 - 2
8 12 9

0 1 -2
= - 2 9 - 23 ; x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
- 1 5 - 13

30. x = 1, y = 2, z = 1

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