KEYSFORTHEIDENTIFICATION

OFTHE
AFROTROPICAL MOSQUITOES

Prepared

Revisedby

R.s. HIGHTON

April 1983

CONTENTS
page

Introduction ..................................

............................................

Pictorial life cycle of mosquitoes............................................

Genera, subgenera and species

Identification of genera ..........................................................

Morphologicalfeatures used in identification

of anophelines ........................................................
Morphologicalfeatures used in identification
of culicines

_...............

..........................................................................

Key to the generaof adults &bothsexes& ............................ -.... 28

Key to adults of Anopheles ...................................................

.Illustrationof hind legsof An. coustanicomplex.......................

Anophelesf.unestusgroup..........................................................
Key to adults of Malaya ........................................................
to adults'of Hodgesia ........................................................
Key to adults of Ficalbia &
......................................
Key

adults of Uranotaenia .....................................................

to adultsof Mansonia....................................................

40
40
40
41

43

Key to adults of subgeneraof Aedes&males&

................... ....... 44
Key to adults of subgeneraof Aedes&females&........................
45
Key to adults of subgenus

Mucidus.....................

-..................

45

Keyto adultsof subgenus

Finlaya
..............................
_.............. 46
'Keyto adultsof subgenus
Stegornyia
..........................................

46

Key to adults of subgenusNeomelaniconion...............................

49

Key to adults of subgenusAedirnorphus

and OchIerotatus............

50

Key to adultsof subgenus

Key

adultdof subgenus

....................... .:...... .53

.......................................53

Key to adults of Eretrnapodites ................................................

54
Key to adults of subgeneraof Culex &males& females&
................ 57
Key to subgenusNeoculex ..........................................................

58

Key to subgenusCulex

59

...............................................................

Key .to subgenus

.......................................................
Key to subgenusMochthogenes....................................................

63
63

Key to generaof fourthstagelarvae........................................... 64

Key to larvae of Anopheles ........................................................

68

of clypealpatternandtergal
plates of the Anophelesfunestus

......................................

73

Key to larvae of Uranotaenia

Key to larvae of Aedeomyia

Key to larvae of Ficalbia &

.'

74

....................................................

...................................

Key to larvae of Mansonia ........................................................

74

75
75

Key to larvaeof AedesexceptStegomyia

.................................. 76

Keyto larvaeof subgenus

Key to larvae of

........................................ 79
..............................................

8!

Key to larvae of Culex ..........................................................

82

Bibliography.....................................................................

85

MORPHOLOGICALFEATURES USED IN IDENTIFICATION

OF MOSQUITOES

and

KEYS TO THE KNOWN MOSQUITOES OF THE AFROTROPICAL REGION

The purposeof this handbookis to provide investigators and

entomological
adults

technicians

and larvae

emphasis on mosquitoes
not

intended

with

occurring

a collection

within

prevailing

as a textbook,

of keys to Culicidae

the Afrotropical

in East Africa.

but

as an aide

Region,

with

The handbook is

memoire for

field

workers who have already had sometraining in East African mosquito

taxonomy.

The information

abstracted

from

M.T. Gillies

Region.
Region.

in the following

Anophelinae

and B. de Meillon

of Africa

has been

South of the

by

&1968&;

of the Ethiopian

by G.H.E. Hopkins &1952&;

of the Ethiopian

those by J.D.

van Someten.

consult

Gillett,

A.J.

Haddow, P.F.

Those who wish to refer

the monographs of Edwards,

Hopkins,

I am paFticularly

indebted

to

M.W. Service

an advanced copy of his unpublished

and larvae

gratitude

to Afrotropical

Dr.

D.H.

journals.
for

I would like

it

was,

that

I should

mosquitotaxonomickeysundera single cover, and to

H.M. Gilles

for

his

help

providing

to express

comments and suggestions.

Smith whose idea

should

and de Metllon,

keys to the genera of adults

Culicidae.

for his most useful

and

to descriptions
Gillies

and papers published over many years in scientific

I thank

pages.

by F.W. Edwards &1941& and various updated keys

including
E.C.C.

given

and encouragement.

.Finally,
embody

my

life

cycle

ANOPHELINES

CULICINES
Aedes

Anopheles

Chief distinguishing

of Mosquitoes

of

and Culic/mes.

Culex

floats;

a.g.,aual
a6.,abdomen;
a.., antenna;hr.,mouthbrush; eye;A.A.,hooked
&orgrapnel&
hairs;..o., notchedorgan;pa.,
paJp;p.A.,palmate&or
hairs; proboscis;
se.gment; 8th
ri., siphon;sp.,spiracles;
th.,thorax;U., respiratory
trumpets;w.s.,water

Genera
and

Someof thegenera
containing
manyspecies
aredivided
forconvenience
into

or moresub-

.genera.
Thenames
ofsubgenera
arewritten
inparentheses
immediately
following
thegeneric
name.

FRONT

'LEG

...........

HEAD

,WING

ABDOMEN

MIDDLE

HIND

_/

LEG

seSmenes
Diagram
of gcnctalisecl
mosquito
showing
themaincharacters
used
in identification.

intemati9tial
agreement
thename
ofthegenus
andthatofthe

arewritten
witha capital

letter,whilethenameof thespecies
always
starts
witha smallletter.evenwhenit isnamedafter
someone:
for example
Aedes
&Stegomyia&
simpso.
i, whereAe&s the genus,
&Steeo,uyia&
the subgenus
andsimpsoni
thespecies
&named
afterSimpson&.

-T,
hcquestion
ofwhat
constitutes
aspecies,
asdistinct
fromasubspecies
oravariet
3'isa

one,

forthespecialist.
indeed,
specialists
donotalwavs
agree.Thewholesubject,
fascinating
and

important
though
itis,isextremely
complex
and
isrealiy
beyond
thescope
oftitis
book.
Thereader

, who interested
should
consult
thespecialist
literature
onthesubject;
thebiologic.
a] criteria
for

spedfie
andsubspecific
rank,which
havebeen
generally
accepted
forthepasttitit'
D'}'ears,
areclearly
setoutby Mayr094'-}.

j-lobed
.......

....

C,dicine
Diagrams
of theheadandthorax,
indicating
themain
bet-ween
femaleculltintandanopheline
mosquitos.

Similarities
inpattern
andcolour
are,unfortunately,
nota.
lwaysreliable
guides
to kinship.Nor
dothelackof them
.necessarily
indicate
divergence.
Thecostoo-African
tousum;
hasnow

been
'split
intosixdifferent
species
onthegrounds
thatsome
of the'forms'
occupy
thesame
region
andyetremain
distinct.
In myopinion,
however,
thereisno'.yetenough
evidence
to support
this
step;theymightequillywellberegarded
asmembers
of a single
polymorphic
species.
Thereis
so,
meevidence
suggesting
thatcertain
formsof A. eousttmi
feedon manmorereadilythanothers,
butthensodocertain
populations
of Aecles
aegyptl
andA. simpso.
L

IDENTIFICATION

OF GENERA

Thearrangement
ofthegenera
in thisbook
isbased
ontheonegiven
byStone,
Knight
and
Stareke intheir
catalogue
ofthemosquitos
oftheworld.
While
there
isnodifficulty.in
separatingthethree
genera
Toxorhyuchiles
andMalaya,
some
oftheother
genera notsoeasy
torecognise
without
a fairly
detailed
knowledge
ofmosquito
anatomy.
Thefollowing
notes
based
onthose
given
byEdwards
0941&
should
help&not
allofthese
genera
areshown
inthisbook&.
Wings
speckled
withdarkandpale-coloured
scales;
female
palps
almost
aslongasthe
probosds;
scutellum
single-lobed.
When
resting
theabdomen
isusually
held
upatanangle
from
thesurface
onwhich
themosquito
is
forming
astraight
linewiththeproboscis.
This
genus
includes
thetransmitters
of humanmalaria.

Very
hrge,
brightly
coloured
m'oscjuitos
withlong
proboscis,
thehsthalfofwhich

curves
sharply
downwards.
These
mosquitos
donotsuckbloodandarenotinduded
in the

main
section
ofthisbook
&for
a'colour-plate
ofoneofthese
strikingly
beautiful
mosquitos
the

reader
isreferred
totheauthor's
book,
feed
ontheaquatic
stages
moscjuitos.

Thegenus
isimportant
because
thelarvae

Theculicines,
which
make
upthe
remaining
genera,
allhave
the

characters
incommon;

thefemale
pzlps
aremuch
shorter
thantheproboscis;
thescutellum
isthree
lobed;
when
resting
the

abdomen
isusually
held
parallel
withthesurface
onwhich
themosquito
isstanding.

Diagramof a mosquito's
wingshowing
the names

descrying
theveins;notethatveins
1,4 and forktogive

lower branches.

in

ancl

Malaya:
Verysmall
culicines
witha swollen
tiptothemodified
proboscis,
whichisused
to feedon
juices
iupplied
by inn. Theydonotsuckbloodandarenotdescribed
furtherin thisbook.
Ficalbia:
Smallto largeculicines
withoutclearlydefined
characters.
Proboscis
somewhat
swolletiat
tip{espcdally
in themales&; withconspicuous
brisdes
ondbiae.

Except
for C. melallica,
mostspecies
areeasy
to recognise
by theirbrightmetallic
yellow&orgreen&
colour,
anddarkringsonlegs.Larvae
withbreathing-siphon
modified
for
piercing
plant-tissues.

Medium-sized
robust-1oo
-king
culicincs.
Wi,gsclothed'
withheadscales
of mixedcolours
&brown
andwhite};legs
withconspicuous
palerings.Larvae
withbreathing-siphon
modified
forpiercing
plant-tissues.
Uranotaenla:
Smallculicines
withshortforkto wing-vein
2 andwithvtiu 6 endinglevelwith base

of vein
Wing-membrane
apparendy
lacking
micro-hairs;
wing-.smles
mosdy
broad;
a'bdomen
blunt-tipped;
segment
I scaly.
Hodgesia:
Verysmall
darkculicines
withpatch'of
silver-white
scales
onfrontofheacl.
Proboscis
not
swollen
attip; wlug--m.embrane
withmicro-hain;
outstanding
long,narrow
and
notched
attip; vein6 ending
levelwithbase
of
dedeomyla:
Small
tomedium-sized
culicines
withshort,
broad
wings
clothed
withbroad
scales.
of
mixed
colours.
Proboscis
andlegs
withpalerings.

Medium
tolarge
culicines
withlongslighdy
curving
prolmsds
andlongslender
legs.
Eyes
widely
bypatch
oir silver-white
scales;
{narrow
whenviewed
from
.'above&
dark

,patches
above
andgolden
scales
below.

Aedes:
Medium
tohlgeculicines
most
ofwhich
have
pointed
abdomen
am]wellseparated
eyes.
&Mucidus&:
Veryhrgerobust
andscaly
Aedt.
swithpointed
abdomen
andverylongscaly
'legs.
&Finlaya&:
Medium--sized
Aedes
withsilver-white
ornon-metallic
palemarkings
onthorax
and
femora.
Abdomen
withsegment
8 longerthanbroad.

&Stegomyla&:
Medium-sized
Aedes
usually
withsilver-white
marlflags
on a darkthoraxand
' 'l ilandedblack and white hind tank

Mediumto largeAeeles.

with or without

ornamentation;

eyes
onlynarrowly
separated.
Therearemorethan5ospecies
inthissubgenus.
Medium-sized
darkcoloured
Aedes
withunbmded
tarsi,
andyellow
or pale
margins
to thorax.

&Diceromyia&:
Small
Aedes
withbasal
paleringsontarsal
segments
andIxroad
wing-scales
of mixed
colours
resembling
thoseof Mansonia.

&Sknsea&:
Represented
in Africaby a single
species,
Aedes
analmost
entirely
black
Aedes
withoutspecial
markings
except
for whitelateral{nangiro
onabdomen.
' Headand
scutellum
covered
withfiatscales.
Verycommon
ontheEast
African
coastal
region,
feeding
on man both insideand outsideshouses. The larvae are found in crab holes.

Cullseta:
Onlytwospecies
in Africabothof whicharelargewithblunt-tipped
abdomen.C.
io.glareolata
mayberecognised
by theleading
edgeof d.ecosta,
whichis entirely
pale-scaled,
andbythedarkspots
,atthebase
of veins
2, 3 and Femora
andtibiae.
speckled
rather
asin
Culextigripes
&see
page95&.C.fiaseri
isall darkexcept
for a xvhite
ringat theb.a.se
of thefirst
tarsal
segment
onall!egs.

Culex:Small
tolargeculicines
withblunt-tipped
abdomen
and
distinctive'
markings.
Legs
withpad-like
pulvi!libetween
thedaws.

&but
notalways&

MORPHOLOGICAL

FE.ATURES

USED IN. IDENTIFICATION

A briefsummary
isgivenhereof themajoranatomical
features
of
Fulleraccounts
should
besought
fromotherregional
workssuchasChristophcrs
&1955&,
Evans
&1958&,
Senex'et
andAndarelli
&1956&,
Belkin&1962&
or Reid'&inthe press&.
The nomenclature
usedis basicallythat of Evans,
numberof whoseillustrations
are reproduced
here.In the caseof larvaland pupal chaesotaxy
the
's/stemof Belkin&1962&
hasbeenadopted,exceptthat for the larvalhairswe haveretainedmany
names
thathavebeenusedby a generation moreof malariaworkers.
A number
of

usedby Evans&1938&
and De Meillon &194,7&
are at variancewith those of Puri
&19531
andReid&inthepress&. wehaveaccordingly
followedthemoregeneralpracticehere.In orderto showtheequivalent
te.rrns
usedbypreviousworkersin Africaand by Belkinwe
appendcomparative
tablesin theappropriatesections.
Focan up-to-datediscussion
of the termi-

isreferred
to Rcid'sAnophttinae
ofMalaya

ADULTS

Thegeneral
external
anatomyof thefemale

isshownin Plate

The palpsare,S-segmented,
thejointsbetween
all exceptthefirsttwosegments
oftenbeingmarked
ringsof whitescales.Althoughthe palpsand proboscisare-nearlyalwaysof equal lengthin
theproportions
of thedifferentsegments
mayvaryfromspecies
to species.
This character
hasbeenlitde usedin African
possiblybecauseEvans{1958&foundit rather variable.But
it hasbeenshownto be of valuein distinguishing
somemembersof the gainhistcompk-x.
The scaleson the basalsegmentmay be either upstandingor appressed.Whentheformer condition
extends
alongthewholelengthof thepalps,asin theseries
theyare referred

to as 'shaggy'.
Whenthe upstanding
scales
are confinedto the
employed.

The'head
scales
provide
fewdiagnostic
features.
butin exceptional
cases,
suchasdttudi,
they,
may

be narrower than usual.

The thoracicintegument
showssomevariationin colourbetweendifferentspeciesin life, but in
driedspecimens
thischaracter
oftenbecomes
obscured.
The typeanddistribution
of themesonotal
scales
isimportant.
In mostspecies isa prominent
anteriortuftof scales,
Platel,d.-Thereis
usuallya tendeno/forthe scalesto becomenarrowerposteriorly,
whilethoseon the lossacare often
broaderthan the rest. In
seriesPyretophorus
and Cellia'there are also scaleson the anterior

pronotal
lobe,Plate!,d.

The venationof thewingsis shownin Plate The nomenclature

employedfor the'maindark and

lightareasisessentially
thatof Evans,
whosefigureisreproduced
here.It shouldberemembered
thatthe scalingis denserand the markingconsequently
moredistincton the upper surfaceof the
wingonmost&convex&
veins,although
thereverse
maybe trueof theconcave
veins,:l. 4 and6. The
sorts,outstanding
anddecumbent
&theplumeandsquame
scales
of Christophers},
thelatterscales
beingmore

amountof scalingon the wingsin' malesis lessthan in females.The scalesare of

dosely
packed
andsogiving
moredefinite
markings.
Abdamen

The abdomen
in-Anopheles
consists
of normallyviablesegments
together
with2 highlymodified

terminal
segments.
The9thscgrncm
in themaleincludes
theclasping
organs,
whilethe9th

and 10thtogether
form the terrainalia.
The abdominaltcrgitesare usuallyclothedin hairsonly.
butin manyspecies
thelasttwosternires
areornamcnted
witha fewscales.
!n a certainnumberof
s 'es,mostlybelonging
to the series
and Cettia,the tergites
and sternires
are densely

sc with
broad which
may
form
laterally
proicctihg
tuffs.

snow

PLATE

]:F.
MALt
&arler
a- WhoSe
in side
mainpartsof body;onepalpraisedand
of scale3
to show
tl-c5 the
or thehind
d.
b- Head
obliquelyuo
showscaling;
fromocciput&0&,
frontalruff enlarged
to
shape.
brisdes.
c- UppersuH'acc
of'thorax.m.d.medi2n
La. lateral
fosse,m. medianandL JaberaS
posidons
amcriorpromontot&'
commonly
attached.
d- Sideorthdr-a.x; anteriorpromontory. anteriorpronoLa]
;
forecoxa,,',.III hindcox,%
A.hahera,
lower
or

,'

proplcuralbrbdc,
?.*.up'per
or

raft,
hain or brisdes,It.! fore n-ochamer,
tr'.II! 'hindu'ochanmr,
brisHes,
u.m.uppermcscpimcral
u,.baseof

R2

'Plate
IA.

vein,

of

Dark

and2.2

or

a- Pale

c'pale

B.C. D,

of

call

main

vein

of third

areas
of

enlarged
in

area

a'

and

vein.veins:

spot, apical

similarlynumared&.Cells:

R2.

outline.

&on

or

amenor

2.1and2.2

surface&
doued.

of

cell.

Evans.

LARVA

Thestructure
and

out

usedby

T of

larvaareshown
in

7 and8.

equipment
&19Sg&
andDe MoilIon&19t7&.

..,
Head

Adopted
here
Predypea]
Inner dypeal
Outer clypeal
Posteriorclypeal

Innerfrontal
Mid-frontal
Outerfrontal
Sutural

Antenna
Prothorax

'' 'Belkin
{1962&
4

Antennal shaft

Apicalantennal

Inner shoulder
Median shoulder

I
2
8
8

Outer shoulder
Dorsolateral

Longmesopleural
Thoracicpalmate

9--10

Metathorax

Longmetapleural

9--10

Palmate

AnalsegTnent

Inner submedian thoracicT

Median submedian thoracic1'
Outer submedian thoracic'l'

Antepalmate*

Saddlehair

Inner caudal
Outer caudal

r .....

Post-frontal*

Hair _'2
Hair

Innermid-frontal't
Intermediate
mid-frontal'
Outermid-frontal'

6
?

Mesothorax

Abdomen

O'Sher
authors

Vertical

Dorsolateral

and,

'l' 13e Meillon

7&.

In somespedcstile inteRumt'mof the

bears

bcobscured
in cleared
or

The

of

imporzant,
Ihcscbeingdose togetherin t},c subgcnus
subgenus
The
shafthair is large and wiih
buzin subgenus
Cdlia,with
exceptionof oneor

il is

usually

smallind oftensimple.

Thereare 3 shoulder
hairs,the outer being simpleand inco,spicuous.The

separated
in
subgenus
zhe
of

and inntThairs

areusuall&'.moumed
onsclerotized
tubercles,
thesizeandposition
of
maybealiaghosts.
'
TheS
hairs
are
importance
in identification.
The
pleural
are
themostventrally
placedin each

canbeidentified
by

from a commonbaseand are in closeappositionto a

thereareusually
3 longhairsanda shorter

there
areg longhain.Thq'

Ina

In the

thq'arise

andmeta-

ghcq'peofhair,apart

Whm not
by its
relath-eto the
meta-

species,
demicaius,
en'thraeus,
!eesoni
andthe
arepresto, though

fact

besimple,
birdor

6m a
beingimpohamin classincatlon.
The thoracicpalmatehair is sometimes
of diagnostic
blanceto the abdominalpalmatesit may be identifiedby
pleuralhairs{plate3,d}.'
ormetathomcic
tergal
n
.

and

hair.In the

obscured
oy

one more
veq.

pairs

Animportant
feature
of each
isthemainabdominal
or
ply, Which
ofa
hcavi}y
inthea'ntcrior
potionofeach
ofthefirst
Although
thesizeandshape
maybeaffected
to a
extemby
con,ions, asfor
in
thegenes]proportions
areof considerable
The
to become
widerand
proceeding
posteriorly,that
the5;h
noisily
to. Posterior
to themain
thee
!-3
are sometimes
absentfrom the

while in one or

Themainplatein

withinh.
The
abdominalaccents bear 2
of
5 only one lateral hair
6&is
similarand
which may be of
used suchin the
volume.

Thepalate
{plate4}
or
arise.In
abrupt}y,
througha

ardoficn
notfully

thee are

thag

whileon
m

ofa
thickstemfrom
a
leafletsare differentiated
a
of
to a

andinode
or

4e&

are

On the

and
merelyof
unflattcncd
or 'tassel-like
of ;he filamentand the blade havebeenusedfor
but
timesmore
thanwas
thought.
The
differentiation canbe
for

shape median
plate
Thi.9thabdominal

tend

diagnostic.'
merely
arearounO
the

though

o[ flattened
blade
tapes
thefirstoneor two

are
The
are

alghough
the

The10th

or anal
in 4 papillae.h bearsa broad
fromeachside
of whicha singlelong
hairarises.On eachlarval
'of
base the secret
the
and
of
on theteethof whichmay
The main
on
e
comprisea ventraland a dorsalor caudal
The
of
of
long,stiff,unbmnehed
the innerand
caudal
someor all
may hoo[ed
The inner hairs are shorterand projectmore dorsallythan
constitutethe tail
The anal
often bearsnumerous
but thesehavenot been
be of anydiagnosticvalue.

II

'

Anopheline
to
show
the
textures
ofits
general
morphology.
in position
stsurface
ofwater
&from
Blacklock
&Carter&.
bk.
thor--x;
ha/rs
arenumbered
onabdominal
segments
&V. e.
outline t.hedia'/a/ons
ofthebody.
/Lright
side
ofthoz-ax'
from
below
holm
the
of
pleuzal
br/st.
les.
spine;
plate
of
metathoracic
group
' g
gro ..........
'
of abdomen
viewedfrom the
side.
i.c2.br.,

e Thoracic vnlmate

ofpalmate
hairs
enlarged.
k.5p

pP

i.s.h..

PLATE

a-Hrad,dorsal

m.d.outer

hair. {After

hair, ma,long

a.n.antenna./.
frontal
hair.

195x.&b--^mcnna.

hairs,m.I.long

shoulder
hair,ma.A.
median

brush,
Ld.inner

palp,

c[yl>eal
hal,.

hart. {After

c-'rhor'ax.

long

palmate
hair.

hair,

preclypeal
hai,, surer-a!
view. e.d.k.

dorsa

hairs.d-Thorax,doral viewi.s.k.

m.p.

PLATE

a-Abdominal
lg3h&
doll

accessory
mainabdomlml
O.CL.H. oudalhair.I.CL.H.inner

flap,

plate.

as
19383

Purl.

CHARACTERS

USED

IN

CLASSIFICATION.

HEAD.

E.ves.--Theeyesare alwaysapproximatelysimilarin tile two sexes.but exhibit

variations
in sizewhichare
usefulassubsidiary
characters
in
ingspecies
or genera. In mostCulexthe eyesarelargeand moreor lessin contact
forsomedistanceabovetheinsertion
of the antennae;in most
they aresome-

whatsmallerand areusually
separated
abovetheantennae
by a fronl whichvaries
in width accordingto the species.In all mosquitoes
the surfaceof tlie eye is bare.

Clypeus.--This
isofdistinctive
shapein thegenera
,,,el
otherwise
it isof novaluein classification
exceptthat in a fewspecies
it bearsscales:
clypealhairsare not presentin any African mosquitoes.

also
isofdistinctive
structure
in thegenera
but otherwise
it hasbeenlittle usedin clas_4fication.
except that in

the malesof someFicalbiait is markedlyswollen

at its tip; in

Xpecies
o! the

,4tilexgroupit is ratherlongerand moreslenderthan in

Genericand specific
differences
in tile mouth-parts
&other
than themaxillarypalpi}havenot beeninvestigated.

accountof the very differentdevelopment

of these
in the two.
sexesand the greatdifferences
whichmay occurbetweennearlyrelatedspecies.
these

organs
arenotnowusedforgeneric
classification,
butareusefulfordefining
and species. They exhibit muchmore diversityin the male than in the femalesex.
thoughin tile latter their length.relativelytO that of the proboscis
is of rome taxo-

nomicvalue. In the descriptions

heregiventhe male palpi are regardedas composedof a long segmentor
a secondor penultimatesegmentand a
segment:the rudimenta
D, basalsegmentis neglected,
asis theincompletedivision
of the shaftirho two segments.
,4
themalesof Africanmosquitoes
the antennaeare usuallyplumose.

butin

theyarelikethoseof thefemale:in

andFilMIda

theyareratherlongerthanin theothergenera. In thefemales

therelativelengthof
the first two segmentsof the fiagellumis often of usein identification,as is &inthe
genusCulex}the numberof longhairsin the whorl at the baseof eachsegment. In
both sexesthe presence
or absence
of scaleson the basalsegments
is important. The

enlarged
basal
segment
&morphologically
thesecond
antennal

thefirstbeing

vestigial&
is herespokenof asthe torus,:it hasalsobeencalledthe scapeor pedicel.
but the'term
shouldbe reservedfor the true first segment. The remaining
segmentscomprisethe.flagellum.
integument
of the headbehindthe eyesandoft the front between

the eyesis aM:ays

completely
clothedwith scales.
whichmaybe erector
&i.e.lying moreor lessfiat againstthe surfaceof the head&. Erect scalesare narrow

al thebaseandgradually

scales
areof

to thetip.whichisiorkedortoothed. Deeumbent

kinds--narrotv.
curYed
andpointed.
orbroad.
fiai.

or

occasionally
roundedends; intermediates
betweenthesetwo typesare not often
seen. Thesides
andundersurface
of theheadarealwaysclothed broaddecurnbentscales
only,butthevertex
or upperpartof theheadmayexhibitscaling
of oneof
threedifferenttypes: &x&
erectscales
confined
to a fewnearoccipux,
otherscales
all
brnadandcloselyappliedto the head; &2&
erectscal/snumerous
overa largerarea
andmixed
decumbent
narrow
scales,
butbroadfiatscales
numerous
andforming
a &:ontinuous
bandroundtheeye-margins;&3&
wholevertexdothodwith a mixture
of creelscalesandnarrowdecumbent
scales.exceptc]oseto eye-margins,
whereall
the scalesare narrowand decumbent. F.very gradationmay be seenbetweenthese

typesof scaling,
notinfrequently
withinlhelimitsof a single
genus
or'subgenus,
thaughthe arrangement
is constant
tor eachspecies
or'groupof species.
In additionto the scales
the uppersurfaceof the headbearsa row o!
bristles
close1&ehind
theeye-margins;the upperoneor twopairsof theseare sometime;
asthevertical
bristles.
andthelowerortrueorbitals
maybeabsent.

No part of the body is of moreimportancein classification

than the thorax, one

reason
forthisbeingthat thestructureisuninfiuenced
by sex.
only
slightlyso. An appreciation
of thestructure
of the

theornamentation
andthe limits

of its different seleritdsig therefore essentialfor deterthatCh

' it should be made

dear by the azeompanying

figuresand the

in all Diptera'this
is much
reNuzeal,
but
of fourmain
parts: anteriorpronotallobes&apn
I,
pronotal
&ppn}.
and
pr.stemum.The anterior
pronotal
lobes[sometimes simplypronotal I
are prominences
lyingoneoneachsideof thefrontof
and
thehead tlieywry somewhat
in sizebutarealways
Thepost,riotpronotal
lobes
&also
sometimes
to aa
that part of the
sidewall of the thorax lying betweenthe anteriorprohotel
and the anterior
spice!e, very
areabeingseparated
off
themain
by
strongridge.. Thepro.neeof spiraeular
bristles
onthis
area
the
and

The

on

posterior
prohotel
are of
the
which
maybe
or absent,broador
often
in
from
the
The termprople..a is here
tor the
lying immediately
the fronteoxa,
a projecting
tongue
the tront
the
of the eoxa,and connected
the anterior
by band
the
part of the
setaewhichwry
genus,
and sex &Uranotaenia
the minimumof one
but the
part h alwaysbare. The propleura
is
but as thereh no dear
intoepistemum
the
The prosternum the part
not hithertobeenstudied
It is

whizh
It

the

front
bad, but

of

the wholeof the

andpastorate. By
here
forthe

the

area

of

by
scuturn,

berg
by
suture. Justin frontof
abovethe
the lateral
of the scuturnis
the
angle;
the middle posteriorlyis a small
spaceon accountof the absenceof
it.

all genera
except

not
middle
to

the

The

or,

metanotum&
is the part behindthe

tergite
isa smallareaon

para-

sidea littlein fronto[the

andcut

from

the
by a
it vanesin ske
in diderot genes.
.Thescuturn
a t,esiitureof
andsemi.
not
distNbuted.but occurmainlyin a s.pra-alarpatchaboveand in front of

rootandin twoor

or

'

are the acrostichal

bristles,thosealong the other two
the acrostichal
are nearly always noticeably

along

and weaker than the

andare'not infrequently
entirelyabsent;in any
mainlyon the anteriorhalf of the scuturn the
absentfromthe frbntpart of the.scuturnand
frontof the scutellum,
or even
and rather

thebarespace,
butin a few

medhnline

the

only for a

they
mapbe
distance
in
are

over the surfaceof the

theyaresparse
or absentoncertain

infrequently
barelinesad]ointhe linesof dorso-centra[
The
marginalbristleson each.[ its three
and usually
on im
the shapeand densityof thesescalesbeing
for classification,

except

and
surface,
in

the gent,s
The paratcrgitesare usuallybare, but in Agdesare
whichmay be br.ad -r
thesescalesusuallyrmemblingthoseof the
........ ,.I
rather than
af the scuturn. The
is bare except in

,- ;j

thefollowing
portions' Post-spiract,lar
area.theareaimmediately
behindtheanterior
spiracle:it is largelymembranous.
the sclerotized
portionbeingthe anteriorpartof
the anepisternite.
area. the membranousarea below the anterior
spiracleand ,diecent to the posteriorpoSthotellobesandpropleura. Sternopie,re.
a largesclerotized
areaof the lowerhalf of the pleuraebetweenthe frontandmiddle
coxae. Pet-Mararea.a narrowupwardextension
of the sternopleura
reaching
to
just in {roarof the baseof the wing and separated
fromthe anterioranepisternite

&post-spiracular
area&
by a membranous
cleft: itsupper
portion
isstrongly
convex
and formsthe pre-nlarknob. 3[estpimcron.
a rectangular
areaof the posteriorpatx
of the pleurae.markeduff by well-definedsuturesfromthe surrounding
areas:it is
alsoknownas the pteropleuraor pteroplcurite--names
whichare morefrequently
usedfor the correspomling
part in someother familiesof Diptera. Mcroa, a-small

triangularpiecetmmediately
behindand abovethe baseof the middle

and.

below.the mesepimeron; in all mosquitoesit is bare and in the African oneshas no

taxonomicsignificance.

Parts of the thorax in a Culicine mosquito &C.lex

Grp.&. a. Dorsal. b.
by their
Acretidal
Dorso.central
LT.
tergite.
Meron.
Metameron.
e.
area and knob.
Propleura.
area.

area. ST.Step,pleura.
w.

Supva.'ajar
area

oi

area.

l-l. First

of wing.

Tire
nr bristleson the sideso! the mesothoraxare as follows:
a small group in the middle of the post-spiraculararea. found only in the genera
AZd.-sand
and in the subgenus
a more
,,r lessvertica row towards the posterior edge of the sternopleura,sometimescon-

tinuedforwards
alc,
ng the boundar-v
betweenthisand-thepre-alararea. 'Dre-alar,
a gr.:.::? the l,re-alarkm,h.

Upper

or subMar.a groupin the upper

cornerof the mesepimeron

immediately below the wing-root-:these
the prealar hairsare almostalwayspresentand thereforeof little or no taxonemicinterest.

Lower
mesepi;neral,
a'small
group&orfrequently
a single
hair}below
themiddle
or
towards the lower edge of the mesepimeron; very useful in distinguishingmany
species
of Aidesand Culex..
The scalesof the pleuraeare even morevaluablefor purposes
of specificdifferentiation than thebristles,a fact xvhichI havenot sufficientlyappreciateduntil recently.
The scalesare usuallyall of onetype. broadand fiat. thoughin someAidesnarrow

scales
maybepresent
in certain
areas. In some
generk
{notably
pleuraeare very muchmoreextensivelyscalythan in others&e.g.
Cults,somespecies

of whicharealmostcompletely
devoidof pleural

Thepresence.or
absence

of scaleson the post-spiracular,

subspiracular
or pre-alarareasmay proride means
of distinguishingbetweencloselyrelated species.
Metathorax.--Themetathorax,as in other Diptera. is very.much redaced. Its
d6rsal portion &metanotum&
forms a narrow and very inconspicuous
strip between
the
&which mistakenlythoughtby Theobald
someother
to be the truemetanotum&
andthe first abdominaltergite. The pleura themetathoraxis betterdevelopedthan the noturn,forminga rather narrow'area &dix'ided
into two by a verticalsuture&
behindthe mesepimeron
and abovethe
x:o.xa:
it
is of little or no taxonomicsignificance. The small piecel&-ingimmediaXely
above
tile hind coxa I have here called the recta,teton: it has been referred to by'

writersasthe meteusternum.
andis the only part of the metapleuraonwhichobviotm
max'occur&asin Aidescaspi,s&.
LEGS.

Orientation
of
descriptivepurposes
the legsare imagiamd
to be all
fully extendedoutwardsat right anglesto the body; the surfaces
of [emora.tibiae

andtarsiwhichwouldin suchan
position
faceiorwards designated
'anterior.
thosewhichWould[aceback'syards
aredesignated.
2bosterlor.upperand

lowersurfaces
being
termed
dorsal
and

respectively.
This.convention
avoids

the useof the ambiguous

terms
Coxae.--Thehairsor bristleson the coxaevary to someextentin diffea'ent
genera.
but have not been usedin
In
eachhind coxa has a

singlebristlyhairat itstip in front.curving

in frontof thetrochanter;
mnost
other
generahaveseveralhairsin this position.

differences
mayoccur
inthe

oithefernors
in different

genera:forexample
in Ura,olaeninthe middlefernors
aremorenoticeably
swollen
towardsthe basethanis usualin other mosquitoes.The presence
of a scale-tuft

at thetipofthemiddle
femur
characterizes
thegenus

SpecifY:
differences

are commonly
foundin the colourof the scales':evenwhenthe legsas a
showno definitepatternthe prt,portionandarrangement
of lightanddark
on the hind femuris ,dtenuf great :tssistance
in distinguishing
nearix'
related species.

cnmb-like
rownf microscopic
bristleson the innerside thetip
,d tile hind

is bette?

in .Aidesthan in mostothergenera,andtile

tibial bristlesare fewer,lunger,and strongerin mostspecies

of Ficaibfnthan in
mostothermosquitoes.
but
no features
of generic
importance
arc foundin

thetihiae. Specific
differences
in the colourof the scales
arecommon,
especially
in the size of the pale spot at the tip of the hind tibia.

Tarsi.--Therelativelengths
of certainsegments
provide
criteriafordistinguishing
somegenera. Thusin Ortho/&odo,Lx4,,
the fourthsegmentof the front tarsusis
unusuallyshort,reD' muchshorterthan the fifth; in CTulex
the first ses'ment
o[
the hind tarsusis usuallyof about the samelength the hind
whereasin
Aidesand mostothergenerait is'distinctlyshorter. Someof the mostimportant
genericdistinctions
are to he foundin the tarsalclawsand pulvilli. In nearlyall
of Aidesandalso
but in nospecies
of any otherAfricangenus
of mosquitoes,
the clawsof the four anteriorlegsof thefemale
beara sharp
toothon the undersidenearthemiddle: in manyspecies
of Aidesthe clawsof the

Tars;sl
o{ Culiciue
claws. no pulvilli. b.

CMe.r:

{alter l}:trraud, 't93]1.

claws.

a.

e.

br,,.sdpulvilli. c., t13w; t.,

hind legs
similarly
In the
thee characters complicatedbF
the second3ry
modifications
of the claws.one
on
legsbeingnearly
the
claw usually
but may
&asin .
&; the small claw is usually
simplein
othergenera. The
ot the genus
peculiar
the chws
re simple.
thoseof the tront
both
Between
is
it
somewhatin length
to the
clawsbut is
conspicuous.Below
of the
and on each sideof
the
the
pair o{
pads{oundin
of Czdex
diagnosticof this genus. They shouldnot be confused
with
median

dium,norwiththefinehairswhich

to beseenon

of the claws: they

morereadily seenin the femaleCultx
the
of the
in the
sex. SecondaD,

legs&apartfromthemodification
of the

the male
in the

justmentioned& of

among mosquitoes.but
casesof such structures
and Eretmnpodites.The presence
or

in
and
and
when presentof
on the.tarsiis important:wheaprint
may be situated on the basal &proximal&
or on the apical
of the
or in somecases&chieflyin Culex&they may extend
both
of

' the articulations.

23

wing-venation'
ofCu!icidae
ise&xery

typethroughout
the

family,
<Joe:provide
minor
ofva',ue for
some cases
The nomenclalurc adr??d here ts

&sternof

generaand
used by

fork&.

fork

ft:n&1,irr'.enri]
ver,arir,

ht.[wrer. the genera is in the nature

EXTERNAL

MORPHOLOGY
CULIG1NE

OF A FOURTH

STAGE

LARVA

GENERAL.

those
of
into

thelarvae
ofCulicines
areobviously

andare

main pa---head. thorax

a moreor

stmc:ure.
tautly

and to a
or lesserextent
in a
dotsumof the headis
by
into a
central
or the irons&.smaller

the

which

which

the

ona

or

on side
ofthe

and

more or
stronglyc:n'ed.
side
con. re one;
a tult of
&often
to onemnaHscta&
on
inner
&or.
on the outer side&,and a
of strongbfiitles,
the
the
on the inner side.
shaft usually
the tuft, and if
the
is spiculateit
to find that the
the tuft
of the antennabearsa pair of
the
saae, and in additiona sraM1chitinous
or prominence
papilla; it
that aE the sctaeon
incluring
papilla.
ge
in
The anteNor
or
a pair of
shortstrong
usury
and heavily
&inadditionto the eyes&
of
are
and of whichonepak situatedon eachsideof the
eye'
onepak placed.usually
yentrUly, on the sideof
headbetween
eyemtd
The
consistof two 9airs, a hrge
of
usably
the
and a
drear
placed
to the
eye,often,broken.up
into
SlmtS
of
anti

hm'aleye. The
a
fiat stageit

the

areaof thehead
exceptfive
a structure

or frons&

!ix&pairsof

In the
egg.

Themouth-proswe all ventral.thoughpm-tions

ofthelabrumandits appendages
re v/sible when the larva iz examined in dorsal v/ew.

The labrum

consistm of a

centralportionand two snmlllobes; the centralportion the palatumand usoally

bearslonghoJrson its dorsalsuriace; it is pa,'xicularly
clearlx,
in t.he figure
of C,dex
the lateral lobesbear the mouth-brushy. The moutkbrushestherrmelves
are collectionsof long
setae; by thek movementsa
current,which sweeps
into the mouth, is set up the water; these
brushera
and the remainderof the mouth-parts
do not
in
from
of

fhorax.--T'nethree

oi the

are.

bed'isfinguished
onlyby their

cleartydifferentlalc-d
and can

!he pieheal

The more

..npo.-m.
of the
are: the p!cural
three
of four
each.placedsomewhatventralh'on the prothoraxand laterallyou the o:her two
and statedby PuN representin lbs larva the legsof the adult; a
of
the anteriormargin of the prothorax; and
which are

on

o[ the

AMoracu.--The
of nine apparent
of whichthe eighth
the
or gphon,
ninth the anal
but
consideredthat the aperent eighthsegmentis
by a unionof the
eighth
ninth, and that the anal
is the tenth. In
the word
one anothermoreor
of longse:aeand a yawing numar of paired
moreor lesstfianguhr when
in
the siphon
to its
asst.
It

largetufts oi seine

order

siphonal

and
setat,which
of thee
are definitely misleading,and the
to refer
to
tufts ,,
and c of the'eighth seaeat.
to
the
comb,a row or patch of teeth the function of
not defmitdy
it
beliex,
ed to be employedin cloning the seineand
the
siphon a tubular structure,
heavilysclerotbed,whichconings a
of
ona common
at the
orifice
five

valve,

unpaired
median%'alve

valvesand a mhch largerpair of

may or may not
at the
funetlonis
to

onthedoomside,a

of

on the ventral

siphon

a firmerattachmentoi

to the

eighth

Towards
thebase
of thcsiphon
oneach
side a

of teeth, which

cM!ed [he

There h

the siphon,in

row
at

onepair of
tufts of seine,and oneor morepairsof Intel and
tufts may
be
Seineare
print on the
at the
of the siphon,but are usually
and inconspicuous.
[
*
and
state
mo;t of tire
tiJecollie! funnel which

hranous

with

may

in a detailed study o!
and functM
employee.in
and citing thy
and
ihc
tracheal
are
at

Whenthe

uf ;he

l,al,h o&feedlax in an taxerted

in the

M.

oa the bottom.

In :hii

i,v

I
!l
II!

Nil

Brush

'%

=hon

L'S'pe
T

-Genral
morphology
ofa Culiciae
laxva..Vspl.,
Mtpi.,mesopleuraJ
and
tults.z-Ix,the-i-e
abdomi-al
se&meats
&!.x
isalsocalled
thea-al

,, m,
aad
tuftso! eighth
segment.
?,
tuftotsipho-.u.c.,i.t.,upper
aad1owe:
&or
ia-era-douterlcaudal
setae.

The

are of usein

only in the casesof predaceous

species;
oftheof.
hermouth-parts
theonly
partthus
&for
thesake
of

isthemental
plate

referred
tointhedescriptions
below0
somewhat

asthemenrum&.
Features
of taxonomic
interestdoubtless
occurin themandibles

andmaxillae,
but'thesepartshavenot beenstudied
in the

of theAfrican

spedes.

brushes.

Antenna

e'

Clypeus

-Head of a Culicine larva.

c, 4, t, J',
of dorsal surface &reJerredto in
as
the bead-setae;
are the cl.vpe.
al or
sctae&.
clype.al &or
&spim.-s.
spiculeson shaft of
anteanal tull
s.s.,
subte-,-miaaland terminad setae
o! antenna. p., papilla.

most
useful
thoradc
structuresthe

groups
ofsetae

Thesefrequentlyhave thom-likespinesat their bases,

.a=d the presence
and shape
of thesespinesis very
in separatingclosely-allied
speciesof
The

rclatlve
lengthsandnumberof branches
in the foursetaecomprising
thepropleural
andthe threeor fourcomprising
themeso-andmetapleural
groups,as wellas
theformof thechitinous
platesfromwhichthesetaearise,oftenprovideindications
of specic or

value.

Abdomen. -

The structures

Last two segments.

importance.

chiefly

Larvae have been variously

and

scales

apical

denticles

of which is

terminal

dentitles,

The siphon

varies

is expressed

senting

longer

none of The.

than the

description

the apex is formed

which

and to define

fringe.

of a scale

are termed

by one or more thorn-

are much Larger

the result

The extent
value,

greatly

than

the

lateral

and

and shape of its

the subventral

tufts

the diameter

the siphon

the great

majority

posiCion

the length

tufts

is expressed
at the

of genera there

is defined

Length of the portion

its

repre-

of the siphon

and acus& by its width at the basal

Length of these
of

- a figure

of dividing

of the pecten

as are

in Length and structure;

by .the

&excluding the valves

tuft

markedly

the

which has a Thin,

a regular

under this

to as

keys,

dentitles.

length

its

is a tooth

rounded apex bearing

In most cases
like

is retained

scale

Teeth which do not fall

basal

the

referred

In the following

meaning of the word

as follows:

flattened.

of

segment the comb is of prime

The elements comprising the comb &and also the

pecten& of CuLicine

general

employed are those

On the eighth

teeth

of setae

on the siphon.

as a factor
insertion

of the tuft.

obtained

of the siphon proximal

The

in relation

is only one pair

by a fractiQn

ring.

are of great

to
In

of such tufts;

by dividing

the

to the base of

by the length of the whole siphon &excluding valves

the

and sous&.

KEY TO THE GENERA

OF ADULTS&BOTHSEXES&

Species of genera marked *** not included in this handbook

1. Proboscislong andrecurred. Wingmarginwith small

indentation near vein 5.2.
8-13 mm&with metallic
posterior

Large mosquitoes &Length

greenish,

segments bearing

&Neither sex bloodsucking.&

-

Proboscis

marginal

shorter

indentation.

characters
2.

and not

tufts

abdomens,

of scales.

...

Theo.

recurred.

Mosquitoes

Wing wi:hout

without

such

. . . . ..............

Abdominal sterna,
without

blue or violet

lateral

scales.

. . . . . .

and usually
Scutellum

terga, mainly or entirely

smoothly rounded posteriorly.

about
aslong
asproboscis;
palps
about
as
long as proboscisand swollenapically. Anopheles
-

Abdominal sterna

and terga

with

dense uniform

scales. Scutellumusually trilobed.

but not swollen

apically

of

of varied

length,usually shorter thanproboscis;

length,

P-

covering

of varied

............

'.

. '.

3. Wing
withvein6 ending
about
opposite
baseof forkof 5;
squama
withoutfringe
bristles.
-

scales. Postnotom
without

Small &Length

species

..........

Wing with vein 6 ending well beyond level of base of

5; squamawholly or partially

fringed with scales.

Usually medium-sized &length 4.5-7mm&species .

Wingmembrane
without obvious
2 shorter than its

stem.

longer

than its

distinct

stem.

Uranotaenia

microtrichia;

Abdomen black with

Antennae in both sexes non-plumose

markings.

more
or lessplumos,

......

Wing membrane with

fork of vein

Abdomenwithout silvery

antennae
non-plumose,

fork

silvery

.............

L.-A.

of vein

markings.

apically.
at

tips

Wings with

scales without

..................

Proboscis

not hairy,

not upturned

&sometimes
slightly so in
scales

on distal

Mid and hind

notches

Malaya

half

with

femora with

and nut swollen

Leicester

at tip

Wingwithoutstanding
notched tips

large

tufts

. . Hodgesia Theo.

suberect

scales

at

aptces. antennae
distinctly shorterandthickerthan
proboscis,

all

segments rather

thick,

especially

basal

flagellar segment
whichhas tuft of scales;
slightly

shorter

thicker
scaly
Mid

than proboscis,

than others.
species

and

hind

apical

Palps short

2 segments rather

in both sexes.

Very

............
femora

N.-L.

without

scale-tufts.

Antennae

slender

andnormal
in bothsexes. palps
short,
about

as long as proboscis

................

Postspiracular
bristles present.

fore legswith toothed

or simple
claws. abdomen
withblunttip.or pointed. . .
Postspiracular
bristlesabsent.
legsall with simple
claws. abdomen
withblunttip ..............
broad and without

group small

fine

hairs.

and lateral
silvery

scales.

scales.

Postnotom usually

Back of head,

usually

partly

or largely

......

Not this

and

broad

yellowish.

Eretmapodi=es

Theo.

of characters .............

Paratergites
and dark

pleura

borders of abdominal terga with

Thorax

very

bare.

Upper surface

broad scales,

and small 7th segment

Paratergites

with

-Neomelaniconton.
Upper surface

scales

of wing with

many of these

tarsal clawsall simple.

mixed pale

asymmetrical.

abdomen
with blunt tip

&except in subgenus Skusea,

some Aedimorphus and some Stegomyia&.

usually

short

and broad scales

thesenot asymmerlcal.tarsal clawsusuallytoothedon

fore andmidlegs. abdomen
usuallypointedat tip.
....

p9'

. Mansonia subg. Mansonioides Theo..

of wing with

10

Aedes Mg.

3O

10.

Spiracular

bristles

species

............

Spiracular

bristles

present.

Large &length 6.5-8mm&

Culfseta

absent.

Size

variable

Felt.
11

......

andmidtarsi with1st segment

distinctly

11.

than remaining

4 segments combined, 4th

segment shorter

than5th; all tarsalclawssimple. . . Orthopodomyia

Theo.***

andmidtarstwith1st segment
notlonger
than
remaining
4 combined,4th tarsal segment
not shorter
than
shorter. Tarsal clawssimpleor tootlmed
' . . 12
12.

Pulvilli

pad-like

claws very

&best seen on hind legs&, hind tarsal

small

and inconspicuous.

narrowscales.
upturned

and slender

Pulvilli

absent

scales,

or

or with

broad

longer

fringe

Culex L.
Alula

decumbent

either

scales,

without

or with

a fringe

notupturned.......

Wing with few scales;

slightly

with

...........

hair-like.

narrow
scales.
13.

Alula

usuallylongerthanproboscis,

fork of vein 2 shorter

than its

stem; alula

with flat decumbent

ones.

at tip;

without

13

or at most
scales

or

proboscis
moderately

not swollenor scarcely . . Mimomyia

Theo.p.

Wings with large numbersof scales; fork of vein 2 as

or longer than its 'stem; alula with.fringe
Proboscis

of

various

14.

slightly swollen.
than probosci s
Not yellow

form

of narrow

.................

14

swollen
ondistalhalf;

palpsalmosthairlessandshorter

Very small &Length 2.5-4mm& species.

.............

Ficalbia

proboscis
notgreatlyswollen
at tip.

Theo.

p.

hairy

andlongerthanproboscis.Larger&Length
6.5-8mm&
mosquitoes.

Many species yellowish

.......

Mansonia subg.

Coquillettidia

Dyar.

p- %3

Key to the adults

--

of Anopheles

....................................

Mind

.........................

- Hind

.........................................

Hihd

or emirely

nm

4.
5. Wing

..................

.................................
.......................................
darkor
pale
&o
and vein

- Wing

.. .
.............

............................................

w,
- Wing
L

a pale
I
dark

t.

pale

on

..........................
on
.........................
.......................................

. . : ....................................

.......................................

bands .......................................
on Srd
dark
' . ......................................
no
imppriori
............................
pale
on
vein
pale
on
of
vein
......................

9.
10.Wing

IX
!0

..........................

StCno. !.
1. Wing
- Wing

emlrely
abundam

2.

I-S

laterallyprojectingmils
anypalespo,s
costa
least4 pale
palebands

3. Mind

i and 2

deanitc

..........................

and

.............................................

in

I nnd

3 and4 all whileor

..............

hind

5. Hindinisus5 and

- Hind

pale

..........................

4. Vm' largespccio:
or a'llost
halfdark

- She

......................
...................

....................................

- Mind

or4 pale

alldarkand 4
a

pale

'

5
' ...............

apiol halfpale ............

of 2nd

'

dark
......

,.

............................

much

6. Vm' mlall

'

.' .....

.. .......................................

pale

.....................

or 2ndvein

only

SLCnOgIi. Mosquhoeswi,h hind arul

apart

. ...........................

4 and 5 emirely

lankilypraising milsof
1.
...........................................
2. Mind
-

3-5 emirelypale ...................................

Mind

3.

3 dark

.....................................

wi,h3 pale

palespo,s

- Palps 4
4. Mind
.

- Mind

.........................................

ha.ds

I brnadlypale at

1st

wi,h2

Is,

at

spo,

....

vein

pale

...............................................

I
pale or dark aptre;. .
Istvein
I
............................
S. Fore',arsus
I
5-9 pale
o[ 41hveinlargelypale .....................

- Forelarsus
I

2-4 palerings:stem
o[ 4thvein

6. Foreand mid larsus2 and

pale fingodaplcally;

dark ....................
proPillon

.............................................

- Foreandmidlarsus
2 and dark
1.Palps
yen'shags'
andunhnndcd
or
- Palps
smooth 3 palebands, 2

L
- Pzll&s

61hfnnge
absem ...................
I-4 inr
palebands ...............
broador
fuscd
.......
palebands:no pa:cspul apexof hind
or hastof latsus
I

.......................................

I-4 pale

. .

. 3p,.xof hind

h,-,&adly
or

pale

32

9. Hind tarsus3 entirelypale

......................................

- Hind tarsus dark at base

10.PalefringespotprO'sent
opposite
- No palefringe

I0
I1

.....................................

behind

.....

baseof hindtarsus
I dark

re{n;baseof hindranus1broadlypale.........

.: ..........
&in10anJ

I 1, Hindtarsus
I entirelydarkbatallyor withonlya fe-wpalescales
there....................

ua

&inpan&

- Hind tarsusI broadlypatentbase

1'2.Hindtibia

.................................

a palestreak
on

times
aslongasbroad;
apica[
paleband

on handtarsus one-eighth
to two-fifths
lengtho{'

..........................

&in

- Palestreakon tibia
fifteenthto one-eighth
of

as long

broad:aplcalpalebandon
.............................

1%

maindarkareaon 1stvein

maindarkareaon 1stveinwitha paleinlerruption.or

apicalpale

a paleinterruption;
......

................................

2 one-

: foretarsus

a shortextension
or

thesubcosta]
palespotintothedarkareaon itc vein,;......

&inpar-,&

foreursusI-3

14

aplcalpalebands............................................
14.Hind tarsus entirelypale , . ....................................
~ Hind tarsus darkbatally

&in

III.
abdominal

,.,'ithhind tarsus mainly or entirelydark, tarsus4 white;

w/thoutlaterally
tuftsof

1. Fernova
andtibiae
......................................
- Femoraand
withat mostaplcalpalebandsonly

........................
'2_PalpsshagD/:
costaand 1stvein,.,4thout
usual4,maindarkareas-. - . .................
- Palpssmooth;2nd main dark areaof Itc
well definedandwith 2 paleinterr aptions-, ..............................................

&inpart&

3. HindtabusI and'2endrely
dark
.............................
of hindtarsusI and'2
well-marked
apicalpale
......

IV. Mosquitoes
,.,-ithspeckled
legs,hindtarsus
4 and5 nol

I.

. .............

&in

pale;abdominal

of
......................................

- Palps
4 pale
......................................
2.3rd main dark area of Ist vein
a pale

fairV heavilyclothed
6and
7..............

.....

or yellowish
<alo
'.................

'.abdominal

on
' ........

main dart. area o{' 1st vein '*'ith a pale interruption,sometimesfusedwith

preceding
pale area;.....
scaling
on abdomen
veryscanty,
confined 8th or
tafel&'
}thtergite . . '.....................
' ..................

complex
&inpart&

Baseof costawith 2 palespou;middlethirdof 4th veinpartiallypale.,'

foretarsus
I withsome
speckling

- Baseof

with I palespot,middle.third
of 4,thveinentirely

'

'

' ....

; fore

tarsusI notspeckled ........................................

4, All tars;completely
dark;wingwithoutpalefringespots
posterior
to Srdvein ..............

- Tarsl1-4 withconspicuous
palebands
onat leasttheipices;.....
fnngespots
opposite
all veinsup to
5.

or 6

main dark area on 1st vein with a

wingwithpale

&inpart}

.........................
imerruption.sometimesfused

preceding
palearea........................................

complex
&inpart&

maindarkarea
no paleinterruption ............
. ................
6. Hind
,*-ithaboutapicaltwo-fifths
to halfs,'hiteandtherestdark ................
&inpart&

- Hind tarsus either

lessthan'apical

whiteor elseprominently

withdarkandpalebands ......................................

Nopale,Cringe
spot
oppo*ite
tithvein;....

ring*andotherwise
dartexcept
for1:o faale
- Palefringe
spotpresent
OlapOSite
6oh
vein/.....

tarsus

apical
pale

....................
'hind
tarsus withconspicuous

darkandpaleringsin adduionto apicalpalebands-.....

. ...................

Foretarsus
mainlypale
narTo',,'
dark
- Foretarsus
mainlydarkwith
palermgs............................

'

9, Scales
on
,,talcs
on

tcrgttcdenseanddismbuted ,.,holesegment.
somc:irnes a
borders
of 7th
.................................

tcrgne

.dr',on

andconfined
Io

..............

hind

andS

O[

I.

emirelypale:

orunicolorous.................................

--

areas
Of

2.

3nd

emirely

5.

oncosta
OrIst
'

...............................

length4,5 min.or

4.

S.5min.orlos .

...................

pale

re{ions
only

dzrk
Palps

not

2-Spale
or

....................

...............................
............................

Hod

....

- Hoa

?,

on

and

....

on

I.

on

on

. .. .........

. , . -,
areas
onwingwellmarked .....................

'
- Pale

only
all

palcspot

pale

on

on

........

, . .

andIs[

.............

-. Palps
!0. Pale

I 1.

yellowish

V!.
m

I.

m near

hind

- Palps
whhpale
orbroadly
- Palps
4.
4lb

on
5 noi

Sand4

oy

......................................
pale,
of

4ih

5.

5a

a broadapiol

for a

pale
band .................
hall'oi

6. Palps

.......................

or

pale

indlstinopale

bandand

I-3

' Palps
'either

more

4 bands
or
apiol

dark

pale

3 pale

.' ..............................................

spou

' ...........................
palps

of

from

orpalesoling

...................

m apiol
or

.' ...............

hail'dark
.
. .
- Solo onpalps-apanl'rommain

for

bandbroad

1.Wing
from
pale,
hall'of
- Darkareason
or aborn
to pale
and4 veins
dark .....................................
Solo on

..........................................

emirelydark

palps

ataplco ................

or
definite
pale
Hind
apico .................................

pale

. emirely

pale /pou

. ........................

spou
prat opposiie
veim

or

-. ......................................

at

2.

.........................

si&ous a pale
hind
4

and

- Palps

............................
and

..............................................

pale
proboris

; ...................

of 2ndand4th
hall'of
of 2nd
brownish,

dark

.......................

......

. ..

9. Nopalefringe
spots
posterior
to
sometimes
narrowlynear
- Pale
spots
near base

vein.stern
of

.................................
all vclnsup
5b.

vclnpaleoct-ptatforkand
veto

............................................

[in

10.

and

of 5th vein dark

for a
pale
a singlepale
.................................

paleareas.

11. Hind
- Hind

branch

spou

distalm fork.
{in pan}

..................

apicalpale bands; ....

clothed
solo and
no patcholdlies
wing
....................
entirelydark or
a
pale
ar apicmo[ 1-3;

broad.
apatch

12.

wing
root ....................

or

and

...............

.................................

Stc'nonVII. Mosquitoes
with palps dark at the apex or ,.,'ithoutdistinctapicalpale
band' at least I ale spoton basal half of costa pale
not confinedto costaand
Ist vein; legsnot speckled,hind tamus4 and S not endrely pale; abdomenwtthoutpro- .
jeeringtuftsof scales.
I. Palpsentirelydarkor withoutdistinctpalebands ..........................
- Palps*.'{th palebands ................
.......................

2. Smallpalebro*.'n
spo:ies.
pale

emirely
dark;....

onwingsindistinct.
basal
quarter
sohalfof

' heaascales
narr,
owandyellowish

'

'

lin part}

- Wings
well-contrasting
light and dark areas. basalquarter of costa,,Arhat
leastI palearea.evenir narrow; .....
head<ales not
.....................
it. Basalhalf of costadark except ['or a single narrow pale patch near
markingsotherwise '. .......................................
lin panl

-- Wingmarkingsnot so .......................................
4. Wingswithpalefringespotsopposite veinup to lower

of
vein
............
.a Winiswithnopalefringespotsbehind3rd vein ...........................
5. Wingsgenerallypale.
pale and dark areasapart from co*mand
1stvein poorly denned; .....
areerror
<anD., not
conspicuous
tuft ..........................................
- Wingswith
light and dark areas: conspiciious
anteriorrnesonotal

turlthud'i
&

tuft present .......................

. ...........
' ..........
2ndmain dark areaon Ist veinwith 2 pale interruptions '. ......................
main dark area on 1stvein
at most I pale interruption
...............

7. Palebandson palpsvery narrow.occupyingapicesof 2nd,

and not overlapping
joints; ....
. . upper branchor 5th
spot ._..........
-_.................................

and 4th
witha Magicpale
,.*

- Palebandson palpswide.distal2 bandsbroadly overlapping

joints:

upper
branch
ofSthvein
with2pale
spots ..................
,

&inpart}

'. '.........

{in parO

8. Wing fieldapart from costaand Ist vein predominantly

dark.no palespotson
basalquarterof
- Pale and dark areason wing about equally disr'Hbuted.humeral and preaccesson/
palespotspresenton costa
....................................
9. Basal
of Ist vein en6rclypale
.................................

- Basalfifth of 1stvein either dark or

base

9
!
10

a sub-basalpale patchnot extendingto

..............................................

{in parO

10.W.ngsscanill?
scaled.
all wing

verynarrow

..........................

- Wings
heavily
scaled.
upstanding
scales
moderately
broad

..............

....

lorefrae

I I. Ba,,alpale band of palps about equal to or slightly narrowerthan medianband.

broadlyoverlapping

of

..............................
&inpart}

- Basal
p.
aleband
onpalps
either
much
narrower
thanmedian scarcely
overlappingbaseof 3rd
narrow

......

or both

andmedianpalebands

..............................................

'

12.3rdmaindarkareaof'costa
about3 timesbroaderthansuhapical
pale
mesonotalscalesverybroad. conspicuous
and dense

appeal
palespot; .....
13. Extremebaseof costapale
-

..........................

3rd main dark area of costa either narrower or not more than v...'iceas broad as sub-

Extreme base

on

hind

VIii.

dark

mr',onotal
states

a'nd
notconspicuous
..............

.....................................
.....................................

4 and nol cmuclvpale;abd.m.c.

13
mtaltttolnr

,,mooth.
4.handed
palps.pairat

hall'of cosla:pale ',talcsnot conlinedto

mfi,o,:
lin pan&

and

ath'aslI pale
not

I.

maindark

of

veinwitha paJeinterrupt,tam........................

-- 5rd

2.

apicJIpalebands

..............
....

. .............

hindtarsus

......................................

such
hind
entirely.
darkm
I-S .....................................

of
2rid

art.a on IM

2 pale

at

.....

:.

&inpanl

and mid
{in

- 2nd
4.

arraon Is[vein
on palps

- Pale

onlyI p4]e
....
palebandoverlappin
8

onpalps

nor

...........

of
. tiff pan&

bandnot

J. No

Srd

....

and
pan}

PalefrinKeq:&ou
present
opposite
all mainveinsup to Sbor 6;

no&speddcd ..........

.................

6. Stemandlogit branchof SthveinpaleJLand

- Furk of Sth vein

and

to,

; ........

; .......

fork....................

pan&

........................................

1.

4 ram.or

4-4mm.'ormore;someRauened
scales
presen:on scuteilum
as

mesonotal
scales
note.'xKndlng
onto

...............
&Bet
I

IX. Mosquitoes
witha

at leau ! pale

not confined'to

not

hind

of
4

vcin

of 5thvcin

7 pale;

g broad

darLband
2

a vestigial
2ridpare

pale

opposite
vein; ....
p3icbands .......................

.....................
fore

.' .............

No pale
opttic
vein; ....
oni7 ...........................................
pale
onpzJps
pale
on
broad.
2 pale

paJespotsnearapex

- Basal

....

o[Srd
o[ Srdand
mid

.........................................

all darkor

- Fosse and

areas

areas

on

of

usually

..............

spots

..............

palebandson
I and2 onl7 .............
palebands .........................
above
or.abundam

.......................

8.

'

cotitel&.
dark:
midlemur no

6. Hind
-' Hind
1.
and

and

4 and5

......................................

of

Base

form&

em-/m

interruption
on 5rd maindarLarc3 Is&vein;

on

paleat

asmesonotum .........

' ....................

aborn

to or slightly

palebandonpalps

band

band

...................
&inpan!

9.

palebandson hind

orthe

....

- Hind tafel bands

broad,

at 1cast

..........................

about

or Icssthan

the

' ........

widthof
-

veinlargelydarkor

darkat

....................................

- 3rd

dark at ends:megnoel

end:megnoel
.......................

and

: ........

iO

X.

Ihr

vcm

on

no

on

or

pile

on pilps brold

p4Je
bind>
plir
area
of bib hind

on

on
...........................

band
...............
dark

pi[c bind

hind

on 2nd

5rd

...............
and oFoJhe[

2nd main

..........

wkh 2 pale

oF

h I

much

tpot

..................

..........

broad.

over

znd onto
mow

s'nH[

? S ram. or
entirely

3rd

.........

. .

cr

'
pan,

main

much browdin

psle

..............

brandish
wh*tc. only sllghdy Ic=s
znd extending

on
tin

more than S 2 mm

Fore

Fore

w,th

fnngr

rnngc

of
Smallor moderatesued

vetopMc

prowin

....

Sthveto

I or no
&,n

. .
Small o. rr,

un Srd

wing 2'9-4 2 mm

areao&tsl ,cm: cosIa

at

on

ha:,
r,

:, hmu

and &
to or

much

PMc

...........

print

6th
4

ot

tin

&in

Fore

4 dark

See-no~
X. Mosquitoes theuppc-r

of the

on 3rd maindarkarea

nol

hino

mfu of

4 and 5 nol

I pale

pall;

I.
and
palebandson palpsbroad
sh'ghdy
broads. about
Io or
- Apiol and
pale bandson palps

hroadm

veinwith

vein:

that

paleband

2. Apiol palebandson 41hhind tabus,and

..................
dark

palebands ..............................

[ .......

16

on 2ndand3rd

ontobasoofsuccecding
............................
orSthhind
orolhcr
dark .........................
3. 2nd main
on Ist vein
2 pale
....
and5
broadlypale
..............................

3,
6

.&inparO

- 2ndmaindarkareaon
vcln
I pale
....
lus at moll
pale
..................
-.......
I pale
Srd main dark area on
and
muchbroaderthansubcoslai
of costa
pale
3rd main dark area
pale
...............................

Pale

optsitc

- No pale

6.

3and4

'

ot
: ......

..............................

optsitc

ofhind

. ...........

................................

oratmost

pale

..................

- Apico of hind
1-3, and
with ! or no pale
............................
pale
...............................
8.6th
withpale
spotor withpale
at
of vein..................

6thvein
without
pale
9. Meanoral

and

no

fairly broad.

atits

hut

oreo

Io at moN

......................

10.

min. or Ires

- Sinaihotmoderate
II.
qanus

'

whole

..........

........................
: ...............

-.

2.9 min. or more .......................

dark;

il

.....

'

- Hind tanus ! and 2

but dis6naly pale

..............................................

12.3rdmain

to or

suhapiol

'
&inpin}

- 3rdmaindarkarea
than
pale
.......................
13.
broadishand white. only slightlyless
on

thanantmotif,lad
-

. . ; . . ; .....

on

14.
- Small
vein

absent

- Fore

4 with

- Smallor
I1.
of
-

. .............

and

wing more
3.2 mm ...........................
3 min.or
..................
or indistinctlypale at
pale

IS. Fore tarsusI

16.

thirdof

' ................

........................................

paleband; ....

ForkorSlhveinpale ...................

; .............

5th veindark at Fork

I or no pale
.........
with 2 pale

...........

.............
' .............

.......
&in

18.Small

wing

mm................................

- Smallor

wing2-9-4-2 mm..........................

&in

&m

Xl.
withI pale spolon
branchof Sthvein.nopaleimerruplion on 3rd main dark area
vein; cosla-..,hal leastI palespoton basalhalf;
palpswith lessihan hands.pale al
not speckled.
hind tarsusI and.5not
pale:abdomen
[alerallyprojcclmglul'tsof
I. Palpswithapexpaleandno
- Palps

3 palehands

pale

...........................

......................................

DESCRIPTIONS

OF

SPECIES

Thearrangement
ofspecies
isbased
onthose
giveninthefourstandard
textbooks
covering
theAfrican
continent
south
of theSahara:
Evans
&z938&
andGillies
anddeMeillon
for theanophelines;
Edwards
&z940andHopkins
&z95z&
for theculicines.
In thedescriptions
whichfollow,thevarious
regions
andpartsof thebodyareincluded
only

whentheyareuseful
foridentification
by simple
means.
Themainterms
areused
in thefollowing
way:

Headrefers
tothetopof theheadonly,thatistheregionbehind
theeyes,or,between
andbehind
theeyes.

Thorax,
unless
otherwise
stated,
refersto theupperor dorsal
surface
&orscuturn&
only.
Abdomen,
unless
otherwise
stated,refersto theupperor dorsal
surface,
consisting
of theeight
abdominal
segments
knownastergites

A.

.....

A. paludis
......

femur

4. Hindlegs
ofthesixspecies

tibia

tarsal

uptheAnopheles
coustani
complex;
eachdiagram
includes
thetipofthefemur

and the whole of the tibia and tarsus.

basil?
..........................
on hindursushanoi' and
only

on

.......................

as

'

oT.if

Or

spou ..........................................

areaof

of Istwin

pale

: ..........

as
fin

slighdy
broadm

rain
' ................................

onealps

or

spot ........................................

- Subapic21 bandon palpsmuch

arch

1.

I. Tip

darkband, 3rd

dun sub,
costal
species.
v'inl mort

vein

- Tipof6thvein'

arless. .

.,?.........................

no61h

'

.............................
min. .....
; ....................

0orecrimes
prosera
..........

spot
present ..................

......
'......

:-

....
&in

maird!

,4.

4. ,pall.is
......

Hind
legs
ofthesixIDcdcs
re:king
updw
co,,.sra,,{
complex;
c=ch
:.d the v,'holcor'the tibia
carats.

includes
the
zipofthe
fcmu:

ANOPHELES

Soon

Giles's
description
in
aad

on

of
in

the

wMchhave

whosespecie
had
notat
It

GROUP

the one
of

-=reed,
of

on
of

of

mint of

been
were

or
of doubtto

m rffer to
or

on
adventof

However,
by no

FUNESTUS

a numberofspecies
or
work,howler,

at

in
and
finding
from

no longerneedy
of

The adultof brutal

iseasily
fromothersof thegroup,
fromrirulorum.
Of the other
includedin
sectionbut not in
is knownonlyin the adult stageand is therot'ore
onlytentatively
knownmemberof the orientalmlnirnus
complexand docznot occurin
southern
Arabia,however,juzt
it within the scopeof
book.

thelarvaisimeparable
schema'abovc,
herr_
is a wellrecentdiscovery
in

insecticides
mayrevealthe existence
of othersiblingspecies.
From
instance,
wehaveseenfemales
with vet broadpalpalpalebandzasin

arcazin theTransvaal,for
but
with normal

It is

thatfurther
intensive
research
intotherun,tarsubgroup
in arcazundertreatment
with

males.It seernz
thatthewhole

the laboratory.

wouldbe a fruitfulfieldfor crossing

cxpcrlmcntz
in

The greatestdiversification
of the groupseemsto have occurredin
althoughit shouldnot
of the group or,g,
' ' ,I! thought to be confined
. be forgottenthat
. somemembers

to eastern
Africa,

and

restricted
localities
in WestAfrica.

havesubsequently
beenfound,

numbers
anddistribution.
It isfoundover

isthedominant
me_tuber
ofthegroupin both

thewhole tropicalAfrica, with a widealtitudinal

rangeandin a varietyofbreeding-sites.
Thereisevidence
ofa gradient thenumber
ofthe
groupin islands
in theIndianOcean.Thusonthemainland
in
andTanzania5 or possibly
6 species
areknowntooccur,
in Zanzibar
leaoni
aml
parmffz
and
whilei.n
andtheComores
hasbeenfoundup to the
presenttime.

issecond
onlytogamfiiaza vector
andin somearcazit mayberesponsible
forthemajor
partoftransmission.
Sofarastheyhavebeenstudied
antheotherspecies
appear
tobe

zoophilic
butreadilybitingmanoutdoors
in the
infectedwith sporozoites.

otherhosts.
None

asyetbeenfound

The
tablesummarizes
themaindifferences
in theadulu.It isintended a general
guide
totheidentification
thegroup,.so
far it ispossible
in theadultstage.,
andshould
always
beused
in coniunction
withthe
sections.
Thewing
aresetoutin diagrmmmatic
form
q whilethelarvaldifferences
areshown

Pale
spots
onupperTipof fithfringeapieal dark bandoftosub- at
Pale
spot
branch
of5thvein 6thveinspot subapicaI
pale
hand oFclub
2

+ or --

1-2

Dark

--

Narrows-

--

Broader/equal

--

Palein t + in } of Broader

of

+ in 90%of

speclmcns

specimens

Dark

--

Broader,
rarely
equal

Dark

--

Broader

Dark

--

Dark

-[-in50%of

ormuch

Broads-

A.

d.

,/.

pan&.
A.

&inpan&.

Key to the adults

of Malaya

1. Scuturn with silvery

median line ..........
Scuturn withou% such line
'. ............
2. Clypeus and palpi yellow
.......
3.

Clypeus and palpi

blackish

Head wilh

spot

Head all

silvery
dark

above

......

in

front

frasert

Key to the adults

1. Third abdominal

1.

Tip

of Hodgesia

prac%ically sll black

.........
Third abdominal tergite

....

.............

with

la%eral

pale

* ............

of

modif-ied

.......

Ti9 of mid tarsus modified

........

Ti9

........

of hind

No

tarsum modified

specially

modified

........

to the adults of Ficalbia

I.

Dsec%-rooum

&

sca'-tily scaled; upper fork cell shorter than

stem

2e

..........

.WinEsheavily scaled; upper fork cell

i%m

or
10.

.........

2.
-

Head
Head

broad
of

tipped

3.
-

.....
in midge;

..........

scales green,
Not

so

.........

4.

4.

to

.....

a few
extreme

5.

t=si

of first

AUdominal
tergite 2

screw' or

at

.......

pale spots

6.

or

........

=ergites 2-7

..

. lacUstris

Head rather

-=

da:k

Bead

in

=airy

Hind %arsi with

femorata

.
whitish

a=d fifth

all

species,

pallida

whitish

with. lo=6 dorso-central

......

species, scuts-

pale anteriorly

Large species,
bristles
........

Upper fork

.-uc= -.

r the=

&EtorleDtio=yia& mediolineata

Scuturn

only a Lt.+tle

Scuturn uniformly

stem;

and
.
-.

dare

....

.nigra

margin of s=a'-- hroad_Iyyellow .

Key to'he

Acrostichal bristles
Acrostichal

adults

disuinct,

its

Scales

1.

longer
....

'bare cf scales

12.

parenil
dorso-ceutral
plunosa

&about three tires&;

......
.Upper fore cell
legs dark

11.

and without

of Uranotaenia.

scumal scales mos=ly or all'

.......

bristles

.......

acrostichal

flat

lb.

-scutal

scales

........

2.

stripe

or
frcut

&excep%

elba&

of

at

..........
cf

.
14.

3-

a
upper-=rs%

up

a
B=a

4.

modified

in
4-

.......

patch or

above

patch of

of scales in hiddie,

stri;e
.......

with

.c-teriorly

-=.ri:r

thcut

on

lcgs of

row of
.

.
7.

.........

Xts
.

Abdomen
with
me&is=
npical
?.'bite
z=arks
ontwo
o=
8.

apical
spicily

277

5-7
9- . Termtee1-4 either
- Term:es
4

or

with

.
,

.
.

....
fernors

Tergitee'6

'

white spots; posterior

fernors
11.

.
.

10. TorEires &

on
scales

......

%0

of

or

.
12.

Vein I ak-cea,

on

&stem-vein&
section

........

:'

bi!ineat a

obsoleta
13

...........

14. apn
a dense
eider yellow, or
-

16.
-

or
If Dresemt

Hind

or

oon
pon not mo; smaller

!7.

forth

chocolate-brown
above,lower

1517.

species
species .
-.....

yellow;

or
.

16.

of please

tipped;

.
18.

20.

18.

mostly

a: tip
two

Heaa
.

Hind 'tibia

rather

broadly

a:

tip

19.

. armulata

tip

....

.....

20.

or

yellow,

the'black legs; .

abdomenmore cr leas
-

or

less

21.
-

without

22.

Neadscales black ....

23-

basal& or
abdomen

Head

yellowish
mostly

.
.

.
.

ornata
.

25.

22.

23.

lucyae

orna:a spp.

yellow;

2-7

5cutal scales mostly black;

nizrioes

3 &or

2&

........

24.

21.

25.

on posterior
such

-.

.....

.
24.

mostly or
entirely

A black spot on

yellow.

like

rest

interment above

of

neoen:hes

base

26.

....

27.

28.

apn

apn

........

29.

30.
-

patch of

....

Mesepimeron
patch of
on thoracic

....

No

black

on

Key to

1.

29.

pseudoheidi

Wing Scales
scales

2.

Dark metallic

the

adults

narrow; tafel
broad; tafel

species;

Lighter species; tafel

3-

Brownish

Lighter

species;

with

species;

at least
partly

anteriorly&

bands;

yellow

yellow . . ....

costa

verdicolor

yellow,

.......

4.

Thoracic integument yellow or green, with dark

Thoracic

of

dark

or all

5- A

tarsi
metsilica

WJaeabdomen largely

integument

17.

....

dark

or

.....

pale'scales

wing scales partly

a.bdomen

2.

rings

black

.....

with

and wing scales

scales

of Mansonia

rings

very

on pleura-me

........

?.

of bldck scales on anterior half of

......

Scales on anterior half' of roeschorusuniform 'golden ....

6.

Dark scales
styles

on wimgs. tending
without'

7.

expansion.

integume:t

Tiblae all blackish

Tlblae not all

9.

tibia

10.

11.
12.

'

Hind tibia

blackish

black

.
ring

beyond middle

10.

with a black ring in middle

Hind 'tibia yellow, without black ring in middle .

Costa with some dark scales on basal half
.
.

Hind

yellow

with
sty!es

Male styles

n!Mrithorax
flAvocincta

. cristata

Mesonotumlargely brown; wing scales expensively dark;

black ring in middle
....
As above; .hind tibia w!%hou: black ring in middle
Thorax.
r ...
bright
like the abdomen.

Hind tibia

......

....

yellow with a black ring in middle

fourth

abdomenyellow .

.........

a yellow

Costa scales all yellow

13. Hind tarsi
the distal
-

expansion near apex

above

6.

bands; male

....

at

8.

to form two transverse

scales more uniform; male styles

'
lntegume--t very dark and shiking;

'

third of first

base

the distal third of firs:

all black above
very ! --~_ median lobe

- ns ion near tip

tibia

schoutedeni
..
.
.
..
. microannulata
.

11.
12.

....
segmentblack, .
-

seE:ent black,

15.
a,.2r e a

berzi

,
-

Male
Male styles

with membranous lobe

simple.

Dark epical ring on all

first

tergite

each'poste.-ior corner .
.
No dark apical ring on fernors; no

17.
-

with a black dot .

. fraseri
tergite

on first

scales on thorax arranged in

tibiae with separate

white spots anteriorly

.
Pale scales om thorax arranged in
creamy-white

SUBGENiRA

africans and
tibiae with

uniformis

0P

MALES

1.

presenl, consisting of a columnar

stem
blade;

phallosome

simple

....

2.

4-5

beyond 3-4

4-5 well

3.

clouded .

before 3-4

lobe .....

4.

.....

p.

basal lobe
Comte

from

robdad,

lobe;

eighth

.....
-

lobe;. philosome
plates;

5.

into

eighth

developed

a sidle

hairy

abel,

s2yle

.....

6.

slender,

a9rostichal

in A. vittatus&; scales of vertex

with
moreor less
&excep2 in p.
modified or 'its

7.
-

spine;

ppn
-

white

spines,

8. CoVia with'
broad

absent

which has
of vertex
bristles present; slyle
......

tpine

Style with ome

bristles

lower

.
.

bristles present;

.....

wlZhout

bristles

..

absent;

8.

1.

Cross-vein

Cross-vein

2.
-

One or more lower

No lower

4.

while-riced
Claws simple,
white

beyond :5-4 and clouded .

4-5' before

3-4

bristles
or
mostly
.

of vertex

caballus

.....

.......

Eider

a double
a

8.

Bristles

or

of
on second segment

absent;

cerci

uo

ecales

short
usually

on vertex

some narrow

on vertex

9.

or

.......

present;

'

with

vertex

not

7.

7-

on
black;

of

....
......

toothed;

5.

bristles

uSUally long

with

on

or

densely scales .....

please very
Para%ergi%es

or

with

.
p.

11.

of silver

on shoulders

....

&

of

Key to the
1. Front'
2.

wiZh

breadth,
tibia

or

adults

of

distinct

scales

subgenus Mucidus
ri-ngs of about

at base,
and tip
broadly whize at tip, wishout a
of
only rasher

at base;

cosza

yellow

except at

3.

of hind

of hind

acre

half
except at tip

eudanensis
.
.
.

costa dark

mucidus

Key to the adults

I.

Metallic

silvery

of subgenus

on

and abdo=cn, including

doublerow of silver scales extendingnearly wholelength

of

in middle .

2.

No metallic
Hind

Tarsi

silvery
with

sca2es
white

all

........

-2.

on thorax. or abdomen ....

on s--Gent 2

Hind femur with

4.

Mediau lobe of

silvery

patch

with

scales at'midis
All

with

black

of

silvery

limes of

Scuturn largely .clothed

with or without
all
white
omly

tibia
dark

7.
-

all

whitish
a

opn

scales,
pair

narrow scales
beneath; oon with

scales

as
.

at least
stripes;

hind

above ....
broad

........

tho rsx

dark; port with

silvery

scales;

.............

10.

Narrow scales on vertex

8.

half

of

Front tibia

all

9.

Pale scales of

Pale

posterior

.....
or

a white

stripe;
surface

middle

all

dark; middle

.
femur with

dark posteriorly

yellow;
costa with whitish scales,

tip of

of scuturnwhite; 5th. hind tarsal segmental least

partly white; ?Lug scales all ,dark ....

'-

Tori

. luteostrialms

mud bordered with

reaching at least
in front
.

narrowscales on vertex, wings all dark

basal

nizooi

silvery

pair

or yellowish

most of it's
length
scales, 'sublateral
black
as acutal
even if

scales

lateral

base of the hlmd tibia

Scuturn with '2

Rind

largely coveredwith pale scales; .

rimg at

6.

scales in middle,

limes of pale scales,

anteriorly.

....

.......

scales om me4iau lobes

5.

.
monetus

2- Hind femursilvery white a_uteriorly on.basal

........

white

scales

Key to the adults

Scuturn

m.yasae

of subgenus Stegomyia

pairsof smallwhitespots;
tibiaewhiteringednearmiddle;

proboscis
usuaJly
palein middle
Scutura
andtibiae
proboscis
dark

Bigot

z. Proboscis
and tibiae
white lines
.
Proboscisall dark; tibiae dark except, in somecases,at base

Theobald
3

3- Fronthalfo!scutum
whitescaled
Scuturn

marked .

4. Front half of scuturnwith a medianwhite stripeonly

mascarcnsis
MacGregor
-

5
6

Middle
femur
without
such
6. Midge

front reaching

to

sucha
muchmore

7-

.
.
.

8.

a
.

at
.

Newstead

at most
a
at
of
broad,deep
orquiteto
endsof the
compressed
,

9-

7
8

C. C.

of
of

on

slightly

longer;

xx.

xa.

of
of.
of

z3-

or

xa
x4

x5

on

.
.
.
broad metallic
.

x5. Posterior

.
of

below
extensively
belowat
of

x4.

at lemt at
white
anterior
....

of

of
Megan

not

of

yeRow

i7-

whiteat base

x7

on the
.
at

x9

.
xS.

tibia
leg&
tibia
below
Hind tibia

slightly

from

to extreme

&except

a
.
a weR-marked

hind

at

onat
or, at most,

below

Median

of
at

the

on

under

E. C. C. Van

one or two

at

of
borderof pale

Median
reducedor absent . ' '

on6th
the
of the
patchshaRower,
at most

white; prescuteRar
amalthtusDe
pale
round

patch
&

tergiteprolonged
the depth of the

Edwards
nearly.to
g3
z6

:3. Fi::,: mid-ta':srd

24. t&....
e

behind nearly to

t:.?.; aie

front on only about the

b,xrerzatch
a
bo:d.:: r.f
scats'
dark
,.
patch with at most avc? rmrro'.vborder of

.....

........ r',w;:co:

'

' '

ti:.ud

. .......

'

'

knea.sr.,ot

tarsal

any

'

thre'

....

''

of the re.tour above

-,

cth

it',u, u:,' . f} :2'. 2::',-. ;'t :,:' , ,: :;:

&

'

sin;,'?

tc,lS.....,...........
.:...- o' s::.u.;x':
t'._..re
?etch a.....
the
,.
Enosc4
vello'v,s,:rend

iT,'

pMc

front o.
patch ,
on at

tzzr:dt{bu: rm..ie
9n at most the
at moat
expanded
median
cf scuturnof
throughout, not
the pMe
at the
of the
patch:
pasterelaters!
w'rJte or' whitish second
above o.ua most
lea.::
Mhd
largely dark, at most net'rowdy
at
of
da'k except for Lu-e-sr&ot
?'ift.:':
hind tav,:.a[pale on at
the bawd
often
or, if not, then
,4. ....

at r,:o,,,
-' ,-' k'::
tibia]
pa2eabove on at mast

usuMlv leas'
adios[he'll

streak at base of hLnd

'

t;.he:wttk tht- pale streak at the bmseof the h:r,d t{bia much more than
,
,_,
FiX!G-,
'
tip
both

:,-,te'for.... ,.....

36. ..............

of mid-femu:

szutal patche'5pointed
,

;:,::s.:;,.
E. C. C.

Someran&ha
pat&

exc:s?tat tip

dc.:e:'ffon:'Edwards

ken, vaomg in

from

_,

E. C. C. Van

........

.....

......

rnunded in frc7,:, s,

white' tergaI bands

Key

adul.us

.,_

of subgenus

COBiOn

1. Abdomen
banded
above ..........

2.

Abdomen

above,

veins

on!am:2 Segments....
to

a:

:iddle
broai!y

4.

tip

of

....
....

......
Venter

on forkit

no

on forks

circumlu2eolus

Costawhite-scaledbeyondmiddle .
all

dark

Sale scales on forked

3cales

on

....

albicosta

.....

forked

albothorax&Camhis
fors&

albo2horax &Eastern form&

Costawith yellow scales, scattered or in

CoslA all dark

......

..

.....

Costawith yellow

.........

Costa with mixed yellow ---d dark scales

of its length .

..........

9-

Yellow patches on

of costa

hind femur nearly

-

ye!-low

Yellow patches confine-d

line

1'0.

hind

dorsal

carterl

pale-scaled;wingswith

vein I yellow

a: base

beyond base

without conspicuous pale barriers,

'evenat'base

w-'-- 1

....

ScutsArewith border of

femur with

..........

with margins

over vein 1;

....

scales,

base of vein
..........
Scuturnwith border o.' yellow scales,

2&

wing scales all

Proboscis pale benes 7%

Hind tibia
Hind

14.

Head with

..

12.

wings with yellow aca/es

.,
.
&in part&
.....

a dark apo: i

=iddle

ellinorae

of yellow
-

this da=k

Proboscis with a
above
Proboscis

at

with a sm=-ll
:' a%
only
with a
=ark above 'am middle
.....

Head
15.

11.

fuseinet,is

wings with white scales

a{ baseof vein
........
Proboscisall
.......
-

dark

.......
all dark or c

.....

14.

15-

area of Vertex
.

. crassiforceps

oaloalisandJamoti&inpart&
in =i-idle,

ao--etimes interrupted

taeniarostris
yellow

i= middle

and poaonurus

Key to the adults of

Aedimorphus
and Ochlerotatus

COuplet
keying
to more
thanonespecies,
separate on male

1.
-

with

narrow

Z.

flat scaleson at least onelobe&usuallyall scutellar

scales broad, flat and white&

Scutellum with narrow scales only
,

-. o

......
or all
.

scales of vertex all

.

over the Joints to bases of segments;mesonotum

usually
Hind tarst

3.

silvery spots

3e

10.

Tort with silvery-whitescales;whiteshoulder-spots

composed
of broadscales

4.

Tort bare

g.

........

Each femur with a

5.

No pre-apical white spots on femora

A pair of small white spots in middle of

These spots absent

pre-apical spot

'.

marshalii

......
....

.......

5a. All tarsi extensively white

.....

or secondre&d-tarsal segment
kapretwae

Frontandmi'ddle
tarstmainly
or all

capensis

Silvery scales on marginsof scuturnin front forminga

,

line

........

stokesi

These scales formi .rig a rather broad stripe

7.

33.

otherwise

4.

5,

Hindtarsal segments
with broadwhiteapicalbands
whichsCarcelyextend

Silvery lateral

.
.

stripes on scuturnconfined to anterior half

haworthi

&

Silve_r.lateral stripes.on scuturn,full length ,

8.

Middle

of scutuma dark

Middle

of Scuturn white

..

.
.

kennethi

of narrow
scales;hindfemur
.

Whiteshoulder-spotscomposed
of broadscales .

.-.

No white shoulder-spots ; no pre-aptcal white spot on hind

.....

10.

Hind tarsi

all

dark

teesdalet

.....

g. Whiteshoulder-spots
white spot .....

simulans

apicoannulatus
11.

......

Hind tarsi with white rings which are about equally divided by the joints

Hind tersi

3 with broad v/nite basal rings 4-5 all dark .

11. Scuturn
with four

..

whitespotscomposed
of broad'scales

12.'
18.

Scuturn
without suchsp.
ots. or'at mostwith a pair on shoulders .

12. Toriwithwhitescales; palpi

.insolens

Toribare: palpiall dark

13.

....

Mid and hind femora with pre-apical

Without such spots

,spots

13.

artjenteoounctatus
14.

....

14. Aspot
ofbroad
white
scales
onscutal
angle
position

32.

bedfordi'
15.

No white scales in this

15.

Head-scales mostly narrow, flat ones confined to sides .

&4eaJ-scales
nearly all broadandflat .

mutilus
16.

No white scales above wing-root

17.

17. Whitespotat tip of hindtibia longerthanbroad;

longer than proboscis

palpi

& mixtus

Whitespotat tip of hindtibia scarcelyas longas broad; O palpi

scarcely longer than proboscis
18.

microstictus

A spot of broad white scales on each shoulder, and a pre-aptcal

on hind femur

These

lg.

White mark at'tip

absent

w'hite spot

19.

.....

of hind tibia

20.

nearly one-fifth

as long as tibia

.......

domes ticus

1
&

This markonly about one-eighthas long as tibia

20. Lateralspotsof abdominal

tergites purewhite;white

seta
ovazzai

leptolabis

at tip of

hind tibia nearly twice as'long as broad; scutellar scales usually

all

broad and white

........

Lateral spots of abdominaltergites dull creamy-white;

spot at tip

of htnd ttbta not or scarcely longer th.anbroad; scutellar scales

often in part narrow or dark
.......
21.

Most of the decumbent scales of vertex broad and flat

22.

All scales of vertex narrow, including

to eyes
Scuturnwith four pairs of small white spots, composedof

25.

minutus

&
.
scales

22.

liltels

23.

Scuturnunspotted, or at mostwith a pair of yellowish .spots

23. No post-spiracular scales
At least a few
scales present
24.

All

scutellar

scales broad

24.

albocephaIus

.
tarsalas

wendyae
&
-

Mid lobe of scutellum with somenarrow scales &usually&

phil lbl abis

.
25.

&

smi

Nearly all scales of vertex broad and flat

scales
of vertexall narrow,
or at leas*,.
narrow scales

in median line

26.

typed &
27.

.....

26. Brownspecies; abdomen

banded;hind tibia with small white spot at tip
trritans

& lottel

&
27,

Black'species; abdomen
unbanded;
hind tibia all dark
- Scaleson apnandppnnearly all broadandflat
Scales on apn and ppnnarrow
Hind femur dark at tip, without pale

grenieri
leesoni
28.

29.

Hind
femur
with
small
pale
kneww-spot
Lighter;
decunbent
scales
of
vertexmostly
broad&

&; scutellarscalesall

narrow

abnormalis

Darker; scales
ofvertex
narrow scutellar
scales
narrow
on
me.
dian lobe, broadon lateral lobes
30.

Sternires'usually
with
scales

few or absent

kabwachensis

darkbands;post-spiracular
andsub-spiracular
..

Stern&tesunbanded,
white; post-spiracularandsub-spiracular-;cales
alboventralis
&

semilikiensis

30.

.52
31.

unmarked;
some

scales

tergites

narrowpale bandstn 9;

on median lcbe

cen?ol
;

v/ithdarkspot;tergi:es unbanded
in
scales

on all

wiLh

Scutellm

with broad

esworthi

lobes

3Z. Hind
tibiawithdistal white
-

Hind

withdisLal

33.

Festa and

&fernando

honer&

boneti ssp.

striped;

and tibiae
34.

not striped

ochraceus
34.

Hindtarsi dark&twpfaint.rings in

35.

Or partly speckled

43.

Hind tarsal segments

with distinct white basal rings
.
Hind tarsal segments
with pale rings embracingthe joints, fifth segment

pale

&Ochlerota'lus&
caspius & centropunctatus

35. Hindtarsi

twonarrowandfaint pale rings .

Hind tarsi speckled on at least 1st segment

Hind tarsi

entirely

'bevisi

36. Wings, proboscisand palps unspeckled

.
.
.
Wings,proboscisand palps of both sex &ochlerotatus&speckled

{sometimes
spareely& .
.
37., Head.with
the
scalesatmostall pale;
with almost

36.

37.

dark

harrisoni
breedensis

terseresof

narrow basal pale bands

Head leestin witha'distinctpatchof darkdecunguent

scaleson
vertex; abdominal
tergitesof
with complete
bands

38.

38.

Post-spiracular scales'present

41.

Post-spiracular
scales

leucarthrius

39..Sourumgolden-scaled
laterally &seealso
claw simple .
.

hind

Sourum
notgolden-scaled.
laterally; Kindclawstoothed
SCutum
palewithtwodark
in front
.

40.

Hesepimeron bare below as usual

with

4:&.

..

hairsbelow .

41. Post-spiracular scales mll broad and flat &t least t wide as long
-

Manyor all of the

scales very narrow

42. Hind femur pale beneathalmost to,tip;

44.

hind claws'toothed

'Hind
femur beneath
almost'to
tip, hindclaws
simple
; withvery

Asabove, withoutlonghairs onstyle .

Hind femur dark beneath on almost the distal

distinctive

43.
-

long hairs on style

clawssimple

tricholabis

holocinctus

....

Hind claws toothed

44. Proboscispale beneath';sternires unbanded;

Proboscis
all

.
.

43.

quasiunivittatus
subdentatus

claws simple ..

dalziel&

sternites banded;hindclawstoothed.

45. Lowermesepimeral
bristles present; last &wohind tarsal segments
usually
all dark

{Ochlerotmtus& caballus

Lowermesepimeral
bristles absent; last twohind tarsals not all dark

46.

Wing-scales all dark, including costa1 fringe; femora and ribfee not con47.

spicuously speckled

47.

Wing scales .not all dark; femora and tibiae conspicuously speckled
Abdomen
with broad pale bands; soutel scales uniformly brown
arabiens&s
.

vexariS

completebands;

mottled .

centropunctatus

48.

entirely

dark-scaled

Costal fringe dark, wing scales mainly dark

dufouri

Costml fringe dark, but whole wing with numerousscattered pale scales

49.

Abdominal tergites without patches of yellow scales

Tergites with apical lmteral yellow patches

50.

termite

birsutus

51.

msubmedian
pair of mpicalwhitepatches.

Sixthterqlte&o.&with
mnarrow
transverse
apicalwhirsline

&Ochlerotatus&

' ......

fryeri

Sixthterxjite &o.&
withoutaptcalmarkings

&Ochlerotatus&

.......

spp.

.....

51.

Abdominel bands white

.....

Abdominalbands

in middle, white in

Key to the

durbanensts.

adults

natronius

of subgenus

Ps euda ,,,iRere s

arg-_nt e

Scutsliar

all,

or nearly

A broa4 hazedof

all,

dark

scales arou.ud

patches

of white

.....

margin .of
on

side

...........
Few

on

West

.......
......

Key to adults of subgenusDiceromyia

1.
-

lings &at least partly&

fiemots speckled
gs and legs not speckled; scutal'acales

.....

.........

2.

legs'

speckled;

specked

.
scales

mostly

.......
-

flevico!lis

r,inge speckled
2roboscis

throughout,

banded

all

scales

zethus

....

broad

&
.

.........

Proboscis umba.-.ded&=ere!y speckled in

Palpswith
-

Palps with media_u

5.

Abdomen speckled

Abdc--en not

middle&

basal white bands

.....

apical white bands

dorsally

s;eck!ed

adersi

furcifer
.

tavlorl

Key to

z.

the

adults

of

Eretmaoodites

clothedwith broadsilvery scales

......................................................
aibnclothedwith narrow yellow scales
................... ;.............................

2. Scuturn
withoutornamentation,
the yellowand black
throughout

z3

evenlymixed

'

Scuturnw/th someformof ornamentation,

the yellowscalesforminga border,
a medianline &perhaps
faint and/ncornplete&,
or a patterno[ stripes
...... 6

3- Proboscis
all dark
................:...........................................

Edw.

Probosch
witha paleor.whiteline.beneath
..............................................4
4-

species,
the scuturnappearingalmostblack to the

eye...............
Edw.

Lighierspecies.
the scuturnappearingnot darkerthan mediumbrownto the
eye .;........................................ .......................................
5- A dhtinctspotof silvery
abovethemidcoxz............
Graham
inL.rmedius.Edw.

This markingabsentor reducedto a patchof not more thau 5

..............
subsi,,,piicipes,
Edw.
6. Scuturnwith the only ornamentationa more.or
yellowborder...... 7
Scut-urn
with at least tracesof.a medianyellow
or with a patternof light
and dark stripes..;............. , .........................................................
8
7- Hind tibiaenormal,'the
at the tip
Hind tibiae enlargedat the tip. with prominentscales
a tuft..........
subsp.
Edw.
8. Scuturnwith ornamentation.a median yellow line &sometimes
and
incomplete&
..................................................................................

Scuturnwith the ornamentation

a patternof light and dark stripes
............
9. Hind ti'biaenormal; medianband faint
short,
to-the area i
anterior to the scutellum
............................. '.somer.
Graham

Hind

enlarged
at thet/p, withprominent
scales
forming
a tuft........

lo. Scuturnwith a complete

yellowmedianline........... .wi7ves/r/s,
Ingr. & De

Scuturn with a short median line anterior to the scuteIlum and a merli=n line

extendingback a shortdistancefrom the anterior

margin
sorne
subsp.

Edw.

Yellowstripesnarrow&general
ap1:eara_nce
of scuturn
darkwitha'patternof
yellow Hnes&............................................................

Eaw.

o!

much
broader

?thabdominal
terg/te
andat.
of prominent
black

?th

apl:eaxance
ofscntran

with pattern

....... ........................... :.........................................

the6thandythstem/tes
witha.d/stal

wh/chproiectto forma

tergite
withtheblack

moreor

a conspicuous
ruff...................'.................. .........
Scuturn
witha patterno! narrowyellowI/nesas in the

rue...............

not

hindtaxi
white .....................
Edw.
witha patterno! muchbroader
yellowlines
the
hind
darkor
whitetips.................................... :--x4
Hind tarsl entkelydark............................................

Hind ta.rsiwith

......... :.....................................................
all dark...................................

Thirdhind

with the tip white........................

Edw.

z. a,pndotbed

a,pndotbed

broadsUveryscales
.....................................................

narrow

scales
...................................................
x9

2. Scuturn
withoutornamentation,
the yellowandblackscales
evenlym;xed
throughout
............. ......................................................................3
Scuturn
withsome
formof ornamentation,
theyellowscales
forming
a border,
a median
line&perhaps
f-;-t andincomplete&,
or a patternof stripes
......

3- Proboscis
allclark;hindtarsisimple
....................................
graham,
Edw.

witha paleorwhiteUnebeneath;
hindtarsiwiththelast segments
moreor lessleathered
with outstanding
scales
.................................4

4- Dark.
.spedes._the
scuturn
appearing
almost
black
tothe
ol tarsi'relatively
slight
.......................................

Lighter
spedes,
thescuturn
appearing
lightormedium

eye;leathering
Edw.

tothe edeye

Tarsalfeatherlag
relatively
slight; eithernosilvery
abovethemid
or thesescales
forminga smallpatchof not morethe, 5 scales...............

Tarsalleathering
pronounced;
a distinctpatchof

Edw.

above

6. Proximal
claspettes
withonlya fewhairsat thetip; distal
patcho! haimat the tip............................ :.........

witha

Proximalanddistalclaspettes
hairyovermostoftheir
Edw.
2. Scuturnwith the only ornamentation
a yellowborder
...........................
8
Scntumva'tlaat leasttracesof a medianyellowband, with a
o/light
anddarkstripes
....... ...............................................................
-_
....

8.

simple;
hindtarsiwithconspicuous

.........................

Hind tibia
at tip, with prominentscalesf,,,...ing a tuft; hind tani
simple .........'................................. L.
subsp.
Edw.
9- Scuturn
with ornamentationcompleteor incomplete

line

faint

and indistinct&...........................................................................

xo.

Scuturnwith ornamentation
a distinctpatternof light amddarkstripes
.........
simple; hind tarsi conspicuously
feathered;mere-,,line faint.and
short, restrictedto the area just anteriorto the soutellum.
..................... _'
Graham
Hind tibiaeenlargedat tip, with prominentscales
tuft; hind tani
simple.....................................................................................
ix

zz.Scuturn
witha complete
median
line
...................

&DeM.

Scut-urnwith a short media.uline anterior to the scuiellum,and

extending
backa shortdistaac6fromthe anteriorscutal
some

Yellowstripes

subsp.

...............

Edw.
pattern

&general
appearance
of scuturn
dark with

yellow lines&
...........................................................................

Yellowstripesmuchbroader&general.appearance
of scuturnyellowwith a Pattern
of clark stripes&
..............................................................................

x7

X3-A large
tuftofproiecting
scales
present
onthe'umer
sternal
aSpect
ofthe

i4

This tuft absent,or represented

by a very few scaleswhichdo not fo,-. de6nlte
tuff ............................... ..............................................................

z4-Basal
lobeofcoxite
withprominent 'oflarge
scales;
Proximal
claspettes
largebut of simpleform,bearinghairswith enlarged
spatulatetips...........

Basallobeof coxirenot so; proximalclaspettes

large and of peculiarshape,
bearingnumerousclisciferous

X5-

......................................

Edw.

Distal
claspette
beat
almost
atrightangles
inthemiddle
........

, Edw.

Distal claspettesnot markecllyangled in the middle.................................

I6.

Proximalclasperres
smalland pointed,with at mosta singlehair

'Prox'imal

the tip......

verylarge.
bearing
numerous
clisciferous
hairs

Eclw.

Edw.

x7..7th abdominaltergitewith the blackscalesmoreor leto

not.forming
a prominentruff; coxire with a conspicuous
scale-tufton the inner sternal
face ..................................................................
7th ab4ominaltergit.e&andat lea.stthe 6th and 7th sternites&
with a hinge of
prominent
scalesforminga distinctruff; coxitcwithouta scale-tuft...18

I8. Basal
lobes
without
sigTnoid
hairs;short
hairs
of the

with

enlarged tips..............................................................

Edw.

Basal lobeswith a terminalrow of sigTnoid

hairs with harpoon-shaped
tips;
hairsof the distal
simple
................................ .ferox,sp.n.
19.
with a patternof narrowyellowlines in the inornat,,s
group; hind '
tarsiwith whitetips........................... some
subsp.
Edw.
Scuturn
with a patternof muchbroader
yellowstripesasin the
group; hind tarsi all dark or with whitetips.......................................

2o. Hind tarslentirelydark; the lastz segments

featherod
andangled
.....

Hind tarsi with white tips; the last z segments

simple
.......................

z4

2I' Oneclawof middle

tarsibroadandbladelike;tarsal

B.othclawsof middletarsi slenderas usual; tarsal leatheringslightand not

very conspicuous.....................

:.................................................

:12.5th mid-tarsal
segment
shorter
than4th; tip of'distal

z3

withshout

lo reflexedhairs; basallobeof coxite

scales
........
5th mid-tarsalsegmentas long as 4th; tip of distal r]a,-pettes
with about
reflexed hairs; basallobe of coxite with a few, narrow. pointed

.........

3. Reflexed
hairs
ofdistal
claspettes
inaregular
series;
pmximal

broad, axe-shaped
terminalleaf............ oe.
subsp.
Reflexedhairso! distalclaspettecrowdedat the tip; proximal
a narrow,pointedterminalleaf...............
'
.24. 3rd hind tarsal segmentall dark........................................................
3rd hind tarsalsegment
white at the tip........................ ;...

with
F.dw.
-aS

5. Distalclaspette
shorterthan proximalclaspette
andbearing
a fewsimple
at the tip.................... ;............. 2...................... -....
Distal claspette
longerthan proximalclaspette
and bearingz
flattimed,
sigmoldsetaeat the tip........................
subsp.
F.xlw.
26. Coxitewith a smallexternalprojection; basallobewith 3 very long
scalesandsomehairsat the tip ....... &...............................
F.a:lw.
_Coxitewithout a_nexternalprojection;
lobe with 3 scales.x much broader
than the others,at the tip, and without
subsp.
F.dw.

I.

not

Palpi at least

as

as proboscis

2.

Palpi with a row of modified scales

downwarn'ds
on
part of

Palpl without Scales

3-

Normally

as long as .proboscis, usually longer

four

meseplmeral

bristles,

species

Normally a single

4-

obliquely
.

.
.
Culiciomyia

......

or more lower

of pale rings.
-

projecting
.

tarsi

lower mesepimeral
2-5 &
.......

bristle,

devoid

Lutzia

or none &very

e with a pair of simplethoughoften

lateral

plates;

tarsi

apical
Phallosome with

always dark

pale scales of tergites

....

the la.teral

plates nearly always divided or

ringed; pale scales of tergites

nearly always basal ........

.Culex

1. Normallyfour or morelower mesepimeralbrisXles,

of pale rings.

Acros=ichal

or none &very

2-3 & ..........

bristles

2.
........

Neocule
x

also Culiciomyiamacfiei ....

Acrostichal bristles

presenX,' even if quite

5-

No lower meseplmeral

bristles

devoid

....

Normally a single lower me'sepimeralbristle,

exceptionally

.2.-

Large species

....

......

lo.wermesepimeral

-4.

present

4.

Proboscis

tarsi

ringed

.....

Proboscis

%arsi

dark

....

.....

5.
Culex

p.

Neoculex

'

.5. Abdominal
with basal pale markings &bandsor'
spots&; all- decumbentscales 6f veFtex, including the ocular
row, quite

.......

Abdominal tergites

6.

All

7.

Some broadlab scales on vertex,

at
Only
scales of the ocular row broad,

Usually

'dark scaled

with

Culex &part&

apical

pale markings,

.....

......

scales of Vertex narrow .

..

6.

in a row adjoining
and

p.
eyes
.

..........

.
a

more numerous

usus.lly dark

broad

scales

.
....

p.[q

or completely

on vertex,

and

p.

.
also

7.

p.
Neoculex

acrostichalis

58

Key to .the adults

of Neoculex

Couplet
keyingto morethanonespecies,
separate on male terminalia.

1.

Thorax with a conspicuouspatSturnof narrow v/hire lines

-.
2.

Thoraxwithout
pattern
.
..
.....
Head
a rawer broadbandof flat scales in front
Flat scales of head confined

3.

sides

bristles
entirely

l?.

....

........

entirelyblack

scaled .
bristles

bristles

&
black scaled,

.........
7 black

,St

?
bristles

like
robsent

........

spots or bands, or &rarely&

.
.
.
..
or dmrk ......

..

.......

Scaleson

; nopost-spiracular
scales .
scaly

. , .

'

scalesof

Black;

scmles of head dmrk

13.

'-

..

Mesepimeronon

& jenkinsi

&
&

or less pmlein
dmrk
.
.
.
oneson

or mlmost
mll dmrk;m&ddle

of

.
,

rima &

middle
of
clear
scales white . . insi&nis & sunyaniensis

of

scales

part

document

onlytheusualsingle

..

hair
& laplmntei

li.
-

Lyre-shaped
on thorax.
markings, not as.above .

13.
16.

only

erect scalAs
only mfew of
m large

16.

seiki

dark
above,
scales nearly mll golden .
scales mostlydark brown,

scmlesof hemd

&

indistinctly

of

ll.

Browns
Pleurae
Pleurae

scales present

15.

all dark

on apn

lO.

14.

&
rand

presenL .......
a'large
of scales ........
few or no scales
.....

9.

12.

bristle

8.
-

ll.

.
spot;

Pleurae
paulydmrk
andpartlylight

7.

with apicml
bristles
t

6.

with apical laura1

......

.
avianus
pulchrithorax

15.

Key to the adults of Culex

Couplet keying to more than one species,
separate on male term,inalia

1. Nolowermesepimeral
bristle; proboscis
with a well-defined
pale ring in
-

middle;tarsi with narrow-palerings.at the joints

.
.
.
Oneor morelowermesepimeral
bristles present;proboscissometimes
pale

beneath
andat sides
onmiddle
half, but&except
in ventrilloni&

complete
andwell-defined
palering {at leastin
.
.
.
2. Femora
and
withrowsof smallpalespotsanteriorly. . poictlipes
-

No such rows of spots present

3.

Wings
with numerous
scatteredpale scales; proboscis
with a pale

spot at tip above&beforelabella&

Wings
with fewor nopale scales; proboscisdark at tip &though
labella may

4.

Abdominal
tergites with api.cal lateral yellow triangles, or tergites 6-8 all

yellow .....
Abdominal
tergiteswith paleapicalbandsof evenwidth

Ihorax black, scutal scales nearl7 all black

....
Thoraxbrownish, or scuturnwit.q manypale scales

be pale&

......

''

.......

6. Abdominal
tergites I-4 blackS-8orange
- 'Tergites with orangeapical lateral spots

bitaentorhynchus
ethiopicus
.

aurantapex
aurantapex
v.jinjaensis

Abdominal
tergites 1 black, 2-4 black with extensive orange'markings,5-8

7.

Scutom
usuallywith anterior half mainlypale scaled;wing-length4-6.5

Scutumscales forming an indefinite mottled pattern, or scales all dark; wing-

8.

Wingswith an indistinct pale area at tip involving veins 1 and 2.1 and some-

Wingswithout pale area at tip

orange

....

elli

norae

length 2-4 m.

. ..

..

lateral apicalpaletriangles

.....

annul iori s

Abdominal

otheraise marked

Tergiteswith pale basal bands'

Abdomenalmost all

11.

ll.

....

g. Abdominal
tergiteswithmedian
basal

lO.

.
.

timesthe Costa ,

13.

.-

dark above

10.

annulioris ssp. major

.annulioris

sso. consirnilis

Femorawith numerousscattered pale scales anteriorly; upper fork cell of wing

short,

its

base distal

to that

of lower fork

sitlens

Femorawith few or no scattered pale scales; upper fork longer, its base at
least slightly

proximal to that of lower fork

12.

12. Thqrax
blacker,some
palescalesonfront half of

palering of

proboscis sharply defined proximally beneath

. thalassius
&

castelli

Thorax
brown,
palescalespresent
onlynearscutellum;
paleringof
extended
proximallybeneath

proboscis

tritaeniorhynchus

13.

Tarsi, especially of hind legs, with'narrow pale rings

14.

larsi

16.

14.

Tarsal rings confined to basesof segments; post-spiracular and pre-alar

all

dark

scales present

ventrilloni

Tarsal rings spreadingover Lhejoints

faint& ; pre-alar scales

absent

Middle tibia with pale anterior stripe; post-spiracular scales usually

present

' .....

duttonl

Middle tibia without pale anterior stripe; no post-spiracular scales watti

All tibiae. andfront andmiddlefemora,with pale anterior striPes raining

the wholelength; hind tibia without pale apical ,spot above, but'the
anterior stripe reaches the tip
.
Femoraand tibiae either unstriped, or if stripes are present on any
them.
the hind tibia has a pal. apical spot and the anterior stripe does mot
reach the tip

17.

......

' unbanded abdomen

18.

four spots of silvery-white

scales;

17.

small dark

uith

......

18.

without silvery spots

.
.
.
...
Hind femurwith a dark dorsal line reaching base; pre-alar Scales abseer:
--.

lg.

....

Hindfemur
entirelypaleonbasalfourth;pFe-alarscalespresent
Post-spiracular and pre-alar.scales present; tergites normally
Ho post-spiracular

scales

. 20.

........

24.

Hindfemur
with'anteriorsurface
almost
entirely-black
scaled. .
Hind femur with anterior surface mainly white, at most the distal
all

dark

.........

21.

Hind
tibia
with
ananterior
pale
stripe
- often
faint.
and
may
beabsent
in
costa with pale scaleson loweredgeclose to base

Hind tibia black except for the conspicuouswhite.spot at tip; wing-scales

all dark&o 9& .

.-

..

riddle tibia with anterior pale stripe

2Z.

striatipes

P,iddlo 'tibia without anterior pale stripe

Sternires usually w'ith dark bands; front

palpi normal

.
coxae with some dark scales;

23.

Bale

'.

Sternites without dark bands; front coxal scales all pale; male palpi shorter
and nearly bare
sinaiticus
Pre-alar scales present

No p.
scales
..
letgiLes all
above,sternites all pale; hind tibia without distinct

25.

pale

Side
ot tho.-aa
of
&pa.&
prelect.
26.

a.
wfthuo

with

andprr-alar
butsomepre-alarsr.,alem

Proboscis pale in middle beneath; venter with narrow Interrupted median dark
.stripe
Proboscis

.....
all

27.

dark

27. Meron
notmuch
darkerthancoxact

normal
& nakuruensis

gerondarkerthan

6 term&nails
veryabnormal

28.

Sternires

with

scmles but unbanded

Sternites

with dark ap&cal bands

some

mfrif&cus

terzlf

..

....

&in part&

Zg. Tergtteswith palebasalbands;antennaof

-

Tergttes, at least the first

30.

normal ....

few, unbanded&distal

but this has

banded in schwetzi
47.

antennae& .....

Venter
pale,

sometimes
with

with dark

median
spots

bands; proboscis all

31.

36.

Sternires

31.

2 -4 lower mesepimeral bristles

32.

Only one lower mesepi=eral bristle

33.

32. Thorax
pale; proboscis
all dark
-

33.

dark

..

Thorax darker; proboscis pale in middle beneath

normal
coxites endhairypalp&;proboscis
pale
spot at tip of hind tibia inconspicuous

34.

watti

in middle;pale

swollencomtesandrathershortandscantilyhairedpalp&
scales reddish-brown;
upperfork-cell in

its stem;

laticinctus

in

Asabove,

associated
withsaline,waters

pipfens

Scutalscalesusuallymorebuff-tinted; upperfork-cell in

aslongas its ste=;palp&

in 6 notsolong

2.5 times

quinquefasc4atus
&

Proboscis not distinctly.

Proboscis pale beneath; pale bands of tergites

conspicuous
.

35.

over three timesas long as

longerthanproboscis
.

35.

bukavuensis

paler beneath; pale bands of tergites

and hind tibia with conspicuous

yellow apical spots .

broad; femora

narrower;

37.
39.

Hind femur white-scaled

37.

Scales round pre-scuteller bare space dark; a median line of dark scales on

Scales round bare spate pale; no dark scales in median line of sourum .

38.

Scutumwith manydark scales, especially on posterior half

-~

basal

half

dark

Hind femur with three-quarters

below on at least

surface all

36.
-

s cutum

or more of anterior

less
calurus

of anterior

surface

. tamst
38.

anderson&

&

Scutal scales all

39.

Scutal scales uniform,,

hopkins&

small species with male palp& all dark

decaris

&in part&

Scutal scales dark br:.n and yellow in varying proportions; penultimate

of male

a line of white scales beneath

40.

Palespotat tip of hindtibia iess conspicuous,

usuallyshorterthaibroad
spot more'conspicuoustusually longer than broad
Distal

half

of anterior

surface

of hind

femur

dark

Distal third of anterior surfaceof hind femurdark

Distal fourthof anterior surfaceof hind femurdark

41.

.
trifilatus

tr. ssp. eeriescans

quasi,ouiarti

Onlydistalsixthof anteriorsurfaceof hindfemurdark;thoraxof

broadstripesof pale scales; palpi of
proboscis

femurmoreextensively dark; thorax less obviously striped; palpi of

&&
shorter
43.

one-fourth
as longas

.....

Distal

third

4:&.

.......

at anterior

surface

of hind femur'dark

.....

44.

Distal fourth tO one-third &rarely almost half& of anterior serface of hind

femur dark

. .

45.

........

44. Larger; breedsin ground-poolsin Abyssinia

anderioni ssp. abyssinicus

Smaller ; breeds in banana-axils in

4S.

Pale scales of masonDrum

tending to

Suchspotsnot evident

46.

Larger, wing-length 4.S- S.S

Smaller,wing-length
3.S-4.S
'
.
Mesepiamron
withe distinctscale-patch
in middle

--

Mesepimeronbare of scales or almost so

mesarum

e pair of spots near middle

46.

toroensis ssp.

taroensis

scotti
.....

48.

63.

48. Antenna
of normal,
eachfiegellersegment
withonly4-6 longhairs;knob
of
halteres usually dark

......

Antennae
of sub-pin,
nose,

49.

Venter pale, unbanded

Sternices 'With dark epical bands

'.

..

hairs; halteres ell yellow

58.

.......

.
.

SO. Small brown species; one lower mesepimeral bristle

SO.

S1.

Larger black species; Z-S lower mesepimeral bristles;

orange

basal antenna1segment

.......

S1. Hind tibia with a pale spot et tip

Hind tibia entirely dark .......

....

5Z.

..

52.

Hind femur with one-fourth or more of anterior surface dark;

yellowish scales tending to form spots or stripes; erect scales af head

Hind femur with one-fifth

yellow in middle

53.

S7.

53.

....
Or less of anterior

surface dark; scuturn without

spotsor stripesbf pale scales;erect.scalesof headall or

dark

49.

fewfiegeller
segments
each
withlO-2O
long

all
SS.

....

femurwith one-half of

surface dark; scuturn

with

stripe of

pale scales confined to area between the bare lines

.muse
.rum
-

Hind femur with

54.

Sourumwith medianarea of pale scales anteriorly,

lines

one-fourth

tO one-third

of

anterior

surface

& shoae
dark .

54.

extending beyondthe bare

'.

scotti

Sourum
with a pair of spots of pale scales aboutmiddle
55.
scales sandy

ornatothoracis
decaris
&i, part&

scales dark brownwithout reddish.tinge,sometimes somepale scales

t ntermi xed

56. Hind femurwith barely one-sixth of anterior surfacedark

-

Hind femurwith Fully one-fifth of anterior surface dark

tnvidiosus
& quasi?uiarti
trifoliatus

57. Scales
roOnd
pre-scutellar
space
pale;'hindfemur
withthedarkareaat tip on
-

anterior surface longer than broad

perfuscus& tetlsilla
Scalesroundpre-scutellar spacedark; hind femurwith the dark area
tip on
;

d'JOlds

58. Hindtibia with pale spot at tip; two lower mesepimeral

bristles .
-

Hind tibia all dark; usually only one lower mesepimeral bristle

59. Vantar pale, unbanded;proboscispale beneath

-

Venterwith

dark bands, proboscis all

59.

. . .

dark

wesche&

60. iergites 3-7 or 4-7 with white basal bands , narrmv in middle
schwetzt
lergites unbanded,or at most6 and 7 with the basal pale spots joined

61. Propleura
withnumerous
scales .

v.sudanicus

Propleurawith few scales, and sternopleural scale-patchessmaller

.
62. Scutal scales mostly dark
......
scales mostly or all pale
.
.
.
63. Thoraxvery pale, shouldersextensively so; 2-4 lower mesepimeral
bristles
............
prui na

Thorax
much
darker;
1-3

mesepimeral
bristlesin

1 in o

.......

macfiei,
& pseudopruina

Key to the adults of Culiciomyia

1. Abdominal
tergites with basal lateral pale spots; acrostichal bristles absent
-

Abdominal
tergites with apical lateral pale spots, or all
bristles

present

......

2.. Pleurae grey-dusted

Pleurae somewhat
shining, without
dusting and almost without scales
3. Smaller {wing- 3-4mm.&;mesepimeron
usually without distinct Scale patch;

of o terrainalia
withfewshorthairs
-

coxiteof 0 terrainalta
with densepatchof soft palehair . cinereus
greyer;upperpart of
moreor less darkened
.
cincrellus

4.
-

.nebulosus
& furlongi

ltberiensis & muspratti

Larger {wins 4-Srm.&;meseptmeron
usually with large patchof scales;

Mesonotum

pleurae uniformly pale

5. Proportionate
lengthsof last twosegnmnts
of malepalpi as
....

semibrunneous

Theseproportionsas l:l.3.

subaequalis&

Key to the adul's

of MochhoEenes

I&ecumbent
scales on vertex mostly dark broadand flat; wery few
scales

On

femera

sca2es

scales

pale
.

about nape narrow. and numerous;

bordering

ocular

margin.

Mind femora

beneath

band of flat

pale,

darkening

towardstip on outer side'

scales most2y

scalee
ore

ocular
te

....

pale;

of broad

Mind
bri

60.

61.

KEY TO GENERA

OF FOURTH

Speciesof genera

1.

Siphon absent

Siphon present

Ventral

*** not includedin this handbook

...............

Anopheles ME.

&Larvae

often

in

Ventral

brush present.

tufts

tree-holes&

each with 5-6 plumose branches

.......

Culex

Pecten and comb usually

of subventral

habitats

Pecten absent, comb of 2-4 scales,

2 pairs small subventral

&Larval

tufts

various&

each with

present,

Abdominal segment 8 without

any plate

slender.

present

Comb present

or absent.

not purplish,
habitats

absent.

often

in tree-holes

more numerous and much more

of sclerotised

size

various,

except

each with

spines.

large sclerotised

Combwith

1 row of teeth,
Pecten usual-ly

.plate;

large

larval
5

Abdominal segments

dorsal

......

plate.

Pecten

OrthopodomyiaTheo.

which may or may not be long and

present,

Abdominal segments 6-8 without

occasionally

dorsal plates

Theo.

pecten

but never very

' ..........

&Larvae in tree-holes&

slender.

Toxorhynchites

on Orthopodomyia,

...........

2 rows .of long slender

6-8 usually

blades.

&length 10-18 mm&,

hairs

on ridge

_Larval

nor reddish,

various

Combwith

type.

4
7

curved flattened

Larvae very large

red or purplish,

. ......

............

Mouthbrushes of about 10 non-pectimate,

not of this

1 or
3

Abdominalsegment 8 with a large sclerotised plate

Mouthbrushes

Evans.

...............

Comband pecten absent.

moutheli

one or many branches.

3.

mahogany red,

p.

....................

brush absent.

more pairs

STAGE. LARVAE

absent.

........

6.

Antennae

very

and greatly

setae

and C plumose and with many branches, not very thick

flattened.

Perten

absent;

curved spines at tip.

hairy

siphon with

a pair

of strong

Thorax and abdomen exceptionally

................

N.-L.

Antennae
neither very large nor flattened. Readsetae
B and C single,

often

Perten present;

siphon without

abdomen
not hairy

very thick

and flattened.

spines at tip.

.........

E.C.C.
7.

Siphon short

van S.,

and conical

Thorax and

UranotaeniaL.-A.

&except U. shillitonis

Edw. and U.

see couplet

with

heavily

16&

sclerotised

saw-toot_bed

blades'towards apex used for piercing plant tissues.

absent.

Read setae all

found in association
-

Siphon without
.Head sets

A,

much shorter than head.

with aquatic plants&

saw-toothed

processes.

B and C various

Siphon short and conical,

large and conspicuous.
Siphon short

Head setae
habitats

or long,

tufts

of setae;

pecten absent.

present

aquatic plants&

not as above,

or longer

pallida

Edw.

present

or absent.

than head.

&Larval

or subdorsal r.w of usually

subventral

ventral

tufts

4-5 many-branched

and about 6 unpaired

brush has a single

pair

of setae

. . Malaya

Siphon either
present
a single

without

not arranged
pair

such dorsal
like

of setae

this;

and 2-branched.

with

1 subdorsal

tufts,

brush with

or if

more than
10

and

subdorsal setae;

Culex arbieeni

Siphon not as above, usually

most

or subdorsal
ventral

Leicester

...................

10. 'Siphon with about 20 single

are.long

'or

Read setae A, B and C

Ficalbia

1 pair

tufts;

Pecten

p .75

.....................

Siphon with dorsal

midventral

&Larvae always

. . . Mansonia B1.

&Larvae associated

A, B and C shorter

various&

Perten

..................

........

or

without

1 dorsal

tufts

Salem.

subdorsal
tuft

subventral

..........

tufts,

but at
;

11

66

Siphon
with morethani pair of subventral
numerous'pairs

present

Gut these may be very

inconspicuous, or consist of.single

setae

. . Culex L.

p.

'

Siphon
with only onepair of subventraltufts .....
12.

Subventral

before

tuft

placed

very near.base

much
13

Subventral tuft at or beyond

13.

of siphon,

..........................

..............

14

Combforming a patch of numerous &40-50& spines or scales

....

Cullseta

Felt.

***

Combforming a single row of not more than about 10 teeth

14.

Head setae

A, B and C large

longer than head.

3-branched.
setae.

shorter

than head.
about

row of single

character

6 branches.

cannot

. Ficalbia
B much

spines;
in anal

but these

be used

caudal
segment having

are easily

broken

....

Antennae
spiculate basally, distally distinctly articulated
and non-spiculate.

Pecten absent or with at most 4 teeth;

lower caudal setae with 3 or

Antennae not as above.

setae usually
16.

with

Unique

setae,

often

row of single

and rather

Pecten about 4-6

setae with

lower caudal sense

midventral

in habitats

A, B and C small

midventral
this

15.

Anal segment without

15

B much

Pecten with 2 spines;

&Larvae usually

Head setae

and very

. . .

........

16

caudal

1-2 branches, but sometimes with up to 5 branches

Antennae longer

setae

branches

Pecten absent or present;

than head.

Head setae

B and C as long or longer

menrum present

..............

A, B and C conspicuous,

than head.

Sclerotised

Mtmomyia Theo.

P-

&except M2 plumosa&

Antennaemuch'shorter than head.

setae A, B and C much
shorter than head. Unique'in' the absenceof a sclerotised
.................

Mimomyia plumosa Theo.

17

17.

Ventral

brush of 9-10 unpaired

sclerotised

prominence;

setae arising

ventral

without

....

Uranotaenia

area,

brush

or wig

5etae

18.

with

single

...o.

paired

setae

or double,

stout

brush usually

usually

having

with

several

branches

and nearly

few species

has

'barred'

much reduced

area

comb various.
habitats

or

Antennal

various

plumose setae;

absent.

'barred'

latter

usuallf

single or double stout

area absent.

Antennal

Pecten

never in a single

head setae short

&Larvae in small natural

.......

or

Amdes

row but arranged irregularly.

type habitats&

&These

and head setae

comb teeth

container

setae,

........

with up to 7 spines or absent,

and inconspicuous.

always forming

or bamboo&. Pecten of 8 or

brush with 4 &rarely 5& pairs

and strongly

of ser.ae each

has unbranched

species found mainly in tree-holes

Ventral

plumose

area; these setae never plumose.

brush in very

Larval

van S.

from a 'barred'

and distinctly

more than 4 pairs

Ventral

long.

E.C.C.

arising

18

a conspicuous 'barred'

more spines,

area
Edw.

....

Ventral

the

'barred'

shillitouis

U. garnhami

Ventral

from a distinct

or man-made

Eretmapodites

Theo.

Keyto the fourth-stage larvae of .Anopheles

Thelarvalkeyisconstructed
in thesamewayastheadultkey.!t isemphasized
thatit isnotapplicable
to
stagelarvae.We haveexaminedspecirncns
of all species
givenin the keyexcept
Thefollowing
species.
whichareknownonlyasadults,arenotincluded:
catiginosm,
remus.
ca,,arr0ni.
fusciuenosks,
bet&bet,
mortiauxi,
daudiand bruinti

Wherea polyrypsc
specses
ssmenuonedwsthouta subspecific
rutme,it maybe assumed
that its

subspecies be'distinguished
in the

stage.

I. Innerd71>eal
hairsdosetogether.
separated
fromeachotherbya d,stancc
muchi,ms

than
innerand
dypeals ...............................
-- InnerdypeaLs
separated
from each
by a distance
aboutequalIo or
bed.coninnerand
..................................
2. Outerci&Tralhairs
I or morebranches ............................
- Outer
simpleor withlessdxan8 branches ..........................
Innerdypca.
l halts
branched
in aplczlhalf
...........

- Inner

simple, frayed or

mainl
7

so

Saddle hair

at least

in belu

!
II

.............

; ........................

Ill

'

.................................

- Saddle
hairsimple
or
Thom ancl

leathered,.the fra74ngif

half .. .........

'

than

Seemo. IV

2-4 branches
.. ...........

: . . : ................

'

htem!!y and yenrally with numerousspicules,

..............................................

- Sides
6. Width of

'

and
withoutspicules ............................
zlxlominalplate on segment5
m at
of
..............................

notmore

long
- I,
' 8. I long
-

simple.

long

one
arno
or
more
.............
..................................

'

'

..................
.............

'................

'

and
.....................

. ..........................

on

2.

....................

haim

hain
simpleoi

'

as[ar
not

post.or
of

of
not

..................

whole

clog.............................................
eidershortandsimple
Or
Outerelypeals
with40 or more

and

'.

...............................

branches

up m
group

it. Large with outer elypealhairswith 8 'or more branches,inner

*,.-parat
ed.
I. Saddle hair with more than

.................
m
8 muchmore
' ....................

hairs

...............................

parc&

Saddlehair simple .........................................

2.

Palmate
hairson abdominal
segrnenu
i and2 undiffcremiated;
innerclypcal
hairs

withdelicatefraying .................................

: ......

&inpart&

- Palmate
hairspartlydifferentiated
on segrnem
I and fullyso on segment
2;

clypeals
withwell-marked
branching'

3. Palmatehain on
baul

'

'

with 20 or moreleaflet; ....

ihas arc partially

or

inner hair wish

Filamems
of abdominalpalmalehain on

on

hair

than 20

..........

shoulder

shortandblum

on

.................

...........
lin part&

- Filaments

anddrawnout

............................

&inpart&

Ill. larvae

innerclype31
hain

branched
in apicalhall':outer

hairswith lessthan S branches:inner cl.vpealhairs

by a distanceequalto or

thanthatbetweeninner
outercllq>cals.
I. Bothlong mesopleuralhairs simpleor occasionally
I split:filamentsof abdominal
palmatehairs
and
out
................................

- Onelong

l'e;,thered;

hain,,-ithdionblunt-tipped
Rlamcnts

'
{in pan!

Innershoulder
hairsnotespecially
flattened.
mournedon inconsp,cuous
tubercles ...........
- Inner shoulderhairs greatly flattened,mountedon

tubercles

S. Outerclypexlhairsvery shorLquarteror lesslengthof inner

branches
of inner

arising

bothsides
Of

uems ...........

-....

' .....

- Outerdypealshalf or mocclengthof innerelypeals; ....

branches
of inner
dypcals
largelyconRned
to inner
.....
. .........................

4. Inner.elypeal
hairswithmostsecondary
branches
arising
nearapex
- Inner

.................

with mostsecondary
branches
arisingabout

5. Outerc171>ral
hairshall'to
rcachlnl:

up thestem

of innerclypenis.
posterior
elypeals

more than hall'-wayto basesol.innerclypeah ......................

o Outer

aboutaslongasinnerclypeals.
posterior
dypeals
extendlag
up to or

bcTondbases
of innerclypeals ...................................
larvae with saddlehair having least
outer dypcalhairswith .
lessthan
innerelypealhairswidcl7
andnot strongly
I. Shoulderhairs mourneelon large
cuberoles
whichare wldel7 separated:
innershoulderhair much flattened

...................................

- Shoulder
hairsOnbasalmberaeswhicharc
Fused
or narrowly
sepalted.inner
shoulder
hairsnotespecially
flattened ...............................

Outerdypcalhairsabouthalflmszh
........................
- Outer
muchlesstha.n
haJf
leng:h
of,nnerdypcais ......................
S. Inner shoulder hairs

half of the branchesflattenedand

the

..........................................
no
branchesalthoughsome
.............................................

at

be bird

apices
o Inner shoulder
apicnll?

4. Outerandposterior
hairsless one
- Outerandposterior
cl.vpcals.
aboutonethirdto

5. Innershoulder
hairs
l'oried

one

to

lensthol.inner
..............
fifths
oflnnerelypeals ...........

bird.some

deepl},

.............................................

- In.rr shoulderhairs

at

6.The
sinpit
IonR
of feathe'red hair
-

onlyofthe

ha,rFla,,ened.
stiff.and
Innce-like.
about thirds

hairs
notso ..........

7.

bird apic=lly ...............

. ....

. .......

..................

abdominalplases
prrsenton mostabdominalserraeros ........

- Only} acccsso,'y
abdominal
platepresent
-8. Mainabdominal
pla,eon
thirdsor less
palmate
hairs ...........................................

- Main
abdominal

quarters
ormore

9. Outercl&'pcal
hairssimple ........

palmate
hairs ..............

thoracic
tergalplaeespresent .....................

! I.

II

part&
9

. .............................

with2-4
..................................
I0. Posterior
hairslessdanquatierlength
of inner

- Post'riot

o .........
bases
of

&in

at least
hall'length
ol'inner

part}
IO

.....

nometa-

- ...............

paired
metathoracic
plates

pan&

dypealhairswilh6 or morebranches .............................

- Outer

simpleor

Rnebranches .............

12.Mainabdominal
plateon segment

thandistance

hairsandoccupying
onethirdtohalflengthof

- Mainabdominal
pla,enotso .....

' .............

pan}

bases

........................

pan&

: ..............................

13

13.Innerelypeal
hairsshots
andab.
rupd?pointed,
notmore quarter
length
of
.....
Istabdominal
palmate
undiff.erendated.
2ndpalmale
only
partiallyso '

- Inner
of

. ....................

not

Is,abdominal
palma,e

............................................

..........
14

14.Mainabdominal
plateon ScgTncmalmostequalto allstance
between
bases
of
hairs

...............................................

&inpan}

- Mainabdominal
platehall'Io three'
quarters
PottaHoe

palmate

bird or

16.

tibbals

more half

pllmatehain

she

1.5

&inpart&

simple ......................................
sioux.

17.

&inpart&

..............

...................

or

16

lengthor

&in

tibbals....................

shortsmmpy

.............................................

- Filaments
of

hain longer

lin pan&

............................

{in pan&

V.

numeroussplculeson sidesand undersurface

o1'

abdomen;
outer

branched.

hainsimple;
inner

hairs

1. Mainabdomina!
plateseven1?
rounded

disuse

on

of palate

slighdy

discnee
no
on sidmof
broncho;

1.1

lin part&

md

7 separated
andnosstablely

............................

up htmlly, on

of

and abdomen;outm
npamand not

..................................

. Both

simple .....

2.

hair

' ....

'.........................

about 5-12

on a

........................................

- Main

[our

- Main
- Main
on

or

pb;c

all

3 or

timo u

........................................

6.Saddle
hairwith3-4 branchcs;
t acccsso;
T

plateprescm
onmost

Sururalhairbranched; . , . .. vena'-a.I
surface
'ofabdomen
withoutspiculcs .............
- Sumralhair simple; .....
ventrzlsurfaceof abdomenwithbelc.s
cd
r
spicules .............................................
L Saddle hair with 2,4 branchcs

beseni

...................................

- Saddlehair simple .........................................

9. inner
hain abruptlytapered.distalthird fineandfilamentous .................
- Inner
not so ........................................
I0. With accessory
abdominalplateson most
.........................
- I accessory
abdomin:,lplate ....................................

14,
10
11
lin pan&

! I.

and posterior
el?Tealhairsveryshort
branches.
notmoreihanlengthor inner
...................
'.......
............
- Outerandposterior
at leasthalflengthor inner
. . . : ...............
Outerelypealhain simpleor bifid .................................
- Outerelypealswith S-4 branches ...................................

&in

IS. Pairedmctathoracic
present.; ....
ism.
abdominalseganero.
usually
accessory
plates ............
' ......
.' .......................

- No
plates;
noaccessory on abdominal
s%nnem ................
14.Innershoulder
hair8'ready
Rattencd.
widely
separated
frommcdlan
hair;
innerel?pealhain t'rayed
or with
branches ...........................
- Inner shoulderhair not so. basesof shoulderhairs
together:inner
simple ........................................

&in

'
: ......

15

15.Main abdominal
plate

timesas

asdeep: ....

bifid
.............................................
- Main abdominalplate
as
from
.............................................

VII.
S

on

with
morethan

5 branchre:
'

!.

long
thirdsdistance

nndabdomen

not

hair simpleor

.....

in

halr

simple:
oFpalmace

beltso[

hall:

place

inner

hain

shoulderbalm

8 or

or

spine
ofplcural
hairs

nm

and

poimcd ...................

splnc
oFplcuml

...............................

shoulder hnim almost hnl[

median hair.

fronal

more

nm

posterioroh/pealhairs

Inca.

of

.......................................

- Innerfrontalhairsnormally
c!7peds

i2 or more

reaching
zpprozlrnatcly
to

..............................................

hairs
renchlng
hall'
to

oirposterloe

thirds
discnee
tobases
ofposterior
clyi>cal

hairs.irma'd7pcaLs
minutely
................................
Innerfrontals
th,rdsto three-qua.
he-rs
to
of
c.!?peals,
inner
simple ...................................
6. Shoulder
hairsarising
Fromlargewidely
spaced,
tubercles.
innerhair8Tenely
flattened

fin

hain not so
........................................
7. Saddlehalf
branches.
..................................

o Saddle
.hairslmple
orbird .....................................
8. acccssor
7 abdominal
platespresentonmost
- ! accessory
plateonly .......................................
9. abdominal
palmatehair undifferencizted.
Fullydc'vdoped
hairswlth.shon
spiky
- Ist

.....

Full?

'

hairswith
run

I0.The
simple
fi-athrrrd ha,r

hairflam'nrd.

- Mmapleutal
ha[is
no,so

Ii.

oF

hairs
Fused

'

......................

.................

15.

proemon

hairs

branchq.
atleast.

IS:plaq,m hairs
mourned
onlarge
Fused
tuberelm;
....
hairs
mourned
onsmall.
16.Baul
hairslarge.

fin

paired

tubacid:nothoracic
andshawls'

.....

: : .....
I.
fin pan

orwhh2-Sbranoho
&inpan

18.

hairs

fin part

S or more

simple,

Ig.
hairs

hairssdff.spine-linc.
not
.......
' ...................................

length
o[ in,or

roeafAr,

72
VIII.
I long metapleural hair simple.I Ion8
abdominal
on
5 not more
distance
hain:
hair
5 branchq.
1. Innerandmedianfrorealhairs
ur

hair

bases
of

- All &omal hairs

2.

.....................................

on

such
abdominalplat. proem on

4.

......................

shoulderhair

on a

................
- Inn.

small.

.. .......................

shoulderhair

5. Saddle

spE&
imo

..............

Saddle simple............................

' .............

6. Hair6 on

- Hair on
4-6
7. Thoracic
palmatehair eitheran 'ordinarybranchedhair or
..............................................

- Thoracicpalmate

narrow,'

leaflets ............................
&inpart&

8. Postc-rior
c!ypcalhairsaboutthreequarters

of'inner .......................
&in

- Postc-rlor
clypcals
abouthall'lcnsxhol' inner ..............................

Szc'noNIX.

both ion8
hair ['cachered:
outer

hairs I'eatheredand at least ! Ion8

lessthan8 broncho:inner

hain

hairsnot stronglybranchedin aDicalhalf.

1. Fullydeveloped
abdominal
palmate
hairtassel-like.
.................
- Fully
abdominal
palmatehairfan-shaped,
differentiated ........
Shoulder
hairsmountedon largeFused
tubercles.
innerhairwith2Sor moYe
branches
perten
platemaxkedly
splculate
laterally .......
- ..................
- Shoulderhairsmountedon separated
robetries,inner haD'

5-10 branc.
hes:

Decten
platewithout
spicules ..............................

Bo;hlongmesopleural
ha.
irsleathered ...............................

- I

sionallybifid ..........

............

4. PalmatehairsRdlydeveloped
on abdominalsegnnents
4-6 only,filaments
shortand

stumpy
- Fully

finelypointed

..........
. ......................
palmate
hairspresent
on st-gments
:5-7.filamenu

S. Inner shoulderhairspoorly
and

... %
oucand

...........................................

than !0 branches

not more than haft

of medianhair

...................................

- Inner'shoulder
hairs

at least

length

&

medianhair

andwithmore.usuallymuchmore.thang branches .........................

6. Filaxnents
of Rdly developedabdominal palmate hain short and rather blunt-

tipped:.....
; southern
AR-ica..................................
- Filaments
olr tTpicalpalmatehair iongetand
polntcdapically;
North AFrica

..........................

: ................

7. Innercl.vpeal
hainminutely
or conspicuously
.........................
- Innercl.vpcals
simple ........................................
Basal
oFpleuralhairslarge,curved.sharplypointed ......................
- Basalspineo[r pleuralhairssmallandobtusely
pointed ......................
OulerckTez[hairs%.'ith
t-1 branches'

Omercl&'peals
simpleor

. ..............................

2-5

...

IO
9
lln panl
iin panJ

.............................
&inpard

IO. Shoulder
hairs

separated,
mournedon smalltubercles;.....

hairundd[erentiaied.
:srdPalmairPardy
- Bases
oir shnulder
haltsclodfly
or

Palmate
differentiated
if small. lull?

I I. Inner
-

of

hairsplacedon unusually
large
and

hairs ,&n

largeanddecplv

I.bcztlcs ....

..........................................

. . .. ........................
.....
2ndabdominal

'

n/berries;....

basal

....................

h4salspinesof plcural

pattan
and
abdondna!
of gToup.
b-.4.
f:avs/xs
G

e,f-A.

Keyto the larvaeef

All the nmin thoracicand abdominalsetmelong,singleor
bristles .
.
.

stout black
?

These
setme
not

Eighthabdominalsegment
comb-plate, ventralbrusharisingfrom m
prom;-entsclerotizedboss ..........

This
segment
bearing
alarge
sclerotized
plate
ontheedge
ofwhich comb
is plm:ed: ventral brushnot arisingfrom a boss
3. Combcomposed
ogspines
.
Combcomposed
of scales
.
.
Headsetmemand C stout spines .

....

gender
or
atmost
stout
4 These
Headsetme
setmA
stout,hairs
single,
serrated
. bristles
. ,
Head seta A slender,

at least

branches

.....

Head setaeIsand c moderatelystout

spines .
These'setme
very stout sedatedor simplespines
6. Head markedlylonger
broad .
Headaboutas broadas long or broader

7.Comb-spines
graded,
those
at ends
ofrowmuch
head black .....

Comb-spines
tairly
uniform
insize;
head
paler

6.

7-

thanthose
in centre;

9. Combcomposed
of scales,more or lessuniformin size
Combof sp/nts,markedlyunequalin size ....

8.

tuft of siphonwith

9-

8.

..

This
tuftwith
about
8 branch..

lo.

Head seta i double,d long madsingle; distal edgeo! saddle of anal segnmmt
strongly spiculate
.....

Setawithatleastbranches,
d short
andmultiple; edge
ofsaddle
.
.
.
zz.
zz.Seta.5-branched;
subventral
tuftofsiphon
withabout
pecten
. smoothor with only minute spicules

of

.....

A8-branched,
subventral
tuff[
ofsiphon
with
about
=o
Pectenc.omposed
of !ew &3-6&
spints
. pandanl. .
Pectencomposed
of many &15-46&
.scales
Pectenscales
round,.asbroadas long.
Pecten
scales
longerthanbroad.
:
z4, Combo! morethan z5 go/is ....
Combof lessthan I5 spines. '.
.
.'
.
Pectenextendingthe wholelengthof siphon ;
Pectennot extendingbeyondsubventraltuft
....

x6.Spicules
on distaledgeof saddlesmall

-'

4.

These
spicules
muchlarger
.......
Head-sero
dsingle,
Isandc stoutbristles;subventral
tuftofsipboo

I8.

d with at least branches, andc muchmoreslender;. subventraltuR

of siphon
,

nearly
three
times
length
ofsaddle
ofanal
segment
fourtimeslength
ofsaddle'.
It is

Key

to

the

unlikelythatthis

larvae

bf

is constant.

Aedeomyia

Branches
of stellatesetme
o! thoraxand abdomen
with plumosityforming

tuftnearthe.tip .
.
Plumosity
ofthese
branches
withnotuftedappearance

aS.

Key to the larvae

of Ficalhia and

!. Subventral
tuft of siphon
placed
verb.nearthebase&subgenus
uniformis

1'histuft placedat or beyond .......

Siphon
short
and
conical,
modified
forpiercing
aquatic
Siphonnotthusmodified.

Antenna
verb'
short;
head.setae
]ess
than
half

. pallida
-

Oi

Antennalong; setaes andc nearlyor quite a.slongas

3.

plmuosa

' 4-

in a proximal
rowanda distal
patchwhich
'contains'--'

many teeth ......

Comb-teeth
arranged
in a singlerowor in two

notasabove

5-Comb
oftwoross,
spines
ofthe
rob'
much
larger
thanthose
proximal ........
6.
Comb
asingle
row&or
atmost
b-ith
twoorthree
small
spines
representing
the
6. Siphon

ta

subventral
tuftofsiphon
a single
sets;

pectenabsent .
.
'
Siphonnot above, subventraltuft
7- Siphonal
indexabout
Index at lea.st

.
.
about4 branches;pectenpresent

.......

8. Siphonalindex about

8.

pectenof severalspinespresent mi,nom&'iaformls

Index about 8; pectencompletelyabsent .

Key to

the larvae

1. Portion of

of

beyond

segment&

long

mediolineala

setme &flagellar

flexible;

comb of

'pointedspines
portion

of

of the

much shorter,

blot-ended
spines

....

B of eighth abdomen1

...................

shorter,

B of eighth
sidle
double

4.

}-5

abdominal
...................

double

6.

...........

sense of
both

short,

of
.' .......

setae of
least

the

of fflagellar

5.

leith,

saddle

to

'

......

at shoutS*;

al

........

5.
sets

of

. . .

....................

at about
leith

of

of
.....

76

6.

tuft

This tuft at
7. Antennal tuft

about }
a%

placed at from I, to

to

.........

................

at

of

.
seta

{;

of

leah

..........

8.

at

eeta

of

....
versicolor

........

at about
leith

se%a

of

'

......

'

'

The flagellar
position

is' excludedin
of

the

Key to the larvae

of Aedes, except

subgenus
Stdomyia
I.

thesetae
ofthemouth-brushes
modified
&for
predacity&
intostrong
curved
sginea&subgenus
Mucidus&

notmodified
thus.orwithonlya median
patch
of

.....

2. Pectcn
with
atleast
the
Pecten

spines
simple

at most the terminal spine simple

....

3- 5ubvenualtuft of siphonplacedat or beyond.

i-

&inpart&

This tuft placed well before

4- Siphon
x,4tha ventralrowof appressed
spines
neartheapex.
Siphonwithout suchspines

.'

5. Comb
ofabout
3 scales;
subventral
tuftofsiphon
placed

the

from baseto apex .

.
.
Comb of about
scales; subventral tuft of siphon at less than the
from base to apex
.
..
6. Antenna smooth; no tufts in
brush
to barred area &except
sometimesx-2 in
except

Either
antenna spiculate &usuallymarkedly so&or
several
in
ventral brush
to barred
usually
both these characters
and subgenera
II.

7- Tcel;hOf.combbifid almost to base &subgenus

Skusea&

pea,d&aensis

never as above

8. Head-seta
Awith3-8branches;
d almost
aslong
as and'sometimes'with'
about branches&subgenus
.
Seta x rarely with more than 3 branches: d much shorterthan x and never
,o. 7q
xdth more than about
branches{subgenus
9.

10.

Keed aeta

A with

Head

A .?.th

8 brat. ekes;
+- &

si.ehona!

index
index

spines
,i:k denTicles
onren:ralside

about
2 .

lO

11. Pettenof 35-40 spines

to lengthof siphon
Petten of many fewerspinesand usually much lessextensive
12. Siphonalindex 7-8 .

phyllolabis

15. Antenna smooth

12.

Indexnotor littlemorethan4

15.

Antenna
spicu!.ate.
sometimes
only
sparsely
and

14. %Vithoutmedian unpaired tufts proximal to the barred area in

ventral
brush; comb
a single row o{ spines; larvae in tree-holes&subgenus

L&ietromyla&*

With such tufts; comb often

14.

larvae often in pools

19.

15. Pecten-spines
few &3-t3&
and widelyspaced

16.

Pectena close-setrow of t8-25 spines

16. Spinesat baseof meso-and metapleuraigroupsof setae

conspicuous

under low powersof microscope,large, curved, .b/fidand heavily sclerotized

&thereforedark brown&.
..
.
.
These spinesinconspicuous
under low powers.small, straight, not obviously
b/fid.
pale.coloured
.
.

Hd-setae
and
cabout
the
--me
-'ngt.'o:h'with

,iho

indue about 4; no barred area in ventral bush

.
.
.
Seta c single, bitid and about length of c; siphonalindex about 2; a
barred
present in ventral brush
.
18. Siphonalindex over 4
a:y/or/'
Index not over 3'6 ....
19. Head obviously spiculate,body either spiculate or coveredwith sm=11sclerotic
plaques

.....

Head not spicub.

20

body not spicufo.

re. rarely with

plaques

21.

20, Skin of body coveredwith smallscleroticplaques

of body denselysplculate ......

fowler/

21 Head-setaea and c both singleor at most double,about

much longer

in length.or c

22.

it lea.stone of thesesetae &usuallyboth&with

much longer &andusually much stouter&than c

22,Comb
apatch
o!about
70

Comban Lrregularrow or small patch o! not morethan ab6ut

25

Comb o{ about zo scales

scalesor
.

Comb composedoi

....

24.Spines
ofpecten
strongly
denticulate
onbo;h
sides
&none
ofthese
widely spaced& .......

more
fryer/

Petten-spines
at mostvery weakly denticulateon the dorsalside.
25. None of the distal pecten-splnesmore
spaced
At lea.stone pecten-splnemore widely spaced
.
Combof about zo largespineswith secondarydenticles

Combof 25-3o spi:es with secondarydentlcles

with'mediandentitlerelatively
developed

25
26.
26.

to the base

nearly to apex. Le..

27. Lateral seta of saddle single; head setae a and c only about half the length

of the head;

papillaesmaUand rounded.shorterthan the --ddle

seta of saddle with several branches; head setae

anal papillae narrow and pointed. at lea.stthe dorsalpair longer than the
saddle

28.

. .....

barel&-longer than saddle, rounded; comb a regular. almost straight,

row

much
longer
than
saddle.
la.
nceolate;
comb

row

29. Antenna very sparselyspiculate; petten composedof

closelyset
of
which most have or more
denticles.and o! whichonly the most
is
....
.Antennamore strongly spiculate: petten-spines
closelyset and usually
only t ba.sal dentitle &ornone&; usually or moreof the
spines

morewidelyspaced

30'.Subventral
tuftwith2-4branches;
orpecten with
one
dentitle
or none
'
Subventral
tuft 7-8branches;
with
several
ba.saldenticles
,el.

wou!d

Cannotbe cartfed

run downhere,but thesoleknownpelt is sodamagedthat thespecies

key.

It

possibly separable from the other members of the subgenus

bythe largernumbero! sp?:!iin thecomb&aboutt--, as

.Minute
Spicules
notvis:ble
underlow
sectgnuof the key.

to about zo&.

occurin

species
belonging
to

Head scta B single .

32.

This seta bifid

bcvisi

32. Petten spineswith several basal denticlcs .

spines
only one
dcnticle or none
Subrental tuft of siphon placed beyond
large .
....
?

Subventral'tuft

grip of

large .....

34. Comb

of

usually

which
arenot
of

of spinesthen

apical

&rarelydouble&,much longer and

steer
xs4that lint:
branches. not or but lille longer tham c .
c with
.
.
-

36.

.
}7. Tuft of

Siphondhtiuctly angulatedat
of siphon .
.

36.
38.

....

or double; comb of
.
.
S
comb of

Mtennal tuft of

wigout

of

tuft
.

and

Siphon
uotangulated;
tuft notor httlelonger
Mtenua
plumose, and c

spicule.
and
inconspicuous:
ovate.
long
.
usuaBy
spiculate; at
head-setaA
large and conspicuous;
usually either lanceolate 0r much longer than
40.
4};
.
3;
usually more
Hone of
nor simple;
'
.,
.
.

not

long and slender;

At

one
of
.

wider

of

of whichonly

of at

45.

and

B
c
aud stout;
_
.
.

40.

42

wider
ol

re%,

only
n

more
g4. Tutt ot

lanceolate;
ot
Of
branches;

at
6

TuR ot

45.

at

t, og

1ouger

tutt

46.

tuftoisiphon
siphon

to

.
.
half; subvestal tuIl
than to

for
more

to

propel
xxSth

hah not

than

dal

whichare
5-7

of siphon .

antenna!

pale:
.
.
Antennaonlyslightly
than
Antennamuch
than
&upto usually only

49.

46.

at. or only
.

t&

50.

the

of whichthe

of the

or
siphonsiugle
xxSth
al
ventral tutt

broncho,muchlongerthan c;

tuft

....

are seldomlongerthan thee of c; subat

52.

51

e double.muchlongerthan head; d/stalspineof pectenwiderspaced

lanceo!ate.
about
lengthof saddle.
This
slightlyshorterthaa head: distalSpineof petten not
widerspaced:
ovoid. dorsalfair aboutlengtho[ saddle
very short

rounded.lessthan half length

Obviously

than

. irr/mns

lea.stas longassaddle: setas not.or

little, longer
.
53. Subventraltuft of
muchshorterthandiameterof siphoo;siphonnot
beavil.vsclerotizedand therefore pale in colour

Subventraltuft

as long

53.

....

54.

diameterof siphooor longer;siphonvery

highly sclerotizedand dark broxv-n

St,. Subventral
tuft of si.:honplacedbeyondmostdistaipetten-spine:
combof
t

....

Subventral
tuftpro'final
tomost

pecten-spine;
comb
ofatleast
about

lo scales ....

55.

55.

tuft of siphon

about breaches

This tuft
at
3
56. Combwith 1o-5o
.
.
Comb w/th ao--3o
......
57- Pecte'n
3 distal teeth simple and widelyspaced

Pectin

teethsimpleand

58. Comb composedof at

59. Apex of siphonpale. in

tarsalis
5?.

&flicks

spaced .
-

59

contrast to basal half .

Siphon.
dark.-coloured
throughout
about 8o

ao pale-coloured

Combcomposed
.of9-t 4 darlc-coloured
fringed
Comb

. lamborni

....

60.

peaten-spines each with

lateral dentlcles

about

Combscales aboutao-4o
61 Pecten-spines
Pecteo-splnes

basal denticles; about :o-3o

oae
denticle; about 4o comb-scales

62. Subrentaltuft of siphon

placedwellbeyond
its base and

61.

anappreciable
gapbe-

tip of the last pecten spine .

Subventraltuft plar.ed immediately beyondpetten. aboutlevelwith tip of last

spine ....

&l.

63. Menturntrianb-ular
.

of siphonnotgreatly

Menturnpentagoa_al

index

basal [ of siphonswollen:index 3'3-4'5

ngong

about a dozen

With8-9

.on each.side:

oneach
side gil!s

Eey to tho

blunt aplces

tapered
apices

of subgenus

x. Ventralbrushwith at
thegreatmajorityof setaesingle
Ventralbrushwith at
Lhegreatmajorityof setaebranched ..
2. Eatera/setaof saddleand subventralsetaof siphonsingle
Thesesetaeeach

at least 2 branches

.
a
.
5
angustus

3- Combspines
with a srr.
a!Enumber
of well-developed
lateraldentides,
at
leaatthe submedian
visibleunderlow powers
of the micro-

scope;
a.ntennal
seta
Comb
spines
or visibleonly
antennalsetasingle

0,-4 branches
. amaltheus
&inpat&
dehticles
lessstrongly
developed,
invisible
underlow powersof the microscope;
4

8O

4- Barredareaof ventral brushabsentor poorlydeveloped;saddle

with more than z branches

often
. unilineatus

Barred area of ventral brushwell developed;saddlehair bifid

albopictus

5. Ventralbrushwith or moreisolatedtuftsarisingproximalto the barred

area

....

Ventral
brush.without
unpaired
tuftsproximal
tothebarred .

6. Antennalightlyspiculate;setaeof ventralbrushwith
branches;
combspineswith lateraldenticleg
onlymoderatelydeveloped .
v/ttatus
Antennasmooth;setaeof ventral
singleor bifid; combspineswith

submedian
teethstrongly
developed,
oftenappearing
trifid amaltheus
&inpart&
?. Combcons/sting
of elongated
scalesfringedaroundthe apex .

afrleanus,
lute.
oczplmlus
Combcons/sting
ofspines
withthemediandentidemorestronglydeveloped'
than the lateral dentides

......

8.Comb
Spines
with
asmall
number
ofrather
coarse
lateral
den ofwhich
thesubmedian
areusuallyvisibleUnderlowpowers.

-.

Combspineswith a fringeof moredelicatedentideson eithersideof the

main mediandentide,theselateraldeantides
usuallyinvim'ble
underlow
powersandoften
invisibleunderhigh ....

x9

9- Pectenspinesvery deeplydeft, typicalspineswith two or morelarge

mediandentidessubequalin size; saddlehair and
seta of
sq_'phon
single
.
eus
Pectenspinesotherwise;saddlehair usuallyand subventralseta always
with at least two branches

Pectenteeth with poorly developedsecondarydentides invisibleunder

lowpowers
Ofthemicroscope

Pectenteeth with well-developed

secondarydentides

powersof themicroscope

xx. Lower caudal seta with z or more branches .

xx

under low

x4

Lower caudalsetasingle .......

xe. Typicalpectenteethshortandbroad,not morethan 4 x aslongas their

breadthat base

dern,ffJ.

.Typicalpectenteeth longerand narrower,at least6x as

breadth at base

x3. Spinesat basesof pleuralsetaelargeand curved..

Thesespinessmaller.
.

x4. Distaledgeof saddle

witha

as their
.

.
.

hdschi
Ieen;ensls

of'coarse
spicules
.nearthebaseof the

caudalsetae,easilyvisibleunder low powers;antennal

'branches ,.
......
&inpart&
Distal edgeof saddlesmoothor at mostwith very minute
not or
scarcelyvidble underlow powers;matennalsetasingle .
.
x5
x5. Saddlehair with at least 3
pleura1spinesvery large and conspicuons ....
Saddle
with at moste branches;pleuralspinessmaller
.
x6
x6. Submediandenticlesof comb spinesstrongly developed,giving the
majorityof thesespinesa trifid appearance
underlow powers
x7
Submediandenticlesnot so stronglydeveloped,only an octadonaIspine
appearing
trifid underlowpowers
.
x8

x7. Pectenwith 8-xz spines

Pectenwith x,i-zospines.

xS.opper
caudal
setawithabout
6 branches;

.
.

mascarensis
aegypti

3-4

granti

Uppercaudal
seta
branches;
saddle
hairbifid.
eontiguus
z9. Pecten
spines
.arranged
in discontinuous
groups
.
bambusae
kenyae
Pectenspinesmoreor lessequallyspaced,
at mostwith one or two
terminalspinesdetached

eo

Pecten
spines

at leastonesecondary
denticle
nearthe

underlow powers

Pecten
spines
oftenalmost
simple,
secondary
dentides,
whenpresent,
visible
onlyunder
highpower.
. bambusae,
Siphonmoreor lessuniformlydark

Siphon
dark
only
onabout
the
basal apicalpale

Subventral
setaof siphonwith3-4 branches;
antennalsetasituatedat not

morethan
the distance
frombaseto apex;saddlehairbiSdor
trifid ...........
t.a/t.

Subventral
seta.ofsiphon
bifid;antermal
setaat morethan

distance
from

saddle
hair
single
orbifidafiic.

dentide of comb

the

ssp.

much reduced,

well

developed
forming
a fringe
which
isvisible
under
lowpower .
Median
dentidestrongly
developed
in relation
to the'fringe
whichis

und
erlowpower

Key to the. larvae

I.

of Eretmapodites

setaof abdominalsegments
I-VI arisingfrom large

sclerotised

tuberclesor bosses,
the surfaceof whichis denticulate
.....

Grabran

Edw.
Edw.

sera,:
Lateral setaenot arisingfrom bosses,or from bossesthe
smooth .........................................................................

of which is
. ............

Elementsof comb
spLnes
....................................
:..
Hlementsof comb
sderotised
.........................................
5
3. Abdominalsegments
I
II
segments
III-VI& with only one stronglydeveloped
hteral
&forked
at the'base&
oneitherside&?
...............
& De M.

Abdominal
segments
I andII, With.atleasttwoseparzte
stroeg

either or both of whichmay be forkedor single............................

Lateral setaeof abdominalsegments
I-VI
from large
combof 5-8
6&spines
...............
subsp.

Lateral setaenot
bosses;combof

frombosses,
or from very rn;nute
&usually
8-zo&spines
.......................

setae,

..... 4
bosses
Edw.

Edw.
sp.n.
5. Tuft B of
segment
Viii, a verystrong
seta...
Theo..
Tuft B of
weakand
........................ 6
6. Shot1setaof the mesothoracic
pleuralgroup
into
...... .'..
.
ironmagus,
Newst.
Shortsetaof the mesothoracic
pleur-al
groupdividedinto 3'9 branches
......... 7
7- Combof 8-2o&usually
aboutzS&scales;pectenabsent
...... ,..penidlZatus,
F-dw.
Combof about25 scales&?
pectensometimes
present
F-dw.

82

Key to the larvae

1. Mouth-brushes
modified&for
unmodified

of

Culex

intostrong

....

spines.

2.Integument
ofthorax
and
alxlomen
covered
with
minute
spicules
and
numerousstout. dark; wcry conspicuousstellate aetae

Withoutsuchcombination
ofcharacters

'

3-Anal
segment notrace
ofventral
brush
Ventralbrushdeveloped

'

.....

'

4.Siphon
withsubdorsal
setae
ondistal

zni

Siphonnot thus ....

Siphon

prominent appressedspinesrmar apex

suchspinespresent
6. Siphon

'

a marked bend

Siphonstraight

'

'

the

side near apex

6.

9.
.

......

7-

7-These
spines
ina ventral
group
onl;,;siphonal
index' 4 .
Spines normally both dorsal and ventral: index about 6
8. Subventral tufts inconspicuous,shorter than diameter of siphon

These
tufts
large.
longer
hr,,an
diameter
ofsiphon
.
x&.
Siphon
swollen
and
strongl&
bilaterally
convex
towards

Siphonnot stronglyswollen,at mostunilaterallyconvex

1o. Subventraltufts of siphon representedby long.
setae
These tufts strongly branched

8.

o
-

......

iI. Siphonstronglyspiculate.at lea.ston ,ventralsur/acein

-pecten; pectenof
2o spines
Siphon not

pecten of 9-I3 spines

Pectenexitending
to or beyond
Pecten not extending'beyond t, seldombeyondt

I3.Siphonal
index
about
3t
Index about 6
.....
I4.Menturn
anequilateral

I3.
14.

'..
triangle
edged
with

teeth which are

small

underlow magnifications
&comb

of

very small number of spines; subventral tutts shorter than dimmeter

siphon&
........

notasabove,
obviously
toothed'.

Head-seta
e v-ith 2-3 moderatelylongbranclies
,
Seta

about

6 much

sborter

15.

and
branches

annulioris

16. Head-setae andc bothmuchshorterthanhead; siphonwith

abont

5 or 6 and subventraltutts longerthan its diameter&subgenus

Not with *hi, combination

of characters .

17.

17..
Spines
ofpecten
exceptionall},
long
and

ms as

diameter of siphon; upper caudal seta single

Pecten.spinesmuch shorter and broaderin proportion; upper

seta

2-branched

These tufts at least I t times diameter o! siphon

19. Subverttiroltutts s

plumose. longesttu/tz more

o! siphon; head-seta

bifid

twice diameter

Subventral
'tuits'simple.
thelongest Ii times
diameter
ofsiphon;
seta
i-branched
composedwholly or partly. of spin!s
Comb composedentirely of seMes
2I. Siphon very short, index less thau g
Siphon longer, index at least
3{

20.

.
.

Siphonalindexabout3{ ;' combof 7-8 spines; siphondistinctlybent

wardsnear apex
Index more than

..

poieilipes

,at least about 6 except in specieswith numerous comb-

teeth; siphon not bent upwardsnear apex

2:.

23. 5pineondorsal
valve'
of siphon
exceptionally
long.conspicuously
towards
.....
Th/s spineshortand inconspicuous,
not denticulate

m
4.Head-setae
andc withaboutandabout
?branches

com[;

of about
.
and .,inagongoensis
Thesesetaeusuallysingleor double.at most
3 and3-5 branchesrespectively: combx,ith at mostabout teeth .....
25. Siphonvery long.indexat leastto: combcomposed
of sp/eeswith no admL,
cture of scales

.....

a6.

composed
of scales .........
a6. Subventraltufts of siphonsingleand longerthan its diameter; more d/stal
pecten-spinesvery w/dely spaced; spinesof comb of two distinct s/zes

Subventral
tuftsmuchshorter
thaa

of s/phon.
some

branched: pecten-splnes
more
spaced;spinesoi combfairl.vequaJ
in size
........
z7. Combof at most9 teeth. all of whk:hare spines

Comb
ofat

teeth,
some
ofwhich
maybescales
[

2g. Comb composed

of spinesonly; headsetaes and c with
respectively
......

Comb
oftin
partly
composed
ofscales;
at most 2 branches

and

snsually
indc

w/th

........

z9- '

z9. Pectenteeth with at most

minutesecondary
denticles.
Pectenteeth
numerous
secondarydenticles
.
.

}o.
It.

28.

branches

index
about
9; pectcn
extending
}oabout
index
atmost
about
extending
toat

Head setac single: siphonalindexabout 6It

This setadouble; slphonalindexabout
Head setaea and tingle
........
These
with at leasta branches

Subventral
tufts
ofsiphon and

.
o

.' . ]8.

or

branched
.........
Subventraltufts verysmallwith z-4 branches.....
Subventral tufts of siphon m-branched
Thesetufts f-branched '.

34-

.
Pectenspinesnormallyxmgth
only onesecondary
dentfcic[an occasionalspine
may have
nearthe base; dorsalpair
gills
about i the length
of the saddle

',

.....

Pecienspinesnormallywith at leasttwo basaldentitles &exceptin

0;
dorsalpair
at
twicethe
of the saddle
.
36. Pectenspines
numerousdelicatesecondarydenticlesextendingalong the
wholeoi the Ventraledge
.
.
&inpart,
Pecten spines with one or

stouter

36.

near the base and a small

nur0ber
oi moreslender
ones'distaU.&-

37-

37- Upper caudalzeta single; headzeta n with about 6 branches

Upper caudalseta
beadzeta A with
branches.

'..IS.

indexabout or less

'

Indexabout6 or more .....

Siphon
Siphon

slight sigmoidalcurvature
suchcurvature

39.
&inpart
-

40.Head
andsiphon
blackish;
antenna
less
than

4o.

siphonal

index
3orunder; about
thrice
length
ofsaddle

Head and siphon at most dark brown; antenna at least half len h of head,

--

siphonal
indexusuallymorethan3;
4I. Antenna spiculate; comb ot about

usuallyshorter.

scales

Antenna
spicules: combof not morethan
scales .
42. Siphonalindexunder
dorsalpair
3-4 timeslengthof saddle.
Siphonalindex usuallyat least4;
.
.
.
43. Pectenspineswith only one basaldenticle; subventraltufts about threetimes

4344-

as long as diameter of siphon; head zetae B and c each with about

branches

.....

Pecten
spines
with
:-3basal
dentides;
subventral
tufts
less
than
diameter
of
siphon; headsetaea and c each
4-6 branches
44- Dorsalpair
gills
mostaslongassaddle; uppercaudalsetawith at least
] branches,usuallywith 4 or more; subventraltufts oi siphon
very
close to mid-ventral line

Dorsal
pairoI

longer
than

upper
caudal
sctausually

branched,rarely u4th 3 branches; subventraltutts much more lateral

in position.

49-

4.5.SJphonal
index not more than

&in

Index about .5

46.

45. Proximal subventral tufts of siphon placed well proxima! to

comb of
35
All
placeddmml to
end of
comb at
-

47-

ol
o[ anal
o[

end of

47-

gills

{ !eriChof toddle;
.
.
lessthan t length roddie

minute

4g.
48.

of

35

49-

a and

comb
of

with at

silica,

3o

4 and

of at

So

usuaBy

dark brown;
a

more
on doral sideof siphon

or

not

no
jL

than

of siphon

usury
siphonusuaBy

of and
convex

an avenge of

siphon

usury

jz. Siphon

in pin
dark

Siphon

33-

to

long

shorter

54-

bifid at tip,

molests.
and
.-

53-

siphon

of siphou
one

longer

aud

or

the

.....
of siphon

the

m;

the siphon at
Ventral

agnd
c

the

subvenal

ogthe siphon gt

and

of

of the

a grid
c only

gt

only

of

ofhead.

long

59. Siphonwith

plumose ....

from

Siphon

to

of

to

og
numerous&at
extendingalongwholeventral side ogspine

6&,

and

of more
numerous &at
5&.
size
grid not extending
whole rental sMe ol spine
None of
with more
3
.
At
someof the
with 4 or more
.
6z. Antenna
just beyond tuft. infuseareal
....
Antenna
much more
inguscatedonly
tuft

63. 5iphonalindex8-II;
Index
64. Index
distal
Index

57-

.
subventral

thanthe

ventralpair

gills

shoaer

' decens

doll pair

and

.
c nearly always
seldomtriple; more
with = denticles
, .
7: seta c with at
3 &sometimes
4&
more
spines
4 denticles

6;

65. Saddlesmith
Saddlecovered

spicules

63

64.

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