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    Computer Architecture Quick Notes

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    Agrippa Mungazi
    Computer architecture defines the functional operation of individual hardware units and flow of information between them. Cache memory is a smaller, faster memory between the CPU and main memory that stores recently accessed data. Locality of reference refers to how instructions in a localized area are often executed repeatedly. Interrupts cause program execution to suspend to run another program, and are used for error recovery, debugging, and communication between programs in operating systems. Reduced instruction sets have few instruction types and addressing modes, fixed formats, fast single-cycle execution, and hardwired rather than microprogrammed control.

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    Computer Architecture Quick Notes

    Uploaded by

    Agrippa Mungazi
    255 views2 pages
    Computer architecture defines the functional operation of individual hardware units and flow of information between them. Cache memory is a smaller, faster memory between the CPU and main memory that stores recently accessed data. Locality of reference refers to how instructions in a localized area are often executed repeatedly. Interrupts cause program execution to suspend to run another program, and are used for error recovery, debugging, and communication between programs in operating systems. Reduced instruction sets have few instruction types and addressing modes, fixed formats, fast single-cycle execution, and hardwired rather than microprogrammed control.

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    Computer architecture defines the functional operation of individual hardware units and flow of information between them. Cache memory is a smaller, faster memory between the CPU and main memory that stores recently accessed data. Locality of reference refers to how instructions in a localized area are often executed repeatedly. Interrupts cause program execution to suspend to run another program, and are used for error recovery, debugging, and communication between programs in operating systems. Reduced instruction sets have few instruction types and addressing modes, fixed formats, fast single-cycle execution, and hardwired rather than microprogrammed control.

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    255 views2 pages

    Computer Architecture Quick Notes

    Uploaded by

    Agrippa Mungazi
    Computer architecture defines the functional operation of individual hardware units and flow of information between them. Cache memory is a smaller, faster memory between the CPU and main memory that stores recently accessed data. Locality of reference refers to how instructions in a localized area are often executed repeatedly. Interrupts cause program execution to suspend to run another program, and are used for error recovery, debugging, and communication between programs in operating systems. Reduced instruction sets have few instruction types and addressing modes, fixed formats, fast single-cycle execution, and hardwired rather than microprogrammed control.

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    COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE quick

    notes(important fundamental concepts)

    1.Define Computer Architecture


    Computer Architecture Is Defined As The Functional Operation Of The Individual H/W
    Unit In A Computer System And The Flow Of Information Among The Control Of
    Those Units
    2.Define Computer H/W
    Computer H/W Is The Electronic Circuit And Electro Mechanical Equipment That
    Constitutes The Computer
    3. What Is Meant By Cache Memory ?
    A Memory That Is Smaller And Faster Than Main Memory And That Is Interposed
    Between The Cpu And Main Memory. The Cache Acts As A Buffer For Recently Used
    Memory Location
    4.what is locality of reference?
    Many instruction in localized area of the program are executed repeatedly during some
    time period and the remainder of the program is accessed relatively infrequently .this is
    referred as locality of reference.
    5.what is IO mapped input output?
    A memory reference instruction activated the READ M (or)WRITE M control line and
    does not affect the IO device. Separate IO instruction are required to activate the READ
    IOand WRITE IO lines ,which cause a word to be transferred between the address aio
    port and the CPU. The memory and IO address space are kept separate.
    6.specify the three types of the DMA transfer techniques?
    Single transfer mode(cyclestealing mode)
    Block Transfer Mode(Brust Mode)
    Demand Transfer Mode
    Cascade Mode
    7. why is memory refreshing circuit needed ?
    al cells on the corresponding yow to be read and refreshed during both read and write
    operation .the contents of the d ram are maintained each row of cell must be accessed
    periodically once every 2 16 ms. refresh circuit usually performs this function .
    automatically
    8 what are the functions of control unit ?
    the memory arithmetic and logic ,and input and output units store and process
    information and perform i/p and o/p operation, the operation of these unit must be co
    ordinate in some way this is the task of control unit the cu is effectively the nerve center
    that sends the control signal to other units and sence their states.
    9.What is an interrupt?
    An interrupt is an event that causes the execution of one program to be suspended and
    another program to be executed.
    10.What are the uses of interrupts?
    Recovery from errors
    Debugging
    Communication between programs
    Use of interrupts in operating system

    11.Define vectored interrupts.


    In order to reduce the overhead involved in the polling process, a device requesting an
    interrupt may identify itself directly to the CPU. Then, the CPU can immediately start
    executing the corresponding interrupt-service routine. The term vectored interrupts refers
    to all interrupt-handling schemes base on this approach.
    12. What is the need for reduced instruction chip?
    1. Relatively few instruction types and addressing modes.
    2. Fixed and easily decoded instruction formats.
    3. Fast single-cycle instruction execution.
    4. Hardwired rather than microprogrammed control.

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