Handbook of Ordnance Data 1919
Handbook of Ordnance Data 1919
Handbook of Ordnance Data 1919
1861
For Official and Confidential use
within the Ordnance Department
U. S. Army
HANDBOOK
OF
ORDNANCE DATA
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1919
CONTENTS .
Page .
I. Artillery, general ---------------------------------- .------------- . . 15
II . Field artillery .__ .._ _ ------------------------------------- . . . . .-- . 35
III. Railway and seacoast artillery . . . . . . . .----------- .------------------ 83
IV . Antiaircraft guns and carriages-------------- .-------------- . ._ ._- . ._ 108
V. European artillery ____ ._____ . . . .------------------------------------ 117
VI . Artillery ammunition ------------- .____-___ . . .__ . .____ . .___ ._ .----- 139
VII. Ammunition loading and supply .____ .--___ . . .__ . . .____ .___ .------- 190
WAR DEPARTMENT, VIII . Explosives__ . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . ._ ._ . ._- 199
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, IX . Nitrate plants .-__ . . . .__ ._ . . .__ . ._ . .___ . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------- 209
Washington, December 1, 1918. X. Trench-warfare material ------------------------------------------- 217
This handbook of Ordnance Data compiled in the Information Section of the XI . Aircraft armament ---------------------- ._ .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Administration Division, Office of the Chief of Ordnance, by Capt. Herbert T. XII. Pyrotechnics and chemical apparatus . . .--------------------- -- . . . . . 287
Wade, Ordnance Department, United States Army, is published for the infor- XIII . Machine guns . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
mation of the officers of the Ordnance Department . XIV. Small arms-rifles, pistols, and revolvers_ __ _ . . _ . ... . . .. . . 319
C. C. WILLIAMS, XV . Small-arms ammunition . .. . ------- . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Major General, Chief of Ordnance, D. S. fl . XVI. Motors, tractors, and tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
2 XVII . Equipment, personal . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------------- .--------------- 411
XVIII. Proving grounds and arsenals .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .---- 419
XIX. Gauges . . .___ . . . . . . . .__ ._ . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
XX . American ordnance base depot in France . . . . . .--------------------- 472
XXI. Index . ._ . .__ . . ._________ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._-_ . .__ . . ._ . .-_ ._ .__ . 482
3
LIST OF PLATES .
I.
Pegs.
1. Frontispiece, 8-inch howitzer at Midvale Steel and Ordnance Co . shop---- 14
2. 75-mm. gun carriage, model of 1916, right side, gun at 0° elevation, extreme
right traverse . .. . . . ._ . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . . . .--- . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . ._ . ._ . ._ ._ .__ . 16
3. 12-inch mortar in coast-defense emplacement .- . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .- .-- .- . . . 20
4. Sample of ordnance machine work-spring counterrecoil cylinder for United
States 75-mm. gun carriage, billet before machining.. . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . 22
5. Shrinking of tube for 14-inch wire-wound gun-cooling equipment. . . . . . . . 23
6. 75-mm . gun (French), model of 1897 . .. - . - . - . _ . _ . . . . _ . _ . . . _ - _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ 28
7. 4.7-inch field gun, model of 1906 . . . . . . . . - . . . _ . ------------------ ___ 31
45 . Assembled round of fixed ammunition, showing cartridge case, projectile, 86 . Defensive hand grenade, Mark 11, section-------------------------------
.. 220
87 . Offensive hand grenade, Mark III, section---------------_------------- 222
and-fuze . . .---- .-- . . .--_------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--- . . . . 139
46 . United States Artillery ammunition-exterior views of shrapnel and shell ; 88 . Phosphorus hand grenade, Mark II, section _-------------- ---------- 223
shrapnel assembled with time fuzes ------------------------- . . . . . . . .- 142 89 . Gas hand grenade, Mark II, section----------------- ------------------ 224
47 . Sections of shrapnel and base fuzed shell-------------------------- . . . . . 143 90 . Thermithandgrenade,MarkI,section . .---- . . . . . . . .- .--- .---------- . . 225
48 . Section of assembled shrapnel....... . . .-- . . .--- .----------------------- 144 91 . Incendiary hand grenade, Mark 1, section-------------- -------------- 226
145 92. V. B. rifle grenade, -,Mark I, section.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ----------------------- 227
49 . High-explosive shell-Cross sections ------------------- . . . . . . .----- . . . .
(a) Semisteel shell. 93. Rifle grenades showing United States service rifle, cartridges, grenade,
(b) Steel shell. . and section. . .- .- . .__ .- .___-_ . . . . . .- . . ._______ . . . .- .--- .__ ._ ._____ .- 228
94. Rifle grenade discharger .------- . . . . . .- .--------- . .- . . . .-------------- 229
(c) Steel shell, filled and fuzed with Mark III fuze .
95. 3-inch Stokes mortar, loading . . . . . .- . . .- . .-------- . . .- . .------------- - 232
50 . Section of high-explosive base fuze shell, American type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
147 96. 3-inch Stokes trench mortar, Mark .1, placed in trench, diagram-- . . . . .- 233
51 . High-explosive nose fuze shell, English type, section-------- . . . . . . . . . . .
97. 3-inch Stokes trench mortar shell, diagram showing tubing construction . - 234
52 . High-explosive nose fuze shell, French type, section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
149 98 . 6-inch trench mortar, loading projectile and charge . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
53 . Common steel gas shell, section. ._ . ._ .-- .- .- .-- . . . . . . .-- .- .--- . .- . . . .
150 99. 6-inch trench mortar, Mark I, placed in trench, diagram showing mortar . . . 237
54 . Markings of ammunition, diagram ---------------------------------
100. 6-inch trench mortar shell, -Mark I, section. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
55 . Point detonating fuze, Mark 1, section -------------------------------- 156
101. Craters formed by 6-inch trench mortar projectile ------------------------ 239
56. Point detonating fuze, Mark 11, section. -------------------------------- 157
102. 240-mm . trench mortar-loading with projectile carried in handled tray . . 240
57 . Point detonating fuze, Mark III, assembly and section . . . . . .---- . .---- . 158
103. 240-mm . trench mortar placed in trench, diagram showing mortar.. . . . . . . . 241
58. Point detonating fuze, Mark III, section--- . . . . . . . . . . . . .----- . . .----- .-- 159
160 104. 240-mm . trench mortar shell, diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . .---- .-- .----- . .------ 242
59 . Point detonating delay fuze, Mark IV ----------------------_--- .- .--
105. Trench mortar fuze, Mark VII, diagram-------------------------------- 243
60 . Point detonating delay fuze, Mark IV ---------------------------------- 161
162 106. Trench mortar fuze, Mark VI, assembly and section.... . . . . . . . - - - - - - . . - - 244
61 . Point detonating fuze, Mark V,section --------------------------------
107. Trench mortar fuze, Mark VI, diagram . .--. .- . . . . . .-- . . . .------ . . . . . . . . 245
62 . Point detonating fuze, Mark V, assembly and section -------- .--------- - 163
163 108. Livens projector, Mark I, diagram ... . ..- .--- . . .--- . .- .----------------- 246
63 . Base percussion fuze, minor caliber, Baldwin type, diagram---_--------
109. Livens projector shell, Mark I, diagram.-------------_---- ------ 247
64. Base percussion fuze, minor caliber, Mark 11, section . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
65. Base detonating fuze, section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . .---------- 165
NI .
66 . Base detonating fuze, Mark III (Semple type) ----------------------- 166
67 . Combination time and percussion fuze, 21 seconds-before arming . .---- 167 110. Free gun mount-Lewis guns mounted on jumellage on tourelle . . . . 250
68 . Combination time and percussion fuze, 21 seconds-after aiming .. . . . . . . . 167 111. Fixed machine gun mount on spad plane . . . .------- . . . .- .- .-------- . . . 256
69 . Antiaircraft time fuze (Type " S "), Mark II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 112. Types of aerial drop bombe. . . .-- . . .- . .- .--- .--- . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . .-- . . .- . 260
70 . Mechanical time fuze parts, Mark I------------------------------------- 169 1. Mark II H. E. drop bomb .
71 . Adapter and booster casing, Mark II, section...... . . . - - - - . - - - - . . - - . . - - - - 172 2. Mark II incendiary bomb .
72. Adapter and booster casing, Mark III,section....._ .- . . .-- . .--- . .- .- .-- . 172 3. Mark I drop bomb .
73. Adapter and booster casing, Mark IV, section --------------------------- 173 4. Mark I incendiary bomb .
74 . 110-grain percussion primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---------------- 176 5. Dummy drop bomb .
LIST OF PLATES . LIST OF PLATES . 9
Page . XV
113. High-capacity drop bomb, Mark IL . --------------------------- . . . . . . . 262 Page .
114. Dummy drop bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------- .-------- 262 154. United States Army service ammunition .30 caliber cartridge, model 19011
115. High-capacity drop bomb, Mark III, diagram. . .-------------------------
. 263 for rifle, and .45 caliber cartridge for pistol and revolver_ _ . _ - _ . _ . _ . . 342
116. High-capacity drop bombs, Mark I_ _ . _ _ _ . . . _ . - . . _ - . . - . _ . . - _ _ . . . . . . - . . . . 264 155. United States Army service .30 cartridge, section_ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . . ------------ 343
117. Fragmentation drop bomb, Mark I, diagram.--------------------- . . . . . . . 156 . Tracer cartridge, caliber .30, model 1917 ----------- ------------------- 345
266
118. Barlowdropbomb,diagram_ . ._ .__ .__ .___ . . . . . : . . . ._ . ._ . . . ._____ . . ._ . . 268 157. Armor-piercing cartridge, caliber .30, model 1918--------------- --------- 346
119. Barlow drop bomb with release mechanism, showing rod extended ._ . . : . . 269 158. Incendiary cartridge, caliber .30, model 1918 . . . . . . --------- --------- 347
120. Incendiary drop bomb, Mark I,section. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 159. United States .45 caliber service ammunition for pistols and revolvers. . - . 351
121. Incendiary drop bomb, Mark I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . .------- . . . . . 271 160. Ammunition for rifles and machine Tins ----- ---------------------- ___- 352
122. Incendiary drop bomb, Mark II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ ----- . . . . . 8 mm. Lebel cartridge.
271
123. Incendiary drop bomb, Mark II, section--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 7.62 Russian cartridge.
124. Mark III H. E. bomb on Mark V release mechanism, DH 4 airplane . . . . . 11 mm . incendiary cartridge.
279
125. Mark III H. E. bomb on Mark V release mechanism, DH 4 airplane . . . _ _ 280 161. 7.62 mun. cartridge, section ---------- .------ .------------- .------------ 352
126. Mark I-A bomb sight. Top view, aiming position with sighting for 7,000 162. 8 mm . cartridge, French, section - . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . ._ ._ .__ ._ . .--------- .__ 353
feet altitude and 100 miles per hour speed ------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . 283 163. 11 mm . incendiary cartridge, section. . . . . ----------------------------- 353
127 . Side view of bomb sight, Mark I-A----- . . ._ . .----------- .__ . ._ .__ . . . . . 284 164. Clip-loading machine, model 1918, caliber .45, for revolver ball cartridges_ 354
165. Cartridges for United States machine gun and ammunition box-disinte-
XII. grating link belt above, webbing belt below . - . . . - . - . _ - _ _ _ _ - . . . . _ . - . . 355
128. Very signal pistol --------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 XVI.
129. Portable knapsack flame projector- . ._ .__ . . ._ . . . . . . .__ ._ . .__ ._____ . . ._ . 295
166. Types of United States Army motor vehicles and tractors ------ -------- 358
XIII . 167. Ammunition truck for hauling field guns . . . . . . . . _ - . - - . _ - . - - - - . . - _ _ _ . . - - 364
. 168. Reconnaissance car.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ . .------------------- . . .
130. Lewis aircraft machine gun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------ 297 371
169. Light repair truck----------- .------------------------------ .-------- 372
131 . Browning machine gun, water-cooled type- _ . 297
170. Equipment re pair truck-------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------- 374
132. Browning automatic rifle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..--------------------------
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 299
171. Artillery repair truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _---------- .------------ 375
133. Browning aircraft . 299
134. Marlin aircraft machine
gun-------------------------------------------- . ... . 301 172. Artillery supply truck ------------------------------------------------ 377
173. Trailer with 4-ton crane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . ._ ._ . . ._ .---- 381
135. Marlin tank gun---------------
gun-_---------------------------
. ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------
... . . . . .. . 302
174. Trailer for United States 75 mm . field gum . _ . _ _ . _ . . - . . -------- __ ---- 383
136 . Vickers machine gun on Browning mount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
175. Trailer for United States 75 mm . field gun, diagram ._ ._ . . ._ .__ . ._ ._ .___ . 384
137 . Cartridges for machine gun with metal disintegrating link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
176. 10-ton trailer_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . .___ . . ._ . ._____ 385
138. Hotchkiss machine gun- . ._ ._ .___ ._ .__ . . . . . ._______ ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . 305
177 . Self-propelled caterpillar mount for guns . . . . .__ . . .__ . . ._ .__ .___ . . . . . . . . 389
139. Chauchat automatic rifle------------------------ .---------- ____ . . . . 306
178. 21-ton tractor .___ . . .__ . .__ . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . .___ ._____ . . .____ .__ ._ .__ . . . 391
140. Colt machine gun------------ .---------------------------------------- 307
179. 5-ton tractor___ . . . . ._ . ._ ._ . .____ .____ . ._ . .___ . ._ ._ .___ .___ .__ . .__ ._ . . . 393
141 . United States machine-gun cart, model 1917_ .__ . ._ . ._ .__ :_ . ._ . .------- 310
180. 10-ton tractor ---- .__ ----_------------
.__ ------ -------------- ------ 395
142. United States machine-gun ammunition cart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
181. 20-ton Artillery tractor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------------------- 396
143. Plane table with angle site instrument and clinometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
182. 20-ton Artillery tractor with cover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------- ._ 397
144. Brunton compass ._ . . .__ .____ .____ . .__ . . . .___ . ._ .__ .__ ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . 314
183. Mark VIII tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._, . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 404
145. Prismatic compass . __ ._ . . .__ ._ . . ._ . .__ .__ . . ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . ._ .__ ._ ._ . . . . . 314
146. Lensatic compass____ .----------------- . . .__ . . . . .------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 184. 6-ton tank ----_-_--_---------------- . ._ . ._ ._ . . . . ._ .__ . . . .___ .___- 407
XVII .
XIV.
185. Cavalry and officer's sabers ------------------- .------- .------ .--------- 411
147. Rifle-barrel straightening at Rock Island Arsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ 322
186. Bolo and scabbard ------------------------------------------------ 41?
148. United States service rifles . . .---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
187. Light laminated armor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Caliber .30, model 1903 .
188. Laminated breast and back plates and plain breastplate... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Caliber .30, model 1917 .
189. Inside view breast and back plates, showing sponge rubber cushions----- 414
Russian rifle .
190. Necklet____ ._______ .. .___ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .__ . .__ . .__ . ._ ._ .____ .____ . . . 415
149. United States rifle, model 1903, with extension magazine_ ----------- ------ 328
191. Body armor for sentinel ----- .----------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 415
150. Extension magazine for United States rifle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----- 329
192 .(a) A jazeran__ . ._ ._ . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . .__ . .___ ._ ._ . .____ . . . 415
151. Periscopic attachment for United States service rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
(b) A jazeran.
152. Model 1903 rifle with telescopic sight and Maxim silencer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
193. Wilmer eye shield for use with helmet . . . . . . . . . . - - . - . . . . . - - . - - . . . . - . . - . 415
United States riot shotgun, Winchester design .
194. Gun-proof helmet ---------------------------------------------- .------ 415
United States riot shotgun, Remington design .
195. Helmet No . 5, bow salade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- . .__ . .------------ 416
153. United States Army service revolvers and pistols . _ . - - . . _ . - . . . . . _ . . . . . - . . 337
10 LIST OF PLATES .
Page .
196 . Face guard with helmet -------------- .- .- . . . .-- . . . . . . ._ . . . . .-- . . . . . . . 416
197. Helmet with rotating visor . . . .- .-- .------ .------------------- ---------- 416
198 . Arm defense--_ .- . .- . .-- .- . . . . . .- . . .- .-- .-------- . . .- .--- .-- .- . . . . . . . . 416
199. Leg armor.- . .- . . . .--- . .- .-- . . . . . . . .- . . . .--- .-----__ .-----_- .- . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES .
416
200. Shin guard_ ._ . . .- . . ._- . . .---- .- . . . .- .- .------------_ ._- .-_-_ .- .- . . . . . 416
201 . Jazeran as worn under tunic. . . . . . . . . . .-- -------------------- --- 417
202. Sentinel's armor----------------------------------------------- . . . . .- . 417
203. Face guard worn with helmet No . 5 ._ . .-- . . .- . .--- .-------------------- 417 I.
Page.
204 ., Helmet No . 5 contrasted with British helmet . . - - . . - . . . . . - . - . - . . - - . . - . - - 417
---Jacmg 26
1 . Characteristics of United States Army cannon . . . . . . . . . --_ .----
XVIII .
II .
205 . Assembling 75-mm . field guns at Rock Island Arsenal_-------------------- 438
206 . Press for gun forging at Watertown Arsenal_ ._ ._ . . . ._- . . ._-_-_ .-_--_- .- . . 446 2. Characteristics of United States Field Artillery-Carriage data------ .----- `
33
207. Electric furnace at Watertown Arsenal---------- .__ ----- -------------- 447 3. Characteristics of United States seacoast cannon for field use. . -_ _ . _ _ . . . . . .
assumptions on which requirements schedules onc,
f 8 ih92 inc ,
208. 14-inch gun in gun shop at Watervliet Arsenal --------------------------- 449 4. Basic
68
209 . Lathe for rifling gun at Watervliet Arsenal---------------- .----------- . . . 450 and 240 mm . howitzers were made .- . .- .------------------------------
5. Fire-control equipment for divisional Artillery . . .------------------------ 77-78
XIX. 6. Fire-control equipment for Army Artillery.------ .- .--------------------- 79-81
IX .
Facing 209
19 . United States nitrate plants . .- .---------------------------------
X.
219
20 . Grenades_ .-_-- .- . . . . . .--_ . ._______ .- .- . .-------- . . . .-----------------
231
21 . Trench mortars and trench mortar bombs . .- . .---- .---------------------
X1 .
249
22 . Machine guns for aircraft installation -----------------------------------
258
23 . Aerial drop bombs used by the allies ------------------------------------ -
259
24 . Aerial drop bombs-components . .--------------------------------------
. . . . . . . - ----- 276
25 . Aircraft bomb fuzes as used by the allied forces----------- .
278
26 . Bomb carriers as used by the allied forces . . . . . . . . . . . . --------------------
12 LIST OF TABLES .
X1l .
XIV.
XV .
XVI.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
14
_`OM LLERY . 17
Field guns .-Three types of 75-inm . field o-uns have been provided
for the American forces . These are the American model 1916 ; the
British model of 1917 ; and the model of 1897 (French) .
The American model 1916 was continued, as it has the advantage
of a wide traverse and a high elevation perinitted by a split-trail
carriage . The model of 1917 (British) was ordered shortly after
the declaration of war to expedite production, inasmuch as the Beth-
lehem Steel Co . had orders for this type of gun and carriage from
the British Government, and was in a position to proceed with the
manufacture according to drawings, specifications, and gauges al-
ready on hand .
The French 75-mm. gun is longer than either the United States
model 1916 or the British type by about 6 calibers . The French
type was adopted in preference to lengthening the United States
model 1916 type, as this would require entire rebalancing of the tip-
ping parts of the carriage .
In addition, however, to the intrinsic merits of the French 75-mm .
gun which are discussed in a subsequent section, there were also other
considerations that led to its adoption as an important and pre-
ponderating element in the American artillery program. At the
7 conference between the Anglo-French military commission and the
" ,j,esentatives of the United States Government . it was decided that
United States troops should operate in conjunction with the
inch Army, at least at the beginning. Furthermore, the French
or nance works were in a position to supply 75-mm. guns to the
first of the American troops, and also to continue their manufacture
long lines of efficient production . In other words, there was a well-
,.'ested gun available. Artillery officers who had used it during the
dis-
war were ready to give instruction, and so far as could be seen no
tinctly superior weapon that would warrant delay in waiting for its
manufacture was in sight.
Antiaircraft guns .-The antiaircraft guns used in the American
service are as follows
United States antiaircraft guns
75-mm.
3-inch .
4.7-inch (proposed) . '
For antiaircraft work the regular 75-min . French type field guns
are mounted on improvised carriages, and the 75-mm model of 1916
on truck mounts . The model of 1918, 3-inch antiaircraft gun is more
powerful than the other types referred to and is mounted on a
special trailer mount.
4.7-inch field gun .-To secure a greater range and power than is pos-
sible with the 75-mm. field gun, the 4.7-inch gun is employed . The.
91485-19-2
16
18 ORDNANCE DATA . ARTILLERY . 19
model of 1906 is used with a 45-pound shell, securing a greater degrees in the 10-inch and 12-inch guns to 42 degrees in the 8-inch .
range and greater muzzle velocity than with the 60-pound shrapnel . The latter has all-around traverse, the others a traverse of 10 degrees.
The 1906 model was improved in the model of 1917 (Bethlehem) and which is augmented by the use of a curved track if changes in azi-
a split trail and variable recoil mechanism were introduced . The muth greater than 10 degrees are demanded.
4.7-inch gun is motorized and has mobility along with power and Howitzers .-Howitzers are distinguished by low-muzzle velocity,
range . ranging from 1,200 to 1,900 feet per second . Their ranges are ob-
155-mm . gun.-To secure still greater range and power, a new gun tained by the high angle of the elevation of the gun from the hori-
was secured in the form of the 155-mm . model of 1918 (Filloux), zontal plane, and their fire is designated as high angle fire.
which represented the best European practice and was adopted by the Various types of howitzers.-The United States 6-inch howitzer,
United States Ordnance Department after a careful consideration of model of 1908, was not sufficiently powerful, and the 155-mm.
all the guns of this caliber in service in Europe . Inasmuch as there Schneider howitzer was adopted to take its place, as it appeared to
was no design of this type in the former ordnance program of the be a better, design than the 6-inch British howitzer and also more
United States, it was possible to start entirely fresh and to consider desirable from a production standpoint.
the matter simply on the score of ballistic efficiency, mobility, and 8-inch howitzers.-A number of 8-inch howitzers, Mark VI, of the
ease of production . This gun, as well as the others referred to in this type being Manufactured for the British Government, were ordered
brief summary, will be found discussed and illustrated elsewhere in from the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., largely because their facili-
the Handbook . ties could not be utilized at that time in the manufacture of 240-mm.
Five-inch and six-inch seacoast guns on improvised wheel mounts .- howitzers. Contracts later were let for the Mark VIII) howitzer,
The importance of using guns of this caliber on wheel mounts in the which is about 11 _calibers greater in length than the Mark VI and
field early was realized, and arrangements were made whereby a has a correspondingly greater range. ,
number of these pieces were removed from the fortifications and a 9.2-inch howitzer.-The 9.2-inch howitzer is a heavy siege-type mo-
special type of mount designed which could be constructed rapidly torized howitzer, which has been tested in service and was manu-
and with ordinary manufacturing facilities . While these guns were factured for the United States Government by one of the large
not necessarily of the latest types, nevertheless, they were well ordnance companies which had been manufacturing them in America
suited for field use, particularly with motor transport, and produc- for the British Government .
tion of carriages was secured at a comparatively early date . For 240-mm . howitzer .-The 240-mm . howitzer was originally a 9.5-inch
this purpose both 5-inch and 6-inch guns were used, and pending piece. It was designed by Schneider & Co., of France, through .the
the fabrication of new cannon of modern design, were in a position Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co . It has long range and high power,
to render excellent service. and with its motorized transport has been thoroughly tested in
Railway mounts .-The following calibers of seacoast guns have been service.
taken from the fortifications to be placed on railway mounts- 16-inch howitzer mount.-One 16-inch howitzer railway carriage,
8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch. The railway mount for the 14-inch sea- mounting a 16-inch howitzer, model E, has been built at the Water-
coast gun is in the experimental stage. The more important data of town Arsenal. The. mount provides an all-around traverse for the
these guns are as follows : gun, with a maximum range of approximately 23,000 yards. The
length of the glue is 30S inches. The weight of the gun is about
Caliber of gun .
Weight of
gtm, with- Length of Range .
90,000 pounds .
ont carriage . Mortars.-Mortars are distinguished by low-muzzle velocity, rang-
Paunds . Inches. Yards.
ing from about 480 to 1,500 feet per second . The length of the barrel
8-inch . .__ . . . .__ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .------- 32,200 278 21,000 is 10 calibers or less, and the range varies from 2,500 to 15,000 yards.
For any given weight of projectile the maximum range is obtained
10-inch - . . ... . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 67,000 367 26,000
12-inch . . .---------
.... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ... . . ... . 115,000 442 29,000
14-inch (model of 1919)-------- . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .- . . 140,000 581 39,000
.------------
by using the powder charge which gives the highest muzzle velocity
Estimated . and setting the elevation at 45 degrees. There is one active caliber
employed in the United States service-the 12-inch which has been
These guns are mounted on specially designed carriages, which are
given mobility by being mounted on a special railway mount.
in turn mounted on a railway car. The elevation ranges from 36
20 O11, U \ :\\ Ch. 11_\T :\ .
ARTILLERY . 21
American private ordnance plants .-The problems of construction
were even more serious than those of design . There were at the out-
break of the war but two privately owned plants in the United States
that were experienced in the manufacture of cannon forgings . These
were the Midvale Steel Co., whose capacity was allotted to the Navy,
and the Bethlehem Steel Co., whose capacity was assigned to the
Army . The Bethlehem Steel Co . had orders from foreign Govern-
ments for war material fully occupying the plant until approxi
mately July, 1918 . And even had this not been the case, the orders of
the Ordnance Department for 52,000,000 pounds of gun forgings
would fully have occupied the Bethlehem Steel Co . for many months.
New sources developed.-The Ordnance Department, therefore, was
forced to obtain other manufacturing organizations to produce gun
forgings, and to secure necessary facilities in the way of buildings
and equipment for such production.
Typical instance 155-mm . howitzer.-At the outset-to take a single
instance-seven companies without previous experience in this field
received orders for the manufacture of forgings for the 155-mm.
howitzer . The processes involved may be considered typical of the
general development of the various types of ordnance in the United
States . On January 26, 1918, these plants had received an average
of only 34 per cent of the necessary equipment. They were espe-
cially deficient in a supply of forging presses, Which are the most
difficult part of this equipment to secure, and which are.required for
the first forging operations ; and to manufacture a 2,000-ton press
essential in forging requires about nine months.
New ingot molds required .-Gun forgings must be made from a cer-
tain size ingot in order to obtain the required physical strength and
Fun . ;3 .--12-incli mortar in coast defense emplacement . lfortars of this iYpe were removed and the proper reduction from the ingot to the forging. This involves
placed on special railway mounts.
the design and casting of a special ingot mold, a process in which
12-inch mortars.-The 12-inch mortar, model 1890, is mounted on a few plants had had previous experience . In January, 1918, one
specially designed carriage, which is in turn mounted on a railway plant was able to produce 10 sets of forgings for the 155-mm.
car . The carriage permits a maximum elevation of the mortar of 65 howitzer from such ingots, as a result of negotiations started with
degrees and an all-around traverse. The maximum range is approx this company on June 29. 1917 .
imately 15,000 yards . The,weight of the gun alone is 29.120 pounds Rough machining.-After the forgings are made from the ingots
Illld the length 141 inches . they must be rough machined, tested for quality, and heat treated,
Comparative designs.-Front the foregoing, outline it is apparent all of which are processes involving compliance with exact specifica-
that types of cannon of French and British designs and calibers tions. They are then ready for machine work.
have been adopted in the formation of an artillery prograin by the Machining .-Special machines are required for machining gun forg-
United States, and conversely American designs have been submitted ings, a process involving accurate work with very small tolerances.
to British and French war commissions for criticism and suggestions. In the 155-mm. howitzer, the barrel is approximately 92 inches long.
With the aid of their experience and advice improvements in new and machining the bore, which is over 6 inches in diameter, is accom-
construction were incorporated and the assistance of both our allies plished to within 3/1000 of 1 inch . Such accurate workmanship
was most valuable . naturally can not be done rapidly.
22 ORDNANCE DATA .
FIG . d .-Ordnance machining-Spring counterrecoil cylinder for U . S . 75-mm, gun, and steel billet
before machining.
New plants .-Inasmuch as the Bethlehem Steel Co. and the Water-
vliet Arsenal were the only experienced sources of supply available
to the Ordnance Department for machining cannon, and as these were
occupied-in the one case with foreign orders and in the other up to a
capacity which was but one-tenth of the number of guns required-
facilities had to be provided for new companies who were willing
to undertake the work . For these plants were erected and specially
designed equipment was secured ; but on January 26, 1918, these
plants had received but 55 per cent of the equipment which they
had ordered. However once started rapid progress was made, and by
the time of the armistice on November 11, 1172 cannon had been
shop finished for the 155 mm . howitzer.
Necessary equipment.-To manufacture 155-mm. howitzers at the
rate of 10 per day the following machines were required : For ma-
chining the gun proper, 90 machines ; for machining the breech
mechanism, 227 machines ; for machining in the tool room, 78 ma-
chines ; for the gauge section, 20 machines .
Shrinking on the jacket .-The jacket or outer section of the how-
itzer, after being finished and accurately star-gauged for its entire
length, is heated, placed on a tube turned to the same dimensions
plus a shrinkage of 3/1000 of an inch or more, and allowed to cool,
setting over the tube for the entire length of the jacket .
Parts of 155-mm . howitzer.-A 155-mm. howitzer is composed of 88
parts, of which the major forgings are tube, jacket, breechblock, and
spindle, weighing nearly 3,500 pounds. The tube forging alone
weighs approximately 1,800 pounds . Machining the breech mecha-
nism and the gun proper, together with the assembly work, requires
a total of approximately 1,200 hours. FIG. 5 .-Equipment for cooling tubes at shrink pit, R-atervliet Arsenal . Shrinking of 1-1-inch wire-
wound gun .
23
24 ORDNANCE DATA. ARTILLERY. 25
Time required in manufacture.:Two typical instances may be cited Relining requirements .-The relining requirements indicated in the
to show the time required for the manufacture of ordnance. In the accompanying tables have been figured from information secured
fall of 1915, Vickers (Ltd .), of England, designed a Mark VI, from British and French sources, and while repairs will not be
8-inch breech-loading howitzer, which required eight months in their started illunediately upon issuing the cannon, the liners must be
highly organized and developed shops; which are among the largest available when needed and the necessary equipment for the relining
in the world, and which had been for a year on a war basis. On May must be available at the ordnance base depots in Europe .
1, 1916, the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., of Philadelphia, received The accompanying figures, derived from British and French
an order from Great Britain for 100 of these identical howitzers. experience as to the percentage of active guns going monthly to the
Ground was purchased, shops built and equipped, and the first how- repair shop, are taken from a memorandum by Lieut. Col. Symon,
itzer was proof fired in nine months and five days. This company of the British artillery mission. These figures include all the repair-
also had an experienced engineering staff, and in the execution of able casualties, but inasmuch as guns sent to the repair shop for
the equipment preparations as well as in the execution of the order other purposes than relining form an unimportant portion of the
itself, no expense was spared. whole. no reduction is made in estimating the requirements for liners .
A new American plant.-The American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co.,
of Erie, Pa., submitted a, proposal on June 29, 1917, for a plant for PERCENTAGE OF ACTIVE GUNS SENT -MONTHLY TO REPAIR SHOP BASED ON
finish machining and for the assembly of the 155-mm. Schneider how- ~~ NOTES ON GUN PROGRAM " BY LIEUT. COL. SYMON, BRITISH ARTILLERY
itzer. This plant was completed and practically fully equipped, and MISSION.
[Unofficial .]
had manufactured and shipped two of these howitzers complete with
breech and firing mechanism, but without carriages, sights, and
Per cent
limbers, seven months and sixteen days after the original order was Caliber and type of gun. Kind. to repair
shop .
given and the plant was regularly receiving forgings and manufac-
turing cannon in quantity by June 1, 1918. Orders were given to 7..i-mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ .. . . . . . . . . . ...__ . . . . . . .. ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States ._ 8
18-pounder ._ . . . . . .. . . . ._ . ..___ . ._ . . ._ . . .._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . British .. . . . . . . .
other plants, of course, but the above instance is cited as typifal. French . . . . . . . .,
8
6.8
75-mm. antiaircraft gun . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . United States ._' 8
Construction .-The guns used in modern military service are prin- .'3-inch antiaircraft gun._ ._ . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ----- do . . . ... . . .
4 .7-inch field gun.. . . . .. . . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . ._ .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ----- do . . . ... . . . .
8
cipally of the "built-up" type, in which a jacket alone, or a jacket
17
6o-pounder . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ; . . .._ . .__ ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . .. . . ._ . . . . . . . . British . . . . . . . . .' 17 .3
4.7-inch antiaircraft gun.---------------------------------------------------
. . . ._ ..._ . . . . . . . ._ . ... ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . . ._ . . United States . ., 17
and several hoops, are shrunk upon a tube which is held from longi- 155-mm . field gun . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do_ . .... . . . '
6-inch . . . . . .. . . . . .__. . . . . . . ._ . ..._ . ._ . . . . . .. . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . British .. . . . ... . 17 and 21
19
tudinal slippage by shoulders on the inner member which abut French.. . . . ... . .
155-mm . howitzer . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ...__ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . ... . . ._ . . . . . . United States . . ;'
22 .5
7.4
against corresponding shoulders on the inner surface of the outer 6-inch . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . ._ .. ._ . ._ . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . British. . . . . . . . . . 7.4
French ------- . . ;
member. When the accuracy life of a gun has been expended, on
4.5
8-inch howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ._ . .._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . United States .- 8.5
British----------
account of wear and erosion, the tube is bored out and the entire 9.2-inch howitzer . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ._ .. . ._ . . ._ . .. . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . United States . .)
British__ ._ . ... .'
8.5
7.5
gun heated in order to expand the inner bore . A lining tube is in-
7.5
240.mm.howitzer. . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . ..... . . . ._ . . ._ .. . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States . . 7.5
5-inch seacoast gun. . . . . .. . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ----- do --------- 17
serted cold and the cooling of the gun produces a shrinkage pressure 6-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ._ ... . . . . . . . .... . . ._ . . . ..-._ . . . . ... ._ . . . . ._ . . British. . . . ... . .
155-mm . . . . . . . .. . ._ .. . . . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . . ... ._ . ._ . . ._ ._ . ._ . . ... . . . . . . . . French . . . . . . . . .
17
292.5
sufficient to hold the liner in place. This liner is rifled and the. gun 6-inch seacoast gun.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . United States . .]
6-inch . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ._ . . ._ . ._ . ..__. ._ . . . . . ... . . ._ . .._ . . .___ .... . . :. . . . . British. . . . . ... . 1 17 and 21
19
is then practically as good as new. 155-mm . . . ... . ... . . . . . .__ . . .____ .... ._ . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . .. ._ . . . . ._ ... . . . . .. French . . . . . . . . .;
8-inch seacoast gun.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ..... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . United States . . 230
22.5
10-inch seacoast gun. . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . .... do . . . . .. . . . I
Approximate cost and cost of relining .-The approximate cost of cer- 9.2-inch . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ._ .. . . . . . . . ..__ . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . British. . . . . ... . .
2 30
30
tain types of cannon without carriages and of relining, is as follows : 12-inch seacoast gun.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . United States .-
British_ _ . . .
30
30
12-inch seacoast mortar. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. United States .---. .; 9.5
12-inch howitzer . .. . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._... ._ .. . ._ . . ... . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . .._ .. . . .. British. ._ . ._ . ..', 9.5
Estimated 6-inch Navy gun. . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. .. . . .. United States ._' 19
Type . Cost. relining British_ . . .__ ._ . 17 and 21
cost . 155-mm . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . .. . . . . ._ ... . . . . . . . . French_________ 22.5
8-inch Navy gun. . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. United States ._ 230
10-inch Navy gun . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . .__ . . . . .. do_ - 230
9.2inch_ . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . ..._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .--- British_ . .__ . . . .!
75-mm.-----
gun, model1916_ . . . ._ . . . . . . . : . .__ . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :. .. . ._ . . . . $3,800 $1,500
12-inch Navy gun . ... . . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. United States . .)
30
30
3-inch antiaircraft gun--------------------------------------- .------ .------------ 5,000 2,000
4.7-inch gun mode11906. . . .. ._____ ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .__. . . . ... . ._ . ._ . 7,600 2,300 B ri tish .. . . . . . .. 30
155-mm. howitzers . . . . ._ ._ . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ._ . . 7,700 2,500
155-mm .(Filloux) . . . . .. ._ . . . . . . . . . ..._ . . . ._ ._ .. . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . .. ._ . . . . ._ . . . . 13,000 4,000 3 Based on 75-mm. field gun .
240-mm. howitzer . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . .. . . . . . .__._ . . .. . . .._ . ._ . . . . . . . .. ._ . . . . ._ . . . . 18,600 5, 400 2 In absence of British 8-inch and 10-inch guns, these figures are based on 9.2-ineb gun.
NOTE.-The base to which these percentages are to be applied is the total initial equipment of active
gums at the front.
9(i ORDNANCE DATA .
Accuracy life of United States guns .-The accuracy life of some of the
(inited States cannon, without relining, follows . The figures below,
based on early estimates, show only the actual accuracy life, and it
is probable the cannon could be fired nV to about 50 per cent above 01
these figures before relining
Rounds .
7 :i-mm . model 1916______
_____ - .. _ __ __ -_ approximately__ 10, 000
3-inch antiaircraft gun, model 1918------ .______ _____ ____ ____do____ 5.000 in
le
4 .7-inch model 1906___________________ ------------------------ do____ 5,000 c
155-mm . (Fillous)---------------------- _-_______._________ _do____ 2,500
1 .55-mm . howitzer --------------------- . ------------. ------------ do____ 7,000
'340-mm . howitzer____ ___ _- _____ _ . _____ __.__ _________llo ___ 6,000
.)-inch seacoast gun-------------------------------" ------------ do____ 1,000
6-inch seacoast gun -------------------------------------------- do____ 1,000
8-inch seacoast gun-------------------------------------------- do_---- 800 1
10-inch seacoast gun____ __ __ _-_-_ ___ ___ __ . ______ ____do____ 700
12-inch seacoast gun______ _ _____ ___________ _- .___________ do____ 600
Aberdeen
` American . Brrt h . French . Proving
Ground .
Sandy
Hook 1
Proving
Ground . ; 7-
-j
Cubic Revolutions per ; Pound s
Pounds . Inches . Inches . Inches . . Inches .-- Inches. inches . Inches . Inches . Inches. 2ninute . Pounds . ~ persq .i n
75 mm . field gun, model 1897 (French) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___- 1,015 107 .13 34 .5 8.582 4.567 . ... . .... . 85.5 24 0.248 0.02 0.139 17,191shell . _ . .I25 .6uniform .l 1.4 36,0001 Fixed ----- 12 .1
16,716 shrapnel) 1.6 I 15 f .
75 mm . field gun 1916, Mark 1, NLark II, Mark 111, Mark 111, 765 90 .9 28 .4 7 .3 4.5 . . ... . . . 85 .5 24 . 2874 .02 .0992 16,799shell ---- 1119to25 .4--- 1.4 3(1,000'--- do . . . . . . '.12 .!
and Mark II I ., . 16,164shrapnel' I 1 .61 15 .1
1
75 nnn . field gun, model 1917 (British) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 88 .21 28 .4 8 .25 5.36 28.4 8 .11.5 24 .2874 .02 . 0992 17,068shcll . . ; .l 0to25 . . . . . . .,,~ 1 .4 3(3,(01) -- .(lo . . . . ._I 12 .1
16,385shra)ncli I . (3 3(1,000 Ll . :
75 mm . field gun, model 1897 (French), on antiaircraft mount . . 1,015 107 .13 34 .5 8 .582 4.567
~ 1. . . . .. . . .. 85. 5 24 I .248 .02 .139 17,191slicll . . . .' 25 .6 uniform
.! 1 .111 36,0001-__ do .__ . . .I 12 .1
16,716 shra)ncl l 1. 6 lg,,,
7 > mat . field gun, model 191 ; to 1916 Mark III on antiaircraft 76:, 90 .9 28 .4 7 .3 4.5 8 :5 . 5 24 .2874 ,02 . 0992 16 ,799 shell I 119to2,1 1 .4` 3( 100'. ._ . do ---- 11 .1
truck inoum . 1 1 61(i4vhra PncI to ,
288lH1 . . . . . . . . . 1 u0 to ..n
1
1 .fu
3-inch 15 pounder g(m, model 1917 (antiaircraft)_ . .-_ ._ 3,105 174 .65 55 122 3 .4 2'3 .67 296 24 .2927 .03 I 36 000 do . _ . I 1:
1
3-inch, model of 1918 and 1918 Mark I (antiaircraft) . . . . . . . .-_ 1,939 129 .69 40 10 .187 4.6 3 .41 20(1 24 .2927 .03 .1 23,040 . . . . . . 50to2>_ . . . . .,I 5 34,000' .__ do . . . . . . 1
4 .7-inch gun, model 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6&S 134 .92 27 . J 12 7 4 .78 14.3 251 42 . 2116 .04 .14 10,-117 .- . . . . .- .II :50 to 25__ . . . .I 95 33,000 _ .-do . . . . _ .1 (0
1 1 112 36,0o0 45
4 .7-inch gun, model 1917 (Bethlehem) . . . .- . . . . .- .- . . ._- . . . . . 2, 6 .+18 137 . 2 27. 5 12 6.8 4.78 14 .3 2.51 42 .2116 .04 .14 12,S61shell- _ . .I 50to25. . . . . . I 7 .5 1 36,(00'.- . .do------ ; 4 :5-
10,417shrapnclj - W;
4.7-inch gun, mode17918(antiaircraft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 945 201 .5 40 14.5 7.5 470 42 .2116 04 .14 14,706 . . . . . . . . . 1 ;,0to25. . . . . .i 2 11 34,(ft0,- . .do .__ .__II45-
45
;-inch gun, model 1S97 (wheel mount) . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,583 231.5 45 16.5 7 .3 5 27 . 50"5 660 44 .217 . 03 14 14,076 --------- 150to25 . . . . . I1 If; 38,(00 Separate . O
.
II I
I 1
6-111011 gun, model 19(YJ (,on wheel wo(mt)------------ . . ._ ._ .- 20,424 310.4 50 24 9 .8 8 43 .425 2,114 54 . ZOBI .06 9 .14 12,480 . . . . . . . . . 50to25 . . . . . . 27 38,000I_do------ , 90.'
36 .3736 .04 . 15
6-inch gull, model 1903 (on wheel mount) ----- .------- --- . . . . 20,766 310.4 50 24 9 .8 8 43.405 2,114 54 .05 3 . 14 12,480 . . . . . . . . . 50 to 25 . . .. . . . ~ 27 38,000 I ._ .do . . . .90.
36 . ~6 .04 . 15 l
6-inch gun, model 1905 (on wheel mount) -------- . ._ . .- . . . . . . 21,931 309. 8 50 24 10 .2 8 43.715 2,122 54 .2091 .06 11 12 , 480 . . . . . . . . o f0 27- . . . _ . 27 38000
, --- do_ 190. .
155 min . ho\vitzer, model 1917 (Bethlehem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,167 126.14 19.7 13.8 8 .6 6.259 16.45 527 48 .2813 .0.3937 . 1181 . . . . . . . . ~40 to 18 . . . . . .' 8 _ . .do . ._ . . .', 95 .
155 mat . howitzer, mode11918 (Schneider) . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . 2,7470 91 .81 13.64 14.882 7 .874 6.259 13.385 425 48 .2813 -03937 .1181 6,545 . . . . . . ._ . .1 25 .5uniform l 8 - . 81),pW ~, .- . do . . . . . .' 95 .
155 min . gun, model 1918, Mark I (Filloux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,750 225.39 36.4 16. 929 8.71 6.69 37.08 1,342 48 . 2913 . 0492 .1181 0,500. . . . . . . . ._ I 29 .89uniform l 26 31,500 -do . . . . . . 9..
7-inch naval gun, Mark 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 36.6 29 11 .25 9.65 51.159 3,639 42 .293 .05 .23 10,ti97 . . . . . . . . . 1 25 uniform . .-~, . . . . . . . -_L_- .____--i ._ .do__ .___I 1
.253 .27
8-inch howitzer, model 1917, ~11ark V1 . . . . . . ._ .______ ._ .-____ 6,552 127.6 15.7 19.25 12 8.5 12.74 750 48 .349 .06 .175 7,800--------- .I 1uniform . . _ 10 .7 30,240 ' . . .do . . . . . .I 2cni
" _lark
+}iuc}t howitzer, model 191, Nlark \'4I _ . ._ . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . 7, 50() 148.3 17 .3 19 12.5 9 32.14 2,050 48 .3490 .06 .1745 5,472 . . . . . . . . . .E 25a uniform ._ . 16 I 30200 -_ .do . ._ .__ 21A1
ainc(t howitzer, model 1917 Stark \-111i . . . . . . .------ .--- : : :1 7,730 127.6 17 .3 19.75 12 8.5 . . .. . . .... 2,050 48 .3490 . 06 .1745 5,490 . . . . . . . . . . 26 uniform . . . 1 17.5 1 30,2(0 I__ .do_____ .I 2lNl
8 '8 aand W_8_ Mark I and Mark
8-inch seacoast gun, mod01" ' 1Sa 32,218 278.5 32 29 .97 14 9.5 51 3,617 + 72 .2091 + .06 + .14 9, :360 + . . . . . . . . .1 50 to 25. . . . . .1 70 38,000', .- .do_ . . . ._l 2on
11 (railway tnotuu .) .
9.2-inch howitzer, model 1917, Mark I_ ._ . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . ._ . .I 6,810 133.8 13 .2 19.38 13.7 9.8 8.1 6610 56 .344 .O6 .172 6,193 . . . . . . . . . 15uniform ._ .I 13 3o,oW .- .ao .___ ._ xui
9.2-inch howitzer, model 1917, \lark 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9,575 170.5 17 .3 19.4 14.45 9.8 34.03 2, 600 56 .344 .06 .172 .1, 705 . . . . . . . . . . 25 uniform . . . 1 24 29,100 ._ .dn . . . ._ .
10-1101 seacoast gun, model 1888, 1888 Mark 1 and Mark 11 , 67,200 367 .25 34 38.5 16.8 11 .8 65.49 7,123 + 9o ' .2(01 ' .07 ' .14 6,912 , . . . . . ._ . . 50 to 25. . . . . . . 150 38,000 ._ . do . . . . . . 5111
(railway mount) .
12-inch seacoast gun, model 1895(railway mount)- . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 115,000 442.6 35 44 .5 21 14 .2 77.53 12,166 - + 108 4 .2091 + .07 ( .14 6, 2"H) + . . . . . 30 to 25. . . . . . 2 255 38,000 ._ . do . . . . . . . 70u
14-inch naval guty model 1920 . . . . -__ .__ . . . . . . . . 716.25 50 48 23.4 16 .5 92.78 84 .2736 .075 .25 4,6W . . . . . . . . . . ~ 50t032. . . . . . . 470 40,000 .--do . . . . . . l,n
14-inch gun, model 1910___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .____ . . . . . .__ . 1 138,000 579 40 44 23.8 16 .8 88.415 19,323 12(3 .2091 .07 .14 4,856 . . . . . . . . . . 50 to 25 . . . . . . 1 430 38, OW . . . do __ . .__I 1, (,.
l6-inch howitzer__ .______ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 90,180 308.25 18 43 .97 27.7 16 .8 45.698 10,298 144 .2091 .12 .14 4,275 . . . . . . . . . . 40 to 20 . . . . . . 1 225 37,000
1 At 18 degrees . 2 Approximate only . 3 This lining to be used in all relined guns-1900 and 1903 model. + For relinc,
91480-19 . (To face page 2E.)
'AL CHARACTERISTICS OF UNITED STATES ARMY CANNON AND PROJECTILES.
Corre-
Alaxl- l Method of Degrees per-
sponding Bursting charge .
',Weight of mum mitted by car.
loading . range. Weight Length,
Velocity of Twist cali- charge, pressure Travel of Volume of cavity,
rotation at Weight . Velocity . Energy . Kind . filled and base to cubic inches, fuze in
s. bers . iluding
nc m pow- projectile .
muzzle . ' fuzed. point. place.
igniter . . der spe i-
' Mini- Maxi-
8cations . mum. mum. Yards. Kind . Weight .
._
I' Pound
Revolutions per
"s . minute . I'nunrt.r . persq.in.' Pounds . Inches . Feet per second. Foot tons . Pounds .
19 17,191 shell . . .. 25.6unfform.i, 1 .4 360,000 Fixed. . ... 12.13 shell . . . . . ,89.87 1,8()5 shell . . . . _ 275.09 13 6,750 Common steel shell, Mark I_ . . 13 10.90 29.48. . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . IT cast
as . . . . . . . ._ .. . . 1.6.4
_
16,716 shrapnelll 1. (i 15 .95 shrapnel . 1,755 shrapnel . 340. :53 Common steel shell, Mark II . 1212. 18 10.95 29.74 . . ._ ..__ . . . . . . . G .. .. .. 1.7
Common steel shell, Mark I_ 12.18 10.90 29. 43 ------------------ 00-50 amatol . . . . ._ 1.6
192 16,799she1119to2.5 .4 ---1 .-1 3(i,ooo ~ . ._do------ 12.18 shell .-- . . 71.93 750 shell . . . . .
1,60 41 -7 53 16,500 Common shrapnel, .Irk
Mark 1 15 .95 11 .'3 270 balls, 42per pound. Shrapnel powder-_I 0.185
16,164shrapnell 1 .6 15.9:1 shrapnel . 1 1,1580 shrapnel . 312.06
192 17,068 shell_- 0to25------- 1 .1 :3rl, ooo --- do . . . . . . 'I 12 . IS zhell----- I 71.93 1,750 shell ----- 253.58 ~_ . . . . ._ . 16 60, 500 French shrapnel (base 1:5 . 96 10. 965 261 balls, 38 per pound. Shrapnel powder- 0.243
16,3&Sshrapnel l _ 1 . ti :16, (NA) : 15 .95 shrapnel . 1 j 1:680 shrapnel . 312.06 I charge) .
t9 17,191 shell. . . _ 20 .6 uniform. ; I .-1 :f6,0010 ;_do_ . . . . . 12 . IS shell ---- . I 39 .37 1805 shell ----- 275.09 I 21' 7. .5' &5 1 3, 202 Antiaircraft shell, Mark Ill
.- . 14. 3 11 . 2 29 --------------------- TNT cast . . . . .--- . 1 .6(5
16,716shrapnel - 1 .6 1 :5 .95 shrapnel . " 1:75.5 shrapnel . 340. 55 j Antiaircraft shell, Mark III. 14. 3 11 . 2 29--------------------- 50-50 amatol ------ 1 . Gi
192 16,799 shell . . . . 119 to 20. "1 . . . 1. 1. 4 :36,oo0 .-- (10 ------ 12 .13 shell . . . . . 71 .93 1,750 shell . . .- 258. 58 . 31 so 1 6 500 Antiaircraftshrapnel,Mark 1. 14 .3 1(1.35 22-1 balk, 42 per pound. Shrapnel powder . -I 0.17
16,164 shrapnel 1.6 15 .95 shrapnel . i 1,680 shrapnel . j 8, 675
28,800 . . ..._ . . .1 50 to 25 . . . . . . . .5 36,(MX) . .- .do------ ` 15 shell . . . . . .. . 139.33 x :3,000 .___- . . . . . 935.32'_..__ . . . 85 9,843 Antiaircraft shell, Mark I . . - 15 11 .43 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- TNT cast . . .-___ . . 1 .72
L5 shrapnel . 1 old. Antiaircraft shell, Mark I_ . .
Antt 15 11 .48 :31--------- _ . . ._ ._ ._ . . . .'~0-5U alllat0l . . . .__ 1.67
23,040 .- . . .- . . .I 50 to 2:5 .__ . . .1 33,000 . . .do . . . . . .i 15 shell_ ._.-_._~ 97 .73 2,400 . . . . . .. . . . 598.9 . 10 85 ; 8,530 Antiaircraft tracer shell, 15 12.24 29.5 . . . . . . . . .------- - . . 'Tracer composi- 4.8
15 shrapnel . l ord. Mark 111. tion_
Antiaircraft shrapnel . . . . . . . . 15 11 . S6 1253 balls, 42 per pound. ----------- . .17
.~1 Common iron shell . . . . . .. . . .
10,417 .__, . .- ..~ :0(l to 2:5 . . . . . 1 95 33, U00 ._ .(to . . . . . 114.9 1 I 700 ... ....... 1, 203. 5 -5 1:5 j 8,000 60 I 8.521 ._ . . . . .__ ._ .-- . . . : .I _ . . _
18.02 (56 .9 . . . (_
------- __1
j - 11'2 360(1(1 i~' 4:5__ . . . . . ._ . . ._~ 2,050___ .------ Steel shell------------- . . . . . . CIO High explosive__ . . .1 .
0}
7800 . . . . . .. .. . uniform---_
lv-_ uniform
15 10,7 1 .t0, 240 .do------ 2(10 . . . .___1 104,96 1,300 . . .._ .__- . 2,343 50 10,936 Common steel shell Mark I . 200 27 .16 519.52-------- - . . ... . . . o0-50amatol------ 28 .15
5,472 . . . . .. :30, K)U .o1 .. .. 200.. . . . . . . . . . . 102.12 1,521 . .. .. . . .. . 3,211 45 12,100 Common steel shell Mark I . 200 27 . 16 519.S2-------- - -------- ~ 8(1-20 amatol ------ 26.72
25 uniform. . .) 217.3 30,20 -.do . . . . . . 2o() .. . . . . .. . . . I 102.72 1,525 . ......... 3,225 45 12,100 Semi-steel shell, `lark 11 . . . . 200 25 .78 392.2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . , 0 50 amatol . . . . . . 21 .24
5 5,490 . . . . . . . ..
9,360 +. . . .- . . . . 50 to 25-.. ._ . 70 38, OW . . . do------ ------------ 205. 65 22,600 . .. .. . . .. . 9,372 42 1 21,000 Semi-steel shell, Mark 11 . _ . . 200 25 .78 392.24. . . ... . . . . . ... . . . ; SO-20 amatol . . . . . . 20.16
Common steel shell, tl arkIII. 200 26.66 513.35. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .(.as ------- .__...__ 29
6,193 . . . ._15uniforc) ._ ; 1:3 3U, OW I . ..do_ . ._ . . 290. .. . . .- .__ . .I 113 .7 1,187 . . . . . . . . . 2,832.4 15 50 10 060 Commonsteel shell,Mark IS_ 290 26.8 605.6_ ._ -- ._ .__- . . ._ 50-50 amatol . . . . . . 33 .19
4,705. . . . . . . . . . 25 uniform._ -24 ;R)0 . . . do_ . . . . . :'9U . . ._ . . . . . . . .i
29 125.125 1,503_ . . . . . . . . 4,541.3 15 50 I 13,123 Common steel shell, Mark lY. 290 26.8 1105.0 . . . . . . -_ . . . . ._ ... .~ 80-20 amatol ._ .--- 31 .51
6,912+, .. . . . . . . ~ 50 to '25_ .__ Ii 150 33,0110 ~- . .do------ ~ 010------------ I, 275.11 2,400_ . . . . . . . 20,363 -5 36 26,246 Common steel shell, Mark 11, 510 4} .29 1, 17;8.8 . . . .-_. ._ . ., . .. .I Explosive 1) . . .. . . 56.32
-3 38
6,240- . . . . . . . . . 150 t o 25 . . ... . 2 25:5 38,000'~. .--do------ ~ 700. . . ... . . ._ .-l 342.47 2,600 . ......... 32,802 38 29,000 Common steel shell, Mark TI . 700 44.95 1,77-} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ Amato] . . . . . . . . . . . 90.4
4,500 . . ... . . . . .1 50 to 32.. . . ..'. 470 10,(00 1 . . .do------ 1,400_ ..._ . . .- . 503 2,800 . ......... ._ .- -5 . .. . . Common steel shell, Mark 1I . 1,200 61 .05 3,170. . . . . .,___. . . ._ . .-I TNT composition. 154
4,856 . . . . . . . . . .1 50 to 25.. . . . .'1 430 38 :ooo .--do_ . . . ._I 1,6606.. ._ . ._-- 471.71 2;350 . ......... 63,637 -5 15 _. 1`J,244 Common iron shell. . . . . . .. . - 1,660 62.72
Armor-piercing shell . .. . . . . . 1, 660 62.72 . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... . I I3igh explosive. . . . 85
Armor-piercing shot . . . . . .. . - 1,660 56.32 .. High explosive. --- 30.96
37,000', . .-do . . . ._ .i 1,660 ._ .. . . ._ ._ 241.427 1,900 . . . . . . . . . . 41,540 20 65 Common steel shell, Mark II_ 1, 660 62. 33 4,845 . . . . .. .--------- _I Explosive D . . . . . . 235.50
4,275 . . . . .-. . . . 40 to 20 . .. . . .', 225
For relined guns only . Base cartridge cases . Figures approximate only. 6 Long cap.
is-1900 and 1903 model.
ARTILLERY . 27
MOBILE ARTILLERY.
SUMMARY.
75-mm. field guns .-Three types of 75-mm. field guns are being pro-
vided for the United States Army-the model of 1916 (American),
the model of 1917 (British), and the model of 1897 (French) . The
model of 1916 carriage was originally a 3-inch gun carriage with +I.
split trail.
Model of 1916 .-The 75-mm. gun, model of 1916, is the United States
3-inch field piece, model of 1916, redesigned to fire 75-min . am-
munition, and is illustrated on pages 16 and 38 . It is slightly
heavier than the French design, but is provided with a split
trail and a variable recoil mechanism allowing wide traverse and
high elevation. These advantages warranted the continued manu-
facture of the model of 1916 . Using 75-mm. American shrapnel
weighing 15 .95 pounds, a muzzle velocity of 1,693 foot-seconds is
secured. The maximum range is 8,900 meters (9,733 yards) with
an elevation of 45 degrees. It is not necessary to depress the trail
of the 75-mm. gun carriage, model of 1916, when firing for maxi-
mum range, since the maximum elevation permitted by the carriage
is sufficient to cover this .
Model of 1917 .-The 75-min . gun, model of 1917 (British), is bal-
listically similar to the model of 1916, -and it is provided with a
spring counterrecoil system . The model of 1917 (British) were or-
dered after the declaration of war in order to expedite production .
The Bethlehem Steel Co . at that time had orders for that type of
guns and carriage for the British Government, and therefore was in
a position to proceed at once with their manufacture under drawings,
specifications, and gauges already on hand .
75-mm. model of 1897 (French) .-The 75-mm. gun, model of 1897
(French), was the principal field gun that had been used by the French
armies and been thoroughly proven in service. It is exception-
ally light weight, allowing a high degree of mobility . By depressing
the trail a range of 9,000 meters (9,842 yards) . at 45 degrees eleva-
tion can be obtained . The French gun was available from French
ordnance works, and in addition to orders placed in Europe the
Ordnance Department arranged for the manufacture of this ma-
teriel in the United States . The secret drawings were received in the
United States August 11, 1917, and were straightway studied and
translated. The Puteaux Arsenal Model was definitely adopted on
February 8, 1918, and on February 15, 2,927 carriages were ordered
without recuperators which were the subject of special outside con-
tracts as they formed a difficult and special branch of the work. Con-
tracts for gun forgings were placed with two large machine works
and production was established during the year .
aWrILLEItY . 29
2.-Chrtractcristica of United States field artille? -.a-Carr-iarle
CABLE
data .
I I
a+
b'w
I >, m 1 F
F,,t
7>er
75-mm . gun carriage, 1916 : Lbs . .sec . 1Ceters . 1ncLes . Degiees.
Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shrapnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 .S5 I 1, 742
15.96, 1,693
8,400
900
Spring, . _ 46-18 - 7+53 145
. ._ . . . . . . . . .~ . . ._ . .
75-mmun
(,& carriage, 19li
tish) :
Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . S51 1,742 5,600 2, 337 Spring . _ . . . .
Shrapnel ., .,- .--,- .- .- 15.96! 1,693 5,900
75-mm . gun- carriago, 1897
(French) :
Shell- . .- ._ . . ._ . . . . ._ . . 11 .S5 iIl 1,S05 6,400
Shrapnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. 96 : 1,75 .5 7,130 _ . `',857 Hydropncu- I " . . . . . .- 47
matic .
4,7-inch grin carriage,
. 1906 :
Shell . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . 45 2, 050 S,750 . . ._ . . ._
s Shrapnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1, 100 7,260 Spring . . . . ._ ~0
4 .7-inch gun carriage, :917
0
(Bethlehem) :
Shell . . . .-_ . .__ . . . . . . . 45 2,050;-_ . . . ._ .
Shrapnel- . . .-- . ." .! 60 1,7001-- . .__ . . 8,700 lJH1"dropneu- 66-28
matic .
155-mm . gun carriage, 1918
(Filloux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ~, 410 16,000 24.600~_ . . . . do . . . ., . 43-31-70-87 0+35 60
t55-mm . howitzer carriage'
1918 (Schneider) 95 1, 4701 11,500 7,280,_ . ., . do .--- 53 .6 0+42 - 20 6
i
E 5ards .
155-mm . howitzer carriage, 90 1, 700 14,000 . ------ ...
1917 (Bethlehem)-- .- . . 120 1,3001 10,000 8,650 Hydropneu- 66-28 - 51-40 40 "
matic .
Rs 8-inch howitzer carriage,
1917 (Vickers, Mark V1) . 200 1,'300., 10,500 19, 1001_- . . .do . . .--- 00-24 0+50 52
8-inch howitzer carriage,
1918, (Vickers, Mark
VII) . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 1, 525 13,000 1 20,04S do . . . . . . 52-24 0+45 52
9 .2-inch howitzer carriage,
1917 (Vickers, Mark 1) . . . 290 1, 11,71 10,060 3 16,240, . .,_-do . .- . . . 40-19 +15+50 60
9.2-inch howitzer carriage,
1914 (Vickers, Mark It) . ., 290 1,5061 12,700 3 19,0401 .-- . . do . . . . . . 44-19 +15+50 60
240-mm . howitzer carriage,
1911 (Schneider) --- 360 1 1 7001 17, 000 5 37,9201---- Ao . . ." . . 49 +10+60 20
12-inch howitzer
E. . . . carriage, .
model .. . . . 700 1,4751 15,090, 4 53. 000I . . . . . d o . . ---- 60 0+40 '10
I
31
32 ORDNANCE DAT;k .
ARTILLERY . 33
vation . Previous to its adoption it lead been thoroughly tested in vet completed. Additional orders for 8-inch howitzers, Mark VI and
service, and from a point of range, mobility, and hitting power it was Mark VII, complete, were also placed in England, and deliveries
the best gun of its caliber known to the Ordnance Department at the were made comparatively early. Additional orders for Mark VI and
time. This French design was therefore adopted in view of the Mark VIII) also were placed with the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co.
fact that the department had no design of this character. It was 240-mm. howitzer .-The 240-mm. howitzer, model of 1918 (Schnei-
chosen in preference to the Schneider Co. type (also a French de- der), is a heavy, long-range, siege type, motorized howitzer, which is
sign), because it appeared to be more powerful, as well as a more capable of rapid transportation and which has been thoroughly tested
satisfactory design . in service. Howitzer and carriage weigh about 37,920 pounds and
155-mm . field howitzer .-The 1:15-mm . howitzer, model of 1918 the maximum range is approximately 17,000 yards. From a point of
(Schneider), is an exceptiona113- light, mobile, motorized howitzer, range, hitting power, and mobility it was considered the best siege
which had been employed throughout the war. It is lighter type howitzer of its caliber known to the department . The type was
(weighing with its carriage 7,290 pounds) and has a longer range originally a 280-mm . howitzer, designed by Schneider & Co., of
(13,100 yards) than any howitzer that had been employed at the France, through the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., which company
front. - This howitzer was adopted to take the place of the Uliited had an order for the manufacture of this type before war was de-
States 6-inch howitzer, model of 1908, which was not sufficiently clared . This original order was supplemented by orders to other
powerful, while the more powerful howitzer being developed by the manufacturers and to Watertown Arsenal, aggregating about 1,500.
Bethlehem Steel Co. was not sufficiently far advanced for orders to 12-inch howitzer .-The 12-inch howitzer, model E, is an exception-
be placed in this country. The-6-inch British howitzer also was ally heavy, 'motorized, mobile howitzer, designed with particular
considered, but the Schneider type appeared to be the better design, reference to ease of mobility .
as well as more readily produced with the available facilities . Seacoast guns, mortars, and howitzers on mobile carriages.-The 5-
9.2-inch howitzer .-The 9.2-inch howitzer (Vickers) is a heavy, inch, 6-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch, and 14-inch guns, 12-inch mortar
siege type, motorized howitzer, which has been thoroughly tested in and 16-inch howitzer are all department designs of seacoast artillery
service, and was selected because the Bethlehem Steel Co. in this which are being adapted for use in the field, the 5-inch and 6-inch
country had been manufacturing them for the British Government, on wheel mounts, and the remaining caliber& oDrailway car mounts .
and would continue their manufacture for the United States Govern- In addition, a number of 6-inch, 7-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch
lrient. The Mark I type is being manufactured in the United States . naval guns of an obsolescent type were secured by the United States
The weight of the carriage and gun is 16,240 pounds for Mark I Navy Department . These various types are discussed in a subse-
howitzer, and 19,040 pounds for Mark II, and the maximum ranges quent section.
are 10,060 and 13,123 yards, respectively. As this material was of 3-Characteristies of United States seacoast cannon adapted for field use.
British type, it was also possible to place orders for both Mark I and
TABLE
- -' Approximate.
914&5--19--
11. FIELD ARTILLERY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY.
34
36 ORDNANCE DAT :~ . FIELD ARTILLERY. 37
orders were placed covering 1,200 each of the required groups and Operation of the gun.-The semiautomatic feature of the gun con-
gauges for assembling. The various groups of parts for the con- sists of an arrangement for opening the breech and ejecting the
tractors were divided as follows cartridge case during the counterrecoil after the gun has been fired.
Barrel groups . Axle groups . The breechblock is of the drop-block type, and its opening is effected
Breech groups. Ammunition carts. by cams suitably mounted on bracket plates and bolted to the crank
Recoil groups . Telescopic sights .
:Mount groups . case . The recoil is practically identical with the recoil mechanism
of the 37 mm . gun, model 1916, which is of the combination oil and
By May 20, 1918, manufacturers of the various groups were di-
spring type.
rected to ship their various assembly groups to the Maryland Pressed
Ammunition .-The semiautomatic motor gun is provided with am-
Steel Co . for assembly, and 10 units were assembled and shipped to
munition which gives a muzzle velocity of 400 meters per second to
the Aberdeen Proving Ground, where they were proof fired and their
high-explosive supersensitive fuze incendiary and canister shell.
performance was considered satisfactory . In the meantime, it had
This high-explosive supersensitive fuze is of the differential air-
been desired to acquire a number of modified 37-mm. guns for tanks,
pressure type, and is stated to be very satisfactory. The canister
and manufacture was started on these in the summer of 1918 .
charge is contained ; in a light brass case slotted on the side in order
THE 37-MM . SEMIAUTOMATIC MOTOR GUN, MODEL 1918 . to facilitate the spread after the charge has left the muzzle.
Use of the gun.-The 37-mm. gun is used' in connection with a syn-
Development.-The 37-mm. semiautomatic motor gun of the Ord- chronized machine gun, which is also mounted on the airplane . This
nance Department, originally was developed by the French Govern- synchronized gun is provided with tracer bullets, and the pilot is
ment for use in the air service in the latter part of 1917. It was able to determine whether the machine points in the direction of the
straightway considered a remarkably successful weapon, and it was target by observing the course of these' tracer bullets. When he
stated that in using it excellent results were obtained by Capts. Guy- finds that the synchronized gun is pointing directly at the enemy
nemer and Nungesser. plane, the 1-pounder gun is fired. The first order was put under way
Nature .-This motor gun is designed for use, in combat planes and in the early summer :of 1918 and was for 100 of these guns which
is mounted directly to the crank case of the Liberty or King Bugatti were ready for proof-firing in October, 1918 .
motors . It is mounted between the two rows of cylinders and is
geared up from the crank shaft. The American gun is almost an THE 37-MM. FULL AUTOMATIC CANNON MODEL 1918 FOR
exact copy of the French gun, but it has been modified slightly to AIRPLANE SERVICE. '
make it adaptable to the two American motors named above. It is
The 37-mm. full automatic Puteaux gun was a European develop-
provided with two barrels-one rifled for high explosive and in-
ment of the semiautomatic weapon by the French engineers, and in
cendiary ammunition, and the other smoothbore for canister . (See
the spring of 1918 drawings were received in the United States from
Aircraft armament, page 251.)
France, and officers who had experience both in France and in the
Weights and dimensions .-The weights and dimensions of the Amer-
construction of guns for aircraft use were assigned to the develop-
ican gun of 1918 model are as follows
ment. Two types of guns were evolved from the French model, one
Weight (complete), 105 pounds . r: of which was an exact copy of the Puteaux full automatic, while
Total length, 71 .57 inches.
Total area across section of bore, 1.7275 square inches. the other was designed entirely in the United States by the Poole
Length of bore, calibers 45 .55. Engineering and Machine Co ., and was known as the 37-mm. Bald-
Diameter over powder chamber, 2.91 inches. win full automatic motor gun. Both of these weapons were in the
Diameter of muzzle, 2.05 inches. experimental stage in the early autumn of 1918, and neither had been
Capacity, with cartridge case in place, 113.29 cubic inches . adopted as a service weapon, although 100 of the French type were
Grooves, 12 .
Grooves, width, 0.3223 inches. under order at the time of the signing of the armistice, and would
Grooves, depth, 0.0157 inches. probably have been available for issue in February of 1919 for field
Width, lands, 0.0591 inches . test by the air service. -
Velocity of rotation at muzzle, 21,806 revolutions per minute.
Twist calibers, 1 in 29 .9.
FIELD ARTILLERY . 39
General nature .-The United States model 1916, 75-mm . field gun,
is an adaptation from the United States 3-inch field gun, arranged
with a split trail and having greater traverse and greater elevation
than either the French or British models of this caliber .
Construction .-The model 1916 gun is arranged with hydrospring
recoil or recuperator, located above and below the gun, which affords
a smooth recoil action . The. gun proper consists of a tube and jacket
and a breechblock opened and closed by means of a handle on the
right-hand side of the breech . With the breechlock closed, the
handle is in vertical position, and to open, the handle is pulled to-
ward the back of the gun and the breechblock opens downward .
When the cartridge is pushed home into the breech, the breechblock
is automatically closed, and after firing, pulling down the handle not
only opens the breech, but ejects the cartridge case . This breech-
block mechanism lends itself to rapid operation and for speed com-
pares favorably with the French model 1897.
Carriage .-The carriage is arranged with a split trail and with a
pintle traverse, which permit a greater depression, elevation, and
traverse than is possible with either the French or the British
model, and as far as this advantage is concerned the American gun
is distinctly superior. With small elevations and small traverse ; as
in the French and British models, the pointing of the gun must be
arranged by the position in which the trail is located in the ground
by the shock at the time of firing, but with the American gun a
single setting of the trail and the adjustment of direction and eleva-
tion on the carriage enables a wider angle of fire to be secured than
with the other models.
Recoil mechanism.-The recoil mechanism involves one cylinder con-
taining oil, located above the gun, and two cylinders containing
springs, located below . The spring cylinders are attached to the
carriage, and the rods by means of which the springs are compressed
at the time of recoil are attached to the breech-ring forging. The
upper cylinder is also attached to the breechblock forging, and its
piston rod is secured to the carriage . The adjustment of the recoil
and counterrecoil depend upon graduated ports in the oil cylinder,
and the gun is returned to firing position by means of the springs .
Original orders .-Original orders were placed for several thousand
of the United States model 1916 gun, but it was decided later to
change the production at one of the most important plants to the
French model, which, while involving a loss of time, facilitated
quantity production for the future . Of 250 guns which had been
completed7by July 1, 1918, 51 were taken for use as antiaircraft guns
on ,into mounts .
40 ORDNANCE DATA .
,9
FIG . 11 .-3fnch guncaisson, model of 1916, left frontview, door open, apron down,fuze setter bracket down.
41
42 ol;DN .wCE DATA . r1E,LD ARTILLERY, 43
THE FRENCH 7 .5-MM . FIELD GUN . by means of a handle fixed on an arm fastened to the rear face of
General nature .-The French 75-mm . field gun, adopted for the the breechblock, so that a single movement suffices either to open
service of the United States troops in Europe, dates back to 1897, or close the breech . After the gun is open and the breech closed, it
when it was perfected by Captains Salute Claire Deville and Ri- is fired by a spring hammer operated with a lanyard, which forcibly
mailho and adopted for the French Army . This gun consists essen- strikes the firing pin . The firing pin is seated in the breechblock,
tially of a steel tube 33 calibers in length with rifted bore and rein- and only Nvhen the breech is in the locked position is it directly in
forced on the outside near the breech by a breech hoop . Over the line with the printer at the center of the base of the cartridge . This
middle section there is a bronze envelope known as the jacket, which is one of the mechanical arrangements provided to prevent prema-
surrounds the tube. The breech hoop and jacket are joined together ture firing and thus insure safety . Obturation, or the retention of
to the interior tube by two hoops known, respectively, as the the gases generated by the explosion of the propelling charge, is
outer locking hoop and the inner locking hoop, thus preventing all secured by the expansion of the metal cartridge case against the
sliding with respect to the tube . interior wall of the gun . When the breech is opened the shoulder
Fia. 13 .-75-mm . field gun, model of 1897 (French), breech open . FIG. 14-75-mm . field gun, model of 1897 (French), breech closed. '
Breech mechanism .-The breech mechanism consists essentially of a of the empty cartridge case is seized by the extractors and ejected
movable screw or breechblock which turns in the breech recess around from the gun . The recoil of the gun is at the rate of probably 9
an imaginary axis parallel to the axis of the bore of the cannon, but meters per second, and the recoil weight is 500 kilograms . The
situated below the bore . The breechblock is provided with threads recoil mechanism of this 75-mm. gun is hydropneumatic and is pro-
which engage in corresponding threads of the breech hoop . In the vided with a recuperator. The braking action is caused by the
unlocked position an opening in the breechblock is directly in front resistance offered to the movement of a piston by the liquid, and the
of the powder chamber, so that the cartridge can be introduced return of battery is accomplished by the force of compressed air
through the breech . In the locked position, effected by a rotation in the recuperator .
of 120 degrees, the solid portion of the block is directly in front of Carriage .-The carriage of the 75-mm . gun has a trail spade to fix
the chamber and completely closes it . The breechblock is rotated it in the ground and a special brake for the wheels, which has two
44 ORDNANCE DATA . I71FLD ARTILLERY. 45
solid metallic shoes fitted with projecting parts, which engage in the 75-MM. FIELD GUN, MODEL 1917, BRITISH.
around . The 75-mm. carriage is provided with an independent line General characteristics .-This gun is built up of alloy steel, consist-
of sight. In the modern French 75-mm. field gun, as in the weapons ing of a tube, a series of layers of steel wire, jacket, and breech ring.
of most services, the sighting is done almost entirely by indirect The tube extends from the rear end of the chamber to the muzzle, and
observation based on the observations of an officer or other observer_ over the rear portion are wound 15 layers of 0.04 by 0.25 inch steel
at a distance . wire. The jacket is fitted over the exterior of the wire and the tube,
Shrapnel.-In the French service the projectiles are propelled by a't'
and is secured longitudinally by shoulders . The breech ring is
charge of 720 grams of powder B .S.P .(AM), which is composed of'_ screwed on the jacket at the rear and secured by a set screw . The
lamellaa,140 mm. long, 18 nml. broad, and 0.9 mm. in thickness. This-;
breech ring on its upper side has a lug for the attachment of the
powder is somewhat translucent, supple, and of hornlike appearance, hydraulic buffer . The longitudinal projections on each side of the
burning very slowly in free air, but when confined the pressure of
jacket form guides for the gun when in the cradle of the carriage .
combustion reaches 2,400 atmospheres on the inside of the gun, and
as no solid residue is left, it is on that account known as smokeless
powder . In order to obtain simultaneous ignition of the elements of
the charge, an amount of 1 to 2 per cent black powder is added.
The shrapnel discharged from this gun weighs 7.2 kilograms and
consists of a cylindrical ogival steel envelope, in which there are 300
balls, weighing 12 grams ,each, formed of lead, hardened with anti-
mony and mixed with compressed black powder. This shell is trav-
ersed along its axis by a tube, perforated at the bottom, by means of
which flame coming from the, fuze in front is transmitted to the base
of the charge . - When the explosion of ;the charge is thus brought
about, the ogive or head is easily forced off, and the bottom of the
shell acts like a small cannon, shooting out the interior shot. For
American Ammunition, see Table 15, Artillery Ammunition, on page
138, and also Table 16, Projectiles, facing page 138, as well as the
accompanying text on Artillery Ammunition.
French and German field guns.-A comparison of the two field guns
most prominently used on the battle fields of Europe, namely, the
French 75 and the German 77, is given in the accompanying table and
also further on, on page 130 in the chapter on European Artillery
where other types of foreign guns and howitzers are discussed.
Frenc . German.
FIG . 15.-75-mm . field gun, model 1917, British.
The above ranges are taken from the provisional range table for
the 4.7-inch gun, model 1906, dated April 22, 1918 .
Maximum elevation.-By sinking the trail and using a hand quad-
rant the maximum possible range at all elevtion of 41 degrees is
obtained .
13cration, i1 defirces .
Projectile . Range (meters) .
60-pound -------------- -
shrapnel___-__ __ _ - __ 11,600
-----------------
l55M.M. HOWITZER
MODEL OFl9/d
5CHNFIOER
i7UP HlN6£ LUG
O
LEVELING PLATES
'7000IYTER-WEIOHT SCREWS
TUSE/
JACKET
COUNTER-KEIGHT GROOVES
LEVELING PLATES
BORE CHAMBER
~~\\\\\\\\\
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57
FIELD ARTILLERY. ;jc)
58 ORDITANCE DATA .
8-INCH HOWITZER .
One artillery supply truck.
One tractor with 6-horse reel and cart. Types used .-The 8-inch howitzer which was manufactured for
Two antiaircraft machine guns.
the American Expeditionary Forces both in the United States and
Three motor cars.
One reconnaissance motor car. in England by the British Government . was made in several
Twelve motorcycles with side cars. types. The Mark VI has a lower muzzle velocity and con-
sequently a shorter range than the Mark VII . It is of built-up con-
Sources of supply.-Orders for the 155-mm . howitzer early were
[)laced both in the United States and in France, and in the latter
r struction in contrast with the Mark VII, which has a barrel of wire-
wound construction . The Mark VII in turn has been superseded
country there have been numerous deliveries of the Schneider type
by a Mark VIII-1, as it was found necessary to increase the thickness
to the American Expeditionary Forces . In the United States, once
of the powder chamber walls of the former model, they having
the decision was made to adopt this howitzer, steps were immediately
cracked in proof firing. The walls of the Mark VI type are of satis-
taken for extensive production. This required the construction and
factory thickness .
equipment of numerous factories for work which had not existed
Distribution .-Due to the fact that the Mark VIII 1 howitzer has a
previous to the war, and which required special tools and machinery greater muzzle velocity and consequently a greater maximum range
equipment for constructing both howitzers and accessories .
than the Mark VI by some 15 to 20 per cent, the Mark VIII;; is the
American manufacturers .-In July, 1918, there were 11 concerns en-
preferred type. However, since it was decided that the manufactur-
gaged in the manufacture of 155-mm. Schneider artillery, including
ing resources of Great Britain would be used in conjunction with
the howitzers themselves, carriages, caissons, and limbers . These those of the United States in the manufacture of these howitzers, it
companies were as follows was agreed that the American and British armies would share and
Bethlehem Steel Co-------------------------------- Forgings for howitzers . share alike with respect to the production of each mark, and that
Standard Steel Works Co------------------------- Forgings for howitzers . each Army would be armed with the long and the short range type
Standard Forgings Co---------------------------- Forgings for howitzers.
American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co--------------- Machining howitzers . in the same relative proportions .
-Mesta Machine Co---------------------------------Forgings for recuperators. Supply from England .-At the beginning of the year 1918, the Amer-
Watertown Arsenal ------------------------------ Forgings for recuperators . ican and British Armies in France were each armed with Mark VI
Dodge Bros--------------------------------------- Machining recuperators . and Mark VII 8-inch howitzers in the proportion of three Mark
Mosler Safe Co----------------------------------- Howitzer carriages . VI and one Mark VII, these howitzers being furnished from Eng-
Osgood Bradley Car Co--------------------------- .Howitzer carriages .
Mas1vell Motor Co------------------------------- Howitzer limbers. land. This supply continued to the American Army through the
Ford Motor Co---------------------------------- Howitzer caissons. first half of the year.
In the United States a number of these howitzers were or-
Comparison of Types .-The following summary shows the charac- dered from the Midvale Steel Co. (see frontispiece), and the latter
teristics of four types of 6-inch and 155-mm . (6.1024-inch) howitzers type was adopted, with the contractor being permitted the option
Schneider 155-
United States 6- Vickers 6-inch mm . howitzer Bethlehem 155- of supplying either wire-wound or built-up construction, with the
inch howitzer howitzer car- carriage, model mm . howitzer understanding that the United States Government might request at
carriage model 1917. carriage, model
riage. 1917.
1908, ld`ark I. (U . S.1918.) any time the exclusive adoption of either type.
Necessary accessories .-Special auxiliary equipment items included
11%eight of carriage in firing positron,
pourids ----------------- ._ .____ ._ . .__ .1 7, ,>47 .--,, . . ._ ._ 8,142. . . . ... . . . 7,280 ._ ._ ._ . . . .i 8,800. in one 8-inch howitzer battery are as follows :
weight o.` carriage with limber in tray-
elfng position.. . . ... . . ... . .. . pounds . 8,610 . .... . . . .. 9,262. . . . ... . . . 8,194 . . . .. . . . . . 10,100.
Weight of projectile. . . . . . .. . . .. . . do ._ ._ 90 and 120.__._ 100. . . . ..... . . . 95 . ..... .. . . . . . 95 . Four 8-inch howitzers, model of 1917 (Vickers, Marls VI) .
Range. ... .. . . ... . . . ... . ... . . .. . yards_ . 9,000and 6,700. 10,000 --------- 13,100 .______ ._ 10,936 . Four 8-inch howitzer carriages, model of 1917 (Vickers, Mark VI), complete,
Muzsle velocity, ----- .ieet per second_ . 900-1,150------ 1 ;240 . . . ... .. . 1,4920-1,480_ .._ . 1,600.
Elevation . . . . ... . . ... . . . .. . . .do;rees__ . r40. . . ... .. . . . 0to15_ . ._-. . .._~ Oto42.: .__.___ Ito10. with sight gear, panoramic sight, dial sight, and range quadrant.
Total traverse_ . .------.---------- do.- .- 6___ . . . ... .. . . . 8. . ._ ._ ._ . . ... . 6._ . . ._ .___ . .. . 40. Four 8-inch howitzer carriage limbers, model of 1917 .
Type ofrecoilmochanism. ._ ._ . . ._ . . .. . Variable length Variable length Variable length VariaLlelength .
TVoeofcounterrecoilmechanism . . . .. . . Springs . ..... Hydrop n e u- Hydro pn e u- Hydro p n e u -
matic. matic. matfc.
Four S-inch howitzer firing platforms, model of 1917 .
Initial pressure incotmterrecofisystem, .. . . . . .. . . ..... . 600. . ... .. . . . .. 440. . . . . . . ... . . 450. Four 120-horsepower tractors (20-ton) .
pounds persquare inch .
Type of breech obturation . . . . .. . _.. . . ..~ Powdercase . .. Plastic pad.. .. Plastic pad. . .. Plastic pad.
Twelve ammunition-carrying trucks.
Type of spade. .. . . . ... . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . ~ Folding . ... .. . Fixed .___ . ._ . . Folding_ ._ . . ._I Driven . Eight 3-ton trucks (personnel) .
FIELD ARTILLERY. 6 1
Weight of powder charge . . . . ... . . . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101bs .,12ozs. 116 pounds
Powder charge (number of increments)- . .... . . . . . . .---- .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Maximum muzyle velocity (feet per second).-- . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... .-- . . . . . . . . 1, 30D l, 525
Maximum range (yards) . .... . . .. . . . . ..... . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,500 12,100
Approximately .
60
62 ORDNANCE DATA . FIELD ARTILLERY . 63
nall.v by the breech bushing . which is screwed into the rear end o t
the jacket . The bushing is also prepared for the reception of the
breechblock. The breech ring is screwed and shrunk over the jacket
at the rear.
Characteristics.-The breech niechamsin is so arranged that by par-
tially revolving the operating lever the breechblock is unlocked and
the block with the gas-check pads and disks withdrawn from the
seating in the chamber. The breech mechanism can then be swung
into the loading position by means of a handle on the rear face of
the breechblock . The breech is closed by a parallel screw having
five portions of the screw thread removed longitudinally, each one-
tenth of the circumference . The main characteristics of the Vickers
92-inch howitzer, Mark I are indicated in the accompanying table,
giving the more important dimensions. and the weight of the guns.
The differences between the Mark I and Mark II howitzers will
appear on reference to the table on the following page.
Material-------------------------------------Nickel steel (wire construction)_
Weight of gun with breech mechanisui--------- 6,810 pounds .
Length, total ------------------ ._- -________ .133 .5 inches .
Bore
Caliber_ __-__-______- ___ -__- ._ -__-- 9 .2 inches .
Length ------------------------------------ 121 .5 inches .
Chamber
Diameter -------------------------------- 9 .8 inches.
Length to base of projectile--------------- 8 .1 inches.
Capacity------------------- ___ -- - ____ 660 cubic inches.
Rifling
System ----------------------- .-. ____ _-Polygroove, plain section,
Length (approximate)______ ------------ 110 inches .
Twist------------------------------------ Uniform . 1 turn in 15 calibers.
Number of grooves------------------------ 56.
Firing mechanism ----------------- (Friction T-tube .
l French type percussion
JACKET
NOOP~
TUB£
/iurrrrio om orroor,~o o rr rr o rr~ m oy~~~~~~~'~~'~'~~ BREECIY
R£CE5S
BORE
LIOING CLIP
240/4//V IIOW17-ZER
MODEL OF l4/6
(SCHNElDER)
Fic . 25,-290-mm . howitzer, left SfdC View . 1 :1e~ ai inn 30 degrees (Sohncider) .
FIELD 11trtLLE1CF . 71
Open sight .-Upon the right side of the rotating head, and at-
tached to its cover an open sight is secured for giving quick approxi-
niate directions to the instrument . It consists of a bronze plate
bent to shape with projecting anus at either end, each arm contain-
ing a hole. A bronze knee is soldered to the interior of the front
projecting arin over the center of the hole, so as to form a sight for
quick sighting.
Azimuth circle .-The shank forms the body for the instrument and
provides a seat for the azimuth-circle hood which houses the azimuth
mechanism, which connects it with the rotating head. The rotating
prism mechanism sets inside the shank, and is so geared through the
azimuth mechanism that the rotating head revolves twice as fast
as the rotating prism. There are 64 gradations on the azimuth cir-
cle. One complete turn of the azimuth micrometer causes the azimuth
circle to revolve through the space of one graduation. The azimuth-
circle micrometer is graduated with 100 divisions representing mils
on its circumference, numbered every 10 mils. Thus each of these
gradations represents one sixty-four one-hundredths of the circum-
ference, or 1 mil . As the azimuth micrometer may be turned inde-
pendently of the worm, it can be so set as to be used for a counting
device .
Lens system .-The elbow which screws into the bottom of the
shank contains the lower reflecting prism, the reticule cell, the
achromatic field lens, and eye lens. The reticule cell has engraved
on it a mil scale on its horizontal cross line and the vertical line is
plain .
Differences in type .-The 1915 model is practically the same as the
1917, except for mechanical changes in the azimuth worm and
elevation worm, and no counting device, but a deflection dial.
Adjustment.-Allowance is made for adjusting and cleaning the
1904 model in the field, but in the two later models the instruments
are sealed and no adjustment is made except by specially trained
men of the Ordnance Department . The 1904 model has no pro-
vision for elevating the rotating head prism, and mechanically is
quite different., though optically the same as the later models .
FIRE-CONTROL INSTRUMENTS .
Battery commander's telescope, model of 1915.-The battery com-
niander's telescope, model of 1915, is a binocular, periscopic,
sterescopic, telescopic observation instrument of the scissors
type. The telescope has a magnification power of 10 and an
actual field view of four degrees fifteen minutes . It has a clear
aperture of 1 .78 inches . The whole instrument is designed
throughout with a view of overcoming all possible lost motion
and wear, so as to enable the taking of the most accurate practical
angular measurements . The objectives of the telescope are 12 inches
70 RIG . 26.-Panoramic sight for U . S . mobile artillery .
72 ORDNANCE DATA . FIELD ARTIILERY. 73
above the eyepieces when the tubes are in the vertical position and Battery commander's periscope, model of 1918 .-The battery com-
slightly over 24 inches apart when the tubes are in the horizontal mander's periscope, model of 1918, is a telescopic periscopic instru-_
position . The interpupillary distance is adjustable when the tubes ment for measuring azimuth angles and adapted for use in the
are in either position . In the left telescope there is a reticule grad- trenches . The periscope is 651 .71 millimeters between the centers of
uated for instantaneous reading of either vertical or horizontal angles . the eyepiece and the objective window. It has magnification power
This is used primarily for determining the position relative to a known of 6 and a field view of 6 degrees. It has an exit pupil of approxi-
point at which a burst takes place. The telescope is mounted on an mately 5 millimeters.
azimuth mechanism through an elevating worm and worm wheel. The optical parts of the' instrument are contained in a cylindrical
The azimuth mechanism has the standard graduations for fire- case pivoted near its center about a horizontal axis perpendicular
control instruments and is equipped with a micrometer screw, so to the line of sight. The bracket supporting this case is attached to
that very accurate readings are obtainable. The azimuth mechanism the top of the azimuth mechanism.
is mounted on the tripod proper through a ball-and-socket joint. The azimuth mechanism, the same as that of the battery com-
This ball-and-socket joint, together with a universal spirit level mander's telescope, has the standard graduations for fire-control
mounted on the top of the azimuth mechanism case, enables the quick instruments, and is equipped with a micrometer screw to permit the
leveling of the azimuth mechanism for the obtaining of accurate taking of accurate readings .
readings . The tripod is the standard wood and steel tripod, model The azimuth mechanism is mounted on the tripod proper through
of 1919, used for fire-control instruments. a ball-and-socket joint, which, together with a universal spirit level,
Mounted above and between the eyepieces of the telescope is the which is attached to the top of the azimuth mechanism case, enables
angle of site level. It has the standard angle of site graduations the quick leveling of the azimuth mechanism in order to obtain
and is equipped with micrometer worm for obtaining accurate read- accurate readings .
ings. The telescope is carried in a substantial leather case, which is The tripod model of 1919 is the standard wood and steel type used
fitted with a leather carrier and strap for carrying it on the saddle. by Field Artillery fire-control instruments. The tripod and tripod
The tripod and tripod mount (azimuth mechanism) are carried in a mount (azimuth mechanism) are carried in a leather container, con-
leather container. This container consists of two reinforced leather sisting of two reinforced leather hoods held together by heavy straps
hoods, held together by heavy straps and fitted with a shoulder- and fitted with a shoulder-carrying strap.
carrying strap. The periscope and bracket are carried in a specially designed light
Periscopic azimuth instrument, model of 1918 .-The periscopic azi- fiber carrying case, provided with a leather strap for carrying over
muth instrument, model of 1918, is designed for measuring horizontal the shoulder.
angles and for observation purposes . It is designed principally for Aiming circle, model of 1916 .-The aiming circle, model of 1916, is
trench warfare. It differs from azimuth instruments of earlier a, telescopic instrument for measuring azimuth and site angles . The
design in that the optical system is so arranged that the telescope is telescope of the aiming circle has a power of magnification of ap-
vertical, which permits the greater part of the instrument and also proximately 4 degrees and an actual field view of 10 degrees.
the observer to remain under the protection of a shield or parapet. The instrument consists primarily of a small telescope, compass
The principal parts of the instrument are the periscope, the mount and azimuth mechanism, with a micrometer worm, having the stand-
with the azimuth and slow motion mechanisms, and the tripod . The ard fire-control graduations ; and angle of site level, with a worm
periscope, which has a total reflection prism in front of the objective, micrometer for accurate reading. The aiming circle mount (adjust-
has a field of view of 6 degrees and a magnifying power of eight ing mechanism) is mounted on a standard Field Artillery fire-control
times. The clear aperture of the objective is 2 inches and its focal instrument tripod, model of 1919, and is fitted with ball-and-socket
length 12.4 inches . The periscope is supported by a trunnion band, joint, which, together with a universal spirit level on the instru-
and secured rigidly in any desired position by clamping nuts. The ment, enables the instrument to be quickly set up on uneven ground .
mount carrying the periscope provides means of leveling the instru- A stand is issued with the aiming circle . One edge of this stand
ment as well as support, and means of imparting motion in a hori- . forms a straight edge which permits the instrument to be used as an
zontal plane, and scales accurately to determine this motion . The alidade for sketching or reading maps.
reticule and azimuth circle are illuminated by small electric lights The whole instrument is designed for the overcoming of all pos-
supplied with current from a storage battery governed by a rheostat . sible lost motion and wear, so as to enable the taking of the most
74 ORDNANCE DATA . FIELD ARTILLERY . 75
accurate, practical, angular measurements . In the top of the instru- in, the center of the ruler are scales, different for each gun and
ment is a needle compass for measuring the magnetic azimuth angle. class of ammunition, for determining heights the projectile will
The aiming circle, mounted on the stand, is carried in a small sub- clear at given distances.
stantial leather case fitted with convenient straps for carrying it Firing board, model of 1917 .-The firing board for Field Artillery,
either on the belt or slung over the shoulder . The tripod mount and model of 1917, is a zinc-covered plotting board, 30 inches long and 20
tripod are carried in a leather container. This container consists of inches wide. It is fitted on the underside with pockets for carrying
two reinforced leather hoods, held together by heavy straps and necessary drawing instruments for plotting and Inap making.
fitted with a shoulder-carrying strap. Semicircular protractor, model of 1917.-The semicircular protractor,
One-meter base range finder, model of 1916.-The 1-meter base range model of 1917, made from zylonite, is 0.07 inch thick and 81 inches
finder, model of 1916, is an inverted, single, coincidence, self-con- in diameter, the curved edge being graduated in mils and the
tained 1-meter base, stereoscopic, telescopic instrument for deter- straightedge being graduated in the metric system . Two of these
mining ranges. It has a magnification power of 15 degrees and an protractors are issued with each of the firing boards, model of 1917.
-ictual field view of 3 degrees. The exit pupil is one-tenth inch . Slide rule, model of 1917 .-The slide rule, model of 1917, is an instru-
The range readings are in meters. ment for the rapid solution of triangles. The scales of the rule
Essential parts.-The instrument consists principally of a seamless represent the logarithms of angles and distances. One of these
steel tube, containing the optical and range finding parts, the mount rules is issued with each firing board, model of 1917.
(azimuth mechanism), tripod, adjusting bar, and carrying cases. 24-inch straightedge .-The 24-inch straightedge, made from zylo-
The range finder is mounted on the mount by means of a quick- nite, is 0.07 inch thick, 2 inches wide, and 24 inches long .
locking mechanism. The mount consists principally of the support, Prismatic compass, model of 1918 .-The prismatic compass, model of
elevation-worm case, elevation worm, elevation-worm wheel, eleva- 1918, is an instrument for obtaining clinometer and magnetic azi-
tion-worm wheel support, azimuth adjusting lower worm case, muth readings . The compass proper is mounted on a tripod, model
azimuth-worm wheel, azimuth worm, and angle of site mechanism . of 1918, by means of a ball-and-socket joint, which enables the in-
The support is secured to the elevation-worm case by means of strument to be quickly set up and leveled. The clinometer, which
clamping screws . The elevation-worm case is fashioned to receive is an accurately balanced, sensitive instrument, is actuated by
the elevation worm, and it is fastened to the elevation-worm wheel gravity. Both the clinometer and the compass dial have the stand-
by means of the elevation-worm case bearings, forming a hinge about ard Field Artillery fire-control graduations. The compass and its
which, by means of the elevation worm, the instrument can be ele- tripod are carried in a small leather case, which is fitted with a
vated or depressed to ascertain the angle of site by means of the shoulder strap.
angle of site mechanism, which is fixed to the elevation-worm case. . Sitogoniometer, model of 1918 .-The sitogoniometer is a pocket in-
The elevation-worm wheel is fastened to the elevation-worm wheel strument used for rapid approximate measurements at any time
support by means of the worm-wheel bearing, forming a hinge, about when a more accurate instrument is not available. It is used for
which the instrument can be rotated from the horizontal to the measuring the angle of site, determining the minimum range that
vertical when used in measuring the range of objects whose dis- will clear the mask, and measuring azimuth ; the readings are in mils.
tinctive lines run horizontal. A clamp is provided for clamping the The sitogoniometers are marked with range scales on the body.
instrument at any desired angle between vertical and horizontal. The scale on the edge of the case is 1 to 80,000. The sitogoniometers
The azimuth and angle of site mechanisms have the standard Field vary for each size of gun.
Artillery fire-control graduations and are provided with micrometers Zinc square .-A zinc square stamped from a sheet of zinc 0.022
for accurate readings . inch thick has a longer arm, approximately 44 inches _long, and
The range finder is carried in a heavy cylindrical leather case, shorter arm, approximately 34 inches long, each arm being approxi-
which is reinforced with steel. The tripod mount, tripod, and ad- mately 11 inches wide . It has three scales, two on the inner edge of
justment bar are carried in a separate reinforced leather case . the square, each graduated from 0 to 1,000, and an outer scale gradu-
Battery commander's ruler, wooden .-The battery commander's , ated from 0 to 2,000 on a scale of 1 to 20,000 . The zinc square is
ruler is a simple instrument for the quick and approximate deter- used in connection with the grid maps for accurately locating a point.
mination of angles . It consists of a wooden ruler and cord . On The 12-inch semicircular protractor.-The 12-inch semicircular pro-
the, outer edges of the ruler are scales for determining angles, while tractor is divided on its straight edge metrically and on its circum-
76 ORDNANCE DATA .
FIELD ARTILLERY. 77
ference in mils, there being two sets of figures running in opposite
TABLE 5.-Fire-control equipment, divisional artillery.
directions .
1Total fire-control equipment for a regiment of 75-mm. gun, 4.7-inch gun, 1.55-mm . howitzer, horsed and
12-inch rule .-Tile 12-inch rule has a straight edge indented for motorized .J
use on plotting boards, maps, and wherever required . ORDNANCE MATERIAL.
Observation circle, model 1918 .-The observation circle is used to
measure horizontal angles. It consists principally of a semicircular
wooden table, semicircular zinc protractor, field-glass support, and a
tripod . The table provides a semicircular support for the field
glass. It is pivoted to the tripod vertical spindle. The semicircular
B.C. telescope, Model 1915, tripod, cases, accessories. . . . . . . . . . ' 2' 1 15 16' 1
zinc protractor is graduated in mils on both sides for the quadrants Aiming circle, tripod, and cases (Model 1916) ..- . . _ . . . _ . . . . . .., 1' 1 9. 10 0
of a circle. One side reads from zero to 1,600 and 4,800 to 6,400 ; Observation telescope monocular, tripod, and cases ._ . . .- . . . . . 1'. 1 9; 101 1
B. C. periscope, Model 1918, tripod, and cases - . . .------------ . 22-62-1 1 2 12 . 14 0
Range finder, 1-meter base, tripod, and cases . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 22-44-1 1' 10! 0
the other side is graduted from zero to 1,600 and 1,600 to 3,200. All Sitogoniometer and case . . ... . . . . . . . . ........ .. .... . . . . . . . . ... 22-78 2
1
1
9,
15 16 ! 1
readings increase in a clockwise direction. The field-glass support Observation circle with field-glass sup ort, tripod, and cases . . 22-88 2 1 15 : 16! 1
Prismatic compass, tripod, and cases Model 1918) .. . . . ... . . . . 22-53-1 2 2 18 20 2
Firing board, 50 by 76 cm ., zinc covered, with waterproof cover 22-.57-1 2 16 0
is pivoted to the semicircular table and rotates on the face of the Ruler, xylonite or zinc, 60 cm ., graduated . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ~. 22-86-1 2
1
1
15
15 16 1
zinc protractor . It consists of a rectangular base upright and a Protractor, zinc, semicircular, in mils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . 22_8C l 2 1 15 1 16 1
Squares,zinc . . . . . . . .. . . ., ._ . . . . . .. . . ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-86-1
22-86--l 2 2 is ;, 20 2
B.C .ruler, wooden, with string ----- __ . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , 29-36-1 10 90 1 100 10
field-glass bracket. The base is provided with a vernier graduated Strings, extra, for R. C.ruler . .- . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ._ ; 22-36-1 Si
10
8 72 i 80 : .4
Steel tape,30-meter . . . . . .- ., .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . ..... . ., ._ .I 1~ 2 12 14 1
for 1-mil readings. The field-glass bracket is arranged to hold Slide rule, Model 1917, for solution of triangles, and case . ., . . . 22-54-1 1 1 9~ lo 1 1
Time interval recorders, chains, and shock absorber, . . . . .- . . . 22-90 .1 3 3 27 30 3
the binoculars in a fixed relation to the upright. Flash lights, with hoods. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ,_ . ..., . . ... .. . . . . . . . , : 14-4-17 5 5 45 50 ! 5
Flash lights, without hoods.. ., . ., ....... .- .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-17 16 16 144 160 i 16
Rocket board, model 1918 .-This is a wooden board 2 feet square with Aiming posts. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . (1) 12 0 72 72 0
$ticket board. . . .. . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . 22-89 2 1 15 16 0
a circle outlined on its upper surface and a steel arrow pivoted at Sobs staffand field glass support ......... .. .. .... . . . . . . . .. , 22-87 3 1 21 22 3
e sheets, 50 by 76 cm., for maps . .... .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . (1) 4 2 30 32 4
the center. The circle is graduated at regular intervals of 50 mils ?tiitractor, celluloid, semicircular (Model 1917) ... . . . . . . . . . . . 22-56-1 3 3 27 30 3
and numbered for every 200 mils, increasing in a clockwise direction - '9 cells , No .,6 extra for lighting device and case -------- __-- ' 1"f477 16 0 96 96 0
. .kdi
, an carrernantry----------------_-------
(If) _,_ . ._---- 2 2 18 20 2
!ty cells, batteries, extra forflash lights, and case__.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 30 270 300 30
reading from zero to 3,200 for each semicircle . A metal plate is
fixed to the center of the board. This plate is drilled and threaded SIGNAL CORPS MATERIAL .
to take the thumbscrew on which the arrow swings . The plate is
secured to the face of the board with three screws . Three screws Accumulators, 4-volt, 100 ampere hours .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 0~ 2 2 2 2
Accumulators, 40-volt, 3 ampere hours . . . . . . . . . .,_. . . . . 01 2 ; 2I 21 2
are supplied for securing the board to a post or other type of mount. Batteries, dry, No .6 . . . . . . . . . , . . ..... ..-------------------
. ., . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amplifiers 3 terminal, French . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . ------- , -- .
0 9 ' 9 12 4
0'. 1 1 i 1
A pocket of olive-drab cotton duck is provided and secured to the
lj
.Batteries. hverready No . 703,extra . . . . . . . .------ ,_ ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ._ . 6 12 1 48 52 12
Bells, vibrating, 50 ollm, or equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6! 6 8~ 2
bottom of the board. This pocket carries the arrow, screws, and tar- Carts, wire, hand (Brouette Doroulense) . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .---- . . . . . . ., .- .
Books, field message . . . . . . --1- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 3 ; 9 101 3
0 25 ( 25 25 1 100
gets when the board is not in use. The steel arrow has an open sight. Cases, battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Climbers, with straps airs) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
1 2 8 9 h
1 1 3 9 10
A thumbscrew attached to the center of the arrow secures it to the Clips, testing; Muller, Universal, or Frankel ... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
Fuses, 1 ampere, for 4 and 12 line hoards
8 18 66 72 18
24 24 168 180 24
metal plate in the center of the board. This thumbscrew is not de- Field glasses fluet,6 power (pairs) . . .. .----- . . .---------------
Headsets, terephone.- . . . ..., . .- . . . . . . . .- ._ .. . .. ._ . . . . ._
. . .- . ._-----------
. . . . . .__1
. . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . .-',
8 21 . 69 74 11
4 9i 33~ 34' 0
tachable from the arrow, but is arranged to allow perfect rotation Insulators, wooden knob . . . . . . . . ... .-_ . . .._ . . ._ . . . ._ . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . .'
Flag kits, combination, standard ..... .. . . _ . _ . . .. . .
00 ! 100 1 700 i; 700 1 100
.. 12 50 1 122 137 ; 16
when secured in place. The targets are small white wooden pegs Inspector's pocket kits
Eledtrician's knives . . . ---------------------------------------
' . ---- --- .-_. -----------
. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------ . . . . ... . . . . . . .
. . . . ._ . 3 6 1 24 26 .', 6
4 8 32 . 36 1 0
and are placed in the different holes on the graduated circle . MOF,aphoncs.. . . . . . . . . .--.. . . . . . . . . ._ . .. ._ . . .__ . . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . .. . . .'
Nails forfnsulators. .._ . . . . .-_ . .....--- ._ . . ._ . . .- . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .--. .-,i
2 3 15 I 16 0
Panels, Artillery brigade, black. . . . . . .- . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _, 00 100 700 700 100
The rocket board is used by the battery to locate the point from Panels, Artillery brigade white _. . ._ . . .--_ . . ._ . .-- . . . .,--_ .
0 1 0 0~ 0 1
which a rocket has been fired in order that a barrage may be es- Panels, Artillery type, white . .. .. . :. . .
0~ 01 01 0' 1
31 3' 4+ 0
Panels, Artillery type, black.. ------ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
_ . . . _ _ . . . . _ . . . . . - . . , . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ _ 0~
0~ 31 31 4 0
tablished in that sector . The board is placed 20 meters in front of Pliers, side cutting, 8-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '
Poles, vectional bamboo (2 section, 2 m. each) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----. . . . . . , 2~ 61, 18~ 20 6
0~ 6, 6 8; 6
the center of the battery. The front edge of the board is divided Projectors, 24 em ., with batteries . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . --- _ - . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Projectors, 14. .cm
0 10 10 1 13 5
cases.... .. .. ., 3-inch case, . . . . complete with battery and
1 Commercial,
78 ORDNANCE DATA . FIELD ARTILLE111 . 7!j
TAM,is 5 .-Fire-control equipment, divisional artiley-CENGIR ontinued 'FABLE 6 .-__Fire-eonlrol equipment, )Army artillery .
MATERIAL . !Total fire~control equipment for a battery and battalion of 155-mm . gun, Finch howitzers (Vickers) Mark
VI and Mark VII; 9.2-inch howitzer (Vickers), Mark I and 11 ; 2-1(Nnm . howitzer (F.chneider) .)
Total regi- b
a ORDNANCE MATERIAL .
0a ment . 17 Nc.
b vi Class
UU m c". Battal-
and Battery. ion.
tic C division.
C :=1 q
Prismatic compass ------------------- . .------- --------------- .- .------ . 22-53 2
Alidade, Brass, open sight, leveling- . . . . ----- . . --- . --- . - . - . - . 1' 3 9 10 1 30-meter steel tape -------------------- -------------------------- - . . . . . (1) 2
Ali la , to, miniature telescopic, with deelinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 0 Arms, metal, I meter long graduated . 1/20000------------------------ - . 22- 5 3
Alidade, periscope .. ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0; I 1i 3 0 Azimuth instrument . . . . .. . . . . . . . :--------------------- . . . . . . .------ .- . 22-77 2
Abney,clinometer-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- . . . . . .- l1 3 9 10 I Periscopic azimuth instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2280 21
Clinometer, telescopic, with slide rule ------ -- . . . . .- -- 1I 3 9 10 0 Protractor, metal, 6-inch radius, graduated, mils ------------------- . . . .- 22 86 21
Planetable, IS by 24, tripod attachment, fiber case, waterproof Aiming rule . . . . . . .. . . . . .__ . ._ . . . . . ._ ._ . .- . . . ._ . . . . .. . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . ------ 5
cover_ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 to I Batteries, extra for flashlights ._ . .- . . . . .- . . . . . .- . .-- . .--- . . .-- _-- . . . . . (') -- 18 I6
Planetable, 16 by 16, tripod attachment, fiber case, waterproof I Wilson computing device------------------------------------------ .. . . .. .M...... 1 l
cover .--------------- .-------------------------------------- il . 3 9~I 0 0 Bulbs . extra for flashlights ---- .---------- .-------- .-------------- . . . . . . . 4 .
Tripod, extonsion leg Gurley- movement, with case . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 0 0 Flashlights, electric ---------------------- . ... . . ._ . . . . . . . . 0) 9
Tripod, extension leg, Johnson movement, with case . . . . . . . . . 'I 3 9 I Rangetables.. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ 12 1:
z2 I 20 1 Range tables abridged ------------------- ----------- .--------- . . . .-- . . . . . . . . -------- 12 12
Declinator with 2 clamp screws . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . 6I 18 20 B. C .telescope .. . .--------------------- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-39 1
Drawing m3truments, (1 pair compasses, extension leg, draw- Stop watches --------------------------- .------ ---------------- . . . - . . . . !`) 6
ing pen and proportional dividers) ------------------- -- .--- 1 3 9 10 1 Plotter aircraft observation ---------------------------- --------- . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Stadia rod, 10-foot,folding . . . .. . . . ---------- . . . . . . . . . . .- -- . . . 1 3 9 10 0 Deviation board . .---------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-93 1
Plumb line.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ci 18 20 1 Aiming circle ------------------------------------ .----------------- - . . . 22-41 2
Scales, pl)tting, 1/20,000 and millimeters . .- . . . . . . . . . . _ .- 3 9 27 30 2
Steel arrow (tally pins, 10 in set) ----------- . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . .- 1 3 9 10 1
Glass, magnifying, pocket ---------- . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . .------ .- 1 3 9 10 1 SIGNAL CORPS MATERIAL .
Chests for topographic equipment ------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 9 10 1
Protractor, xylonite,rectangular .------ . . .- . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 9 10 1
Compass, watch. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C,0 180 200 20 :\niplifiers, comp . three 4-volt and two -f0-volt storage batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ -
Compass, marching . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 39 90 100 10 Axes, hand . . ... . . . . .- . . .. . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . .- . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boards, sketching, with extensiontripod . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . 6 12 14 1 Bags,tools .service . . . ._ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1' t
Ruler, boxwood, triangular, S-inch ------ _ . 6 12 14 1 Bars, digging,standard :_ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
Tally machine . - . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 12 14 1 Batteries, extra, tungsten, tcpe A ----------------_---------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 S
Clinometer,reconnaissance --------- -- .- . . 1 6 12
1,4 14 I1 Batteries, extra, eveready, No . 703.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---------- 24 24
Celluloid sheets- .----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----- . . . . . .-------- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 72 168 12 Batteries . extra, for T. M. signal lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Eraser, pencil, art gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.. . .. . I 6 12 14 1 Bells, vibrating, 110 chin .,15-colt------- - .---------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 2
Eraser, drawinK,rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------ . . . . . . . . . 2 12 24 28 2 Belts, lineman's with safety strap ----------------- - .---------- .------ . .--- . . . . . . --- I,' I
Holders for timing pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 12 14 1 Binding posts. . . . . .__ . ._ . . . .- ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 15 i(I
Thumb tacks, box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------------------- 1 6 12 14 1 Books, field message------------------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to if)
Pencils, drawing. . . . . .- . . . . . . . . .---------- . -------------------------- . . 12 72 144 168 12 Bulbs, extra for flashlight ------------- .--------- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4i 4
Pads, timing . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 24 48 56 4 Cable, 1 pair, lead, km . .- .- . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... 1i 1
Pencils co colored, assorted . . . . .- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----------- 12 72 144 168 12 Cartsree1
. hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..__ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Protractors, pencil point ----------------- - . -------- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 24 48 56 4 Charging sets, 15 and 110 volts ----- .----------- - . . .------------------- . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . __1 1
Knife, steel eraser .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,12 21 28 2 Climbers, pairs with straps ---------- . . . . .. . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Pocket for pencils.. ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 12 14 1 Barometer, grad . millm'ts and ills ---------------------- - . . .------------- ------------ -- --- I 1
Tape, adhesive, rolls ----------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12 24 28 2 Crossarms, 1 m. by 10 em . by 5 cm . . . .------------------------ -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 93
Sand paper pads.. ..-------------------- .---------------------------- . . . . 2 ! 12 24 28 2 Electrolvte,28°Baum6, 10 large carboys --------- .--------- .--------- 1
Paper, drawing, single 24 inch by 5yrdas roll in japanned tube . ----------- 1 3 9 10 1 Envelopes, fleld message . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ... . .--------- - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 500
Chest for sketching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . - 1 6 12 14 1 Flashlights,electric,complete . . . . . . . . .- . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---- __ . . 8
Alidade boxwood,opensight ._ ._ . ._ . . . ._ ._ . . ._ .-. .. .- . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .- . . 1 3 9 10 1 Fuzes. extra. 1 ampere for 4 by 12 line boards ---- .------------- .------ - . 40 40
Planetafile, 24 by 31 inch,tripod attachment, fiber case, waier- Glasses, Field, Huet, Spocver----------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . .- 4 4
proofcover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . .. ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . s 1 '., 0 10 0 Grips, buffalo, No.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . 1
Hammers. sledge ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . .. .___ . . . . .-- . . . . . . . - 2 2
i Issued to 75-mm. battery only . i Not issued to 75-mm. battery. Hydrometers. Bamnd ------------------------------------------------ -------- I 2
Insulators .clamp . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . ._ . .- . . .._ . ._ . . .-- . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------- 16 12
Insulators, pigtail . . .----------------------------------- ----------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . 100 60
Insulators, ponv . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .------------------------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 17
Insulators, wooden knob, French, 2.5 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ 220 220
Insulators . wooden knob, French, 4.5 cm . . . . . .- . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 60!1
Knives,electricians'____ .- . . . . . . .- . . ...- . . . ._- . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . .' . . .- . . . . . . .' 8.i 4
Lamps, signaling type, T. Nt ., French . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Marlin (pounds) --------------------------------- - . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5
Pliers, wire cutting, 8-inch . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . . . . . . . . .I~ 8 8
yiecaphones .- .- ._ . . . . .. . . . . ._ .__ . ._ ._ ..-_- . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. 1 1
Nails.10cm.long, kg------------------------------------------------------- . . . .- . . .I 2 2
Panels . eachside9meterslong,white .----- .- . . .-- . . . .- .- .- . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . .-- .' 1
Panels . each side 9 meters long, black _ . _ . - . - . . -------.----------------- . . . . . . . .'. 11'I 1
Panels . each side 3 meters long, white . .. . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3
Panels, each side 3 meters long, black ------ . ------------ .-------------- -. . . .------------ 3 3
Panels, rectangular (sapinottes), white ---------------------------------- :' . . . .----- . . .I 3 3
Panels . rectangular (sapinottes), black _ . . --------- .-------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3 3
Poles.lance . . ..... ._ . . . . ..--- . ... . ._ . . . . .__ . ._ . . . . .-_ . . . .--.. ._ . .------- ----- . . . . . . .'~ 100 60
. ..~~.,~ ...~, z ., .... ...~ -- tr'i'p . . . . . . . ., . . . . . ._ . . . . .._ .i
Projectors, 35 em ., with batteries . od----------- .-------------------- ------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
.-------------------------- 1i . .
1
Projectors . 14 em . Case . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . .j
Pulley blocks, double W. E. No . 760, 330 . . . _- . . . . . . __ . _----_--------- ------------ -
Proj--------
Railiosets,typeE .,10,complete. . ._ . . . . . . .. ._ . . ._ . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ .! . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .i i
Receicingsets,typeA,complete . . .-_ . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . :: . . . . . . . .- . .I 1 ~. . .-
Reels,breast, French tvpe.. . . . .___ ._ . ._ .- . .___ . .__ . . . ._ . . . .___ . . . . . . . . .'~_ . . . . ._ . .- . .i 1
Ropes, 15-mm. diameter (meters) . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . .
Screw drivers,6-inch .- .- . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . .._ ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . .__- . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . ------- 4 .----
. . . .- .
i Commercial .
ORDNANCE DATA . rrr;r .u al,m .I,lati .
TnB1 .E 6 .-I''ire-control equipment, llrmy artillery-Continued . foci r: ~i . -f'or'e-con.lrol equip'ulent, 11+°nay a.rttillery--hontinued .
SIGN ;tL CORPS MATERI :~L-Continued . ENGINEER CORPF DIATERIAi .-Continued .
Class Class I
Battal-
and ~ Battery. Battal- and I Battery . ion .
division . I ion . i!
division .
I
Screws, lag,lOmm .by l0em .(forerossarms) . ._- ._ . . . .-- .- . .- . .- ------- .- ._-----I 2
Screws, wood, 5 mm . b y 50 mm, (gross)._ . . . . . . . .__ .- . ._ .- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . .,., 300 220 Triangles, 12-inch, 30 and ~i0de~troos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .--- ------ ----- ----~
2 Triangles.6-inch,30and60degrees_ .- . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . .------ .------- .I; . . . .- . .-----i 2 2
Spoons, diggrnK. ._ . . ._ . . ._, . .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1 1 Triangles,l2-incb,95da ;tees_ . . ._ ., . . ., . ._-_ ._-_ . . . . . ._ . . . . . .- . .-- . . . .-~----- .---- 2
Staples insulated, Blake _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .-_ . . .- . . . . .-- .- . . . . . .-y . . . . . . . . . . .--- 2 2
400 660 Trian ties,"~-inrh,d5 de,tees . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . .- . . . . ._ .- . . . . . . . . . . : . .- .- - ._ ._ ._ .j
Switchboard, telephone, 41ine, monotype._ . . . . . .---- . .--- .--- .- .- . . . . . --
Switchboard .telephone,l2-hne,monotype . . . ._---- .- . .--- . . . .- .- . . ._ 2 2 Trigonometry .plane . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . 7
I Ty P ewriter . Corona . .__ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .__-~-~i . . . . . . ._ . I
1
~-~~~
Drawing boards 18 by 24inches ._ ._- . .- . .- .- .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . Pencils .drawing,Venus .9H_ . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . _-- . - . . . . ._ . . . ._ 36 35
11 2
Drawinginstruments_ ._ .__ . ._ ._ . ._ .- . . .- . .-___ . . . .------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pen .,^ils .dramng.Venus,6H
v' . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . - . ~ . . . ._ ._ ._ . 36 36
Engineerfleld manual ._ . .,_ ._ . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
11 1 Pen^,ils,drawing, Venus,3H . .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . 36 36
Ephemeris,Frenchltpos'sibte . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ ._- . . . . .----- . . .-__ ._ . . . .' .- .- . . . . . . . .
1 Pencils, wrisi ng . No . 2 . . . _ . . _- . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . ., . . s4 s6
Geometry_ . . .__ .___ .____ . . . . .__ . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . Penri I points for beam compass . . . _ _ . , . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 34
Johnson'ssurveytn . _ I
Log tables,? place degrees) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ .__-- . . .-- .--- . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . .. ..-. - . . . . . . . . . 1 Pencil points for dividers, . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . .--- ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . 36 36
2 2 Penholders . writing_ ._ . . . . . . ._ ._ . .__- . ._,_ ._- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6
Log tabtes,5 place(grades) . . ._ . . . . .--- .-- .- . ._-- . . .--_---- . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ .- S
2 2 Penholders .drawing . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . ._ .-_ . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . ._ . . . . . . . . .- . . . .__ F
Log tables, 5 place (mils) . _ . . . , . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penholders . crown uII 3 S
62 6 . . . . . . ._ .
Ortentaurofficer'smannal .- ._ . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .-- .- .----_---- . . . . . . .-_ . . . - . .- . . . .__ . . 2 Pens,crowu uil . ._ . . . ._ . . .__ . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . :~_ 14 13
Parallelrulers,l2"inchrolling___ . . . . ._ . . . . ._ .___ . . .---- . .-_, . . ._ . .-_-_ . ., .- - . .-_ 2 Pens, drawing, Gillett No .3o3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- .- . .-- . . .- .- . . ._ . . . . . . . . . 60 fig
Pens,large ._ . . . ._,_ .__ ., . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Pens, medium .~. ._ ._ .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . .. .. .. _ 1 1 Pens, drawing, Gillett No. 170 . . . . . .-___ .-_ .- . .-- . .-- . . .- .- .- . . . . . . .- . . . 24 20
1 1 Pens, drawing, Gillett No .290 . . . ._ ._ . ._ . .__ ._ ._ .- . . . . .- . .- . . .-- . .----- . 24 29
Pens smalt_ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Pens . drawing, Gillett No .4o1 . . . . . . . . . . . ._~ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . .- ._ 60 C,9
Plantmetnrs . .,_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Pens, drawing, Gillett No . 291_ . . . . . . . . . . . --- . . -- . -- 36 30
Prop ordonaldividars . .___ . . . . . . .__-_ ._- .-_ .---- . . .- . .---- . . . 1
. . . . . . ., . . . .
2 1R 16
Protractors,l2inches diameter(degrees) ._ . . . . . . . . .- . . .-- . . .-- . . . .___ . ._ . .,_ ._ . . .___ Reading ;lass,3-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
2 2 1
Protractors,6inches diameter(degroes) . . . . . . ._ . . . . .--- . . . . . . . . .--- . ., . .- _____ Rubber bands(box) .- . . . . . ._-- ._- . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . ._ . .- .- .--- .--- 2
Protract ors, l2 inches diameter(grades) . . .- . . . . . . .-- . .- . . . . . . . . .__ .--_ . 2 2 9
2 2 3andpaper pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . .-_ . .__ . 7
Protractors, 6inchas dlamoter(grades)_ . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . __ .-, . . - .,_ .-_- .- 4
General statement .-The present war has peen the adaptation to mo-
bile mounts of much of the larger artillery which hitherto was asso-
ciated with permanent emplacements. Therefore, there has been not.
only the construction of new guns, howitzers, and mortars to be
placed on wheeled mounts, or in the case of the larger calibers .
mounted on specially designed railway carriages, but also the utili-
zation of various guns previously emplaced in seacoast or other forti-
fications or mounted on naval vessels.
Demand from abroad .-Early in the war a demand for large gun :
and mortars, even for short ranges, came with particular force from
the American Army abroad. - Heavy artillery with proper propor-
tions of guns, howitzers, and mortars was stated by Gen . Pershing
to be absolutely essential for successful operations, and the absence
of these elements might invite failure . Accordingly, as the most
accessible and available materiel of this bind was to be found
mounted in the coast fortifications of the United States, it was
realized that by removing a certain number of the guns, howitzers .
and mortars from their permanent emplacements and preparing im-
provised mounts, something at least could be done to meet the needs
of the American Expeditionary Forces in this respect . There was
developed in this connection a ,well-defined program for spare guns
and mortars, not only to be shipped abroad for replacement purposes
and for additional strength, but also to make good the guns taken
from the forts, at as early a date as possible. Furthermore, it was
found necessary to consider the entire question of the constriietion
of additional heavy ordnance.
Spare guns and mortars-'In the first connection, the experience of
hoth the British and French showed that for each high-powered gun
in action, during contemplated campaigns of two years, a spare gun
eventually must be available for replacement on the same mount. In
c? the case: of mortars it ,vas estimated that one spare mortar should be
provided for each two mortars in action . Consequently it was essen-
tial that an adequal e supply of spare guns and spare tubes be main-
tained in reserve .
q:3 .
LONG- .ltA\Gls ARTILLERY . 815
Production of large guns and howitzers.-Under the assumption that
14-inch guns and 16-inch howitzers must be provided for the oversea
force or for the replacement of seacoast guns taken from coast forti-
fications to be transferred for railway or other mounts for use in
France, there was developed early in the war a complete considera-
tion of the manufacturing situation, which reduced itself largely to
the question of facilities in forging and machining.
Forging.-For the first year of the war, the capacity for manufac-
turing forgings for guns, howitzers, and mortars of large size existed
only at the private plants of the Bethlehem Steel Co. and the Midvale
Steel R Ordnance Co . It was decided to install facilities of this
kind at the Watervliet and Watertown Arsenals, and to provide
important additional sources of supply . A plant was therefore ar-
ranged in the Pittsburgh district, with the cooperation of the United
States Steel Corporation. This was located at Neville Island acces-
sible to fuel supply and ratio materials and here it was proposed to
fabricate the largest guns .
Machining.-Machining facilities at the outbreak of the war ex-
isted only at the plants of the Bethlehem Steel Co., the Midvale Steel
S-, Ordnance Co., the Watervliet Arsenal, and the Washington
Navy Yard. For the guns of smaller calibers, such as the 75-mm .
and 4.7-inch field pieces, it was possible to install machining facilities
at new plants that were established, but the necessary presses, lathes .
,end other machine tools for the large caliber pieces were not as easily
secured.
Problems in big gun manufacture,-The problems in the manufacture
~rf large guns, howitzers, and mortars in the United States depended
on the relative importance of such guns with those of smaller caliber
put under manufacture and required immediately. If the making
of the smaller caliber guns under manufacture could have been sus-
pended, the facilities of the four plants named could have been
diverted to the production of 14-inch and 16-inch howitzers, prefer-
ably the latter, as a munh greater number of this type could have
been turned out in a given time.
Necessary machine tools.-In the construction of guns both large and
small the governing condition seemed to be the securing of adequate
machine tools. Lathes of the sizes suitable for the smaller parts of
these guns could not be procured in quantity_in less than eight months
and the larger lathes could not be procured in quantity for fifteen
months, so the question was whether it was desirable to divert the
tools that were being used for the manufacture of mobile artillery
from that purpose.
Developing facilities .-Ne%v forging capacity on a large scale for
large bins could not be developed under twelve to fourteen months .
and machining capacity in less than from fifteen to eighteen months .
LONG-RA-Mil,
~ :uyriL .WL i .
5-inch and 6-inch seacoast guns .-In response to the urgent demands
from abroad already referred to, 5-inch and 6-inch guns required for
this project were removed from the fortifications and provided with
improvised wheeled mounts for service abroad . Their withdrawal
from the fortifications was approved by the Secretary of War. In
the case of the 5-inch guns, model of 1897, and the 6-inch guns, model
of 1900, the cradles of the barbette carriages on which they were
mounted were retained, but modified for 40 degrees elevation with the
new improvised wheeled mounts. For the 6-inch guns, models of
1903 and 1905, formerly mounted on disappearing carriages, com-
plete new carriages were designed known as the model 1917 to dis-
Y, tinguish them from these just mentioned designated model of 1917A
and the model of 1917 mentioned below.
The design of the mounts was as simple as possible, so as to facili-
tate their rapid manufacture by an inexperienced concern. The maxi-
mum range of these guns is about 18,000 yards, with a normal muzzle
velocity of 2,600 foot-seconds ; an increase of the muzzle velocity of
3,000 foot-seconds would afford a maximum range of approximately
22,000 yards. This muzzle velocity had been attained at the Sandy
Hook Proving Ground . The carriages permit an elevation of 40 de-
grees, but by burying the trail an elevation up to 60 degrees can be
obtained and the guns made available against captive balloons, as
desired by Gen . Pershing. The guns are mounted on a cradle with
86
88 ORDNANCE DATA . LONG-RANGE ARTILLERY . 89
oil cylinders and spring recuperators . No traverse of the guns on the Fire of destruction.-Fire of destruction is delivered by howitzers
carriage is provided, but the carriages can be equipped with spades . and mortars almost exclusively. These are either transported on
Designs, drawings, and specifications were prepared for a firing 60-cm. (23.62 inches) track, or on standard gauge track. There is a
platform and spade for the 5-inch wheel mount, model of 1917, and very high proportion of shots for fire of destruction, and in a period
for the 6-inch wheel mount, models 1917 arid 1917 A and B, and of 14 days along the Chemin des Dames 41,000 shots were fired by
platforms and spades were under production . The platform pro- heavy artillery, including railway artillery, of which number 31 per
vides 50 degrees traverse to the carriage . Work was also under way cent were from howitzers and mortars of 270 mm . or above. Gen.
on the design and test of a 90-pound 6-inch common steel shell to Pershing early cabled that the use of 12-inch mortars was absolutely
obtain maximum range for the 6-inch gun. necessary.
The Navy 6-inch 30-caliber guns required an adaptation of the Counter-battery work .-Counter-battery work is relatively unimpor-
mount just described, the carriage designed for them being known as tant for railway artillery, though it has been carried on by French
6-inch wheeled carriage, model of 1917, type B. This gives a maxi 1.94-mm . and 240-mm. guns with 360 degrees traverse fired from nor-
mum elevaiton of 45 degrees without burying the trail. The gun, mal track without preparation. Heavy tractor-drawn artillery, such
have a normal velocity of 1,950 foot-seconds, and, using a 90-pound as the French 155-mm. Filloux guns, has been developed, so that
projectile, they have an approximate maximum range of 15 .000 except in rare cases counter-battery work by railway artillery will be
yards. unnecessary. The 5-inch and 6-inch United States seacoast im-
Sights .-Each carriage is provided with a shank type of sight. provised_ mounts would be valuable for such work, and the long
mounted on the cradle . The sight mounts the panoramic sight, model ranges over 9 miles for the 5-inch gun and over 10 miles for the 6-
1917, at its upper end. The sight is graduated in degrees and also inch gun-make them especially useful . Being drawn by tractors
in meters . they are naturally more mobile and readily placed than railway
Transport.-Six-inch mounts, except Type B, are provided with a mounts .
transport vehicle, in which the, gun is carried when it is transported. Fire of interdiction .-Fire of interdiction is the function of the
These batteries are completely motorized, and the necessary motor long-range, high-powered railway guns in which range and traverse
trucks and tractors are also provided. are most important. These elements were necessary to cover a tremen-
dous area in the rear of the German lines, especially villages and rail-
RAILWAY ARTILLERY.
ways where such fire is least expected, so as to prevent bringing up
General.-Tong with the demand for motor transport for all artil- supports and to interfere with transportation . The guns are placed
lery with which it could be used, the war developed to an extent never within a shori distance of the rear of the lines, and the heaviest bat-
before realized the importance of railway artillery whereby large teries of railway artillery are frequently located not more than 4
guns could be moved to desired points . With the increase of regular miles from the front in order to secure the inaximum field of fire
and narrow gauge railway lines essential for the supply of an army <u~d long range . Such location makes concealment necessary, as the
came also the use of railway track for bringing up the heavier guns, railway artillery is within range of the lighter artillery or even the
so that with the exception of a comparatively small number of guns Field Artillery of the enemy. The 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch railwa .i
permanently emplaced for long range fire or for defensive operations mounts are mainly used for fire of interdiction .
the greater part of the heavy artillery was mounted on some form of 7-inch railway project.-The original 6- and 8-inch railway gun cars,
railway carriage. With this increased mobility and increased facili- model of 1918, were used for mounting some 7-inch mounts secured
ties for handling heavy guns, howitzers, and mortars, a special use of from the Navy . These particular railway mounts were gotten out
railway artillery developed. for use along the coast in antisubmarine coast defense %vork. The
Fire of railway artillery .-The fire of railway artillery guns in- main features of this railway artillery are the 7-inch Navy gun
cludes mounts, the adapter casting, and the gun car.
(a) Fire of destruction against enemy positions usually well pro- Gun mount.-This gun carriage is a pedestal type carriage, having
tected by earth, timber, and concrete . 360 degrees traverse and 15 degrees elevation. The mount is known
(b) Counter-battery work . as the 7-inch Navy mount, Mark 11, Model III. The guns are
(c) Fire of interdiction on railways, railway stations, canton- known as the Navy 7-inch 40-caliber gun, Mark IT. The muzzle veloc-
ments, roads, and other arteries of traffic. ity of this gun is 2,700 foot-seconds and the range at this velocity is
!lll fli ;fX5 :1Nc'E .
DATA
1,()N( ;-U_1SGh _1P'CLLLL:.iil .
those used on the 8-inch railwav mount in so far as their strut> and
floats are concerned . The attachment of the outriggers to the car
body is different, however, in that a bracket casting having a pivoted
joint is Used in place of the ball-and-socket joint as described later
for the 8-inch railwav gun car. The bracket casting with its hinge
portion is so designed that it can swing out at right angles from the
car body . It is necessary to put out all four outriggers in firing this
mount, and the angle at which the struts stand with respect to the
car body is dependent, of course, upon the angle of traverse of the
. No clamps of any nature are used with this mount. As in
bin
the case of the 8-inch car, model of 1918, Mark I, the trucks are not
withdrawn at any time in maneuvering the mount. A loading plat-
form is also provided at the breech end of the car, which is designed to
receive the ammunition from the ammunition car and to transport
it front that position to the breech of the gun . This loading platform,
however, can be used only when the gun is in the same straight line
as the tray of the loading platform . These cars are provided with
FiG. 30 .-7-inch Navy railway moron, model of 1918 .
both hand and air brakes and M. C. B. draft gear and couplers. The
trucks are the Pennsylvania standard 50-ton trucks, having 5~ by
approximately 17,000 yards. The recoil of the gun is 19 inches and 10 inch hl. C. B. journals . The entire weight of this amount is ap-
the carriage embodies all the general characteristics of a navy mount proximately 170,000 pounds . The car is so designed that the out-
of this caliber. riggers can be folded back against the car sides and the outrigger
Adapter casting .-Ir1 order to mount this gun carriage on the rail- equipment, such as spades, foot plates, and so on, can be carried on the
way car it was necessary to utilize existing bolt holes in the car body of the car, to which they are securely lashed . No narrow-gauge
underframe, and raise the center line of the trunnions so that the equipment. is provided for this project, but each gun car is equipped
muzzle of the gun would have sufficient clearance above the car with in aininimition car for transporting 7-inch Navy ammunition .
platform. A pedestal adapter casting was therefore designed, which Furthermore as they were intended for use exclusively in the United
accomplishes the two objects just named . The gun carriage is, of States it was not necessary to furnish European types of couplings
course, mounted on this casting and is secured firmly thereto by means :ls for other mounts. The usual outfit of tools and accessories and
of holding-down bolts. These adapter castings are of special design spares are provided the same as in the 8-inch project.
and weigh in the neighborhood of 13 ;000 pounds each . 8-inch railway artillery project.-This project consists of standard
Railway gun car, model 1918 .-This car represents the first design of gauge railway cars upon which 8-inch barbette carriage with their
the Ordnance Department for gun cars, utilizing several calibers of guns are mounted, and auxiliary cars and trucks of both standard and
guns and mortars. The car is of a drop-frame type and is raised narrow gauge. Work on the carriages and cars and trucks was vigor-
and lowered by means of hydraulic jacks working through the body ously undertaken and the pilot 8-inch railway mount was sent to
bolsters of the underframe . The mount does not use any firing plat- Aberdeen for test on June 6, 1918 . By the end of 1918, 24 units of
form, but the drop portion of the underframe is lowered onto the S-inch railway artillery together with ammunition cars and acces-
rails for firing . In the transport position the car is raised approxi- sories had been completed and were ready for use. A more detailed
mately 6 inches above the top of the rails. The hydraulic jacks are discussion of the various elements of this project is given herewith.
unique in their construction in that the ram of the jack forms the 8-inch railway car, model of 1918, Mark I.-This car is a drop-frame
pintle of the trucks . The side bearings, which of course must be
raised and lowered with the underframe, are automatically moved type with structural steel underframe mounted on Pennsylvania
by means of a rack and pinion arrangement operated when the ram Railroad standard 70-ton trucks . The car is equipped with air
is raised or lowered. The pump for the jack is separate and mounted brakes as well as hand brakes, and is provided with French State
on the car body so that it will not interfere with maneuvering the standard screw couplers and buffers. Outriggers and floats are also
piece. The outriggers, four of which are provided, are the same as provided for the purpose of taking up the shock of recoil .
() Lt l 1 V :\ S l' F. 14\'r .\ I,()\ll-I1ASUI1: AIITIIIII1F:IZY . 93
. 31 .-S-inch railway mount, model of 1918, showing firing platform formed by crossties laid on
;
Ft,
H-beams .
100
LONG-RANGE ARTILLERY . 10 3
104
106 ORDNANCE DATA .
-Drawing. m
a .
~ O ~ N ~ y OU
_ > c
Eh0^
m ~. C
1 teal o mN °~~ o~
j j z my o
ma
ab
a
.. c7 cs ~b <a~
qo o o
,y m
Ea
o~ ~c~ am am d
a a
m ;
~ ~
dam
~n
0
E bin
c~ I0 >
Q q CIO, z z z 1z
-
Aiming, rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i0- . 4 1 _
Arm, metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A
. . .. . 3 . . 3. .... . I I 50
Azimuth instrument, model o f 1918 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 22 77 1 3096 2 . .. . . 2 ----- 16 3. 0
Azimuth instrument, instrum ent case . . . . . . . . . . . 22 77 1 3096 2 . .. . . 2 . . . .-~ 16 3 d
cn
Azimuth instrument, telescopa carrying case . . . . 22 77 1 3096 2 . .. . 2 ----- 16 3
Azimuth instrument, tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 22 ! 77 , 1 3096 2 . .. .. 2 --- 16 3
Azimuth instrument, tripod carrying case . . . . . . . : 22 77 j 1 3096 2 . 2 -_ 16 3 3
0
Azimuth instrument,storage battery I . . . .------ ' .- . . . .... . 2 . .... 2 - .-_ 16 3
Azimuth instrumeat, replac ement part set for I ,
190 instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 "4 2 _ _ ----- . --- . . o
_ ._-
Azimuth instrument, periseopie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~~ 22 80 1 3100 -2 -- . .-3.
Azimuth instrument, penscopic,instrumentcase 22 80 1 3100 2 ----- 2 ----- 16 3,
Azimuth instrument, periseo lie, telescopechest .~ 22 80 1 3100 2 ----- 2 . 16 3. ON
Azimuth instrument, periseo Ffc, tripod , . .- j 22 80'1 1 3100 2 . .. .. 2 16 3
Azimuth instrument, penscopic, tripod carrying .....
case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' 22 80 1 3100 2 .- 2 -- . . 16 3
Azimuth instrument, periscopic,storagebattery ~- .- . 2 .. 2 . ... . 16 3~
Azimuth instrument, penscopic, replacement a
part set for 100 instr aments - . 27 54 1 . . . .. . _ 0
Battery, ettrastorage for ele ~triclantern L . . . . - .- .- 9 - . . . 8 ----- --78
Battery charging switchboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10 1 1 ... 1 . _ 6_ 1'
Batter charging switchboar, I replacement part
set for 100 instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 .54 i 3 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . a
-
Compass, prismatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 22 53 i 1 ... .-3~ a
Compass, prismatic, carrying case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 53 1 ... 2 . - 2 1 17_ 3,
Compass, prismatic, tripod . . 22 53 1 ... 2 . - 2 1 17 31
Compass, prismatic,tripod c arrying case. . . . . . . . 22 53 1 _. . . 2 .. . . 2 1 17 3~
Compass, prismatic, replacement part set . . . .. ~ . . .- ----- - ----- 8. ----
Computing device, \\"ilson . . . . 22 99 ', 1 .. . . . . . 1 - z
Computing device, Wilson, ca rr-vingcase . . . . . . . . 22 99 1 -.. 1 .. 1 . .. . . 88 1'
Computing device, Wilson, replacement part set
for lix3 instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 54 i 4 ..... .
Deviation board, Pirie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 22 93 1 3104 . . . 1 . . - 8
Devi.ction board, Firie, replacement part set for
100 instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 54, 5 . . . . . ... ..
Lantern, electric with batte ry ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8 . . . . . - 78 15
Lantern bulbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . .--- . . - . .1 ' 1 - - .- . . . . - . .- . . 156, 15
Protractor, metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 91 II- . , .. . .
Table, range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 12 . . . . . 243 85
Table . range, abridged . . . . . . ' 12 . . . . . 243 35
Telescope, 13 . C. model of 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 39 1 1 ..... 1 ..... 6 1
Telescope, B . C . carrying case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 39 1 522 1 ..... 1 ..... 6 15
Telescope, B . C . tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 39 1 522 1 ..... 1 ----- 6 15
Telescope, B . C. tripod carry ing case . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 39 1 522 1 ..... 1 ... 6 1 0
Telescope, B. C . replaeeme nt part sets per 100
instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.. i. - . . . -- . . - . 8 ..
Tape, steel (30 meterslong) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Sto n watch "standard" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .... 6 . . . . . 98 15 2
Shock absorber and thong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 '90 1 . . . 6 . 6 . . . . . 98 15 2 0
Circle, aiming, model of 1916 . . . . . . . . 22 41 1 523 2 ... 1 ..... .. o
Circle, aiming, model of 191 6carrying case . . .- 22 41 1 523 2 ----- 1 . . . . . . . . .. ..
Circle, aiming, model of 191 6, - tripod . . . . . - . 22 41 1 523 2 ----- 1 ..... ..
Circle, aiming, mode lof 1916,1ripodcarryingcaso. 22 41 1 523 2' . . . . . 1 ... .. d
Circle, aiming, model of 191 0 , replacement part.
sets for 100 instruments . . . . _ . . - - ... . . ..
Level, micrometer crcss .---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Level, micrometer crass, case . .- .. . . .... 4 1 ... .. 0
Plotter,aircraflobservation. -- . .- 1 . . ._ . ..
.. m
Posts, aiming, circular h e a d. 8 .. .
Posts, aiming, square head - .
- uarant,
dd gunners, mo of of 1918 . 15 .2L 1 3046 4 1 . .. . . ..
uadrant, gunners, model 0 1of 19 p8, c .
uadrant, gunners, model hest- 15 .2L 1 3046 4 1 . . .- .. .. m
Ruler, B . C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 36 ( 2) . . . . . 10 . . . . 10 . . . ...
a
Commercial material . % Requites special drawing for eac gun and charge
SPECIAL NOTE.-NO 50 per cent replacement .
107
IV . ANTIAIRCRAFT MATERIEL .
gun, model 1918, mounts a R-inch :-',-100 foot-second gun. The gun that all manufacturing facilities be used for producing mobile guns
carriage is carried on a four-wheeled trailer on which is also placed and carriages for troops in France . Five of these carriages were
an ammunition chest carrying 16 rounds of ammunition . The trailer mounted e perimentall,y on special gasoline-driven trncl~s of the front
is to be drawn by either a truck or a tractor. Six hundred and drive type as illustrated on the preceding page, which had been de-
twelve of these carriages were under manufacture in the United veloped for this purpose, and assigned to the chief of Coast Artillery,
States . The carriage and gun weigh 10,000 pounds ; the recoil is to be used for defense of cities, from aircraft attack. The maximum
variable, 16 to 40 inches ; the elevation is from 10 to 85 degrees; the vertical range of this gun and mount is 5,300 meters and the hori
field of fire, 360 degrees; the maximum horizontal range is 11,000 zontal range 12,000 meters . This mount is shown on ordnance office
meters ; the vertical range at 90 degrees is `7,200 meters . Consult drawings 5-264, 5-26-5, 5-26-8, 5-26-9 .
drawings 31-15-2, 31-15-3, 31-15-4.
The altitude is determined by means of two instruments, known as TABLE 7 .-Antiaircraft ,/ire-control instruments-Continued .
~ol4iometers and altimeters, placed at each end of a known line . Hav-
(Fire-control instruments to be used with 3-inch antiaircraft mount, model 1917 ; each battery consists
ing determined the altitude, it is combined with the angle of site by of two guns-1
rule, the angle of travel during time of flight is determined for the Required
I batfor
Drawin¢ No . Name .
sight settings; and the travel during the time of flight and dead time tery-
(time of loncling) is computed to determine the predicted fuze-setter Corroctom machanique, R. A. (Routin) . . . . 1
of the Telemetre cl'altitude avec correcteur automatique, Altimetre, 14-4-17. . . . . . . . . Flashlights without hoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rangetables (sots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
16
3
Mle 1917 ; Telemetre cle distance horizontale, Tae hyscope, Grille Commercial . .
Commercial . .
. Amber-coloredeyeglasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .
6
1
d'observation, Mle 1917: were received from the French Government, Commercial . . . Time-intervalre,orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 6
6
Commercial Rolls tape(black insulating) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ........ ........
and retraced so that these instruments could be manufactured in this Commercial . . . . Rolls tape (okonite. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . I
deflection corrections in the future fuze-setter range . `22-84-1. . . . . Altimeter . model 1917 (French) . .. .. . .. . .. . ........ ... . . . .. . . . . 3
Wind drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------------------
------------------ .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vertical Brocq reading, angle of site, and known altitude, giving Observation telescope . . . . . .- . . . . . -. . . . . . .. ... ... ... 1
14-4-17. Flashlights Nvilh hoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 12
the future fuze-setter range . The Altimetre, model 1917, is a height- 14-4-17. Flashlights without hoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... .. . . . .. . .. .. 24
Range tables (sets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 4
finding apparatus similar to our gortiometers. The Tnchyscope is Commercial . Amber-colored eyeglasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . 9
Commercial .. . . Steeltape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 1
an instrument for measuring target velocity or wind velocity by Commercial . _ TlmotntaTVal recorders. - . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .
Commercial .. . . Rolls tape (black insulating) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .
. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .
8
2
the use of a smoke bomb . The Grille cl'observation is an instrument Commercial Rollstape (okonite). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
used in pair at either end of a known base line to determine the [Fire-control instruments to be used with 3-inch antiaircraft trailer mount, model 1917 ; each battery
deflection between the instantaneous position of the target and the consists of three guns .]
burst of projectile.
Corre2teur mechanique, R . . . (Routin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22-81-1 . . . . . . . Altimeter. model 1917 (French) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`i.-Antiaircraft fire-control instruments .
_
TABLE Wind drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
22-81-1 .- ._ Tachyseope (French) . ----------------_----------
Fire-control instruments to be used with improvised antiaircraft mount; each battery consists of 22-85-1. . . . . . . . . Lateral observation grille (French) (madein France) . . . .
two guns .l Observation telescope . . - ----- . _ -----------------
11-4-17. . . . . . . . Flashlights with hoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-4-17. Flashlights withouthoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required Range tables (sets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial --- "\mbar-coloredeyeglasses . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Drawing No . , Name . f or
battery. Commercial .. . . Steel tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commomial.. . . Time-intervalrecorders . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commen ial.. . . Rolls tape (black insulating) ...... . ........ ......
Commercial - . Rolls tape (okonite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correcteur E.If.(Brocq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22-92-1 . . . . . . . . . Altitudetelemrter(French) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22-81-1 . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .1 Altimeter, model 1917(Freneh) . ..
V. EUROPEAN ARTILLERY .
These pages represent . extracts from information supplied to the
Ordnance Department during the war and do not pretend in any way
to summarize technical studies of enemy materiel turned over after
the armistice or to catnlogue the various types used by the allies.
British materiel.-The table on the preceding page gives weights,
dimensions, and other constants for leading types f British field guns.
Of somewhat general interest is the following table, which shows the
proportion of guns to yards of front in the whole British second army
front of 10,250 yards on August 28, 1917, when it was a " defensive
front," and the proportion decided upon as necessary for the attack
on the " offensive front " of 6,800 yards :
Material . . . Steel (m5e con- Steel (wire con- Steel (wire Con-
struction . struction) . strnetion ) .
Length,total . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . 442 .35 inches . . 335.025 inches. . . 427.025 Inches .
Position of center of gravity without breech 164.5 inches from - - - - - --- - - - --
mechanism . face of breech.
Weight with breech fittings (nominal) . . . . . . 8 tons . . . 24 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 tons .
Weight without breech fittings. - --------- 1 27 tons 19 h __ . . . . . . . . . . . .
dredwoight .
Preponderance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bore : .
Caliber _I 9.2 inches. _ . . . . . .1 9 .2 inches . _ . _ . 9 .2 inches .
429 inches . . 414 inches .
Length.. -I 33 322ineheg-
Diameter- '
r .argest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 13 inches . . . . . . . . . . 13 .6 inches . . . . . . . . 13 inches .
Smallest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i 10 .2 inches . . 10 .2 inches . . . _ . _ . . 10 .2 inches
am Chamber:
Length . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . 71 inches --------- 45 .23 inches. . 71 inches .
Capacity 8 .123 cubic inches. 5,500 cubic inches
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353A inches . . . . . . . 271 .3 inches. . _ . 333 .475 inches .
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygroove, plain Polygroove, plain Polygroove, plain
section . section . :; .vtfon .
Twist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uniform 1 turn Uniform 1 turn . . . Jniform 1 turn .
a Rifling, Mark II :
Numberorgrooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.
9 Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .07 inch . . . . . . . . . . 0 .07 inch . . . . . . . . . . 0 .07 inch .
Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .4188 inch . . . . . . . . 0.4188 inch . . _ . . . . . 0.4198 inch.
Means of rotation , Driving hand Driving. band . . . . Driving hand .
Firing mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; Percussion . . Percussion .. __ . . . .~ Percussion .
a System of obturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pad (steep coned) . Pad (steep coned) .! Pad (steep coned) .
0
U
ORDNANCE DATA . EUROPEAN A[ITILLERY . 119
2. The ammunition for the 9.2-inch gun is as summarized on the accompany- 14' t . In.
Center to center of journals____ 4 0
ing table
Size of journal----------------------- 10 54
Width over brake wheels ----------------- -------------------------- S 11
Projectiles, . I Cartridges .
Fuze . The truck consists of two main side girders built up of plate and
Fuze
Description . Weight I Nature . weight . size .
Mark . hole . angle steel connected by cross girders and stays . The center of the
truck on top carries a seating for the roller path, while the steel
Shell, breech-load-
in 9 .2-inch gun : Pounds . framework bolted to the top of the truck at each end carries a
~igh-explosive . IX 380 Fuze percussion, D . A . ,~i- . . . . . . . . .
impact No . 44 . hydraulic jack by means of which the truck can be lowered onto or
Fuze percussion, D. A . 60 pounds,
impact No . 44, with
N2o . aaper,
dtr o I Cordit e,
one-halt
charg . raised from the permanent may, the front and rear of the truck
D O VIII 380 2-inch . . . fuze percussion No . i'f M . D . 30 pounds, being shaped to clear the bogies .
l0IE, with No. 21) one- fourth
VIII
C aine .
G . s . . . . Fuze, T. and P ., No . ------- .-
. .'charge .- .-' For firing, the front and rear ends are raised by the hydraulic
Shrapnel . . ._ . . .] 3S0
64, jacks until clear of the siding chocks? which support the main
"'cell breech-load-
.
53 pounds
26 frame when in a traveling position, and these are moved clear and
b¢, 9 .2-inch gun :
8 ounces, the jacks eased off so that the main frame of the truck comes down
IX-A 380 G. s .l(ks for Mark I\- . _ . . . _'.
I As for dark SIII .- . .Cordite,
one -halt
charge, 26 on to the permanent way. Various devices are provided to hold the
High-explosive XII-A 380 2ineh2fncC- lltFuze,wT and P ., No . M. D. pounds. 26
x111-2 380 64, .ith ad a pter 12 ounces,
one-fourth frame in connection with the bogie and to provide for its ready de-
Fuze, T . and P ., No . ~ .----- .---
charge . tachment . Furthermore, there is a strut to support the gun in a
Shrapnel X-A 380 2-inch . . . 83.
Fuze, T. and P ., No . . . . . . .
traveling position, and four cast-steel spade arms are hinged at their
S8. inner ends to brackets fastened to, the truck at the front and rear
and on either side. These spade arms are swung out at right angles
Some high-explosive shells were fitted with hollow points of aluminum to
to the truck and are braced by a strengthening stay pinned to the
increase the point to S-caliber radius head . When using these a special range
table is required .
truck and spade arm, respectively .
The shell shrapnel Mark X-A was to be issued as soon as a satisfactory In shipping or remounting, the truck is lifted off the bogies, which
design of long-burning fuze had been approved . are first placed on the truck in position and ready to receive the
Railway truck for breech-loading 9 .2-inch Mark II.-The railway truck frame proper . A warping winch is provided to enable the
truck used with the 9-2-inch gun is of the type known as "straight truck to be moved a short distance to the front or rear, while the
back " in English railway terminology . It is constructed throughout hydraulic jacks are arranged on the top of the truck at either end .
of plate and angle steel, and is mounted on standard-gauge bogies Several additions to the Mark II are provided to enable it to be
of 4 feet 8 inches. The truck, or car proper, is specially designed used with various mountings, but in most respects the mountings are
and fitted with hydraulic jacks, so that the central portion of the gun interchangeable and the truck requires but few changes .
can be lowered onto or raised from the permanent way. Approximate weight and dimensions of the various 9.2-inch guns
The principal dimensions are as follows : and mountings of this form are as folloms:
Ft . In . Tons .
Length of headstocks-----------
----------- -- ----------- ---------------- 43 3 Mark X gun__ 33 .25
Length of bearing on sleeper___ _ __ . _ _- --- ------ ---------- 18 0 Mark XIII gun_____ 24.25
Length over buffers___________ _ __ _ ___ . ._ __ ___ __ _ ___ 47 0 Mark X.IV gun--------- . ____ ._ __ _ . _____ _____ _____ ____ __ 30.5
Centers of bogies apart----------------------- ___ -------------------- 30 0 Truck and mounting--------.------------------------------------------ 48.75
Wheel base of bogie trucks__ __ ______-____ . --------------------- 8 0 Two bogies ---------------------------------------------------------- 14 .0
Width over side girders--------------------------------------------
---------------- 5 8~ Minimum radius of curve round which the truck can be lowered
Centers of buffers---------------------------
Buffer projection from headstock------------- ---------------- 1 101 for fire is 251) feet, and there is a clearance between the rail and
Height from rail to center of buffer _________ .._ ---------------- 3 5 girders of the I ruck of 8 inches.
Truck capable of being lowered------------------------------------- 1 41
Diameter of wheels on tread____ __ _ _ ___ ._____________ _____ 2 9
ORDNANCE DATA . EUROPEAN ARTILLERY .
Meters . Meters.
37-m . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . I
100. . ... .3 .9t 4 13 . 500 29.76 1. S00 3.9 : 13.4 760 2,493 14 . .500 15 .891
1 cm .'i 5.51 30 .500 67.24 5.310 11.77 117.6 825 2,707 17,400 19,029 Gun T . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 1 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 2,500
47-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do. . _ . 1885 610 4, 000
1445. . . . ..
... 5.71 33 .700 74.30 5. 950 13.12 17.7 810 2,657 65-mm . . . . . . . . . . .... . Mountain . . . . gin- . . 1906 ... .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . . .I 330 5,500
19cm . . .l 7.48 S5 . 350 1&1. 17 16 36.27 19.7 , 555 1,821 12 .000 13,123
7Smm . . . . . . . . . ....... . Field gun . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .----- 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 5,000
240.. . . . . 9.45 162 357.15 33 72.75 20.7 5 2 6 1,26 1.5 .050 17 .005 75-mm -------- Field gun (Schneider) . . .. . . . . . 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 7.500
27-1 .. . . . . 1 10.79 216 476.20 33 .150 7.5.97 16.0 1, &35 2,740 22 .500 24 .606 80-mm.. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . Field pun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
305.. . . . . 12.01 350 771.62 30.600 6746 8.5 ' 795 2,60.4 27,400 29,965 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8; 700
SC-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mountain gun_ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 4,100
32 em . .. 1 12.60 33s.500 746.27 70 154.32 21 .3 - . 620 2,034 20 300 22 .200 90-min . . . . . . . ... .--. . . . Field gun------- . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . .I 1477 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 500 9,700
340... . . . 13.39 540 1,190. 50 22 48 .50 4 OR 30000 32 .808 95-mm . . .do... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . .I 15.48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
.4rx3 . .. 2, 799 31,000 33,902 9,500
340... . . .1 13.39 5 465. 400 1,026.25 52.530 115.85 113 100-mm . . . . .--........ . T. R. naval gun on wheels. . 1397 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 14,500
105-min. . . . . .. . ........ Field gun . . 1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 570 12,500
CHARACTERISTICS OF FRENCH MORTARS AND HOWITZERS AND SHELLS . REAVY ARTILLERY.
LIFE AND MUZZLE VELOCITY OF FRENCH GUNS . GERMAN ARTILLERY-ORGANIZATION AND MATERIEL .
Average life of guns .-In connection with extensive studies as to Emplaced artillery.- -Emplaced artillery is at the disposal of the
the probable average life of guns in constant service and the muzzle divisional commanders and under the orders of the artillery com-
velocity developed, the Ordnance Department, in addition to its own mander, with the exception of a few long-range guns and batteries of
investigations, early had placed at its disposal the results of many railway artillery. Within the division, the artillery commander has
elaborate experiments and the carefully maintained and compre- under his orders artillery survey troops, artillery information sec-
hensive records of the ordnance establishments and artillery of the tion, and periscope observing stations, numbering one to two for each
French and British Armies . In this way it was able to act with fuller division . He further has the tactical disposition of a balloon and
knowledge in preparing its programs and schedules. flying squadron .
French practice .-The French artillerists and ordnance experts Foot artillery.-Foot artillery is attached in variable quantities ac-
united in stating that it is very difficult to fix definitely the number cording to tactical necessities to divisional sectors. Formerly a bat-
of rounds that may be fired before the gun may be considered as talion of heavy 15-cm. mortars were assigned to each army corps.
morn out. This is clue to many conditions which vary in different For an offensive, the assignment of heavy artillery to a division is
guns, such as the quality of steel, rate of fire, kind of metal, care usually one battalion comprising from two to three batteries of
taken of the material, good order, etc. I5-cm. howitzers and a battery of 10-cm. guns .
Three years' experience .-Three years' experience of the French Field artillery.-Field Artillery is always under the divisonal com-
Army enables the opinion to be expressed as to the average life of the mander. The very heavy artillery is under the commander of the
guns mostly used in somewhat the following manner : army crops or army and not of the division, but of these pieces
75-mm. gun.-In the case of the 75-mm. field gun, model 1897, the there are relatively few. The artillery staffs of the army corps and
average number of rounds fired before wear «as about 10 .000 . Some armies are not organs of command but are technical advisers in
guns need replacement after 4,000 rounds, while others, on the con- organizing the munition supply and in the use of fire.
trary, fire 20,000 rounds before being worn out. Composition of batteries and battalions .-At the commencement of the
105-mm . field gun.-The average life of the 105-mm . field gun can war, batteries were universally of four pieces . In 1916 the 21-cm.
be reckoned at 6,000 rounds, as in the case of the 75-mm. gun just mortar batteries mere reduced to two pieces, though later increased to
cited, this number being considered as an average, which varies ac- three pieces . Batteries of old-style 9-cm . cannon usually had eight
cording to the conditions . pieces to the battery, but these were being withdrawn. Batteries of
155-mm howitzer .-The average life of the 155-mm . howitzer, ac- 13-cm. guns were reduced to two pieces . This was probably true of
cording to the model, is about 7,000 to 8,000 rounds . batteries of 21 and 24 cm . guns and 28-cm. and 30.5 cm . howitzers.
120 and 155 mm . gun.-The 120-mm . gun, model 1898, and 155-mm . Mixed battalions of two batteries of 15-cm. howitzers supplanting
gun, model 1877-1914, fired with muzzle velocity, has an average life batteries of 10-cm. guns were formed during 1917 .
of about 6,000 to 7,000 rounds . Munition columns are no longer assigned to battalion but are
220-mm . mortar .-For the 220-mm . mortar, model 1881-1892, an organizations of the army divided according to the amount of artil-
average life of about 10,000 rounds is assumed. lery in a division.
Recent guns and mortars.-French authorities stated early in 1918 German artillery tendencies .-There was a tendency for the Germans
that the 155-mm . G. P. Filloux gun, 155-mm . Schneider, model 1917, to replace three batteries of each regiment of model of 1896 field
and the 220-mm . Schneider howitzer then had been in service at the guns by three batteries of model of 1916 materiel to arrive at the
front for too short a time to enable them to express an opinion as following
to their average possible life . With the more extensive use of these 3 batteries of model of 1896 field guns .
larger pieces the data accumulated will prove of-great interest par- 3 batteries of 105-mm. howitzers.
ticularly as these or similar guns and howitzers figure in the United 3 batteries of model of 1916 field guns .
States program.
Other developments in German artillery practice mere the more ex-
Maximum muzzle velocity.-In connection with the maximum muzzle
tended use of long-range railway artillery ; the use of " long " 77
velocity and maximum range of French artillery, attention may be
field gun with high-explosive shell with a bursting charge of 2
directed to the accompanying table, on which are listed the various
French guns, howitzers; and mortars in service at the front.
124 ORDNANCE DATA .
EUROPEAN ARTILLERY. 125
pounds ; a corresponding " long " high-explosive shell for the 105-
Other shell.-All the materiel fires besides gas shells of different
mm. light field howitzer with a bursting charge of 4 pounds . Fur-
kinds (blue cross, yellow, green cross, and various other types as,
thermore, to increase the range of projectiles by using false caps and
materials were developed), and the cannon 1896 n/A, a semiarmor-
improving the stream line.
piercing shell intending to attack hostile vehicles .
Field Artillery .-At the beginning of the present war, German field
Detonating fuzes.-The fuzes for 1896 n/A and 1916 cannon, in-
artillery was outfitted with field cannon, 77-mm ., model of 1596
tended to arm explosive shells, are of two types:
n/A, and with a light field howitzer, 105-mm., model of 1898-1909 .
1 . Detonator fuze, combination originating from fuze KZ 11, which
The following were added to these:
for armed unit shell, model 1911, no longer is manufactured .
Field cannon, 75-mm ., model 1916, on light howitzer carriage. 2 . Combination detonator fuze, which is divided as follows :
Light field howitzer, 105-mm ., model 1916.
Light field howitzer, 105-mm ., model Krupp . (a) Long fuze of conical form (LKZ 11 grams), which is only
graduated up to 5,000 meters, while in 1916 its graduation was up to
These pieces have as their characteristics a notable increase in the `7,200 meters. Firing with a time element is now replaced at distances
ranges obtained both with the projectiles in service in the old cannon greater than 5,000 meters by percussion firing with surface effects,
as well as with the new shell " C." These ranges are given in the obtained with shells armed with instantaneous fuzes .
following table (b) A short fuze with rounded head for shell, model 1915 (ICZ 11
grams), was graduated up to 7,200 meters and reserved principally
exp loeive
I
Elongated Explosive
shell,
I Shrapnel . Shell C. for firing against aircraft .
shell . model 1915 Percussion detonating fuzes.-The percussion detonating fuzes of
I type 1916 are relatively simple in construction . They have two
Meters . Meters . I Meters400
. Meters .
Field cannon . model 96n/A . . 500 400 safety devices, which function through centrifugal force. The one
Field cannon. model 1916 . . .. .. 9,300 9,500 8,200 1~~300
Light howitzer, model 1898_1909 . . . . _ . . . . . . . . 7, 000 .! 7, 000 7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . holds in position the primer bearer during transportation and at
Light howitzer, model 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .- 8,400 8,400 8,400 0,000
Light howitzer, model Krupp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --I
i 8,900 .,' 8,900 8,900 . . . . . . 10,250 firing ; the other consists of a bolt which is interposed betmeen the
detonator and the explosive and prevents premature bursting before
Projectiles .-The German field materiel fires, normally, three regu- the projectile has passed over a certain course after leaving the mouth
lation projectiles, namely of the cannon. There are a percussion fuze, long delay (LKZ 16 m V)
1. An elongated explosive shell, steel, of great capacity and high- which arms the two elongated explosive shells, and model 1915. and
explosive charpc (0.9 kilogram in shell for cannon, 2 kilograms for permits ricochet and firing with mine effects .
howitzers) . A long percussion fuze, instantaneous (EKZ 16), functions when
2 . A steel explosive shell, model 1915, with thick walls and a arriving at the ground by throwing back the percussion pin . The
smaller explosive charge (0.38 kilogram in shell for cannon, 1.4 kilo- stem of the percussion pin has the peculiarity of being placed on the
grams in shell for howitzer) . fuzes only at the moment of charging . There is an instantaneous
3 . A shrapnel, rear charge, and balls of 10 grams (cannon) or of percussion fuze for shell " C " (EKZ 16C) .
11 grams (howitzer). These balls are most often of steel . Fuzes for light howitzers .-For use with the ammunition employed
Shell " C ".-In addition, the new material fires a shell t" C," whose with light howitzer, model 1898-1909, light howitzer, model 1916, and
shape recalls that of shells with profile Decaleux (chanfer base and light howitzer Krupp, as listed above there were the following fuzes
pointed ogive) . Shell " C " for cannon contains 0 .55 kilogram of 1. A detonator fuze, triple effect, which functions, percussion with
explosive ; shell for howitzer, 1 .5 kilograms . delay and time (HZ 05 gram). This fuze is a simplication of fuze
Defects of elongated shell .-It will be noticed that the elongated HZ 05, quadruple effect, which armed unit shell, model 1905, no
shell for field cannon did not seem to have given entire satisfaction . longer employ. It is only graduated up to 5,000 after being gradu-
Its ranges in the two cannon are smaller than that of the shell, ated up to 7,200 meters in 1916.
model 1915, and its accuracy in distances greater than 5,000 meters 2. A detonator percussion fuze, with or without delay (HZ 16).
is faulty enough, so that it is necessary to examine the question as to 3. A detonator percussion fuze, instantaneous (EHZ 17), analogous
using shell, model of 1915, "with the safety of friendly troops and to the instantaneous fuze for cannon .
the nature of the objective in mind." 4. A percussion detonating fuze, instantaneous, for shell C (EKZ
16 C) .
EUROPEAN ARTILLERY. 127
126 ORDNANCE DATA.
Summary of use .-Summarizing the explosive shells of cannon and plicity and facility of handling could be compared with the French
light field howitzer may be fired by the following fuze systems : piece. The recoil system was a combination of hydraulic and spring
mechanism instead of the hyclropneumatic system of the French, and
Time system, at distances less than 5,000 meters .
the recoil brake was placed under the cannon, being contained in a
Ricochet, at small and medium distances.
Percussion, with surface effects at medium and large distances.
small or upper carriage . This small carriage includes also the cradle
Percussion, with or without delay, at all distances, to obtain effects of up at the near and the traversing mechanism . The recoil brake con-
heaval and destruction . sists of a cylinder in connection with the gun proper. This cylinder
Fuzes for shrapnel.-Shrapnel of field cannon is armed with combi- contains glycerin and operates against a piston with a movable stem
nation fuzes Dopp. Z 1896 n/A . This fuze, which at the beginning of fastened to the front part of the cradle . The recuperator consists
the war was only graduated up to 5,350 meters, has been extended up of a metallic spring whose compression as well as the pressure upon
to 7,000 meters since 1916. Shrapnel for howitzers, devised in 1916 the liquid acts to bring back the gun to its firing position and moves
to replace unit shells, has used a combination fuze HZOR Schr, de- along the gliding surface which carries the cradle . The German gun
rived from fuze HZ and also graduated up to 7,000 meters . has its upper carriage mounted on a vertical axis, which permits the
Development of the German 77-mm . field gun, model 1896, n/A .-With traversing of the piece, while the lower or large carriage remains
the success of the French 75-mm . field gun, the Germans, with the fixed. The German gun carriage has a wheel brake which acts on the
collaboration of Ehrhardt and Iirupp, sought to bring out a gun that wheels, so they do not have to be placed on slide blocks and the guns
would compete with the French piece and at the same time would do not have to be lowered when put in battery . In addition to a
utilize certain parts of the older materiel. The result was the 77-mm. center spade which is buried in the earth at the first shot, there is a
model 1896 (neuer art-new type), which resembled the French gun range lever which further acts to hold the piece in position .
in that it has a gun shield and provided certain facilities of operation. Carriage .-The upper carriage consists of the cradle, recoil and
Of the old materiel, the tube, ammunition, carriage wheels, and the counterrecoil systems, and traversing gear . Traversing is accom-
gun itself were retained, while, on the other hand, the breech plished through a worm shaft and gear, which rotates the upper
mechanism and the carriage were entirely remodeled . carriage about a pintle located over the axle. The diameter of the
General appearance.-The new German gun was 2 .1 meters, or 27.3 wheels is 53 inches, and the width of track is 60 inches. The lower
calibers, in length . Its bore was composed of a progressive rifling carriage supports the upper, and consists of trail, shield, seats foi
which started from a smooth portion at the rear and developed with cannoneers and elevating gear . Elevation of the piece is accom-
32 grooves with rectangular profile, turning from left to right. I n plished by an elevating handwheel located on the left side, which
appearance the 77-mm. gun was somewhat thicker than the French actuates an elevating screw . It may be noted that this carriage,
75-mm ., and in the guns made, at least before the war, there were equipped with low wheels, was being used for close battery work,
their function being for antitank and close Infantry fighting . For
various markings which made it possible to distinguish the Kingdom
or the Empire to which each piece belonged. The arms of the definite antitank work a special armor-piercing projectile is provided using a
States, surmounted by the motto " Pro Gloria et Patria " were etched point fuze .
Sight .-The sight consists of a sight shank guide fastened to the
on each gun, and above the breech there was an imprint crowned with
the monogram of William II and the crude inscription " Ultima carriage by a bracket, containing a tooth-cupped shank, which, in
turn, carries at its upper end the aiming collimator surmounted by
Ratio Regis ."
Gun .-The gun consists of an inner tube covered by a jacket shrunk the panoramic sight seat.
in place and secured by a screw ring situated halfway between breech Vehicles .-The carriage limber has a steel pole. Draft is through
and muzzle . The breechblock is of the usual sliding wedge type . a master bar on the end of the limber pole. Collars are used instead
The firing device is of the axial percussion system. of breast harness . The limber ammunition chest is of rolled steel
Mechanism .-Instead of the interrupted screw or the eccentric plate, carrying 36 rounds of fixed ammunition, shell, or shrapnel .
breechblock rotating in a sleeve, the system of breech closing em- When "long" shells are used, 24 long and 6 short are carried . The
ployed was the familiar Krupp design with a wedge operated by a weight behind the team, gun carriage limbered, is 43 hundredweight.
crank . The modifications introduced and the development of the The caisson is of similar construction, and carries 54 rounds of shell
firing apparatus and the extractor of the cartridge case for its sim- or shrapnel (long shell are never carried in the caisson) . Two steel
12 8 ORDNANCE DATA. i.1?ti(1PE,, % Ah,TLLI111:1t1 . 129
wagons accompany the battery. One is limbered and carries rations, Comparatice characteristics of (till ntltnition for (lcsrvn-ail 77-milt, arum nlodrls
1596 and 1916 .
medical and veterinary supplies ; the other is four-wheeled and carries
the forge, artificer's tools, spare clothing, equipment, and officers' For 77-mm.1 For 77-cnm.
baggage. gun, model gun. model
of 1896 of 1916
Ammunition-The ammunition employed for the 77-mm. field gun, (German) . (German) .
was as follows
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE SHELL, MODEL 1915.
High-explosive shell, model of 1915 .
The long high-explosive shell.
R'eight,I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .-- .-- . . ----- . .pounds- . 14 .96
Muzzle velocity with normal charge .2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . toot-seconds- . . 1526
Muzzle velocity with additional charge?----------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . --do . . . . . __- . . . __
, I 1,571
11 .96
1, ;45
A modification of the 1915 shell, made of inferior material and provided Maximum range with additional charge . . . . . . . .----------- -------------- yards. . 9,15 1 9,405
Maximum range with additional charge ------- ------------------------------ dO . . , .. . . . . . -- . 10,389
with a reduced bursting charge .
Shrapnel, model 1896 . "LONG" HIGH EXPLOSIVE SHELL.
Weight,' . .. . . . .. . . . .. .--... . . . . .. .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- .-- . . . . . .. . . . . . .- .-pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 .2
Modern variation of 1896 shrapnel . Muzzle velocity with additional charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .toot-seconds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,745
A modification of 1915 shell fitted with a special fuze and armor-piercing Maximum range with additional charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,171
head for antitank work . . SHRAPNEL, MODEL OF 1896 .
Gas shell similar to long high explosive, known as "green cross," contents, NOTE model 1896, co tains 300 balls . Shrapnel model 1916 .
.-Shrapnel,
contains an increased number ofnballs . The latter is used in both models of ;
(a) diphosgene, or (b) diphosgene and chlorpicrin, or (c) bromketones . field guns.
Gas shell of same type as long high explosive, known as " yellow cross ; " STREAM LINE HIGH EXPLOSIVE SHELL.
contents, dichlorethylsulphide and diluent (mustard gas) . Weights.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .-- .- . . . . . . .- . . . . .pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 .5
Muzzle velocity with additional charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .foot-seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,868
Fuzes.-With the above ammunition the following types of fuzes Maximum range with additional charge 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yards. -' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparative characteristics of 77-rant . and 75-non. field pun m-at&-iel, (d) In meters for " Gcschoss C " (stream line high-explosive
75-mm., shell) .
77-mni ., 77-mm ., 75-mm., model 1916
model 189bY nodel 1916 model 1897 (United Vehicles .-The limbers and caissons are assumed to be, in general,
(German) . (German) . French) . states). similar to the corresponding vehicles of the model 1896, 77-mm.
materiel . In the ammunition vehicles used with the model 1916
C. nns: I 1,015 765 materiel, the shell baskets are carried vertically instead of hori-
Weight with breech. . . .. ---6~
----- 82-67
Length over all. . . .. .. -- . inches . 196.3 107.13 90 .90
Length of rifled portion. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . do . . . . 8-1.57 86.29
28.4
877 72 72
24 .24
zontally. The limber carries 24 rounds (separately loaded ammuni-
Length of rifled portion. '.calibers . 20
Killing:
N Yes.
tion) . The caisson carries 60 complete rounds and 54 additional
Right-hand .------------.-------- .-------- .-------- Yes. Yes. Yes.
umber of grooves . . . . . ... . . .. 32 32 24 24 propelling charges, and 20 antiflash charges.
Character oftwist--- . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .--- .- . . (a ) 4-7 C3 ) (")
A n g 1 e o f inclination . . . . -degrees,'miuutes- (s)8-21 7 Cartridge cases and propellants .-This materiel employs separately
Carri es .
0eight with gun equipped . . . -pounds s 3, 080 7 2,550
-F18
3,050
+53
loaded ammunition normally . In an emergency, the fixed ammuni-
+38 ( +16
Limits of elevation . . .degrees, minutes -1-30 -12 -10 -7 tion for the model of 1896 field gun may be used (as for repelling at-
right, 2 }total, 7-1 right, 3 ri ht,22-30
Limit of traverse .. do . . left, 2 leU, .3 left, 22-30
Yes. Yes.
tack at less than 1,000 meters). It is stated that use of separately
Independent 1 i n e o i s i g h t . . - .- .
loaded ammunition permits of hand ramming with consequent im-
1 Increasing uniformly 1 in 45 calibers to 1 in 21 calibers . provement in uniformity of performance.
I in 21 calibers.
a rinif- 7 in 95ft-liherR . The composite cases (brass or steel body with `steel base, riveted
4 Increasing from I turn in 219 calibers to 1 in 25.4 t 72 ~~rbers .from m zzle .
A sacond source of information gr vas 2,750 poun~s. 'IGhis weight shou d be checked by weighing c or welded together) did not appear to have given entire satisfaction .
ured materiel . It is possible that the figure 3,080 includes the firing platform, which weighs 315 PouD '9 :
GERMAN 13-CM. GUN.
The new German gun has a uniform twist of rifling instead of in-
creasing ; the powder chamber is 80 mm . (3 .15 inches) longer than in General nature .-The German 13-cm . gun was used by the German
the old model. The counterrecoil system is of the spring type. The Army before the war and was noted for its long range, great initial
trunnions of the cradle are well to the rear, the muzzle preponder- velocity, and rapid fire . These guns were manufactured in consider-
ance being overcome by a spring . The length of recoil is from 43 .3 able numbers, and one made by Krupp in 1916 early was captured by
to 47.2 inches . the English. In this gun the recoil is taken up by a recoil chamber
A circular platform weighing 145 kilograms (319 pounds) has been or frame, which can pivot in a U-shaped trunnion cradle resting
provided . It is placed under the wheels to increase stability under on the carriage proper by means of two forward trunnions.
fire and to provide easy means of traversing beyond the limits pro- Barrel.-The barrel of the gun consists of an inner tube, upon which
vided by the handwheel. The circular platform is attached to the in shrunk a second tube, and a jacket covering the rear two-thirds of
carriage by two stay bolts. the barrel . On this jacket there are three guide bands to which the
Sight.-The sight is the same as provided for the light field howit- guide shoes are attached by means of nuts. The principal dimensions,
zer 1898-1909, except as to graduations. The sight includes : weight, and other data of this gun are contained in the accompanying
(a) A support rigidly attached to the left trunnion of the car- table
riage. Overall length of barrel, 35 calibers_________ 4.74 nl .
(b) This support carries a range drum, elevation and cross levels, Len th of rifled part, approximate___ _ _ _ _ _- ________ -______ 3.43 m.
Calmer _- __ _ _____________ _ ____ __________-_______ 13 .5 cm .
' a movable range drum index. a height of sight and height of burst Length of powder chamber--- ______ _--_ _________ ___ ________^ 91 .5 cta.
corrector device, for correctouo,,- for difference in trunnion level . Diameter of chamber ------ --- -------- --------------------------- 14 .6 cm .
Number of rifling grooves________
--------------------------------------- 36
(c) A collimator for use in aiming in case the panoramic element Width of rifling grooves----------------------------------------- 8 mm .
is out of commission . Spacing between grooves ---------------------------------------- 4 mm .
Depth of approximate- --------- ------ ____ --------------- 1 .5 mm .
Drift is corrected by the construction of the support. of
Weight of barrel with breech mechanism _________-_ __ _ _ ____ 3,269 kg .
The range drum carries four scales : Weight of breechbiock------------------------------------------ 132 kg.
Weight of gun, in battery-- ------- -------- _ _____ --------------- 5, 840 leg.
(a) In degrees by 1/16 degrees.
(b) In meters from 100 to 9,850 for normal charge . The breech mechanism is of the customary Krupp wedge type, with
(c) In meters from 5,000 to 9,400 for additional charge. quick opening, and the gun is fired with a center firing pin, being
automatically cocked .
EUROPEAN ARTILLERY . 133
132 ORDNANCE DATA .
TABLE 13 .-Dfaxintum range of Gerncan gans, howit^xers, and mor ars (ill
1'lic recoil apparatus and the apparatus for bringing back the gun " yards) .
to position are in the frame which is below the barrel . The recoil FIELD ARTILLERY .
apparatus is of the constant recoil type. Total length of frame, 3.40
meters ; normal recoil, 1 .32 meters (approximate) . The traversing With time With With tim;
and per-
mechanism permits of a movement 2 degrees on either side of the gun fuze . percussion
fuze . cusslon
fuze .
axis, and the maximum elevation of the gun is said to be about 26
degrees . The elevating mechanism comprises a double threaded FIELD GUNS .
screw. 7 .7-em . field guns, 1896. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 .7-cm . K. I. 11 . field gun. . . . . . . .
7,874
7,874
19,186
1 8,968
Carriage.-The carriage consists of a trail made up of two side LIGHT FIELD HOWITZERS .
pieces of stamped steel braced with cross pieces, and possesses not 10 .5-em . light field howitzer star shell, 1898 . . 4,740 (1909) 7,655
only a small fixed spade, but also a large folding spade, which may 10 .5-em . light field howitzer, 1916. . .
10 .5-em . light field howitzer, Krupp.
... 7,655
7,655
9,077
9,264
be held rigicl, both when let down in the ground and when folded
up into the trail . The diameter of the wheels is 1.40 meters ; the FOOT ARTILLERY.
width, 10 cm. the thickness of the tires, 12.5 mm. A caterpillar tread
MEDIUM RANGE GUNS.
is used for firing and for advancing in soft earth. The gun shield
9-em .guns, 1873-1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .- ._ . . 17,109
is supplied with a hinge and is folded behind the gun. On the march: 12-em . heavy gu . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ----- . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 655J °7, 9 ~ f . . . . . . . . . . .
15-em . long-range chase rings . 77 ~ 8,749
the barrel is carried on a special carriage. 15-em . gun with chase rings - . .g_ . . . : : . . :_. . : : : : : : . . : : . . .-_ . : : . . . .. . . . 77,546 I 8,640
coast-defensen,1907-
-- . . .L . ._..` ..- : 8,530
Ballistic properties .-The leading ballistic properties of the German 15-cm . long gun .- . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . ._ . . .- 8,968 10,936
21-em . gun with chase rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . .- . .- . . . . .___ . . . . . ._ . ; 7,655 ; 10,718
13-cm . gun are given in the following table HIGH VELOCITY AND LONG RANGE GUNS .
Initial velocity --------------------------- 695 m . 10-cm . gun, 1914 ;10-cm. gun, 1897. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,085
Weight of projectile (explosive and shrapnel) --_ _ _--_. 40 kg . to-cm . gun: 10-cm. gun, 1904 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,264
Maximum explosive charge-----------
----------- ----------- ---- 4 .1 kg. 10-em . gun, with overhead shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of bullets in the shrapnel___ 1,170 of 11 .1 grams . 10-cm . gun, with turret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,796 11,811 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-cm .gun, reinforced in turret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,
Weight of firing charge-------------------------------- 9 hg . of 800 . R. P . 07 . 10-em . Q.F . gun, LJ35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ._ . . . . . . . .~ .- . . . .- . .- . .I 10389
There is only one firing charge . 10-em . coast-defense gun---------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .- 11,264 . . . . . . . . . . .
10-em coast-defense gun on wheeled carnage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 16,295 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum range (time fuze) -------------------------- 14,000 m . 13-em . gun . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,311 15,749 -------- ---
Maximum range (percussion)--___- ___ _ _ _ ___---_-_ 14,400 m . 15-cm. gun, with overhead shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . 16,186 . !. . 17 .060 . . . . . . .
1cm gun, reinforced on wheeled carriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 .187 ------------
5 . g 16,404 ; 3 21,107
TABLE 12 .-Characteristics of German Artillery. 15-cm. gun, Q.F ., 1/40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 14,983, ~ a 18500 .
1-cm. gun, Q.F ., L!45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1-1
329,200 : . . . . .
.. . . . . .
[From British reports .) 24-cm. naval gun, tapered shell and shell with false cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,.500 . . . . . . . .
i
38-em. naval gun, tapered shell and shell with fake cap . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 41,500 . .------- I . . . . . . . . ..
i
Weight of ! Weight in HEAVY FIELD HOWITZER AND MORTARS
Caliber. Range . battery.
projectile.
15-cm . heavy field howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,616
I5-cm. heavy field howitzer, 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,147
Pounds . Yards . Pounds . 15-cm. heavy field howitzer, 1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,296
Materiel : Inches. 15-cm. howitzer in turret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-7 .118 7814
77-mm . field gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.03 14 .5-15.5 9,156 . . . .... .... .
, . . . . . . . .- . . . 21-cm. mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,968
9o-mm . field gun old model : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .48 16.5 7,109 Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105-mm . light field howitzer, model of 1898-1909 .. . . . . 4 .13 34 .5 7,655 ; 2,520 9,45? 10,-80
I 28-em. howitzer on traveling carriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,030
100 mm . gun, model of 1904 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .93 39 .5 11, 264 6,358
4 .73 36.0 7,984 I. . . .. . . ... . . `I 28-cm coast-defense howitzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,467
120 mm . gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L . : . . . . ._ . . . 42-cm . mortar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . `17,500
130 mm. gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11 88 .0 15,748
150 mm. heavy howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .91 86 .93 9,296 .- . . . . ._ ._ .
183-262 10,280 CAPTURED RUSSIAN GUNS.
210 mm . mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .26
Railway artillery : 7 .62-cm . field gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) 4,597 7,000
150 mm. naval gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .91 18,700 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 .67-cm. gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,827
240 mm. naval gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 .45 27,500 . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .3-cm .howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,515
280 Into. naval gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 .96
L At least. 2 Ordnance shell. 3 False cap . 4 Approximately.
t11tI)NANCE DATA .
FUILOPEA' ART11.1 .1,11Y . 135
TABLE 14 :1-rtillcry niatdriel of Austro-llterigary.
'TABLE 14 .-Artillery matiriel of Austro-flunyary-Continued .
VI . ARTILLERY AMMUNITION .
Fla. 45.-Assembled round of fixed ammunition showing cartridge case, projectile, and fuze
F7a, 47.-U. S. artillery ammunition. Sections of shrapnel and shell shown in gig. 46.
OI{t)\A SC13 DATA .
~rtTlr~l .i :i :~ AALLALLfNLTrciN. 1-15
iiients of shrapnel sn1isodttent1N- appeared to 1Ie ;i iniiclt Sni<illc'r
ASSEMBLED percentage of the total than ~~-srs first anticipated .
SHRAPNEL 75-mm.
3 .8-inch.
fuse cover (hi7) 1.7-inch.
6hroPnel or shell head
see 155-mm.
Resin
_\11 of the above shrapnel used the Frankford type of combination
ShroPnel balls fuze. described and illustrated on page 167 . 1 typical section of
American shrapnel is illustrated on the opposite page.
Powder tube (brass)
Sleel shell6ody_
forged &moch~~ed)
Shrapnel.-The earliest departure of importance in the United Semi-steel shell . Steel shell . Steel shell filled and fuzed with
Mark III fuze,
States in regard to ammunition was the decision to manufacture FIG. -19 .-kligh explosive shell-cross sections .
shrapnel for the 75-min . field gun. Projectiles of the following sizes
High-explosive shell.-This is the most commonly used and probably
similar to well-established types used by the United States were
the most important type of projectile . Its use is general throughout
designed and put under manufacture in quantity, though the require-
all calibers and all types of guns, howitzers, and mortars, including
914S5--19-lo
146 W1i)NANcr, DATA . ~irnr,l,r,lfi AMMUNITION- . 147
Sfeel shell6ody
(forged d-mcchlr7ed)
(,un Section
I
J<
a.w.,; ey ~a D:;y,hXlpi
Fia. 50.-High-explosive base fuze shell, American type . FIG. 51 .-High-explosive post faze shell, English type.
mobile and seacoast artillery and cannon on railway mounts. At safe for firing, they required that all shell bodies be heat treated
the beginning of the war the American, British, and German de- to improve their physical properties .
signs called for thick walls and a relatively small charge of high The experience of the earlier years of the war indicated that
explosive. The French, on the other hand, used large bursting larger bursting charges than had been used in our designs mere
charges and thin malls . In order to make these thin-walled shell desirable. It also demonstrated that point-fuzed she.11 were more
14S ORDNANCI?, DATA ARTILLERY _1\LSIUVLTION . 149
Ado/vler sleel .
z/--e Soc+ei l!alder(sr~ei)
Fu2e OCkt/ (8~as5 of Copper1
- Boosler case,or JoaFef
or Gou7e. (cold drawn or
pressed sfee%mochmed
EXP/osive chor9e
STN T.)
F[G. 52-High-explosive nose fuze shell, French type . F[G . 53 .-Common steel gas shell.
effective for certain purposes than base-fuzed shell. New designs kinds, smoke, illuminating, tracer, and incendiary shell. All of
were therefore prepared embodying those features shown by experi- these are similar in outline to the high-explosive shell.
ence to be desirable. In general these designs resemble those of the Gas and smoke shell.-Gas and smoke shell require a larger booster
French with thin walls and high bursting charges. charge than high-explosive shell, and all joints must be gas tight.
Special shell.-An important development of the war was the use To meet these requirements American designs employ a taper thread
in large quantities of special shell, including gas shell of various in the nose of gas shell, and the opening is made somewhat larger
ARTILLERY _tA-1_N-[U_1TioN . 1 15 1
I'liese marks are placed about one-half inch in rear of the bourrelet FUZES.
and spaced one-half inch apart . They ate deep enough to be felt General considerations .-A fuze performs the function of igniting
and be counted by sense of touch, enabling artillerymen to recognize the bursting charge and initiating the explosion, either upon impact
weights of projectiles during night, firing . For shell, the weights of the projectile or after a certain time of flight and before the pro-
indicated by the marks indicate the weight of loaded projectile and jectile strikes . Fuzes are usually divided into time, percussion, and
booster, but without fuze. For shrapnel the weight of the fuze is detonating, or combinations of two or more of these types in to one .
included. r With respect to form, they are divided into pout and base, accord-
Marking 4.7-inch shells . 4 .7-inch shells for the United Mates Artil- ing to whether they are attached to the point or base of the projec-
lery are classified by weight into three zones . These are indicated tile. Time fuzes are arranged so that they may be set to function at
bY punch marks as follows : Marks . any time up to the maximum for which the fuze is designed. Percus-
43 pounds up t0 and includirP 43 pounds 11 ounces_-_ _ __ _ _ __ _____ 1 sion fuzes function clue to the retardation of the projectile on im-
43 pounds 11 ounces up t0 and includirr- 44 pounds 6 ounces_.____- ____ 2 pact. These fuzes simply ignite the bursting charge . Detonating
-44 pounds 6 ounces up to and includirf, 45 pounds 1 otutce---------- 3 fuzes usually function on impact of the projectile and carry a deto-
The marks are placed about five-tenths of an inch in rear of the nator of fulminate of mercury or some material, which initiates a
bourrelet, spaced five-tenths inch apart . They should average one- very rapid explosion (several thousand meters per second), called a
tenth inch in diameter, and are punched deep enough to be felt and detonation, in the bursting charge . Combinations of time and per-
counted by sense of touch, enabling artillerymen to recognize weight cussion elements or time and detonating elements in the same fuze are
of projectile during night firing . Each punch mark has a square of very common .
black paint stenciled over it for identifying weight zones by sight . Safety devices .-All fuzes are arranged with safety devices which
The weight zones indicated by the marks are for shell containing restrain the firing pin from coming into contact with the' primer
bursting charge, adapter and booster charge. but without fuze . until after the fuze has been subjected to acceleration or rotation
When Mash III fuzes are used there must be added 1 .5 ounces to the nearly equivalent to that obtained in the bore of the gun . In addi-
shell's loaded weight, while for the Mark IV and Mark V fuzes 6 tion, some of the detonating fuzes have what are known as bore
ounces is added. These elements are considered in connection with safety devices . Such devices usually keep the detonator separated
the various range tables and setting of the guns. Shrapnel for the from the bursting charge in such a way that it would not ignite the
,E.7-inch gun varies but 1 per cent in weight and has no weight zones, latter, even though prematurely ignited, due to shock or other causes .
The system of marking can be understood b'- reference to figure 54 . The arrangement for bringing the detonator and bursting charge in
Designating colors and marks for projectiles .-Projectiles of all cali- such relation to each other that the fuze would function is designed
bers are distinguished by different colored paints, designating their so that it functions some time after the projectile has left the bore of
type. Common steel shells are painted yellow when filled with high the gun . From this the name " bore safe " or " bore safety " feature
explosive and gray when filled with gas. Semisteel shells have the top originated . The fuze, however, is equally safe in storage or trans-
painted black to the bourrelet, while above the bourrelet they are portation or even in ammunition dumps, should projectiles be stored
painted yellow if filled with high explosive, or gray if filled with gas. fuzed .
Common shrapnel is painted red . Marks are also stenciled on the pro- American conditions.-In the United States at the outbreak of the
jectile to indicate the caliber and the cannon in which they are to be war there was no satisfactory type of point-detonating fuze . The
used, whether guns, howitzer, or mortar . This is a matter of great Frankford Arsenal design of combination time and percussion fuze
importance and plain distinguishing marks for shell were urged by was used for common shrapnel, while an adaptation of the Ehrhardt
the American Expeditionary Forces as a matter of considerable type of time detonating fuze was used on a few high-explosive
importance in field service . shrapnel then manufactured . The high-explosive shell were fitted
with detonating fuzes of the base type. The decision to employ the
French 75-min . and 155-mm . ammunition carried with it the adoption
of the French fuzes, which were entirely different from any ever
used in the United States . The French fuzes were carried separately
with an adapter and booster casing carrying the booster or main
detonating charge .
1,54 c3lalNA,C~': DATA .
Base nercussion :
Minor caliber, Mark I . . . 73-2-42.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 'dark Drawing
Minor caliber, Mark II . . 73-2-46-_ . }37-mm. low-,Bsplosive cast steel shell. Siz,
Medium and major caliber. 73-2-29 . .- No. 3.o.
Low-explosive shell. medium and major
caliber.
Base detonating :
Minor caliber, Mark Ii-. 73-Z-57 . . I. . . . . . . . 73-1-52. . . . U. S,
Minor caliber, :ifuk VL . 73-1-124_ . }37 mm. high-explosive and A. P. shell.
:Minor caliber. . . .. . . . . . 11 73-1-45... . . . .. . . ... . . . . .. . For 2.24.inch 6-pouuder cast-steel shell.
Medium caliber I . . . . . .- . . 73-2-37,38-- . ._ . . ._ . . . . . ._ . I I . . .' 73-1-84-I .U . s.
Medium caliber . . 73-3-96.. . . . .--- . ... . . . .-- . }Mobile, for 2.95 to 7 inch, inclusive.
Medium caliber. . . .73-2-22,36-- . . . . . . . . . . . .. . IIA . . .' 73-1-1224 __ c
Medium caliber. . . . . K-9-96 . . .... . ... . . . . . . . }Seacoast, for 3 to 6 inch, inclusive .
Mark III (Semple type). ., 73-2-52,53 . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . Mobile artillery ammunition. III . . . . . 73-1-55 . . . i?. S.
Mark V (Semple type).! 73-2-G2,"" . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . Seacoast ammunition above 3ineh.
Major caliber "- . . i 73-2-28,36 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . IIIA . . .- 73-1-105. . _I U. s.
' :f73-3-96 . ... . . .. . .I Seaco iIs-t, all calibers above 6-inch .
Point detonating:
Mark I. . . . . . . . . . 73-1-50,51 .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Mobile 2.95 and 3-inch high-explosive shell lIIB . . . ;73-1-104 . . .1 U. S,
73-2-13, 44,45 . . and cast-steel shell. IIIC . . . . . 73-1-119 . . .1 Brig¬
3fark I I . . .. :Mobile and seacoast S-inch and above.
Mark III- .. . . . . - . . . . . . 73-2-39, 40, 41 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Mobile and seacoast 75-mm., 3.8-inch, 4.7-
I
.. 73-1-79,80,81. . . Mobile and and above. IIID ._ . 73-1-120 . Brig¬
)fark IV seacoast (3 .8-inch, 4.7-inch, 6-inch,
and above) howitzer or mortar, and 14inch IIII? . . 173-1-121. Brigl
73-1-79,80,81. . . . . . . . . .. . guns .
Mark IV - . . .----- ..
.. . . . . . ' 73-1-79,80,82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile,
Mark V . . . .. . . . . . . ..-------
155-mm . gun, high-explosive shell .
Mobile and seacoast 75-mm., 4.7-inch, 5-inch,
IV . . . . .'. 73-1-54 . . . . Brig)
IVA. ..I! 73-1-91 . ... . . .. .a
6-inch, S-inch, l0-inch, 12-inch guns.
combination time and percus- IVB . . . 73-1-93.. . .
sion : IVC_-- 73-1-111 . .. . . .. .
_ ~4.7.mch win and howitzer, 3.8aneh howitzer
4.3second, m o d e 1 1907 . . . .'.. 73-3-47,48,95,96_- 6. inch owitzer, and 155-mm. gun and
45-second, Mark I . .1 73-3-101,102, and,103 . . . . - howitzer, shrapnel. IVD. .. 173-1-116 . . . d
21-second, model 190. . . . . . . 73-3-93,94,95,96 . .. . . . . . . . .I IVE. ..~. 73-1-123 . .-i . . .--d
21-second, model 1918, . . . . . 73-3-104,105,106,and 107_- .'i 75-mm. gun, 2.95-inch mountain gun, and
21-second, Stark IV . . . . . . . .1 i3-3-114,115,116.- .- .- . . . . .' 3inchCai :d gun, shrapnel. V__ ., 73-1-65 . . .. Brfg ¬
21-second, 1. A. F . . . . . . . . . 73-3-99,100 . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .t
_\ntiaireraft time fuzes : I
Antiaircraft, Mark IL . .! 73-3-109,110 . . . . . 3-inch antiaircraft ammunition, all t pes. VA . . . . 73-1-106 . .. 1 . . . . .d
Antiaircraft, Mark 111. . .I 73-3-111,112,113 .. . . . . . ... .. . . . 75-mm antiaircraft ammunition, allytypes.
4.7 .inch antiaircraft ammunition .
7fi-second incdranienl I inxr, li l 73-7-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. . . o and 6 inch seacoast gun shell, A. B. ammuni- VB . . . . 73-1-107_ . .1 . .. .-d
Mark L -- tion .
I VC . . . . 73-L-108 ._-- . . . . .d
1155-mm. gun, A. B. shell and shrapnel .
V1 . ,. . 73-1-66 . . . -i Brig ¬
.I This fuze had heen condemned and will be extracted and replaced by Mark III, Semple type, VIA. . .! 73-1-90. . . .j . . . _d
in mobile artillery ammunition and by Mark V Semple type, in the seacoast artillery ammunition .
= This fuze is no longer being produced and wi11 be replaced as soon as possible by lark V, Semple type .
VIB . . .'. 73-1-109 . . . . . . . . d
VIC-- ., 73-1-113 . ..I-._ d
VID . . . 73-1-113 . . _ -d
VIL . . 73-1-67. . . .I Brig :
VIIA 73-1-33. .I _ -d
VI IB . 73-1-112 . . . . . . d
1111C.. . . .: . 71-1-114
. . .d
d
IX . . .--' 73-1-73 . . .- ii U. S.
X . 1 73-Z-51. . .1 it . S.
I V . . .i 73-1-11 . Brigg
XVI. . .I 73-1-127 . . _ .d
91485-19 .
TABLE IS .-Adapters
boosters
and
Mark I Drawing Size and kind of thread . Rind . Type . Shell used in-- lt elnarks .
N0 . "o . I
ti . S. standard 1 .2frinch . .~ iii g h ex plosi,c .I - . .- .--- . -, .I TIi~h ex plosive steel shell 2.95 and 3 inch ' Used with hushing GA . 141 in 4.9 and 6 inch in
model 1917. and howitzer, 3inch howitzer, 9.2-inch howft-
I I zee in place of Mark If .
II . . . . . .I 73-1-W. . . U. S. standard, 92-iuch . . . . . . . . . .(To. . . . . . . . . .Ij . . . . . . . . . . . Ilfgh explosive steel shell, 4.7-inch and In regular production superseded by TIA for
lamer. future contracts .
IIA, . . .i 73-I-122. . . . . . . .do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . do. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .-------- .', Alternate Mark 11 r.ot yet ir. production, inter-
. ;I changeable with SteakII9.
III. . . . . 73-1-55_ IT . S. star lard, 1.5-inch . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . i-lighexplosive steel shell, 7_mm ., Mark I, ; in regular production .
and 3.4-inch, Mark I, and 75-mm. semi-
steel, \far k XIL
IIIA ._,,- 73-1-105 .. . II . S. standard, 2.5-inch . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iligh explosive steel shell, 155-mm ., Mark Do .
I, ITT, IV, and V.
11IB . . .' 73-I-104. . . U . S. standard, 1 .5-inch . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thigh explosive steel shell, 75-mm ., Afark Net yet in regular production .
173-1-119 .. . Briggs, 1 .5-inch . . . . . . . - . -do . . . . . . ., . . High explosive semkteel, 4.7-Inch, -Mark Has pipe I hread in nox: not yet in regular pro-
V, :S-i:)a_b 'stark IS, 155-mm ., Afark XN71 duclior.,
and XVYL
IIID . . -I 73-1-120 . Briggs, 2-inch . . . . . . . .do . lligll ex~:aosfve semisteel shell, frinch, I-fax pipe thread in no<e ; no requirements .
Ifatt'k % I.
I1I11. . . .~I 73-1-121 . . . Briggs, 2.5-inch ____ . . . . . . . .do . _lI ITi_ l~b-°vralodve scmi,itP_Pj S-iq~Q; Mark V, lies pipe thread in nose ; not- yet in production .
9.2-inch Stark T 240-mm . Mark II .
IV . . . . . I 73-I-54. . . . Briggs, 1.25-inch.. Gas . . Low capacity) ha=s, stce 1, 75-rum ., Afark I i _ :Butt weld ; in regular production .
IVA.. .i 73-1-91 . . . . do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . .i do . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . Bar stock: aot in re_Ztlar production1; probably
never sill lie produced in quantity .
IN,B . . . 73-1-93 . . .!- -do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, ockwood : just coming into production .
IVC_ . . 7.3-L II1 . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . high capacity . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solid bar; 7!ot is rerrlar uroduction ; probably
i never will 1)e produced in quantity.
IVD. ., . 73-1-116 . . .~ . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . ~ I . . . . . do . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butt weld ; not yet in production ; will supersede
"; ark IV .
IVE .. .I73-1-12,3 . +_ . . .do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . .do---------------------- . . . . . . . ..... . Drawn : not yc't in production .
V . . . . . .I 73-1-65- -1 Briggs, 1.5-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do. . . . . . . . . Low capacity Gas steel, 4.7-inch, Afark II, 5-inch Afark Butt «-old: in regular production .
j V1, and gas sernistael, 4.7-inch, Wark V
5-inch,'-uk IX, 155-mm ., mark XV1
and XVIL
VA. . . . .I 73-1-106 .--I-- .- -do - -_-do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-do . . . -do. Barstoek; riot In regular production ; probably
I will never be produced in quantity.
Vu . 73-1-107_ .j----- do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . .i Ilighcapacity.l, . . . . .do- Drawn: not vet in production ; final design for
bigh capacity, Stark V.
VC ._ - . y 73-1-104 . . .I .__. .do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . " . . . . .do . . . . . . . . . . . Low capacity .I . . . . .do . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drawn; not vet is production ; final design for
lea capnvitl, Melrk V.
73-1-66 . .i B r i g g s , 2-inch . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . I ._do------ .- Gas, steel, 6-inch, Mark III, 155, Mark IT :Butt v:cld ; in regniar production .
and %, 11, ,gas, semisteel, fi-incb, :Sark V1 .
VIA. . . .I 73-1 ;10. . . .j . . . . .do .__ . . .--_ ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .(to . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-do . .. . . . . . Gas, steel, 6-inch, Mark III, 155, Afark lI Bar stock; not in regular production ; probably
I and VII, semisteel, Cinch, Mark VI . never "rill he produced in quantity .
VIB . . . . : 73-I-103 . . . 1j _ . .do. . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . .----_ ----- do----------- ~ Itigheapacity . . . . . do . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .__. . . . . . . . . ._ . . ..._ Drawn; not c: ;f in production ; final design for
high eapatity, Ifark VI .
VIC. . . .1 73-1-110 . . . . . . . .do . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . ._ . .do . . . . . . . . . . . . Lowcapacity . . ..-do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . Do.
VID-1 73-1-11:3 -do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. . . . .do. . .. . . . . . . .I . . . .-do . . . . . . ._ . .do . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Butt weld : not in regular production ; probably
never will be used in quantities.
VII. . . 73-1-W . . . Briggs, ., .Such. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .- .do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . .. ._ . . . Gas, steel and semiAeel,X-inch, Mark V, Butt v: eld; in. regular production .
9.2-inch, ?Sark I, 240-nml., Mark II .
VITA . _ 73-I-33. . ----- do_.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . .do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . .. . . . . . . . ._ ._ ._ .. . . . . ._ . . . . ... . . . Bar stock: not in regular production ; probably
I neverwill be used is quantity.
VIIB 73-1-112. . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . --------- ---- do . . . . . . . . . . . fligheapacity . . . . . do---------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. . . . Dra,xn ; not yet in production ; final design for
high capacity, Stark VII.
VIIC . . _ 73-1-114 . . . .-do------------- . . . . . . . . . . t ._do, . . . . . . . . . . Lo\v capacity . . . .-do . . ._ .. . . . . .-- . ._ . . .------ . . . . . ..._ . . Do.
VIID . . 73-1-115. . . _-do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .!I . . . . .do. . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .do.__. ._ . . . . . . ._d- Butt. %~: eld; not in regular production: probably
will never be made in quantilies .
73-1-73. .' ti . S. standard, 2-inch. -'1 Ifligh explosive . .'I-- do . . . High explosive steel shell, 4.7-inch, and Combined fuze and booster (British type).
larger.
X. . . . . . 73-2-51 . . . . U. S. standard, 1.37,Sineh . .I .do. . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . do- High explosive shell for antiaircraft use Detonator (Semple type) used with shell adapter
for time fuzes.
IV . . . 73-1-100 ._ 1 B r i g g s , 2.54ach . . . . . .'i G a s . . . . Highcapacity All semisteel air-burst gas shells above 5- Not y-et in production ; same booster casing as
inch . \" II13 .
XVI. . . 73-1-127 . . . . . . . . . do--------------------- . . . . .do . . .. . . . . . . .I . . . . .do. . . . . . . . Semisteel, air-burst, gas shells, 4.7 and 5- Not yet in production .
inch .
tleadt'lu~L
Cold Dralur .
err .le
Cald S
S~ fly .5tliru~?
Brass
Strif~er Rod
CcldSi'awil Steel
Pedwlibn Oi
nH+'~.t`lll
Marks I and II fuzes.-Just previous to the outbreak of the war, FIG. 56.-Point detonating fuze Mark II.
some tests had been conducted with Russian 3 GT point-detonating similar to the 3 GT except that it is larger-to provide arming b3
fuzes, which had been produced in large quantities in this country, rotation instead of acceleration, and to provide a delay action feature.
and which were considered very safe fuzes on account of an effec- It was proposed to use this modified fuze, called the Mgt dc II, in all
tive bore safety device . This type of fuze was early adopted, and shell above 3-inch.
referred to as the Mark I. At the same time, layouts were made and The Mark I fuze was ordered in quantity for 3-inch shell ammu-
experiments inaugurated to modify the 4 GT Russian fuze-which is nition, but many orders were canceled after the adoption of French
types of fuzes.
158 ORDNANCE DATA. _1t;TIUA:R1 : \\CALt 51TtO\ . 159
French fuzes.-During the visit of the French commission headed
bv Marshall Joffre is was decided that we would prucnre considerable
Iefono~`irlg fuze -M4rfr III
ordnance materiel, including
guns. carriages, and ammuni-
f tion, in France, in order to tide ~irir~q f'ii~ r'nr~li Rodl ~- rihq Pii~ l1PPa'(Sof/Slew
over the period until we could
develop quantity production of //.a//- R/ngrs.Fl staerJ
this materiel . It was, therefore, ~~o.vorfinc~ l~hosher
decided that we would adopt (Semn-Hord Steel)
tive type which bursts the shell above ground. This fuze is generally
used for high-esplosire shell fired against personnel, where the ef- and long-delay action. The main difference between the two is that
generally in the Mark V has an additional safety feature which requires some-
fect of shell fragments is desired . It is-also used gas and
what higher acceleration to function than the Mark IV type. The
smoke shell where burst is desired before the shell buries itself. The
Mark IV and V fuzes arc in some degree interchangeable with respect method of introducing this safety feature, however, so weakens the
fuze at the point that the Mark V is not suitable for the more pow-
to their functions . Roth types are made up with nondelay, short-delay .
erful guns and is therefore generally used with 75-mm . shell .
Signifes Instan to Allon6 Lefevre, or instantnncous elongated fuze of f,efevre design .
ARTILLERY Aivi~Ko-ITIO_r . 161
160 ORONAVOL DATA .
Retard S ring
Brass Wire
?clay Retard Carrier k~ Bra33
ross !Rod) ( )
Mark III fuze, safety device .-A partial bor^fety device has been
added to the Mark III fuze . This consists of a plunger operated by
centrifugal force and set at an angle so that linear acceleration tends
to oppose the centrifugal force and holds the plunger in a safe
position . This plunger is located in the fuze body between the front Fu ; . 60 .-Point detonating fuze, Mark IV
and rear detonators . While the projectile is being accelerated in Mark IV and V fuzes .-The Mark IV and V fuzes are essentially
the bore, this plunger remains in a safe position and shuts off any copies of French designs. These, together with the Mark III, are
premature action from the front cletonntor, or primer, making the the three types which the French high commission considered es-
fuze bore safe to that extent. After linear acceleration ceases, the sential for the United States to adopt for manufacture in this
centrifugal force throws the plunger out and opens the channel be- country in order to obtain all the advantages of the French fuzing
tween the two detonators. This device is shown in the diagram of system, which includes a considerable additional number of types.
the Mark III fuze on the preceding page . These three fuzes fit the same adapter and booster and can be used
91485-19-11
2 ORWNANCI-] DATA . \IiTfLLEMY r11VI\%LtiNITION . 163
DETONATING FUZE" M A R K V
De%ir e~o~t76
ReJ`nrd aPr.:~ya 6io.SS Ii'ire 6/ock
De%r recordcomer, 6rozs -rod.. Fic . 62 .-Mark V point detonating fuze, exterior view and section.
The Mark IV, Mark IV-A, and Mark V fuzes when made in
nondelay form are distinguished by a painted white head . For short
delay the top only is black, while for long delay a violet var
nished socket is used . When rein-
forced retard springs are used with
Mark IV and IV-A for the 155-mm .
gun the truncated part of the head
is painted green.
Special fuze for 37-mm. shell.In
1918, the Engineering Division un-
dertook to develop designs, prepare
DELA drawings and specifications,- deter-
mine the necessary gauges, and con-
duct the necessary experiments and
PnoducJion Diw'aW_ tests for a 37-mm. airplane gun su-
Oan S?cicat
/YON DELA Y ~nata F L4ca'
persensitive point fuze . Likewise,
Zr7 . D7 :"7FT.
for the same caliber, a balloon fabric
Fic. 61 .-Point detonating fuze, 'Nfark V .
fuze for use with the 37-mm. shell
against balloons was developed ; and
interchangeably. The Mark IV fuze. is easily armed and is specially studies for the design and manufac-
designed for use with howitzer ammunition . The point-detonating ture of a 37-mm shell to be used
fuze, Mark V, which is illustrated in the diagram above, like the FIG. 63.-Base percussion fuze minor caliber, with the above fuze were put under
Mark IV, is made up with delay and nondelay actions . The Mark I, Baldwin type.
way.
Mark IV is supplied for projectiles of 3 .8-inch caliber and above, Base percussion fuzes.-Three types of base-percussion fuzes are in-
and for use in howitzers and mortars, and 14-inch guns . cluded in the American list of fuzes, and are used with 37-mm. low
AIt'PILL1";Rh AAL\LI'NI'1'II1N .
164 ORDNANc;1 ,: DATA .
Sech'o n %9A
and also to the fact that there. was available in this country all the
manufacturing capacity which was required, while no capacity was
available for manufacturing the French type of fuze . The com-
bination time. and percussion fuzes 21 seconds and 45 seconds are most
commonly used on Field Artillery shrapnel . The 21-seconds fuze
is shown in the accompanying diagrams, figures 67 and 65. Oil the
preceding page.
Time fuzes for antiaircraft shell .-The shell and shrapnel used
against aircraft require a somewhate different, type of fuze. The per-
cussion element is not desired, inasmuch as direct hits on the target
are) rare and with the possible failure of the time mechanism to op-
erate there would be an explosion on the return to the ground pro-
ductive of no advantage and much Possible clanger . Time fuzes for
antiaircraft high-explosive shell are equipped with detonators which ADAPTERS AND BOOSTERS .
contain bore safety features.
Some of the special time fuzes employed with antiaircraft ammuni- Definition .-In general, an adapter is a collar or bushing which
tion are of the Frankford Arsenal design, some of the Russian design adapts the fuze to fit a shell of a certain caliber . A booster is a com-
adapted to the United States fuze setters, and others are mechanical bination of a booster charge of high explosive and its container,
time fuzes of the Waltham design, described below. which is usually a metal tube screwed into or otherwise attached
Waltham mechanical time fuze.-The Waltham mechanical time fuze to the adapter, and extending down to the explosive charge of the
is made up of approximately 65 parts and is similar in construction projectile . The fuze, when inserted in the combined adapter and
to a watch . The mechanism is driven by a steel watch spring which is booster, has its detonator extended into the booster charge . The
wound by a special key through a recess in the top plate cover. This adapter and booster, as already mentionecl, represented a new and
spring is connected by friction to a flat steel set plate on top of the radical departure in American artillery ammunition, never having
fuze mechanism, by a, flat steel spring washer which is held against been used previous to the war . In addition to a booster charge being
the plate by a knurled nut. required with certain modern high explosive and gas shell, the
To set the fuze for any desirable time of burst, the cap attached to adapter and booster casing permits the use of various types of fuzes
the graduated ring is turned until the desired setting of time in in one shell with corresponding tactical advantage .
seconds, on the scale, is opposite an indicator mark on the fuze body . Action of the fuze.-When the fuze acts, setting off its detonator,the
When this cap is turned a steel hook on the inside of the same and detonating -wave detonates the booster charge, which in turn deto-
fixed thereto, which is engaged in a small recess of the steel set plate, nates the explosive charge of the projectile.
rotates this plate to the proper setting. This set plate makes one Use with gas shells .-Adapters and boosters are also employed in
revolution in approximately 75 seconds (in the `Z-second fuze) and gas shells, the booster charge used being sufficient to open the neck
therefore is moved through an arc proportionate to the time of burst of the shell and release the gas . Gas-shell adapters and boosters
desired, as indicated by the markings on the graduated ring on the differ from those used with other shells, inasmuch as they are taper-
outside of the same. threaded into the shell to make a gas-tight joint ; and the method of
The mechanism is locked by a steel pin which is engaged in a forked attaching booster casing to the adapter is also designed to prevent
arm attached to the main shaft of the mechanism. This pin has a leakage of the gas . Furthermore, in gas shells it has been found
small shoulder on it which rests against a spring steel cup, slotted to necessary to lead-plate or otherwise coat gas boosters, owing to the
make it more elastic . On shock of discharge the pin sets down into chemical action between the iron or steel and certain types of gas .
the cup, thereby releasing the forked arm and allowing the mechan- Adapters and boosters for high-explosive shell .-The adapters and
ism to start . boosters for high-explosive shell, Mark I, II, and III, are described
When the shock of discharge starts the mechanism, the plate is in the following paragraphs, while on page 155 is given a complete
slowly revolved by the spring until a notch in the periphery of the list of these designed and in service . Other designs than those de-
same rotates to the position opposite a projection on the trigger-re- scribed, do not differ materially from these except the Mark X,
leasing device, which then drops into place, releasing the trigger which is a special type for use in antiaircraft shell and which con-
which restrains the firing pin . The firing pin is forced into the ful- tains a centrifugal bore safe feature and will not be described here .
minate cap by a spring held in compression by the trigger. Adapter and booster casing, Mark I.-The adapter consists of a steel
The spring and the trains of gears are controlled by a governor, bushing which screws into the nose of the shell and is threaded on
similar in construction to the escapement in a watch. This escape- its inner circumference at the front to accept the French threading
ment is placed on the center of rotation of the fuze, so that its func- of the fuzes . The inner circumference at the rear is threaded to
tioning will not be appreciably affected by centrifugal force. receive the threads on the booster casing . The booster casing con-
This fuze has no percussion mechanism, as it is not desired to have sists of a tube containing a fuze-socket holder, and a fuze socket, and
the shell burst on impact with the ground. a high explosive charge composed of equal parts of compressed
Colored marking for fuzes.-There are special colored markings for TNT and tetryl . A threaded plug holds the explosive in the tube
the exterior of all fuzes in current use, to indicate long-delay, short- and seals the booster casing from the rear encl. Detonation of the
delay, nondelay, etc ., and to serve for purposes of prompt and unmis- hi&h-explosive detonator of the fuze when inserted in the fuze socket
takable identification . These are shown in detail on Ordnance Office detonates the booster charge, which in turn- detonates the bursting
drawings 75-14-69 and 75-14-70. charge of the projectile .
172 c11tI)NANUP : .NRTILLHRY AIYCi'VL[TNITION . 17 :3
tiered fast. Screwing the booster casing into the adapter plug brinffs
t be upper lip of the fuze holder tightly against the upper rim of
the booster casing, holding the entire contents of the casing fast .
WC PLUG -
The adapter and booster are now ready to be screwed into the shell.
_\s the fuzes arc never assembled to the shell until the roulrd is about
tube of the booster casing, and is threaded at the front to take the
to be used, an adapter plug is supplied which acts as a protectionl
French threading on the fuzes. A fuze socket holder, into which is
against the entrance of foreign substance or moisture into the socket.
soldered a fuze socket, is inserted into the front end of the boostel
It consists of a compressed felt washer held between an upper washer
tube, and held by the pressure of the booster tube when screwed in.
of tin and a lower washer of tin or copper, both held together by
The booster is filled with high explosive under pressure, and sealed
:1 twisted wire link. The link is first passed over the circumference
by screwing a plug into the rear end. As shell containing this
of a ring which acts as a means of unscrewing the plug.
adapter are never fuzed until preparatory to firing, the adapter is
stopped with a felt plug which prevents the entrance of dirt oI CARTRIDGE CASES .
moisture into the fune socket .
Nature and function,-The primary purpose of a cartridge case is to
LEAD WAXER-,- help make up an easily handled round by combining the projectile
and powder charge so as to permit loading as a unit . The use of a
cartridge case also insures obturation ; that is, it prevents the escape
of the gases of combustion without resort to obturating devices
inside the breech ; and particularly in the case of fixed ammunition
the cartridge case acts as a protection for the propelling charge
against the action of moisture and dampness . In fixed ammunition
the cartridge case is crimped onto the projectile below the rotating
ADAPTER band, while in semifixed ammunition the cartridge case is removable.
. 72.
:
Pi, ldnplcr and booslcr casing, Nt»rk I I , Semifixed ammunition is used in howitzers where the necessity of
removing powder bags to fire in zones requiring low-muzzle velocities
Adapter and booster casing, Mark III.-To adapt the French type precludes assembling as a fixed round.
fuzes Mark III and Mark V to the 75-mm. shell, an adapter embody- Nature of cartridge cases.--All cartridge cases, whether for fixed or
ing a high-explosive booster is used, which is shown in Plate V of semifixed ammunition, are of the same general character, and are
the handbook on adapters and boosters . The adapter consists of a manufactured in the same way. They are drawn from solid metal
Aangecl steel collar, threaded on the outside with a standard thread disks by a series of operations consisting of one cupping and an-
to screw into the head of the shell up to the flange . The inner cir- nealing, several cold drawings and annealings after each drawing,
cumference below the flange is also threnclcd to receive the steel tube heading, tapering and finishing of the head . A projecting rim oI
constituting the booster casing . Through the flanged section, the flange is formed on the head of the cartridge case, which is engaged
collar is threaded to receive the French threading on the fuze stocks . by the extractor in the breech of the cannon . The primer hole
A tubular fuze socket holder of steel is fitted to the inside of the through the head of the case is punched or bored, and is then man -
booster casing. It has an inner lip which supports the outer lip of dreled with a taper plug to toughen the surrounding metal. This
the copper or brass fuze socket, which is passed through it and sol-
174 ORDNANCE DATA . _11ZT1LLEP1 A-NIKUNITION . 175
toughening process is necessary as the primer sent, tends to expand is made up in silk' bags in a base and three increments, corresponding
under gas pressure, causing primers Lo fit loosely on repriming the to the four zones of fire. The increments are held to the base by four
case after it has been fired. tying straps sewed on to the base, 90 degrees apart, so that when the
Diaphragm-It was formerly the rule to solder a brass diaphragm increments are placed on top of the base charge these straps may be
down on top of the powder charge . This homever is not the prac- brought up over the top and tied, holding the charge securely to-
tice with the small caliber ammunition used by the French, and has gether. The igniting charge in the base section consists of a pancake
been discontinued in United States 75-mm. ammunition. on the base of the charge . A howitzer charge is made up so that its
Bursting charge .-The bursting charges for various shell vary in diameter is that of the chamber .
kind and amount, ranging from black powder in the case of some 8-inch gun railway mount .-The average charge of powder for the
37-min . projectiles, to TNT, amatol, or other high explosives for the h-inch modified seacoast gun weighs 70 pounds, and is placed in two
medium and larger calibers . (See section on explosives, page 199.) bags . The charge is so divided that the base section gives three-
Full information in regard to the quantity and kind of explosive fourths service muzzle velocity and the base and increment give
used in different projectiles can be obtained from the table oz service velocity . To secure a rigid charge the powder is placed in
United States Army cannon and projectiles, Ordnance Pamphlet No. the bag and then rolled and wrapped with a strap of cartridge cloth .
3676, and in summary will be found on Table 1, " Principal Char- The wrapped increment is tied to the base by four straps which run
acteristics of U. S. Army Cannon and Projectiles," facing page 26 up from the base section and are tied over the top of the increment
of this Handbook. when the two are placed end to end. Ignition is secured by a charge
Propelling charge,-The charge contained in the cartridge case, or of black powder located in a pancake on the base of the base section,
in the powder bags in the case of separate loading, consists of smoke- and in a,core which extends from this pancake through the center of
less powder discussed in a subsequent section, while the qualities of the base section and is continued through the increment section .
each individual charge, either fixed or bag, are stated in the table-of Gun charges are so made that their length is approximately that
United States Army cannon characteristics, facing page 26. of the powder chamber .
The powder used by the United States Army is an ether alcohol,
PRIMERS .
colloid of pyro nitrocellulose containing diphenylamine as a stabilizer.
For guns from .30 caliber to the 2 .95-inch mountain gun, it is made Ordnance
in the form of a single perforated grain whose length is approxi- Types of primers Depart-
ment Used with.
mately 2.5 times its diameter . For guns larger than 2.95inch moun- drawing .
tain gun, the grain has seven perforations. The size of grain is 20-grain igniting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-3-1 For 1-pounder subcaliber seacoast .
varied to suit the requirements of the different guns. Instances of 20-grain percussion .
DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74-2-1
75-2-167
For 1 .7-pound subcaliber mobile.
For 37-mm, common steel shell.
typical charges are given herewith . 21-grain percussion, Mark IL . .. 74-2-17 For 155-mm . gun and howitzer, 8-inch and 240
mm . howitzer.
.
Fixed ammunition, 75-mm. field gun .-The average charge of powder 49-grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110-grain igniting . . . . . . . . . . . - .- .
74-Z-15
74-3-2
For 75-mm . ammunition .
For 2.95-inch subcaliber ammunition.
for the 75-mm . field gun firing shell weighs 21 ounces, and for 110-grain
"T" ercus ,ion .
mode friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74-2-3
74-2-26
For all other mobile service ammunition .
For 8-inch and 9 .2-inch howitzer.
shrapnel weighs 25 ounces . The powder is placed in the cartridge . Friction, model 1914 -
Obturating friction.-
74425
74-4-9
For seacoast cannon .
For siege cannon with new model-vents used in
case and a cardboard obturator is placed on top of it, and the pro- 5-inch siege gun and 7-.inch siege howitzer, mode
1898 .
jectile forced in on top of this. This obturator is formed of a card- D O 74-4-1 For siege cannon with old model vents--used in 5-
inch siege gun, model 1890 ; `I-inch siege howitzer
board cylinder closed at both ends and is used to insure the powder : earlier than 1898 ; 3.6-inch and 7-inch mortar .
£r~/& ii24
(------
wod
Ogrd) ~
~ ouoooaoiruoau
F//,757,'2V1
P. Bodu ilddddd
.~'ddddddddOB~
~Cor/~rio~ya 19ross)
v
a
~Cnrtriq~gP 3rosS)
G77317J91-T.f~
_tridq .e rro -. )
Pr/~PIR' C' AYP~'
~n'7o Cor»,vosii`icn)
Firii~a J°/ua
Ack-A Tobirv R, rvrrzo )
(C'ortri aro.c r)
BQf7FeI'4/ C'U,o
~Corfriq~9~ .arYlsSJ
~Vith 3 grains of detonating paste laid over the roughened part of the
the hole being closed by a brass plug. The body is charged
friction wire,
with S grains of black powder and sealed with a shellacked cork and
paper disk. The end of the body is crimped to secure the cork. The
body is prevented from unscrewing by a pin. The upper part of the
body has a cylindrical opening, which is enlarged in its lower part
into a conical recess . This recess receives the copper ball, which is
retained in its seat by a threaded plug pierced with three fire holes.
The tube is inserted in the axial vent of the breech mechanism after
the breech is closed, and acts as follows : When the friction bar is
drawn out by the lanyard hook, the composition is fired, the flash
penetrates through the fire holes in the body plug, ignites the black
powder in the bocly, blows out the cork, and fires the igniting charge
of the cartridge, while the gas that is thrown back into the body of
the tube drives the copper ball tightly into the coned recess . prevent-
ing any escape of gas rearward through the tube.
Percussion and friction compositions.-Percussion and friction compo-
sitions are subject to variation, provided certain tests are met, in
order to achieve convenience in manufacture . A typical percussion
composition standard for the 110-grain percussion primer is :
Per cent
home, the gas check is inserted and the wire passed through it. friction pellet . The flume penetrates the holes in the closing screw.
The closing screw is then screwed in and the button screwed on the igniting the loose black powder, which in turn ignites all the powdel
mire and riveted. The three tubular pellets of compressed shrapnel pellets and the priming charge of the cartridge . The obturating
powder are then inserted and the center hole filled with 5 grains of action is caused by the tube or body expanding and preventing the
loose shrapnel powder. The end pellet is then inserted, the closing escape of gas between the vent channel and the primer. The gas
cap is pushed down on top of it, and the end of the primer crimped check is blown back into its seat. preventing the escape of gas through
and shellacked. In action the gas check is pulled back, igniting the the base of the primer.
ORDNANCE DATA . ARTILLERY ATNIIIUN[TION.
FUZE SETTERS.
6
Use and types.-In connection with fuzes of shell of various types,
it is necessary to employ some form of mechanical device whereby C/arrr.nlrr9 ~oh`z`Nu1 -O.ach-ef cn C'o
the time train ring may be turned quickly and accurately, so as to ~forged StPP/~
provide the proper time of burning for the range and corrector or- CorrPC%r 1f'ii~ Wosh er
ron2e
dered or demanded under circumstances. The types of fuze setters ~' .z'o~i~terArm
f~or~d S/pvl)
used for the various fuzes of the United States artillery ammunition
and those adopted from its allies are indicated in the accompanying
table, and later discussed somewhat more in detail. 'vho'(f Oi%r Worri
i/ SYee
Model . Type of fuze . Used with .
Bracket fuze setter, model 1916 . II For 21-second fuzes .- .~ 75-mm . field gun, 2 .95-inch mountain gun, and
f . 3-inch field gun.
Hand fuze setter, model 1912 .. For 21-3f1-second fuzes . ; 75-mm . field gun, 2.95-inch mountain gun, and 7!17i
3-inch field gun.
Hand fuze setter, model 1913 . For 31-45--second fuzes . howitzer, 4 .7-inch gun, howitzer, and
antiaircraft gun, 155-mm . gum and howitzer,
and 155-mm . gun (Filloux) . j
French bracket fuze setter. . . . . . .
Antiaircraft fuze setter . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 75-mm
. gun.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-mm . antiaircraft gun, 3-inch (15-poumder) iilamma
antiaircraft guns .
D 0. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . , For 75-second mEChan- Corrector lPo~ge Rii,
icalfuze. 'Prnrarr Si%vei-, Worm Wh
Corrector Wor. 68ro » Ze)
Bracket fuze setter, model 1916 .-The bracket fuze setter, model 1916, SfPP/ ts/Dp ~Tool S're
is designed accurately to adjust the movable time-train ring on the 4nge R/i7 CoverCBrvnz
fuze to the proper time of burning for the range and corrector ~(rPrirron Si%vrr)
decided upon, so as to produce the desired explosion at the proper
time . This fuze setter is attached to the lower end of the fuze-setter
bracket at the front of the caisson, and is fitted with a reversible
range ring to comply on one side with the range tables of the Amer- ShroonP/~/rh2/Scr
Corrrbii~otion FLrP
ican 75-mm. guns, and on- the other side with the French 75-mm.
guns when using American shrapnel . It is similarly adapted for
use with the 2.95-inch mountain gun and the 3-inch field gun.
There is a bronze housing which is cast in one piece and drilled
and machined to form seats and casings for the range and corrector _____- I _ f
worms, the latter turning the corrector ring which sets over and I
rotates around the base of the range-ring worm wheel. The range /tee - i
~ForgP4' S1Pel)
ring is graduated and is screwed fast into the ring worm wheel. I
The corrector index rotates underneath the dial cover and is turned " ~ on Divlsia
by a pin on the pointer arm of the corrector ring . The range worm sfro~on Serh~
is operated by a corrector worm knob . It meshes with the corrector with a steel stop which prevents the stop pin on the fuze body from
ring and turns the corrector index, which is connected to it by a rotating past the point at which it should remain set for firing .
steel pin on the pointer arm. To adjust the movable time ring on When the round is inserted in the fuze setter the rotating pin sets
the fuze to the proper time of burning for range and correction in the corrector-ring notch and holds the movable time-train ring
decided upon, the corrector ring is slotted so that the rotating ring until stopped by the stop pin of the fuze body striking the top or
on the fuze rests in it, and the range-ring worm wheel is provided the fuze-ring worm wheel. This gives the time of burning required
by the setting as read on the range and corrector indexes.
ARTILLERY AMMUNITION .
184 ORDNANCE
Hand fuze setter, model 1912 .-The hand fuze setter, model 1912, is formed in the case, while the corrector worm meshes with the ranbe-
adapted to tho different cannon with which it is used by use of re- ring carriers . In the upper right-hand part of the case the corrector
versible range dials. It is a rapid means of setting fuzes and may worm meshes with the corrector scale, and in the lower loft-hand
be used in addition to or as a substitute for the bracket fuze setter . part of the case the worms are mounted eccentrically in the worm
In this device a slot is cut through the top of the aluminum case to cases, which are locked in position by two worm clamp plugs secured
admit the projecting segment of the corrector scale support. The by screws .
corrector scale is screwed to this segment and covers the slot, which A recent addition to this fuze setter consists of a ratchet device
which takes the place of the range worm knob . There is a locking
device which permits using less tension to prevent accidental turning
and also allows greater speed in making range settings .
Hand fuze setter, model 1913 .-The hand fuze setter, model 1913, is
much the same as the model 1912, but is used for larger fuzes and has
range dials divided into zones for howitzers and for guns using re-
ducecl charges. These dials are reversible for guns and howitzers of
the same caliber except in thr case of the 4.7-inch gun; in this will
be fired all the remaining 31-second fuzes.
The French bracket fuze setter .-The French fuze setter, or fuze
punching device, is attached to the lower end of the fuze setter
bracket at the front of the caisson. It alternates with the American
bracket fuze setter .
This French type of fuze setter functions by punching through the
lead tubing of the powder train and' into the explosive chamber of
the percussion primer through the thin brass wall of the fuze head,
so that the flame caused by the primer will ignite the powder train at
the point where punctured.
There are shell cups which fit into the ogive with the projectile
and are assembled to the shell cup bushings which are notched to
receive the lug on the fuze . When the desired range of reading is
indicated and the projectiles inserted, the fuze is punched by pushing
down a punch lever. The blade holder supports, through which the
/lnasii? aroei
OJCSlee~J blade carriers slide at their ends, rest in slides in the arms estenclcd
b sreei from the caps . There is also a lever and plunger set with springs.
Dete»t Feel)
JleteniS.wi ro~
"r.r c w. The dial mechanism consists of the dial and support, the cor-
rector and corrector scale, the crank, stops, clips, and lugs contained
on the main plate. The distance around the lead tubing of the fuze
at which the fuze setter blade enters decides the length of the time
FIG. 81 .-11and Fuze Setter, Model 1912 . center train to be burned . As the lug on the fuze holds the fuze tube
in absolute register with the threads on the shell cups, their rotation
extends around half the circumference of the housing. The corrector governs where the fuze shall be punched. Length of time train to
scale is graduated with 120 divisions and subdivisions . Division 30 be burned governs the time of the burning of the fuze. The time of
is the normal setting, indicated by an arrow. The range-ring carrier
flight for the projectile for different ranges decides for what time
rotates in a circular central opening in the upper surface of the case the burning of the fuze must be punched to burst the projectile at
and is seated in the corrector scale support, which is in turn seated
the proper distance from the pieces . The dial and train gears adjust
against the guide plate which screws into the bottom of the case and time of burning to time of flight, requiring only that the number of
secures its contents . This assembly forms a socket for the fuzes to meters of range be known. The corrector, when moved along its
rest in . Two steel worm cases arc inserted in the worm housings
ORDNANCE DATA. ARTILLLRY A2\1NIUi'7ITION . 187
scale, merely alters the position of the Hides by which the range is PREPARING ARTILLERY AMMUNITION FOR SHIPMENT .
rend. Tlie graduations of the corrector represent the change of time Packing boxes .-rill packing boxes used in shipping artillery am-
of burning which will raise or lower tht : burst 1/1000 of the range, munition components must conform to designs prescribed by the
at midranges, or 1 mil, as observed from the piece. artillery ammunition section of the Engineering Division . All
Hand fuze setter, Mark I.-The hand fuze setter, Mark I, has no cor- primers, cartridge cases, empty gas and other special shell, loaded gas
rector . It consists of an aluminum case in which is bored a housing and other special shell, loaded shrapnel, loaded high-explosive shell
for the range. norm, a notched and toothed rotating ring, which fits which are to be used with brass cartridge cases, loaded shrapnel and
the fuze, auid a graduated ring which is screwed fast to the case and high-explosive shell assembled with cartridge cases, adapter and
retains the rotating ring. The rotating ring has a handle for turn- booster casing not assembled with their shell, fuzes and fuze parts
ing, and when the approximate range reading is reached, the worm are shipped in wooden boxes . The boses used for shipping loaded
is slipped back and used to secure accuracy by its slower niotion . primers and fuzes are provided with hermetically sealed tin linings.
The datum line for range readings is engraved on the rotating ring. All loaded adapter and booster casings, whether assembled with the
In action the lug on the movable time train ring seats in the notch projectile or shipped separately, are required to have the fuze holes
of the rotating ring; when the fuze setter is turned, the time train closed with adapter plugs to protect the threads and keep out dirt
ring is rotated till the steel stop, fixed to the bottom of the fuze setter and moisture.
case strikes the fixed stop on the fuze body. The distance between Shipping without boxes.-Empty high-explosive shell and shrapnel
the notch and the fuze setter, as determined by the range set, governs cases, and loaded high-explosive shell to be used in separate ammuni-
the length of time train to be burned . tion, are shipped unboxed, but carefully packed according to detailed
Antiaircraft fuze setter for 75-second mechanical fuzes.-The anti- specifications. Fuze holes are closed with transit plugs or eyebolt
aircraft fuze setter for 75-second mechanical fuzes is now under de- lifting plugs . Projectiles of 5-inch caliber and larger are provided
velopment. It is to be similar in design and operation to the Mark with rope grommets for the protection of rotating bands.
I fuze setter? as the 75-second mechanical time fuze is set, by rotating
a movable ring. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKING OF AMMUNITION COMPONENTS.
Primers .-All primers will be packed for shipment in boxes of the
design prescribed by Ordnance Office drawings for the particular
kind of primer .
Cartridge cases.-Cartridge cases shipped from the manufacturing
plant to the assembling plant will be shipped in such a manner as to
insure their safe arrival at the point of destination, a manufacturer
being held responsible for the safe arrival and being required to make
such shipping arrangements as he deems desirable and necessary to
accomplish this end.
Boxes.-Boxes for packing complete rounds of ammunition are in
general designed to permit a number of complete rounds or twice the
number of projectiles only to be packed therein . This allows, when
projectiles are shipped abroad for assembly at the ordnance assembly
plant, for a supply of packing material equal to 50 per cent of the
needs. The other 50 per cent is expected to be salvaged in the field.
SAMPLE MARKING
FOR 75 M.M .5HELL Shell.-( a) High-explosive shell up to 6 inches in caliber will be
PACKING BOX . shipped to the loading plant so as to insure their arrival in the same
condition as when accepted at the machine plant, the machine con-
FSG . S2 .-Packing cue for 75-inm, shell .
tractors being responsible for proper shipping arrangements and for
supplying packing material of his own design . Shell so shipped will
have their fuze seats protected by a suitable transit plug.
188 ornNTA_ci; DATA . ARTILLERY AMMUNITION . 189
(b) High-explosive shell G inches in caliber and above will be contractor being responsible for the proper shipping arrangement,
shipped to the loading plant in cars without boxes, a rope grommet supplies packing material of his own design.
being used to protect the rotating band and the fuze hole being (b) Loaded and assembled adapter and booster casing sent from
closed with a suitable transit plug. The method of packing in cars the loading plant to the plant where shell are being loaded and
will be satisfactory to the inspector, and the shell manufacturer will assembledl, shall be packed in such manner as to insure their arrival
be relieved of further responsibility for the safety of the shell due (without damage) at the point of destination- ; the loader of the
to such packing . adapter and booster casing being responsible for the proper packing
(c) Empty gas shell are to be packed for shipment to the gas-load- arrangements, supplies packing material of his own design. The
ing plants in boxes of prescribed design. fuze seat should be closed with a suitable adapter plug.
(cl) Loaded high-explosive shell, assembled into complete rounds Fuzes .-(a) Combination time and percussion fuzes shall be packed
with their brass cartridge cases, shall be packed in boxes of pre- in the manner and in containers as provided by Ordnance Office
scribed design . When adapter and booster casings are assembled drawings .
with the shell the fuze seats shall be closed with an adapter plug of (b) Metal parts of point detonating fuzes will be packed for ship-
specified design. ment to the loading plant, in the boxes prescribed by the Ordnance
(e) Loacled high-explosive shell intended for assembly in com- Office clrawings . With metal containers or metal linings, the covers
plete rounds, with brass cartridge cases, but which are being shall not be soldered in place.
shipped to Government assembling plants for assembly, shall be (c) Loaded point detonating fuzes are shipped in boxes of pre-
packed in boxes of approved design. Those shells which have scribed design .
adapter and booster casings shall have the fuze hole in the adapter (d) Base detonating fuzes are shipped in containers and boxes of
closed with an adapter plug of the design specified . prescribed design .
(f) Loaded high-explosive shell for guns using separate loading General consideration.-In general, boxes or other packing material
ammunition shall be shipped unboxed with the rotating band pro- whose design is specified by Ordnance Office drawings, will be fur-
rected by a rope grommet of specified. clesign . Point fuzecl shell nished by the United States: Whenever purchase orders are placed,
shipped unfuzed shall have an eye-bolt lifting plug screwed into the calling for the use of this kind of packing material, they will, in
fuze seat in the shell, or the adapter and booster casing . general, specify whether the United States or the contractor will
(q) Loaded gas shell are to be packed in the boxes in which re- supply the packing material. Whenever specifications for various
ceived at the gas-loading plant, and shell for guns using brass cart- components are at variance with these specifications or with the
ridge cases are to be shipped to Government assembling plants for purchase order, the conditions of the latter will govern .
assembling into complete rounds of ammunition. Marking of ammunition packing boxes .--For quick and accurate iden-
Shrapnel .-(u) Shrapnel from the machining plant to the loading tification, the ammunition packing box is marked on top, on both
plant will be packed so as to insure its arrival at the point of destina- sides, and on each end. The symbol marking identifies the type of
tion in the same condition as when accepted at the machining plant; ammunition instantly. The smaller more explicit marking is a check,
the machining contractor being responsible for the proper shipping and teaches the significance of the symbols, also giving quantities.
arrangements, supplies packing material of his own design. Black only is used in the marking of these boxes. The marking fol-
(b) Shrapnel, loaded and fuzecl, assembled in the complete rounds lows a fixed system in all cases . Full details of the markings are
with their cartridge cases, are packed in boxes of prescribed design. shown in ordnance office drawings 20-4--4G, 20-4-47, and 20-4-48 .
(c) Shrapnel, loaded and fuzed, intended for firing in guns using Marking of fuze packing boxes,-High-explosive shell requiring a
cartridge cases, which are to be shipped to Government assembling booster can not safely be shipped fuzed. Special packing boxes are
plants are packed in boxes of prescribed design . provided for each type of fuze, which are marked on the top, sides,
(cl) Shrapnel, loaded and fuzed, to be fired from guns using sepa- and both ends. The marking follows a fixed system similar to that
rate loading ammunition, are shipped in boxes of prescribed design . used on ammunition boxes . The ordnance inspector's stamp and
Adapter and booster .-((a) Metal parts of adapter and booster cas- place of packing appear on left top corner of the case. The sentence,
ings, shipped from the machining plant to the loading plant, are " DETONATING FUZES, HANDLE CAREFULLY," appears
packed in such a manner as to insure safe arrival to the point of next, to conform with interstate commerce requirements . Fun de-
clestinntion in the same conditions as when accepted ; the machining tails of the markings are shown in ordnance office drawing 20-4-51 .
AMMUNITION LOADING AND S U P P L Y .
Cartridge bag cloth.-Cartridge-bag cloth is made of pure silk, wool, the gun chamber. Primer protector caps are placed on the finished
or moliair. It is used for all parts of the bags for separate loading charges, and they are packed in tested air-tight containers .
ammunition except the igniting ends and cores. In width it is from All work in connection with igniters and the loading of smokeless
36 to 72 inches, with a firm, close, and uniform weave, basket prefer- powder is performed in suitable buildings, kept at normal tempera-
ably! though other weaves are permissible. It inust have a nearly ture and free from undue moisture ; and conditions imposed at all
uniform tensile strength in both directions (warp and fill), meeting times are such that there is no possibility of igniters, bag bodies, or
the tests provided in the tensile strength tables . Its weight is not components being injured or unduly exposed to the atmosphere or
stipulated, but preferably it should be as light as is consistent with moisture. The highest quality of workmanship is required and each
the requirements for tensile strength and stretch. step of the operation, as well as the finished work, must have the ap-
Cartridge igniter cloth.-Cartridge igniter cloth is made of pure proval of the ordnance inspectors . ,
silk. It is used for the igniting ends and cores for separate loading
AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVE DEPOTS AT ATLANTIC PORTS.
ammunition . It is 36 to 72 inches wide, single or double basket
weave, firm anduniform . General plan .-The Ordnance Department had more or less com-
Cartridge case cloth.-Cartridge case cloth is used for cartridge bags pleted at Atlantic ports depots of large capacity for the storage
for semifisecl ammunition. It is of pure cotton, 36,to 72 inches wide, of explosive components and fixed ammunition for overseas ship-
close, uniform, and as light as possible . ment . Ammunition was shipped into the'depots as fast as manu-
Accessories.-Twine for lacing the cartridge bags is of heavy, factured, and held awaiting transportation overseas .
smooth spun silk. Thread of both silk and cotton is used for sewing . Raritan ordnance depot.-The Raritan general supply ordnance de-
Duck, sheeting, drill, osnaburg, or a similar cloth is used in mak pot was established at the Raritan Arsenal near Metuchen, N. J.,
ing primer protector caps. The felt used in these is a standard gray about 3 miles above Perth Amboy, on the Raritan River . This
not less than two-thirds wool. Traces for same are of woven cluck depot has rail connection with the Lehigh Valley and Pennsylvania
belting or its equivalent, 1 to 2 inches wide, and the twine is four- Railroads. It has a clock frontage of 2,000 feet and a channel is
strand, smooth hand-finishedl hemp . being dredged to a minimum depth of 12 feet of water. Shipments
Cartridge bags .-Cartridge bags are made of materials furnished are made to trans-Atlantic vessels at the anchorage provided at
by the Orclance Department or approved by it; and they are cut, New York Harbor . At the depot packages are made up in sling
sewed, and finished strictly in conformity with its drawings and loads at the various magazines, placed on flat cars, and transferred
specifications or with samples furnished when the order for manu- by locomotive cranes to lighters, which are towed to the anchorage
facture is issued . They are handled in manufacture so that they are of the steamers .
at all times kept free from moisture or foreignmaterial. Sandy Hook .-At Sandy Hook Proving Grounds magazines for the
Cartridge bag igniters .-Cartridge bag igniters are made from mate- storage of high explosives were erected. A large dock was being
rials furnishecl or approved by the Ordnance Department . The built, from which shipments could be lightered direct to trans-
amount of igniting powder for. each end and core is separately and Atlantic vessels. A number of the magazines here were occupied by
accurately weighed on scales which are tested clnily . It is then in- storage of picric acid belonging to the French Government.
serted in each end and core and distributed uniformly therein, and the Kearney depot.-At Kearney, N. J., the ammunition storage plant
filling openings closed by sewing . Even distribution of the powder of the American Can Co . on the Passaic River! above Newark, was
is maintained by cross quilting where this is necessary. The igniters leased and the ammunition manufactured by this company was
are assembled to the bag bodies by sewing with silk. accumulated for shipment by lighters, by rail, or by motor trucks,
Propelling charges for separate loading ammunition.-The cartridge direct to ships or to the Raritan depot.
bags, complete with igniters and the smokeless powder, are furnishecl Delaware .-The Delaware ordnance depot for the storage of explo-
or approved by the Ordnance Department . The prescribed weight of sives and ammunition was established on the Delaware River at
smokeless power for each section, separately and accurately weighed, Oldham Station, near Pennsgrove, Pa ., and this site is reached
is inserted in the bag, the opening secured closed by sewing with silk, by both the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia & Reading Rail-
and the charge laced and sections secured together with the tying roads. A large dock was to be built and a channel dredged to a mini-
straps where lacing or tying straps are provided, forming a compact 91485-19-13
and rigid charge of such diameter that it may readily be inserted into
A-t\I U N I'['[O N LOAD[N(" AM) SUPPLY . 195
194 ORDNANCE DATA .
MOVING OF AMMUNITION SUPPLIES AT THE FRONT .
intun depth of 15 feet of water, so that shipments by lighter can be
made to the anchorage, which had been approved : in the Delaware General principles .-The principles governing the moving of am-
River. munition supplies for the French Army are as follows:
Baltimore- Curtis Bay ordnance depot.-On Curtis Creek, about 6 Ammunition allowance.-In each army the general in command of
miles south of Baltimore, a depot for ammunition and explosives the Army grants to each of his hrmy Corps or similar groups ac-
was being built at a point reached by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad . cording to their situation-
Shipments were made by lighters through the channel, which was (a) An initial ammunition supply for the batteries and depots,
being dredged to a minimum depth of 18 feet of water at low tide . which in the case of the artillery at the beginning of the battle of the
This was later to be increased to a minimum depth of 26 feet, when Somme in 1916 consisted of ammunition for the batteries to be stored
by widening the draw in the highway bridge across Curtis Creek near the guns sufficient for three " clays of fire " and also for the
from 55 to 90 feet, the passing of ocean-going ships will be permitted. depots of three " days of fire " supply .
Turner ordnance depot.-A depot for the storage of ammunition by (b) After the daily reports on the consumption of ammunition
the Bartlett-Hayward Co. was developed at Turner Station, Md ., sent by the army corps, the general in command of the Army grants
on the site of the animal quarantine station of the Agricultural to each Army Corps an amount of ammunition which varies, in his
Department. A channel was dredged to a depth of 12 feet at low opinion, with the tactical necessities and the consumption effected .
tide to the dock at tkis point, and shipments were made by lighter In this way the initial ammunition supply either may be kept at the
either to vessels or to the Curtis Bay depot. Rail or motor truck same level or be decreased according to circumstances .
transportation is used on occasions in transporting ammunition to (c) From the reports on the consumption of ammunition sent by
the Curtis Bay depot. the batteries, the general in command of each army grants to each
Hampton Roads-Pig Point depot-The Pig Point general supply group of artillery a certain number of rounds, depending on cir-
ordnance depot for the storage of ammunition and explosives was es- cumstances, and also gives oders for the transportation of the said
tablished at the mouth of the Nansemond River, having' rail connec- ammunition to the batteries.
tions with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroacl, which in turn connects Organization depots and delivering ammunition .-The organization of
with the seven railroads entering Norfolk at Portsmouth . A dock was the depots and delivery of ammunition is regulated as follows:
being constructed to have a minimum depth of 13 feet of water at (a) The general in command of each army assigns to each army
low tide, and shipments were to be made from this depot by lighter to group the duty of supplying ammunition to all the batteries in posi-
the anchorage point which had been approved . Small quantities of tion and the army group is thus made responsible for the supplying
high explosives are stored at this depot for the Engineering Corps. of ammunition of its corps.
Charleston ordnance depot.-On the Cooper River, above Charleston, (b) This decentralization enables the general in command of the
S. C., a depot for the storing and handling of ammunition and ex- Army corps to unite all the means of transportation provided by the
plosives was approved and plans forwarded to the constructing quar- horse-drawn division of the army corps ammunition trains and cais-
termaster at Charleston, S. C. This is considered largely as an emer- sons of the batteries of his corps, as well as to mobilize all horsed
gency depot to relieve congestion at the more northern ports. It is vehicles or Decauville railways (narrowgauge portable) which
not so well situated in regard to railway facilities and points of can be placed by the army at his disposal in addition to his own corps
freight origin as the more northern depots; but the site is well located means of transportation .
with regard to the shipment of powder from the Government pow- (c) The daily supply granted by the army corps and obtained
der plants under construction at Charleston, W. Va ., and Nashville, from the various depots is carried to the batteries by means of trans-
Tenn . portation here indicated.
Use of these depots .-The general plan of these various depots was to (d) The ammunition depots that supply the batteries are .94v
provide for a volume of shipments that could be handled flexibly to army depots or army corps depots according to tactical :~,U5 ., ,, o-
meet the varying requirements of the shipping program. It involved graphical circumstances or according to the ammunition which xe,-
the maintenance of large reserve stores at all depots, and in particu- quired, or the quantity stored at each depot.
lar supplies of all types of ammunition and explosives at each depot. (e) Army depots or army corps depots are supplied with ammuz~ -
Thus the requiremnts for overseas could be filled at whichever port tion by the army either by means of regulation narrow-gauge, gains
ships were available. or by means of motorized convoys belonging to the army .
196 ORDNANCE, DATA .
AMMUNITION LOADING AND SUPPLY . 197
Handling of depots .-Ammunition depots should be located on a
This allowance is generally only for an important attack and no
good highway and good roads, and loading platforms should be pro- daily supply is prepared for trench mortars. Inasmuch as the
vided in order to facilitate the heavy handling which has to be done
transportation of such bombs requires a considerable number of men
effectively at all hours of the day, irrespective of the conditions of
it is necessary to begin the transportation as soon as possible and to
the weather. To locate ammunition depots next to railway lines, of
have the stores prepared in the vicinity of the mortars.
course, is impossible, though this main item in transportation must
Other ammunition .-The consumption of ammunition for the Brandt
be considered. The personnel must be adequate and well officered,
howitzer and the 37-mm. has been constantly variable and it was
including men capable of heavy work, and a proportion of one man
considered sufficient to have an initial allowance of 3,000 pounds per
per ton of ammunition, coming daily to the depot, is considered
gun, one-half in the army stores and the other in the front line.
suitable . The personnel of the depots should include officers of the
Daily consumption of ammunition .-The mean daily consumption per
technical section or staff fully aware of the relation of the ammuni-
gun along the whole French front from April 1 to September 1, 1917,
tion to the general progress of military situation. It is, of course, was as follows:
necessary to insure the homogeneity of the various lots of ammunition Rounds .
employed by the batteries in order to secure accuracy and efficiency Caliber 75-mm. (field gun) --------------------------------- ------------ 40
of fire . Caliber 75-mm. (antiaircraft) -- - -------------- --------- 25
Caliber 155-mm -------------------------------------------------------- 20
SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION OF ARTILLERY AMMUNITION . Caliber 220.mm . mortars ______________ -- ---- 15
Caliber 58-mm. trench mortar --------------------------- --------- 5
[Confidential French gun data furnished Dec. 14, 1917.1
Caliber 240-mm -------------------------------------------------------- 4
Days of fire .-The initial allowance of ammunition for an Army Caliber 37-mm--------------------------------------------------------- 4
Brandt howitzer__________ ____ ____________________________ ___ _ __ 4
in active operation comprises for field and heavy artillery a number
of " days of fire " which vary according to the importance of the It was stated that it was possible to determine the initial allowance
operation . This number may reach seven " days of fire " and during of the whole of the artillery only by considering the possible output
the operation a daily supply as one half " day of fire." In calculat- of the ammunition factories.
ing the supply the theoretical " day of fire " is determined as follows Instruction.-For the instruction course of the "army group"
Caliber 75-mm., 300 rounds per gun. (field and heavy artillery) the following was reported as a mean
Caliber 155-mm ., L-100 rounds per gun. consumption for training purposes in the camps
Caliber 220 mm ., 80 rounds for old model howitzer ; 100 rounds Rounds .
Caliber 75-min-------- ----------- 12,000
for rapid-fire howitzer .
Caliber 155-mm _______ _____________________________ ______ _______ 2,000
Reserve of ammunition .-In calm sectors the reserve of ammuni- Caliber 90-mm- or 95-mm------------- ___ ___ __ 6,000
tion may be only three "days of fire," but the supply is determined
In the instruction course of French artillery of one army the
in advance for 5 or 10 days according to the circumstances, and
following is a mean consumption of trench mortar ammunition :
varies with the activity of the sector. The reserve ammunition would Rounds.
be distributed as follows: 58-mm--------------------------------------------------------------- 1,500
Active sector .-Three days of fire at the battery positions; four 240-mm_________________________________________________2 0 0
days of fire in the army stores and depots (last station of railroads) . Distribution of various models of ammunition .-The distribution of
Calm sector .-Two days of fire at the battery positions; one day various models of ammunition for the purpose of replenishment is
of fire in the army stores . reported as follows
Under certain circumstances the " army group" may have a Per cent .
reserve of one-half or one day of fire ready on railroad trains . (a) 75-mm . high-explosive shells__________ --------------- --------------- 85
Shrapnel_________ ___ __' --------------------------------- 1 0
Trench mortars.-Additional allowance of ammunition for trench
G a s shells ------------------------------------------------ 5
mortars are (b) 155-mm. high-explosive shells 95
58 mm., 500 rounds per mortar (one-sixth of which are D. L. S. Shrapnel -------------------------------------------------- 5
bombs) . The gas shells are delivered generally upon special request of the
240 mm ., 350 rounds per mortar. armies . The supply of ammunition prepared for various attacks and
the per cent of gas shells is varied between 15 and 20 per cent.
198 ORDNANCE DATA.
200
202 0IrnNANCr DATA . i:~tLosma. 2
Nitrated ivory nut.-The scrap waste produced in the manufacture Grade 3-Settm point, not less than 76" C ., used for SO-20
of buttons from ivory nut is nitrated in a manner similar to cellulose nmxtol .
or starch, and has been successfully used in the commercial manu- All grades of TNT must pass certain stability and chemical tests
facture of caps and detonators . Experimental work carried on at as given in specifications, said tests to be performed in accordance
Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., has demonstrated that this material with methods there outlined.
is suitable for use in military detonators, and specifications . are in Employees engaged in the manufacture and loading of TNT are
preparation governing its manufacture and use. usually kept on this work only about two weeks and then given a
brief turn at outdoor work in order to overcome any toxic effects.
MANUFACTURE AND SUPPLY OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES .
Any such effects noted are not necessarily permanent .
Trinitrotoluol (TNT) .-Trinitrotoluol is a high explosive used as Toluol.-The toluol supply from which TNT is made was ordi-
a shell filler, either alone or in different proportions with other ma- narily obtained, at the beginning of the war, from by-product coke
terials such as ammonium nitrate. It can be produced by four dif- ovens. The projected program, however, required an increased out-
ferent processes, known respectively as : put and after experimental work this was accomplished in the fol-
One-stage process, lowing manner
Two-stage process, 1. The installation of gas stripping plants throughout the United
Three-stage process, and States .
The continuous process. 2. By cracking solvent naphtha or crude oils obtained from the
The first three were used in the United States and the fourth only in gas stripping plants .
England. The three-stage process is the only one now employed in 3. By cracking crude petroleum or distillates obtained from the
this country. manufacture of kerosene from crude petroleum, preferably of an as-
TNT is manufactured by nitrating toluene, complying with Ord- phalt base.
nance Department specifications under the process as above stated, Discussing the sources of supply, the following may be noted
namely, the three-stage . The toluene is first nitrated to mononi- Toluol from by-product coke ovens .-To increase the production of
trotoluene in a special nitrating machine equipped with cooling coils. toluol from the by-product coke ovens by 3,000,000 gallons per annum
using a mixed acid produced by fortifying the spent acid from the necessitated the construction of approximately 1,500 additional ovens,
denitration . The mononitrotoluene so produced is separated from which is more than double the number of three years ago, at a cost
the acid and stored until used in the next step . The spent acid from of from $50,000,000 to $70,000,000. Plans were prepared for such
this nitration is denitrated and the separate acids concentrated for ovens at plants able to handle the project, but at the time of the
re-use . signing of the armistice these had not been completed. Their con-
Dinitrotoluene is produced by nitrating the mononitrotoluene with struction required approximately 75,000 tans of steel and 28,000 tons
with a mixed acid produced by fortifying spent acid from the trini- of pig iron, in addition to brick and other materials.
tration in a similar nitrating machine. The spent acid from this The by-product ovens under construction would have had a produc-
nitration is drawn off, leaving the dinitrotoluene in the nitrating tion of some 3,500,000 gallons of toluol per year, which would haee
machine. A strong nitrating acid is then added, producing trini- been sufficient for approximately 49,000,000 pounds of TNT, and also
trotoluol. would have produced approximately 62,000,000 pounds of ammonia.
The trinitrotuluol is separated from the spent acid and washed or an amount sufficient for 249,000,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate.
first in warm water, and then with a sodium sulphite liquor or with Gas stripping plants .-This plan involved the installation of addi-
alcohol or solvent naphtha depending on what grade of the finished tional gas stripping plants in the gas works of a number of eities,
material is desired. each of which was capable of producing 40,000 gallons or more of
Three grades of purity are given in the Ordnance Department toluol per annum. The cost of the installation of the necessary plants
specifications, and are as follows: at these works was approximately $2,000,000, and the general plan
Grade 1-Setting point, not less than 805" C., used for booster provided for the erection of the necessary appliances by . various firms
charges alone. experienced in by-product recovery construction, and then turning
Grade 2-Setting point, not less than 79.5" C.. used for shell filling over the operation to the gas companies concerned. The crude toluol
or for 50-50 amatol. thus obtained would have approximately `70 per cent toluol content
EXPLOSIVES . 205
20 4 ORDNANCE, DATA .
41,355,317 pounds, and the 1918 capacity of the country was approxi- Trojan Powder Co ., and the Arctic powder produced by the E. 1.
mately 200,000,000 pounds per annum. du Pont Powder Co.
Explosive "D ."-Explosive "D," or ammonium picrate, is used Resources and capacity .-The Trojan Powder Co . and the E. I. du
as a shell filler in all armor-piercing projectiles . It is produced by Pont Powder Co . both have sufficient capacity to insure against. any
the neutralization of picric acid and ammonia. shortage of nitrostarch .
Mercury fulminate .-Mercury fulminate is used in fuzes and deto- Black powder .-Black powder is used as a shell filler in 37-mm. am-
nators. It is a very sensitive compound made by dissolving mercury munition, in shrapnel, in fuzes and in the ignition of smokeless powder
in nitric acid of 42" B. strength . This solution is then poured into charges. It is manufactured by mechanically mixing potassium ni-
grain alcohol, and the mercury fulminate that forms settles down as trate, sulphur, and charcoal . A shortage was indicated during the
grayish-white crystalline powder . It is purified by washing with war because of difficulty in securing sufficient potassium nitrate.
water and is kept under water at all times until ready to dry for
SMOKELESS POWDER FOR CANNON .
loading, as it is very sensitive to shock and friction : Some mixtures
are made wet and formed into caps and denotators, which are then Use.-Smokeless powder is used as the propelling charge in guns
dried, after which they are shellacked to render them waterproof. of all sizes. The United States Government employs pure nitro-
Mercury fulminate is very hyboscopic. There is adequate supply cellulose powder in preference to powders containing nitroglycerine,
of fulminate, as it is made by most munition plants in the United because of its lower temperature of burning and consequent reduced
States, especially those with loading facilities, erosive action on the gun .
Nitrostarch.-Nitrostarch is an explosive which is applicable for Manufacture.-Smokeless powder is manufactured by digesting pu-
bursting charges where the charges can be pressed in place, or where rified cellulose in a mixed acid of approximately 1 part nitric and 2J
volume loading giving low densities can be used . For instance, a parts sulphuric acids. The resulting nitrocellulose is purified by
grenade powder has been developed which is a dry misture of sodium boiling in water. The pulp is dehydrated with alcohol, and colloided
nitrate, nitrostarch, and ammonium nitrate. Such an explosive may by mixing with ether . This colloid is forced by hydraulic pressure
also be applicable as a drop-bomb charge under certain conditions . through suitable dies, depending upon the size of the grain, this
Preparation .-Nitrostarch is prepared by nitrating purified starch is turn depending upon the caliber of the gun. It is then either air-
with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, the process and chemi- dried or water-dried. The water drying, which was not practiced
cal reactions being similar to the nitration of glycerine. The sepa- before the war, has been developed to a point where it is satisfactory,
ration from waste acids, the purification and drying are difficult and and all powders up to a web thickness of 0.1 inch made at the present
great care must be exercised to insure a stable product. time are water-dried. All service powders made for the United
Characteristics .-The resulting product, nitrostarch, is a nearly States Army and Navy contain 0.4 per cent diphenylamine as a
white, finely divided and rather dusty explosive, more sensitive than stabilizer . It prolongs the life of the powder about 10 years and
TNT, though not as sensitive as dry guncotton or pure nitroglycerine . arrests decomposition.
Its manufacture and use as an ingredient in explosives requires con- The use of wood pulp paper prepared as a substitute for cotton
stant care to avoid the acpumulation .,,of the fine dust, which is un- cellulose, has been investigated and authorized . bne hundred thou-
avoidably developed and is liliely,to settle in the packing and mixing sand pounds of nitrocellulose from woods have already been pre-
rooms, and which must be,cai;efully and frequently removed. pared by the E . I. du Pont Powder Co ., and its manufacture into
Commercial.-The development of, nitrostarch was attended by a smokeless powder put under way.
great deal of experimental work to insure its stability. It is used in Specifications .-The specifications Nos. 450 and 451 under which
commercial explosives to a limited extent as a-substitute for nitro- powder is made or purchased provide for a nitrogen content of
glycerine . . . , .. 12 .60 per cent-L0.1 per cent . The prescribed volatile content de-
Trojan greziAde powder,.-Trojan grenade powder is a dry explosive pends on the required web thickness, and varies from approximately
which must be press4 o.s its nature is such that it can not be melted 2 to 7 per cent . From 0.3 to 1.3 per cent of the volatile content is
or cast . This powder and other nitrostarch powders may be taken water; the remainder is residual solvent (ether and aldohol) .
as having an average nitrostarch content of 40 per cent, the balance Granulation.-The size of the grains of smokeless powder depends
being ammonium, nitrate, sodium nitrate, etc. Such an explosive is upon the size of the gun in which the powder is to be used . The rate
very similar to the commercial nitrostarch powder produced, by the
208 ORDNANCE DATA .
I
Manufacturing,
Name of location . 1 process and plan .
Product and I
Raw materials
capac(24 hours) .
Value of
product . i
Cost of plant. Power
development . j and operated by. Allottments
authorized .
United States ni- Ammonium ni- Ammonia-60,000 Coal 100 tons ; $6,600,000 Total cost of co"- I,lectric : steam- Built and operated From appropriation
trath,plant No . trate from srn- pounds per day, coke, 50 tons; struction 3p- power plant of directly by the "Nitrate Plants",
1 .Sheffield, Ala. ~ thetic ammonia equal to 120,000 caustic soda, 1 p rosimately 5,0Wkilowatt United States Army July T-, -1917 41
(General Chem- pounds amrno- ton; water 5,- $13, 082, 000 . capacity . Ordnance Depart- 600,000: Dee. 1: 1917,
ical Co .'s proc nmm nitrate per 000,000 galls; First esti- Plant will ment ; 3 . G. White $2,000,000; from ap-
ess) consists of da, steam, 3,000 mates in- consume. 3.000 Engineerin; Corpor- propriation " :\ a-
plants : horsepower ; creased, due kilowatts per poration, general tional security and
1. Producer gas. power, 3,000 to rising war 21 hours. engineeringand con- defense," liar . 1 8 ,
12 . Synthetic am- kilowatts ; labor, prices of labor struction, including 1918, $3,500,000;from
monia. 750 men. materials, d machine shops and appropriation "Ar-
3. Nitric acid y ecial ma- an 5,000-kilowatt power mament of fortifi-
absorption nery. plant ; General cations B" Jniv 2,
an d concen- Chemical Construc- 1918, 53,000,006; in
tration. tion Co ., nitric acid all, $12,100,000 .
4. Ammonium ni- and absorption
trate . plant.
United States Cyanamid process 'Ammonium nitrate, Coal 300 tons ; 536,600.000 Total cost of con- Plant will con- Air Nitrates Corpora- From appropriation
nitrate p)ant I (American Cy- 110,1))(1 tons per Cole, 325 tons ; struct)o", a Slime 81,000 tion, general c o n- "Nitrate plants,"
No . 2, lfuscle ! anamid Co .), m- year by produe- limestone, 1,000 proximate T kilowatts per tractors and opera- Nov. 28, 1917, $200,-
Shoals, Ala. trogen fixation tion of nitric acid tons ; process wa- $36 .000 .0001 h o u r ; steam torn of plant, both 000; Mar. 20, 1917,
b v carbides . from ammonia ter, 50,000,000 (not including electric plant on cost plus basis 3150,000 ; from appro-
producedfrom Cnnsfsts of , cy- gallons; steam, $4,000,000 of 60,C(O kilo- with limn of profit ; priation "Armament
1. 1 ime burning . anamid . C) aria- 3,600 B. 11 . P. ; being expend- watts install- Westinghouse, of fortifications C,"
2. Carbide. Mid is produced power (in terms ed for addi- cd ; Alabama Church, I<err S Co., Nov. 28, 1917, $30-
3. Liquid air. from calcium car- of plant capac- tional and re- Power co . to erection contractors; 300,000: funds avail-
4. Cyanamid . I~ide,tl)efirst prod- ity), 90,000 kilo- serve power furnish 30 .000 J. G . White Fuld- able, $30,650,000 .
5. Ammonia gas. : uct formed in the watts; l a b o r supply) . kilowatts (1, i veering Corpora-
6. Ammoniumox- plant. Carbide is 3,500 men. totalrequired, tion, 60,000-kilowatt
idation end ni- made 1)y fusing a 90,000 k i 1 o - steam electric power
tricacid absorp- mixture. of coke watts) . plant; Ch o m i c a 1
ion . and lime . Car- Construction Co ., ni-
7. Ammonium iii- bide fixes atmos- tric acid and ab-
g trate. ~heric nitrogen, sorption system .
ormingcyan-
i amid .
United States ut- Cyanamid process 10,!0) tons of am- Limestone, cake $36,600, 000 $40, 1100 . 000 Electric energy, Same a p) ant No. 2, From appropriation
trateplant No . of American monium nitrate coal, water (eaA 50,000 k i 10 -' by Air ~ftrates Cor- "Nitrate plants,"
3, at Cincin- Cyanamid Co . per year-cal)Ac- plant; about half wa t ts each poration, NewYork Mar. 20, 1018, $250;
nati, and No . 4, (same as plant : ity oftwo planits. amount used by from local City . 000; from appropria-
at Toledo, 2). plant No . 2) . steam plants . ' tion `Armament of
Ohio. s fortifications
C," Feb. 7, 1918,
$40,000,000 : funds
available, $40,250,000.
(Of above amounts
203,000,000 divertet~
temporariIyfor
United States nitrate
plant No . 1.)
I I I
I Later experience indlcnted the total cost of the plant would he about $60,000,000 . Construction of these plants was discontinued soon after the signing of the armistice.
91485-19 . ( T o face page 209.)
IX . UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANTS .
Allottments
authorized .
General statement.-In order to supply nitrates for use in the manu-
'd From appropriation
to "Nitrate plants," facture of explosives, $20,000,000 was appropriated for nitrate sup-
tv July ?5 1917, 53,-
~_ neo,9fro: flex . 1, 1917, ply by the national defense act of 1917, and a nitrate board was
to $2,000,000 ; from ap-
it- I propriation "Na- formed to canvass the entire situation, and to make recommendations
al ' tional security and
n-'' dofense " Mar'18, to the Secretary of War regarding the construction of large manu-
1R 1918, ;3,500,000; front
td appropriation " Ar- facturing plants, where nitrogen fixation would be accomplished .
, cr mament of fortifi-
al canons B" July 2, A number of sites at various locations throughout the United States
le- 1918, &4 000,OW ; to
id all, 812,1Or1,000 . were considered for the first of these plants, which, though of an
)n
experimental nature, would have a large capacity and would be
available for commercial products after the war.
'a- From appropriation Nitrate Plant No . 1, Sheffield, Ala.-After thorough examination of
n-' "Nitrate plants,"
"t- Nov . 28, 1917, 8200,- sites, the Chief of Ordnance submitted three to the Secretary of
th 000; Man 20, 1917,
; is $15000; front aooro- War for consideration. The President on September 28, 1917, de-
priation "Armament
of fortifimtions (`," cided on Sheffield, Ala., as the site upon which plant No . 1 should
Nov . 28, 1917, 830 -
rs ; I 300,000: lands avail- be built. This plant makes use of the General Chemical Co .'s syn-
able, $30,6511,000 .
thetic ammonia process. Though designed for making nitrates for
er munitions, its primary product (ammonia) may be converted into
3l
ni- ammonium sulphate or ammonium phosphate and used directly as a
h-
constituent of commercial fertilizer. The latter has advantages of
being the most popular form of fertilizing material, and is easy to
transport.
2, ; From
it- ,
appropriation
°' Nitrate plants," Nitrate plant No . 2, Muscle Shoals, Ala.-This project was approved
rk hfar . 20, 1918, $250;
000 ; from appropria- by the War Industries Board, November 16, 1917, and on the same
tion "Armament of
fortifications day contractors went to work.
C," Feb . 7, 1918
$40,000,000: fund 4 At this plant, the process used is that of the American Cyanamid
available, $40,250,000 .
(Of above amounts Co . for the fixation of nitrogen by carbides . The product is ammo-
&7,000,000 diverted
temporariIvfor nium nitrate, of which 110,000 tons per year were to be produced.
united States nitrate
plant No . 1 .) The advantages of the Muscle Shoals site are water power avail-
able from the Tennessee River, for the development of which Gov-
signing of the armistice .
ernment provision has been made ; steam power plants already there
which constitute a valuable auxiliary to a water power plant; prox-
imity to the Tennessee phosphate beds, which makes for ready pro-
duction of the fertilizer material ; and proximity to the great agri-
cultural development of the South and Southwest for convenient
distribution of the same.
91485--19-14 209
21 0 ORDNANCE, I )ATA NITRATE PLANTS .
Nitrate plants Nos. 3 and 4, Cincinnati and Toledo, Ohio.-In considei- construction only. The cost of the plant will be mainly paid by
mg the establishment of nitrate project No . 3, the importance of funds from the $20,000,000 appropriated by Congress for nitrate
using power already available was urged by the priority committee plants, national defense act of 1916. This plant is operated by the
of the War Industries Board. Cincinnati and Toledo each offered Government, as provided in section 124, national defense act., 1916,
power sufficient for half the proposed plant (110,000 tons per year), and not by contract with any private parties or corporation .
hence two units were to have been established, with capacity of 55,000 Manufacturing process.-The formal tender to the Government by
tons of ammonium nitrate each per year. Construction at both these the General Chemical Co ., June 5, 1917, of the right to its synthetic
plants . Nvhere a large amount of work had been completed, was dis- ammonia processes was accepted by the Secretary of War on behalf
continued soon after the signing of the armistice. of the President on July 14. On July 21 a nitrate division of the
Research section.-Almost from its organization in July, 1917, the Ordnance Department with Col. J. W. Joyes chief, was created to
nitrate division has maintained a research section in charge of Lieut. take charge of nitrogen fixation problems, and at once started active
Col. A. Il . White, a distinguished chemist from Michigan Univer- consideration of the construction of plants .
sity. In January, 1918, the personnel of this section consisted of 22 Products .-The products of United States nitrate plant No . 1 are
technically trained men, distributed in Washington, Sheffield, ammonium nitrate from synthetic ammonia. produced by three am-
(Massachusetts) Institute of Technology, Bureau of Soils, the Laurel rm,nia process units. Two of these units have each a capacity of
Hill plant of the General Chemical Co ., Watertown Arsenal, and on 15,000 pounds of ammonia per day, the third unit produces 30,000
foreign service. 0 n June 1, 1918, the staff consisted of 16 commis- pounds per day-60,000 in all-sufficient for the manufacture of
sioned officers, 12 enlisted men, and 14 civilians. There were also a 120,000 pounds of ammonium nitrute per day.
number employed by institutions in cooperative work who were not Buildings, water supply, and power.-A specially designed brick-and-
listed as employees of the nitrate division. In addition six commis- steel structure accommodates the apparatus for the production of
sioned officers formerly carried as members of the research section the foregoing materials. A supply of 5.250,000 gallons of water per
had been transferred to the operating staff of plant No . 1 . The day is pumped by centrifugal pumps for a distance of 4,000 feet from
reports shoNved 85 im-estigatioina of sufficient importance to merit a spring creek, through a rapid sand filter, and distributed by booster
record. pumps to the various departments of the plant. A steam-power
Housing.-The site of plant No . 1 comprises 1,923 acres; plant No . 2, plant of 5,000 kilowatt capacity is located on the reservation for the
2,300 acres. There being no community adequate to house employees, operation of the plant, pending development of water power from
a cautomiient to care for 7,000 men at work on plants 1 and 2 was the Tennessee River.
first constructed. In the summer of 1918 there were 12,000 living on Railroads,-A system of reservation railroad tracks for taking care
the reservation and about 14,000 employed on the work . of the classification and handling of 30 cars of freight per day was
Features of the plants .-The essential characteristics of these vari- built and connected with the Southern and Louisville & Nashville
ous plants are summarized in the accompanying table, and also in the yards.
various sections which deal with the plants separately . Cost and appropriations .-The. approximate estimate for the total
cost of the construction work was $13,082,000 . The appropriations
NITRATE PLANT N0 . 1. are from the appropriation "Nitrate Plants," July 21, 1917 .
$3,600,000, December 1, 191'7, $2000,000; from the appropriation
Approval of project.-This project was approved by the Secretary of
" National Security and Defense," March 18, 1918, $3,500,000-in all,
War July 13, 1917, following the report of the nitrate supply corn- .
X9,100,000 ; and from the appropriation "Armament of Fortifica-
mittee, and the site was decided upon by the President September
tions, C," July 2, 1918, $3,000,000 .
28, 1917 . The location of this plant is at Sheffield, Ala ., on the Ten-
Completion of plant.-Some of the processes began operation in
nessee River, just below the Muscle Shoals, and near the phosphate
June and a complete trial run of the first unit of the plant was made
beds of central Tennessee. The plant site comprises 1,923 acres.
during the month of September. The other two units were later
Construction and operation.-The plant was constructed by the
owing to delays in delivery of apparatus. These delays were caused
United States Army, Ordnance Department, and the first material
especially by difficulty in getting certain large forgings, but these
for it was delivered at the site October 22, 1917 . The J. G. White
units it was hoped would be in operation well before the close of the
Engineering Corporation, New York City, were contractors for
calendar year 1918.
212 ORDNA\CI~ DATA . NITRATE PLANTS . 213
NITRATE PLANT NO . 2 . Manufacturing process and capacity .-Plant No . 2 uses the Cyanamid
method, first producing calcium carbide, then combining with nitro-
Nature of project.-This project, located at Muscle Shoals, Ala., in-
gen from the air to form calcium Cyanamid ; from this ammonia is
cludes
formed, part of which is converted into nitric acid, and then all
(n) United States nitrate plant No. 2 .
combined to make ammonium nitrate. The Cyanamid process was
(b) Warrior-Muscle Shoals transmission line .
also to be used at plants 3 and 4. The capacity of plant No . 2 is
(C) Warrior steam-power plant extension.
110,000 tons of ammonium nitrate per annum.
Approval .-Nitrate plant No . 2 was approved by contract dated
Buildings.-The buildings constitute a completely fireproof plant.
November 16, 1917, between the Air Nitrates Corporation and the
The main buildings are of steel frame, hollow-tile walls, with cement-
United States of America by J. W. Joyes, colonel, Ordnance Depart-
tile roof, floors are of vitrified paving brick and cement ; windows
ment, United States Army, acting by authority of the Chief of Ord-
of steel-sash construction . The necessary temporary buildings and
nance United States Army, and under the direction of the Secretary
equipment for'construction employees are included, as well as certain
of War.
permanent frame houses, together with hospitals, stores, commis-
Construction .-Owing to the fact that the American Cyanamid Co,
saries, roads, sewerage, water and lighting systems, and local steam
was the only organization in America familiar with the details of
power plant-20 acres under roof-all upon a tract of land belong-
the Cyanamid process of nitrogen fixation, the Ordnance Department
ing to the United States, comprising about 2,300 acres, near the
engaged it to plan, build, equip, and operate plant No . 2. A subsidi-
western edge of Sheffield, Ala .
ary corporation, to be known as the Air Nitrates Corporation was
Water supply .-The water supply is obtained from the Tennessee
organized to do this, as agent of the United States, by contract dated
River. This system and the sewerage system within the plant and
November 16, 1917, fixing a fee for plant construction, and for its
throughout the village are to be according to approved plans, which
operation up to June 1, 1921, and thereafter for so long as the United
include organization for protection against fire .
States should remain in the war. The construction fee in no event
Power plant.-The power plant is located on the reservation near the
was to exceed $1,000,000. The subcontractors were: Westinghouse,
Tennessee River. It is built of concrete, steel, and brick, and de-
Church, Kerr & Co ., general erection contractors; J. G. White En-
signed to supply 60,000 kilowatts of the 90,000 kilowatts necessary
gineering Corporation, construction of steam electric plant; and
to the operation of the plant. The balance is to be furnished by the
Chemical Construction Co., erecting nitric absorption plant.
Alabama Power Co . from its Warrior River steam-power plant ex-
Contract .-The contract of November 16, 1917, referred to above,
tension, 88 .03 miles distant.
was superseded by one dated June 8, 1918, for building and operat-
Railroad .-A feature of the design was a classification yard of 16
ing all three plants (No. 3 at Cincinnati and No. 4 at Toledo, as well
tracks, amounting to a total approximate length of about 10 miles,
as No . 2 at Muscle Shoals). This later contract changed the maxi-
giving railroad service to all necessary portions of the plant.
mum construction fee from $1,000,000 (fixed by contract of November
Cost' and appropriations .-The estimated total cost of construc-
16, 1917, for plant No . 2) to $1,500,000 for the three plants . As these
tion was $40,000,000, including the steam-power plant extension £o
three plants were to cost an aggregate of about $75,000,000, it was
Black Warrior steam-power station and the erection of a transmis-
evident that this change of contract reduced the construction fee to
sion line to tap the system of the Alabama Power Co . The funds
about 2 per cent of the cost of the work, or less than is frequently paid
in 1918 available amounted to $30,650.000. These were : From the
by private corporations, even for nonengineering construction .
appropriation " Nitrate plants," November 28, 1917, $200,000 ; from
Operation.-Under the contract of June 8, 1918, the operating fee of
the appropriation "Nitrate plants," March 20, 1917, $150,000 ; from
one-fourth of a cent a pound for all ammonium nitrate produced
the appropriation "Armament of fortifications, C," November 28,
was also reduced, in consideration of the larger volume of business
1917,$30,300,000 .
offered, to one-eighth of a cent a pound, after the production in any
Completion of plant .-This plant was approximately 50 per cent
one year of 110,000 tons, which is an amount equivalent to the
completed in the summer of 1918 . While delays were anticipated in
capacity of the Muscle Shoals plant (No. 2) . Operating all three
the delivery of some of the special machinery, it was confidently ex-
plants at capacity, as expected, the operating fee each year would
pected that the plant would commence operations early in the winter
thus amount to about $825,000, or less than 2 per cent of the value
of 1918 and reach full-rated capacity in the spring of 1919 .
of the product.
2t4 ()RD NANTC!: DATA . NITRATE PLANTS . 21 5
MUSCLE SHOALS TRANSMISSION LINE FOR PLANT NO . 2. UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANTS NOS. 3 AND 4.
Construction and operation .-Under contract with the nitrate di- Approval .-This project was approved by the Secretary of War .
vision, Ordnance Department, after approval by the Actin, Chief February 5, 1918, on the recommendation of the chief of the nitrate
of Ordnance, the Alabama Power Co . built (on cost-plus basis) a division and the nitrate committee appointed by the Secretary of
110,000-volt transmission line 88 .03 miles long, from Warrior steam- War, March 26, 1918 . Their recommendation was based on the
power plant to United States nitrate plant No . 2, Muscle Shoals, Ala., opinion that the cyanamid process of the American Cyanamid Co .
with `* gtep-up " and " step-down " transformer substations at each was the only one whose commercial development in this country had
end (60,000 kva . at sending station and 40,000 k%- a . at receiving sta- reached a stage where it afforded a certainty that, ammonia could be
tion). The construction work involved clearing the right of way, produced without delay.
erecting modern H towers, and stringing thereon copper cable and Location .-It being important to provide further nitrate plants
installing line . The operation of this transmission line is carried on with power from existing power systems as far as possible, without
by the Alabama Power Co . under the direction of the United States drawing upon the limited supply of generation equipment in course
Army, Ordnance Department . of manufacture, the nitrates committee recommended a location
Cost and appropriations .-The cost was included in the estimate of where existing power or power equipment was available. The proj-
$40,000,000 for United States nitrate plant No. 2, and the appropri- ect was accordingly split into two parts, to be known as plants Nos.
3 and 4, of combined capacity equal to the original project for plant
ations were likewise included in the appropriations for this plant.
No . 2. These plants were to be located at Ancor, Ohio (near Cincin-
WARRIOR STEAM-POWER PLANT EXTENSION FOR PLANT NO . 2. nati), and at Toledo, Ohio .
Construction and operation.-Under contract with the nitrate divi- Construction, operation, and process.-The Air Nitrates Corporation,
sion, Ordnance Department, approved by the Acting Chief of Ord- New York City, engaged to plan, build, equip, and operate plants
nance, the Alabama Power Co . made a 30,000 kilowatt extension of Nos. 3 and 4 under the same contract as applied to plant No. 2
its existing power plant on Warrior River, at the mouth of Bakers at Muscle Shoals . Construction was at once begun. The cyanamid
Creek, including all necessary equipment and auxiliary apparatus: process will be used at plants Nos. 3 and 4 as at plant No . 2. Each
such as railroad tracks and housing facilities . The plant extension of the two plants was to have a capacity of 55 .000 tons ammonium
proper consists of one 30,000-kilowatt turbine and twelve 1,200- nitrate per year, or a total production of 110.000 tons per year for
horsepower boilers. This will effect an increase of 150 per cent in the the two.
production of electric power at this station of the Alabama Power Buildings.-The buildings are the same character of specially de-
Co . The installation was made at Government expense, and will re- signed structures as have been erected for plant No . 2. The complete
main Government property until otherwise disposed of. The main plant program includes the layout and construction of housing facil
building for this power plant is steel frame and brick, with steel sash ities, etc. The electric energy demands of -Nos . 3 and 4 IN-ill be 40,000
and permanent type of roof. The operation is by the Alabama Power to 45,000 kilowatts each . Local existing steam power stations furnish
Co . as agent of the nitrate division of the Ordnance Department, at this . The completion of the plants and full operation was anticipated
the cost of the United States . by the summer of 1919.
Water supply and railroads.-The water supply is secured from the Cost and appropriations .-The approximate estimate of the total
Warrior River; and the layout of water and sewerage systems are ac- cost was $40,000,000 . The funds available in the summer of 1918
cording to approved plans . Railroad facilities consist of sidetracks were $40,250;000, as follows : From the appropriation " Armament of
from Warrior River Slip to the plant, for handling construction ma- fortifications C," February `7, 1915, $40,000,000 ; from the appropria-
terials. tion " Nitrate plants," March 20, 1915, $250,000 . Of this, there was
necessarily diverted to United States nitrate plant No . 1, $3,000,000 .
Cost and appropriations .-The cost is included in the estimate of
$40,000,000 for United States nitrate plant No. 2, the construction Work discontinued .-Soon after the signing of the armistice on No-
vember 11, 1918, construction work on plants Nos. 3 and 4 was dis-
work on power-plant extension and transmission line being estimated
at about $1,000,000 . continuecl, since it was evident that their product would not be
The funds to meet this were included with .the appropriations for required . Work upon these plants was progressing satisfactorily
and according to schedule at the time.
United States nitrate plant NO . 2.
21 6 ORDNANCE : DATA.
NITRATE PLANT NO . 2 .
50 per cent for first quarter ------------------- _-_-_-- 13,750 X. TRENCH WARFARE MATERIAL .
100 per cent for balance-------------------------------- 82,500
192,500, ooo
96,250 HAND GRENADES .
NITRATE PLANT NO . 3 .
Nothing for first quarter. Nature and use.-Although hand grenades had been employed since
50 per cent for second quarter--------------------------- 13,750 the fifteenth century, and in the seventeenth century were favorite
100 per cent for third and fourth quarters--------------- 55,000
137,500,000 weapons, their use declined during the eighteenth and nineteenth
68,750 centuries until they became practically obsolete. The special condi-
370, ooo. 000
tions at Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War, however, re-
vealed their possibilities for fighting at close range. They were
adopted by both armies and used with great effect .
That they were not taken up subsequently by other armies, and se-
riously considered as weapons of major importance, was probably
due to the belief that such conditions as prevailed in the Far East
were unlikely to arise again. At all events, when the combatants
of the European war settled down to trench fighting after the first
battle of the Marne they were unprovided with grenades, but soon
discovered the use of them . They improvised at first, as the Russians
and Japanese had done . Before long, however, they developed well-
designed grenades of various types, to suit various ends, and these
were improved and standardized .
The United States Army had the experience of the allies to guide
it when, in 1917, it took up the design of hand grenades for the use
of our troops . The problem was to choose and to adapt the manufac-
turing conditions in this country to the types that had proved most
useful in trench warfare. After a year's effort, grenades were devel-
oped to meet the needs of the Army in any contingency, and produc-
tion on an extensive scale was established.
Classification-Hand grenades may be divided into several types
according to their usage:
1. Defensive grenade.
2. Offensive grenade.
3. Gas grenade.
4. Phosphorus grenade.
5. Incendiary grenade.
217
Tai,INc;x Wnl;rahE MArh;1 ;[A1,. 219
TABLE. 2'0.-Grenade .
Ounces .
b Defensive hand gren- 22 2-ounce Trojan Cast. iron--- Primer5-semnd Throom from cover:
ade, Mark II . grenade ex- fuze No . B de- value depends
C plosive. tonator . upon fragmenta-
m tion of bode .
Offensive hand gren- 12 4-ounce Trojan Laminated Pntner-5-second Thrown in open ef-
m ade, Mark III. grenade ex- paper. fuze No . 8 de- fect from detona-
x plosive . tonator. tion of the high-
explosive t-harge .
0 Gas grenade, Mark If .', 22 5-ounce chem- Sheet ,leel- Primer-5-second Used to clesu out
x ical filler . fuze No . 8 de- dugouts. etc.
a tonator .
Phosphorus grenade, , 20 - ounce phos- -----do. . . .~ . . (10 . . . . . .. Used to createslnoke
Mark 11. phorus . clouds for screen .
V. B. r i f l e grenade, 17 1.75-ounce Tro- Malleable -serorld fuze . . . . . . Throvvrn from V . 13 .
Jfark I. jan grenade iron . discharges 10
explosive . range 2(HI cards_
Incendiary hand gren- 124 Thermit and oil . Paper . . . . . . 5-second fuze ------ To fire ammunition
ade, Mark I, dumps, etc.
Thermit hand gren- l30 Thermit Tin . . . . . . .d0. . . . . . . . . To fuze breecldAocks
ad.. Mark 1. in cannon (cap-
turedI .
m
Approximately.
21S
22 0 ORDNANCE DATA . TRENCH WARFARE MATERIAL . 221
the priming cap . In other words, the grenade can not function as
long as the lever is held in position against the body of the grenade.
After release, there is a delay of about 5 seconds before the fuze
explodes the cletonator, with the consequent explosion of the charge
of 2; ounces of Trojan powder which fills the body of the grenade.
The effective radius of dispersion is about 80 feet, although frag-
ments may be thrown a much greater distance. The defensive gren-
ade must therefore always be thrown from cover . It weighs, when
loaded, approximately 22 ounces, and, following the French practice,
is painted battleship gray.
Change of design .-In the first United States defensive grenades, an
attempt was made to overcome the dangerous features of the Mills
type of grenade in fixing the lever upon a pivot. The sidemays thrust
of the thumb, as the grenade left the hand, threw the lever to one side
and allowed the functioning of the release mechanism. This device
was abandoned.
Dummy hand grenade, Mark I.-The dummy grenade is made of cast
iron, and resembles the defensive hand grenade, Mark II, in size ;
weight, and contour. It is used for practice and is painted bright
red.
Method of marking.-The method of marking live and practice gre-
nades has been taken from the French practice in order that no con-
fusion will arise from our troops using grenades of American and
French manufacture interchangeably . In general the bodies of all
live grenades are painted gray while the bodies of practice grenades
are painted red.
Packing for shipment and subsequent assembly.-Note should be made
of the method of packing hand grenades and components for ship-
ment, and the subsequent assembly of these components . Hand
grenade bodies are packed 24 to a box. These bodies are loaded with
high explosive and have in the bouchon hole a wooden plug .
Packed in a separate box are 384 complete bouchon assemblies. These
two boxes go forward to the place of assembly, ordinarily the regi-
mental dump, where the wooden plug is removed from the body and
the bouchon assembly secured into place. The completely assembled
grenade is then replaced in the box in which the bodies were received
and sent forward to the front-line trenches for issue to the various
FIG. 86-Sectional view of defensive hand grenade, Mark II.
troops stationed there.
Testing grenades .-For grenades, no special facilities for testing are
holds the priming cap, the firing spring, and the striker. The necessary, but experimental tests were conducted at Aberdeen, where
operating lever fits over the head of the bouchon and is held in place perfectly adequate arrangements for this purpose are available.
by a safety pin with a ring attached to it . When this safety pin is Regular practice drills with different types of hand grenades under
pulled out, and the lever released from the hand of the thrower, the instructors who had seen service in the trenches were held at
firing pin at once throws off the lever and drives the striker against number of the large encampments in the United States before the
troops were ordered overseas .
(11111NAN('I! DATA . rltl'.Ncii WAItFAIiI : MA'l''ERIAL . 223
-s-C fR.Y/SYeel}
lS'eY
:~000f7017 SP4/er
(Sheet S'ICP/~
Defor~4>`or Thirrrb/
Ste
.L~LiS~7 X17
SteplJ
FIG. 87.-Sectional view of offensive hand grenade, Mark III . MG . 88 .-Sectional view of phosphorus hand grenade, Mark II .
Offensive hand grenade, Mark III.-A cylinder of laminated cartridge Phosphorus hand grenade, Mark IL-The phosphorus grenade has a
barrel-shapecl steel container of about 33 inches long and 23 inches
paper has a conical die-cast top, threaded to receive the bouchon
assembly. The fuze and detonator are like those used in the defen- in cliameter. Into the center is screwed a steel thimble, tapped to
grenade, except for a slightly heavier charge. This grenade pro- receive the standard bouchon assembly, and keeping the phosphorus
duces a violent concussion, but can be used in the open more safely charge from contact with the detonator and fuze. The explosion
than the defensive grenade, since there is no marked fragmentation . bursts the container and sets free the charge of phosphorus .
Cat')
Tlli,:Nk7Ft WARFARE `[AT1aiIAL . 25
Pr/me r
°rimPrh'o/der Tube rvs rte Sfri~f-er(sneet d'fPe/~
.~ickford Fuze Qp~i~9 h'~~4 8.wss
Bocs'y ofP/uq ~ .e I'. ~ I ~~
S'rrtrc
RIFLE GRENADES .
Use.-Rifle grenades are used to fill in the gap between the hand
grenade and the light trench mortar . The type used by our Army
1&n9!!2 Piiv originally was designed by two Frenchmen, Viven and Bessieres,
(C. x. ste i and in their honor is called the V. B. rifle grenade. It is about 21
~5'orirrA inches long, 2 inches in diameter, and is fired from the discharger,
(Piirrro W"}-e)
which fits over and is attached to the muzzle of the rifle in the same
manner as a bayonet.
entire length, and it is fastened securely over the rifle barrel by means T.im.i,: 2L .-Trench mortars and trench-mortar bombs.
of the shim . The United States rifle model of 1917 requires a dis-
Maxi-
charger of slightly different design from the one used with the model Type and caliber'. Weight
of shell .
Wei ht and kind
of charge m shell Fuze. i mum Characteristics.
range .
of 1903.
Adaptation to United States rifle ammunition .-The V. B. grenade Lbs. oz. Yard,.
11 11 Trojan shell explo- Mark V I - 750 An infantry weapon ;
fired from the discharger has apparently been very satisfactory for 3-inch Stokes T . M .,
Mark I. - save 2 pounds total weight of mor-
6 ounces . tar, about 150
else in the trenches . Considerable difficulty, however, was experi- pounds: muzzle-load-
ing shell and propel-
enced in adapting this article for use with the United States rifle. lant .
Gas, smoke, incen Mark VI and fuze A weapon used only by
I
4-inch Stokes T . M ., ' 15 950
The American rifle ammunition is more powerful than the French, Mark I . 'i diary, high-ex- to be developed. I troops of chemical
plosive . warfare service: muz-
the result being that the pressure exerted in the discharger was ex- zle-loading shell and
1 propellant .
cessive, thereby causing the rifle stocks to split as a result of con 6-inch T . M ., Mark I-I 52 Trojan shell ex- Mark VII, delay 1, 1,800 Artillery weapon : muz-
p osiv e 11 and nondelay . zle-loading shell and
tinuous firing of the grenades . The American V. B. grenade has a pounds . propellant .
240-mm . T. M., Mark 156 Trojan shell ex- Mark VII, delay. . . 2,400 Arillryweaponmuz-
larger bullet than the French grenade, and this excessive pressure is I. plosive 76 zle-loadingshell,
pounds . breech-loading car-
vented through the bullet tube of the American grenade. In view of tridge case.
11-inch Sutton . . . : 205 100 pounds . . . . Mark VII, delay . . .1 4,500 Experimental; loading
the fact that the supply of rifle grenades of the French and Americans same as for 240 mm.
are pooled for issue, it was found necessary to drill two ventholes in
1 Approximately
the American discharger to permit venting of the excess pressure in
the discharges when French grenades are fired. The net result of this Trench mortar bombs (European. manufacture) .
practice is that 30 yards less range is obtained with the American
Remarks .
grenade than with the French . It was directed that all dischargers Bomb . Packing.
manufactured in the United States have the two ventholes referred 3-Inch Stokes One, 95 grain ballis- Pistol head or No. Three rounds com- Note carefully if
to above drilled in them . (English manu-
ufacture),
tite cartridge, four
110-gram cordite
146 (The All-
.
ways)
plete or three
rounds with pro-
cartridges and
rings present.
The dummy rifle grenade.-This grenade resembles the V. B. rifle 58 - mm . (French
rings .
Bags math Igniters
pellant separate;
10 per cent railway, Two-l. . S. bombs m Furnish 110 per
grenade, Mark I, in contour and weight, but contains no ignition manufacture) . b a s e charge 60
grams, ballistic
20 per cent P. R.
1916 nondela ,
crate, one-P . L . 8}
crate, charges and
cent simplified
obturating prim-
device or explosive charge . conpound, B z,
and two
3o er cent P . R
1916 delay 40
accessories except
fuzes 50, 57, and 60,
ers .
points" of '25 1A99- box .
g15, cent
TRENCH MORTARS AND AMMUNITION . grams weakened
.`.~rT .' .
6-inch Newton Four 1 oz . fags gun- 100 per cent No . Bomb in crate 9d)
Nature and use.-Although the trench mortar was a weapon com- h manu- cotton yarn, two 110 . charges one ~ox,
facctu~re) If-ounce bags 20 sets accessories
paratively unknown before the present war began, it has proved to flaked cordite . one box.
240-m . (French In 155-mm. brass 100 per cent P. R . Bomb in crate, 10
be of the first importance. None had been used by our Army except manufacture). cases; charge I 1916, delay. charges in box, 30
1,300 grams baflis- fuzes m box.
in an experimental way before we engaged in the conflict, and the tite ; charge Il 900
grams ballistite .
entire field had to be developed by the Ordnance Department . The
only weapon of the sort in existence in the United States Army was
the 3.2-inch, which had never been in active service. None of the
mortars designed by the allies, moreover, had been manufactured in
this country before the declaration of war. It was, therefore, neces-
sary for the military authorities to decide what type of mortars the
American troops should use before the Ordnance Department could
develop a source of supply . It was August, 1917, before the first
definite decision was received from abroad, which was to adopt the
British type of 3-inch Stokes mortar. Sixty of these mortars were
thereupon imported from England for training purposes and were
distributed among the camps . Subsequently other types were
adopted, until now the five designs mentioned in the table were
in regular production and others were being developed experi-
mentally.
FIG . 95 .3-inch Stokes trench mortar. Loading for firing. The nature of the projectile can be seen by the shell held by the soldier on the left,
t~
w
w
the mortar has a range of from 100 to 800 yards. Its mechanism is
3 /NCH STOKES TRENCH MORTAR SHELL. simple. The shell, which has a blank cartridge attached to one end,
is dropped into the muzzle of the piece, cartridge end first. It slides
Tubr'n~Z Carrsfrvcfiorr easily downward to the breech, where the percussion cap of the car-
tridge strikes a firing pin or anvil pillar fixed in the base of the barrel .
This fires the cartridge, which propels the shell from the gun. The
cartridge case, being attached to the shell, leaves the barrel along with
it . To obtain a range of more than 300 yards one, two, or three bal-
listite rings are placed around the cartridge as a supplementary pro-
fleord Aolepluy pellant. When the shell strikes the ground a percussion fuze ex-
rdie cos/ w/irle fielol) plodes the detonator, by means of which the booster charge and the
bursting charge are in turn set off. The normal rate of firing of the
gun is 10 rounds per minute .
fiend ~ ~ ed sfeel-~y 4-inch Stokes trench mortar .-This mortar is adopted from the Eng-
malleable coslung_ lish and is the same as the 3-inch Stokes trench mortar in general
or 6or sfoclrl design, with the exception of the size and weight of the barrel and
the weight of the legs . It is used to fire gas, incendiary, and smoke
shells, and, on account of the rapidity with which it can be handled,
it is considered the best trench mortar for these particular shells .
The rate of firing is 25 per minute. This makes it possible to spread
175 pounds of gas per minute . Like the 3-inch Stokes trench mortar,
Cosn9 lop we%red the 4-inch mortar consists of a barrel, a mounting, and a base, with
u-on fubrpy. a total weight of 132 pounds. The propelling charge consists of a
12-gauge cartridge containing 150 grains of cordite and three rings
containing 250 grains of cordite each . The mortar is fired in the
same manner as the 3-inch Stokes trench mortar ; that is, the shell
is dropped into the barrel, and the cartridge is fired by striking an
anvil, which is screwed in the bottom of the barrel, the rings being
Corfrrd e conlnia7er fired by the flash of the bursting charge of the cartridge passing
(steel seamless fubri~q through holes in the cartridge container . On the gas shell an in-
or bar slack.) stantaneous fuze is used, while on the incendiary and smoke shells
time fuzes are used . The maximum range, which is obtained by
using the three cordite rings, is 1,160 yards.
6-inch trench mortar.-The 6-inch trench mortar, adopted from the
Po ......,r P"'"n English 6-inch Newton trench mortar, is a medium-weight mortar
firing a 52-pound cast-iron shell loaded with high-explosive to a
range of about 1,800 yards. It consists of a steel base mounted
FIG. 97 .-Detail of 3-inch Stokes trench mortar shell. upon a wooden platform and a-barrel which rests in a spherical re-
cess and is supported and adjusted by guys with adjusting screws .
3-inch Stokes trench mortar.-The 3-inch Stokes trench mortar is an
The shell is of the vaned type. The propellant charge, ignited by a
adaptation of a British device with the same name . It consists essen-
special cartridge, consists of bags of cordite or ballistite and gun-
tially of a barrel weighing 43 pounds, a mounting weighing 37
cotton yarn, the bags being held between the vanes by means of wire .
pounds, and a base plate weighing 28 pounds . These three parts,
This mortar, like the 3-inch and 4-inch Stokes trench mortar, is fired
which can easily be transported to the front line by hand, are as
by dropping the shells into the barrel. It is used with an instan-
sembled when the gun is put in position . In. spite of its light weight,
taneous fuze, primarily for breaking up wire entanglements.
as a piston to expel gases aftera discharge.
.-finchtrench mortar . Loading projectile and charge . Note in the foreground gas ejector omyilovcd
AR
w
v
FIG. 101.-Three craters formed by explosion of 6-inch Newton projectiles fired at same angle with delay fuze.
Ao ler(co/dWrawnsteel)
Fro. 104 .-Detail of 240-mm . trench mortar shell . Fro. 105.-Detail of trench mortar fuze, Mark VII
.
The 240-mm . trench mortar.-This weapon is modeled on the French Mark VII trench mortar fuze.-This fuze modeled on the French
240-mm. short trench mortar . This mortar weighs approximately fuze, Mark IV, was supplied with a new interior mechanism where
7,500 pounds, of which 5,500 pounds are for the wooden platform . a firing pin ordinarily held safe by a small wire is thrown into
'The barrel is unrifled. The maximum range is about 2,400 yards alignment with the primer when the shell is accelerated . This fuze
and with a low charge of about 660 yards . The motar is muzzle is of both the delay and nondelay types, the former for the 240-imn .
loading for the shell and breech loading for the charge . trench mortar, and both types for the 6-inch trench iuortar .
, viiL\TOFE WARFARE MATMAL . 245
DATA .
1244 ORDNANCE
Se Back Pelfel
,rpri iano Wi-
PtaddtlionDi~ia'iox. '
v Y,Gtl. .
omss L ait,
said section.
FiG. 106.-Trench mortar fuze, Mark VI . Assembly
FIG . 107.-Detail of trench mortar fuze, Mark VI .
the 3-inch and 4-inch Stokes
Mark VI trench mortar fuze .-Used with
percussion element which free to reach the detonating pellet or percussion element when im-
trench mortar shell, this fuze has a double
position in which the shell pact takes place. This ignites shrapnel powder in the powder cham-
functions positively irrespective of the
Lient. F. A. Sutton, R. E., ber and the flash then passes to the detonator and boaster. The
strikes on illlpttct, It was designed by booster charge is contained in a cardboard tube and consists of two
dale, U. S. A. The safety.
and improved by Lieut. Col. E. J, W. Rags pellets of tetryl which fit around the detonator and one pellet of TNT
firing, leaving the set-back pellet
pin and ring must be removed before
shell leaves the barrel . As accelera- below the detonator. The tube is closed with felt discs.
supported by friction until the
tion of the shell starts the safety fart . is ejected and the striker is
24 6 ORDNANCE DATA .
TRENCH WARFARE AIATERIAL . 24
r sire
6~reU
j
ss (S1 iJ E- -
pr-er Sofgty Iyi
sre i
Adopte r ~~odv
(nwn.sreei) (WV.sraail
employed to secure ignition of the incendiary materials in the incen- are fired by a blasting machine, the various projectors being con-
diary shell, which may consist of cotton-waste balls or jute strands nected in parallel and sufficient machines being used to secure proper
soaked in oil of some spontaneously inflammable mixture. functioning of the charges. As many as 6,000 or 7,000 of these bombs
A large number of Livens projectors are usually placed in the have been fired at once with but one or two malfunctions . The
ground, loaded and wired up ready for firing, being covered over with maximum range is about 2,200 yards with a wide dispersion, but
waterproof pieces or paper to keep out water or dust while others since gas bombs are fired the object is to produce a large volume of
are being prepared . When as many have been set up as desired they gas in certain sections, and a wide dispersion is advantageous.
AIRCRAFT ARh1AMENT . 2=19
The following planes are capable of being equipped with Cooper
quadruple bomb carrier for bombing work in addition to their other
work
Spad 13.
Breguet 14 A 2 .
Salmson 1 A 2 .
XI. AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT .
MACHINE GUNS . ,
Types of airplanes.-The nature and extent of the armament used in
TABLE 22.-a1achine goals for aircraft installation on. Atnerico-n- airplanes at
attack and defense by aircraft, either in combat with each other or in end of war.
hostile operations directed against the ground, vary considerably with
the size and character of the airplanes. Type of gun . Used as- Remarks .
Below are given lists of airplanes under their classifications and
statements of their armament. Vickers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixedgunsynchronized, , Used entirely to Oct ., 1918.
Marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do" . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .i
Pursuit.-Pursuit planes are monoplane machines for combat work, Browning------ . . . . ._ . . . . ----- do. . ._ . . .__ . . . . . . . . . .,
Large use planned .
Best for combat on pursuit
planes ; none in use Oct.,
carrying generally two synchronized guns. Planes in this group, 1916.
Lewis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
arranged in the order of their prominence. at the front, at the end 11-mm. Vickers . . . . . . . . . . Very few in use ; valuable
for balloon attack .
of the war were as follows 37-mm . cannon . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental stage only;
design for full automatic
Spad 13------------------------------------------------ French . under way
.
Spad 7-------------------------------------------------French . Semiautomatic. See description on page 36 .
Sopwith-Camel ----------------------------------------- English .
Sopwith-Delphin---------------------------------------- English. Vickers aircraft .-The Vickers machine gun is always used as a fixed
Nieuport 28 -------------------------------------------- French. gun, i. e., mounted on the fuselage of an airplane and synchronized
S . E. 5------------------------------------------------- English.
to fire between the propeller blades by means of a mechanical or
Observation.-Observation planes are biplanes, armed with one or hydraulic gear. All Vickers guns received by the American Expe-
two synchronized guns and two Lewis guns in a tourelle mount, also ditionary Force were of the ground type, and therefore it was neces-
a Lewis floor-mounted gun . Planes in use in this group in the order sary to alter them in French factories to make them adaptable to
of their prominence were as follows : aircraft requirements . The water-cooling apparatus was removed,
Salmson 1 A 2---------------------------------------- French. the radiator slit to permit the passage of air, a trigger motor was
Breguet 14 A 2--------------------------------------- French. mounted on the front cover, and the spade grips were removed.
D . H. 4-----------------------------------------------American . Since the normal rate of fire of the Vickers ground gun is about 450
Day bomber .-Day bombers are also biplane machines with the same rounds per minute, , and it is desirable to have a greater rate of
armament as observation planes . Types in use at the front : fire, several devices were tested with that end in view. One was
D .1-1 . 4-----------------------------------------------American . designed to be attached to the muzzle of the gun instead of the
Breguet 14 B 2---------------------------------------- French . ground muzzle attachment, which would increase the recoil of the
gun and effect an increase in the rate of fire to between 700 and 800
Night bomber.-Night bombers are the largest types of planes, de- rounds per minute. Two Vickers guns are shown in Fig. 111 on
signed for carrying heavy loads of bombs. Armament consists of five page 256.
Lewis guns. Leading types were : Marlin aircraft.-The Marlin aircraft gun is a modification of the
Handley-Page----------------------------------------- American. Colt ground gun, the lever action of the ground gun being removed
Caproni---------------------------------------------- Italian.
and an improved lock mechanism and lock container designed, with
Deliveries had not been made up to the end of the war on the above the result that it is easily synchronized and readily adaptable to
two types, but a program was prepared for them. 'For fundamental design and construction of machine guns and automatic rifles and
248 their ground use consult Part XIII, machine guns, page 296 et seq.
250 ORDNANCE DATA . AIRCRAFT ARIIA\IENT .
mounting on planes . All D. H. =1 planes were equipped with Mar- tion under all conditions of flight . Barring. certain malfunctions,
lins as fixed guns. Arrangements were made to have Spads and due to a fault in the workmanship on the gun, which could be easily
Salmsons altered so that Marlins could be mounted on them, and remedied, it met all conditions with greatest success. No gun heater
production on these types was taking place toward the end of the was found necessary after cold tests. It synchronized exceedingly
war. The rate of fire of the Marlin is much faster than the Vickers. well, as was shown by a comparative test with the Vickers on the
Other planes were being prepared for the Marlin installation also, same mounting . The shots grouped in an angle 14 degrees less than
and it was expected to use primarily Marlins as fixed gains . that of the Vickers. More tests later were to be made to subject the
gun to the most severe conditions imposed in action . It was hoped
that ultimately all pursuit planes could be armed with this gun.
11-mm. Vickers.-The 11-mm. Vickers gun is used in the same man-'
ner as the .30-caliber Vickers. Only a few were in use near the end
of the war, but more -were expected from the United States to be
mounted on pursuit planes . They are especially desirable for use
with incendiary ammunition as balloon destroyers.
Working-in plants .-The acceptance parks installed plants for the
working in of all machine guns before they were mounted on planes.
In these tests the guns are cleaned thoroughly and fired at the butts.
After a maximum of 500 rounds is fired the guns are disassembled
and inspected for signs of wear. All parts showing burrs or rough-
ness left in machining are stoned and smoothed up. Any parts show-
ing defects are replaced by new ones . The guns are then oiled and
turned over to the installation department for mounting. This
working-in plant serves to put gums in the condition of ones which
have been fired 20,000 rounds, making them smoothly functioning
pieces and removing all possibility of their failing to function
through defects in workmanship.
Synchronization tests.-After the gun has been mounted on the plane
and the synchronizing gear adjusted the plane is taken to the firing
butts, where the gun is operated with the motor running. This
FIG. 110.-Two Lewis Guns mounted in jumellage in a tourelle or turret . serves as a check on the adjustment of the synchronizing gears and
prepares the plane for immediate service on its arrival at the front.
Lewis aircraft .-The Lewis gun, owing to the fact that it can not 37-mm. motor cannon .-The 37-mm. semiautomatic cannon is mount-
be readily synchronized, is used entirely as a free gun. At first it --d in the V of a motor with the barrel extending through the hollow
was necessary to modify the ground gun to adapt it to air use, but propeller hub. The propellers of most airplanes are directly con-
later a standard aircraft type was developed. It is mounted nected to the crank shaft of the motor, which would prevent the
over the observer's seat in biplace planes by means of a scarf ring installation of the cannon . A plane such as the Spad 13, with the
or tourelle . Two guns are mounted together in a yoke or jumellage, motor driving the propeller through reduction gears, is therefore
and the rotary action of the tourelle, combined with a joint permit- used in connection with the cannon . This permits the muzzle of the
ting the perpendicular action of the jumellage, makes possible the gun to project through the hub of the reduction gear, which drives
aiming of the guns in all directions . Both gums are fired at once the propeller. The cannon is semiautomatic ; that is, the recoil ejects
by means of a Bowden control. A recoil reinforcer is designed for
the empty case and cocks the gun. The gun is loaded and the breech
the Lewis gun also, to make its action more positive and to increase is closed by the pilot. The breech mechanism consists of a block
its rate of fire a small extent . sliding with a vertical motion in the breech housing and a catch to
Browning aircraft .-Tests of the Browning aircraft gun were made hold the block in its upper position . As the gun returns to battery
in England with a view toward determining the efficiency of its oc- a cam raises the catch, allowing the block to drop until it strikes
252 C11t1)NASCb: DATA .
AIRCRAFT ARAIAAIENT . 253
on the base of the extractors, which are pivoted in such a way that
their upper parts are forced backward and the empty case is thrown Mechanical gears.-An eligine earl is attached to the shaft of the
out through the opening in the block. The pilot takes a new car- airplane in such a way that two impulses are given for every revolu-
tridge from the rack at the right of his seat. and pushes it into the tion of the shaft. A push rod, riding on this cam, imparts the im-
chamber, at the same time raising the block with his fingers, and the pulses to an oscillating rod, the other end of which is in contact with
loading is completed . The cannon is supplied with both smooth and the trigger motor through a plunger lever. This plunger lever forces
rifle bore barrels, which are interchangeable. The gun weighs 44 the plunger with firing finger forward, depressing the hand sear and
kilograms, has a recoil of 28 centimeters, and a muzzle velocity of firing the gun. Minor adjustments for wear are made by means of
400 meters per second . It is also discussed on page 36. A full auto- the blind nut on the end of the plunger . To procure proper adjust-
matic 37-mm . gun was in course of development, while, as mentioned ment of the firing mechanism with reference to the propeller blade,
before (see page 47), a 75-mm . aircraft gun and mount had been de- the engine cam is rotated about its fastening on the shaft. The
signed. whole mechanism is controlled from the pilot's seat by means of a
37-mm . ammunition.-Two types of ammunition-canister for device known as a Bowden wire, described on a following page,
smooth-bore barrels, 37 mm., and high explosive with extra sensitive which, on being operated, throws the actuating lever in contact with
fuze for rifled barrels-are at present the only ones used with air- the push rod . The different types of motors and planes necessitate
plane cannon. A number of other types, such as high-explosive a great many modifications in this system, but all operate on the same
armor-piercing shells, canister for rifled bores and incendiary shells, principle .
have been developed but are not suitable for airplane cannon . The Hydraulic gears.-The C. C., or Constantinesco, hydraulic gear is
high-explosive shell with extra sensitive fuze weighs 1.9 pounds. mounted on D. H. 4 planes reaching the American Expeditionary
The projectile weighs 1.22 pounds ; has a bursting charge of 30 grains Forces from America . In this type of gear a very light oil of non--
of melinite . The extra sensitive fuze used in the projectile is so freezing qualities is used as the conveyor of impulses instead of the
delicately adjusted that contact with plane fabric is sufficient to mechanical system . A generator, connected to the motor of the air-
detonate the shell. The canister cartridge for smooth bore weighs plane, originates an impulse through a piston riding against a cam
1 .87 pounds, with a projectile containing 24 balls 16.3 mm. in diame on the shaft. From this generator lead two pipe lines of different
ter. The balls are held in a brass case filled with wax, the case being size, the larger one being the main line and the smaller one the sec-
cut so that it breaks apart after, leaving the barrel, permitting the ondary line. The main line connects the generator with the trigger
balls to spread. motor and the secondary line connects the generator with the reser-
SYNCHRONIZING GEARS . voir which contains a chamber in which a plunger operates
against a strong spring. When this plunger is pulled back by hand,
Synchronizing devices.-The fire of machine guns from aircraft when
the spring tends to force it back into its seat and thereby sets a pres-
a fixed mount is used presents special features owing to the peculiar sure of 150 pounds per square inch in the system . The pilot controls
conditions that exist. These are that as the gun is fixed in the axis
the system by means of a Bowden wire control. Pressure on the trig-
of the fuselage, aim is secured by pointing the airplane itself, and ger of the Bowden operates needle valves in the bottom of the reser-
not by the training of the gun . It must therefore be arranged to fire
voir. The pressure set up by the plunger is directed by these valves
between the blades of the propeller, which revolves in front of the
into the main line through the secondary line, forcing the piston in
airplane.
the generator against . the cam on the motor. Impulses are then con-
Inasmuch as the propeller revolves much faster than the rate of
veyed through the high-pressure oil to the trigger motor, thence to
fire of the gun, it is necessary to provide a timer on the crank shaft of
the gun. When the Bowden is released the pressure is removed from
the engine to control the interval of fire, so that the bullets are sent
the system, the piston falls back from the cam and no more impulses
without hitting the blades. An interlocking device for this purpose,
are generated . The rapidity with which impulses are conveyed
consisting generally of a master cam on the crank shaft operating
through the system is the advantage claimed for this gear. However,
through either mechanical devices or hydraulic mechanism, governs
it has many weaknesses, owing to the possibilities of the leakage of oil
the trigger or discharge action . Naturally, such devices are of con-
and consequent reduction of pressure. It is necessary to have the
siderable mechanical complexity and considerable improvement is
system in perfect shape, with no air pockets in the pipe lines, nor loose
still demanded in their design and operation . connections, to have it function properly . Experience has shown
that under certain conditions the vibration of the plane in flight is
254 ORDNANCE DATA . AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT . 255
sufficient to destroy the efficiency of the system . A mechanical gear ring, together with two arcs, with notches cut on the underside. Two
similar to the ones described above has been experimented with as a lugs on the yoke engage the notches on the arcs. The hand lever at
substitute for the C. C. gear, and one squadron of D. H. 4 planes is the top of the yoke controls the action of the tourelle in two move-
being equipped with such a gear . ments. On being pressed halfway clown it releases the upper ring
from the lower one, permitting its rotation . Pressed all the way
MACHINE-GUN MOUNTS AND OTHER ACCESSORIES. down, it releases the lugs from the notches in the arcs and permits
Bowden control.-The Bowden control referred to above is a flexible the yoke to be raised or lowered on its hinge. Two elastics attached
wire in connection with the synchronizing gear or trigger of a ma- to the top of the arcs and looped around the base of the yoke serve
chine gun by means of which the pilot controls the fire of his gun. to ease the yoke when it is released from the supporting arcs and
There are two types of this device . The longer one used for control permit the yoke to be raised and lowered on its hinge. The socket
of the synchronized guns, has its trigger end attached to the pilot's near the hand lever receives the stem of the mounts, which are locked
stick within easy reach of his hand, and the other end attached to in position by a spring to prevent the mount from jumping out of
the control valve of the synchronizing gear. A long Bowden also the socket. The American tourelle is essentially the same as the
may be used for a machine gun mounted on the top plane. The cable French, except that the arcs have their notches on the top.
Gunner's belt.-The gunner's belt is a leather belt which fastens
inside the casing is six-strand wire, one-sixteenth inch in diameter.
about the observer's waist. Two straps connect the waist belt with
'rhe casing serves as a protection for the cable and permits of a flex-
the tourelle, permitting the observer to turn with the tourelle, and
ible connection between the two points. In the case of two Lewis serving as a safety during maneuvers of the plane.
guns mounted in jumellage as described below the shorter Bowden
Ammunition bog.The ammunition box is the storage space for the
is used . With two guns the trigger end is fastened to the grip of belt of ammunition used in the synchronized gun. Its shape is varied
the right-hand gun, with the other end fastened to the grip of the in each type of plane used, for it must be adaptable to the space given
left-hand gun, the yoke resting on the trigger. The trigger on the after the motor and guns are installed. The loaded belt is stored in
right-hand gun can be pulled and at the same time the trigger of the this box and is led up to the gun through a chute which bears against
Bowden pressed, thus operating both guns. the feed box of the gun.
Twin-gun mount.-The twin-gun mount, or jumellage, is the mount- Ammunition links.-Disintegrating links are universally used on ma-
ing yoke for two Lewis guns . The collars support the guns by chine guns in the air. These are illustrated on page 304. Prideaux
gripping them just ahead of the magazine, and the crosspiece is links on which the links for the American guns were modeled, were
attached by two bolts through the spade grip. This crosspiece with also used in many cases particularly before the Marlin links were de-
two guns was being replaced by another attachment which includes a veloped to a satisfactory point.
shoulder rest, in which the operator braces for aiming. The stem Shell-ejection chute.-The shell-ejection chute is used in connection
between the yokes fits into a socket in the tourelle or turret . with the ammunition box installation . It leads out from the ejec-
Single-gun mount.-Two kinds of single-gun mounts have been tion side of the gun, receiving the ejected shells and discharging them
in use, but the simple collar and stem is the only one now being used. out of the side of the fuselage.
The other consisted of the collar and stem, with the addition of arms Shell-ejection tube.-Shell-ejection tubes are no longer used, hav-
to permit further movement of the gun and controlled by a band- ing been replaced by the chutes, which are more practical. This
locking lever. It was called the Fourche Articules. device consisted of a small tube three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
Floor mount.-A floor mount has been designed for mounting a which led the ejected shells from the Vickers gun. It was attached
Lewis gun to shoot down through the floor of the Breguet plane . It directly to the gun.
is operated by the observer, shooting backward and downward, and Shell-ejection bag.-The shell-ejection bags are used in connection
covers a point which heretofore has had no protection against attack . with the Lewis gun only . They are made in two sizes-47 and 97
It is attached to the framework of the plane and two trapdoors are round. Fastened over the ejection slot, they receive the spent car
provided through which the gun is put into action . tridges as_they are ejected from the gun . They prevent injury to the
Scarf ring .-The scarf ring, or tourelle, consists of two rings, one observer from flying shells and also prevent shells getting in the
movable on the other. The lower ring is attached to the fuselage of mechanism.
the plane surrounding the rim of the observer's cockpit. The upper
ring turns on the lower one. A yoke is mounted on the movable
25 6 ORDNANCE DATA .
AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT . 257
Lewis magazine .----Lewis magazines are made in two sizes-47 anct small red bead mounted on a conical steel pin, 3 inches high is
97 round. The advantages of the 97-round magazine are obvious . placed at a convenient distance between the ring and the pilot's eye .
as its larger capacity permits a greater number of rounds to be fired With the target flying in a line dead ahead, the smaller ring is used
before changing magazines. Five magazines are generally carried at point blank fire, and with the target crossing the line of sight,
in a rack convenient to the gunners . A rounds indicator could be which is also the line of flight, the outer ring is used as a basis of esti-
attached to the top of the magazine to indicate to the gunner approxi- mating the proper deflection, allowing for the course of the target
mately how many rounds were in the magazine, without the necessity and the flight of the bullets. The size of the ring and its distance
of his taking it off the gun . from the eye is so fixed that the correct line of sight of an enemy
Electrical machine gun heaters.-Gun heaters for Marlin, Lewis, plane, when flying at right angles to the line of sight at 110 miles per
Vickers, and Browning aircraft machine guns have been developed hour, will be found when the target is sighted at the outer circumfer-
and ordered . It was planned to supply all aircraft machine guns ence of the ring, flying toward the center, the bead centered on the
with these heaters, which were found necessary by the British for use small ring. These data are based on the use of American ammu-
in cold weather and high altitudes. The capacity of these heaters is nition .
36 watts, with the exception of the Marlin, which is 60 watts, and Chretien sight.-The Chretien sight is a French telescope sight
they are operated from a 12-volt generator, driven by small wind which is mounted with the line of sight parallel to the axis of the
propellers mounted on the landing gear of the plane. The Vickers bore of the gun . It is 1 inch in diameter and 9 inches long . It has
heater is attached to the gun at the cam on either side of the gun, no magnifying qualities, but serves to project upon the field of vision
making two units of 16 volts 25 watts each. Power is obtained from a system of etched lines in the shape of a small central cir-
the motor. The Lewis heater is attached under the feed cover, and cle, with a larger one, divided by 12 radial lines which extend on
consists of one unit of 16 volts 36 watts. either side of the outer circle . It is used in exactly the same manner
FIXED MACHINE GUN SIGHTS . as the 5-inch ring and bead sight, but serves as a long-range sight,
while the ring and bead is for closer quarters. It is not much de-
5-inch ring and bead sight.-The 5-inch ring and bead sight is sired by pilots, for it is too small and does not afford a good field
mounted for use with the fixed machine guns, either on the gun itself
of vision . It is also most liable to become filmed with flying oil
or on the plane . The first consideration is, of course, the ease of use from the motor and rendered useless.
Aldis sight.-The Aldis sight is the English adaptation of the
Chretien and differs in size as well as in the character of the etched
lines used. It is 1.8 inches in diameter and 25.2 inches long. The
lines are shown as several circles of different diameters with two
small segments of circles making a V-shaped center . An elaborate
chart is used to instruct the pilot so that he may become accustomed
to judging the distance of the target by its size as it appears against
the etched lines, as well as its speed and the proper location on the
sight to obtain a hit. It is much desired by pursuit pilots, as it
affords a large field of vision . The few Aldis sights which were
supplied from America were distributed among the pursuit squad-
rons. They are equipped with a cover for the front lens, with a
spring hinge. The cover is pulled down by a small cable con-
venient to the pilot and the spring serves to snap it back into place
when released . This cover serves to protect the front lens from
flying oil .
FIG. 111.-Two Vickers guns mounted parallel to motor axis of Spad X111 airplane .
FREE MACHINE GUN SIGHTS .
by the pilot. The ring, 5 inches in diameter, with a smaller ring
Norman wind vane sight.-The Norman wind vane sight is used in
1 inch in diameter suspended in its center, is mounted at. a distance connection with the Lewis guns mounted in the tourelle to compen-
of 38 inches from the gulnier's eye . The back sight, consisting of a sate for the deflections clue to the movement of the target as well as
91485--19---17
AIRCRAFT ARIKANIENT . 259
25 8 ORDNANCE DATA .
that of the guns . The -inch ring sight, mounted at 19 inches from
the gunner's eye, provides for the motion of the target, and the wind
vane provides for the deflection of the bullet dae to the motion of
- .g~by F0y
r', ~ _ U
}~, qO qO AO !aO
the plane . The front sight mounted on the barrel O O =0V
or radiator 38 CaJ V O . ly A
inches from the ° . .o ,~P.P .° F'o.~
.moo
eye consists of a bead mounted on a stem . This c
. z a ° z
stem is hinged by means of two arms to a rotating support and
a vane .The rotating support is fitted into the socket of a fixed base 5 :~ a
which is attached to the gun . The motion of the plane brings the
"~bC O ^~ 'O^~ O O O O OOOV 00,^~
vane to the rear and the bead to the front, thus making an automatic p b Y: Fd qOb' Za
1C G W, b b b 'C " O'O'C C`, G b Xb
(~N O O :~ O 7
adjustment for the deflection given the bullet by the lateral motion e z z z : e
of the gun . The rear ring is used as is the ring of the 5-inch ring
and bead sight, to allow for the flight of the target . The sight is
.c7 0,02 oc o
= ,o >4 cF
adjusted for a speed of 110 miles per hour .
s z ~~ z z F :z ~- z :e
Base for Norman wind vane sight .-An alluninum base has been de-
signed with four sockets for use on the Lewis gun .It is attached to -" ` p0. ~ ,- o .CO .m b
0 0 b0 0
b
0
'~ F° b~b~
0000 0 0
b
,;
the muzzle of the gun, and the four sockets serve as an adjustment
a~
°°
Ao~ ~~ ..zb~ z
for the speed of the plane . A slower speed will require the sight to a~ o
~-' >ya .00 o o 000q m4 0;0 0
be moved to the rear, thus shortening the angle of sight which com- 'd po
0 m
:z : z :z
pensates for the deflection of the lndlet imparted by the slower
moving plane. The rear socket. i s for a speed of 80 miles per hour,
as used with the 110 miles per hour sight . q " ui ui ~i C
l0 0°° : .- j y bbbb b b
Bases for 5-inch ring and bead sights.-Various styles of bases are
used for the 5-inch ring and bead sight on planes . The squadron
armament officer is often called upon to devise a special base to suit F' H HN N u7 m m z -
the individual pilot, and makes every effort to conform to his wishes .
' F' °14 °H ° H ° H ° M ° H~
m OH
>> ;y>>>>>>>>>H> :. ....~> ..
AERIAL DROP BOMBS. z
TABLE 23 .-Bombs in use by the allies in 1918.
Gp
Kind . . . Size . Weight. Fuze . Charge . Suspension . 14
Fragmentation : '.Pounds .
90-mm. . . . . . . . 24 inches long, 3~in-, 20.3 INoseinstantaneous M. M. N .l- Horizontal .
ches diameter .
90-mm ., with Gros- 122 inches long, 3' in- 24 .7 'i . . . --do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do .' . . . . Horizontal or ver- MNN~
Andreau key sup-' ches diameter. ties] . 00
por .
Cooper (English) . . .',, 24 .4 inches long, 5 .12 , 24 . ~ . . _d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amatol . . . Horizontal .
i inches diameter .
Demolition:
115 mm . long . .-~ 4671 inches long, 4~ 44 .5 Tail delay . . .- . .- . .I, M. M. N I . ., Do,
inches diameter .
112-pound(Eng- 29 .1 inches long . . . . . . 100 Noscandtail delay ~ Amatol_j Vertical or hori-
lish) . ;I zontal .
230-pound(Eng-I 50.5 inches long, 10 230 Tail delay ---- . . . . . . . . . . do------ Horizontal .
lash). ' inches diameter .
Penetration :
155 his.---- . .-- . 48 incheslong,6in- 91 .3 . . . do-------- . .- . .3L31.N .I .- Do .
ches diameter .
155 mm --------- 323incheslong,6in- 88 Tail instant . Do .
ches diameter .
Incendiary:
Chanard . . . . . . . . 1 25.5 inches long, 4 .7 22 Special -- . . . . . . .-- .L-- . . . . . . . .- Horizontal or ver-
inches diameter . tical .
Illuminating:
Michelin (para- 38.5 inches long, 4 .5 23 .5 . . . . . do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---- Horizontal .
chute flare) . inches diameter.
Bourges (para- 12.2 inches long, 1 .3 7.75 ._ . .---------------- !--- . . .--- . .- None .
chute flare) . 1 inches diameter.
11lfelinite, 70 per cent ; mononitronaphthaline, 30 per cent ; TNT ., 20 per cent : ammonium nitrate, SA
percent .
260 0RDVATN- t'l. DATA . AIRCRAFT ARMAN-IENT . 261
AERIAL DROP BOMBS. The various types brought out by the Ordnance Department in
the United States have been designed and equipped to conform to
Nature and use .-The perfection of the airplane engine, and the
requirements abroad ; changes were constantly being made in details,
corresponding increase in the carrying capacity of the plane have such as the method of suspension, to make possible the use of the
resulted in the rapid development of bombing operations into a most bombs in the new release mechanisms and planes. Only one type,
active and efficient arm of modern warfare. The tactical advantages
the high capacity, was under quantity production up to the summer
of bombing are limited only by the number of planes and, bombs of 1918. Therefore, in the following description ; only such details
available and the degree of accuracy with which the targets are are given as apply to the accepted designs of 1918.
covered . High-capacity drop bombs, so-called because of the large ratio of
the weight of the explosive to the weight of the container, are used
for general demolition purposes . The targets engaged include forti-
fied positions, railroad terminals and lines, heavy structures of all
kinds, supply depots, ammunition dumps, etc .
Fragmentation bombs carry a relatively small charge of explosive
in a heavy steel shell, and depend for their effect upon the frag-
mentation of the shell . They are used against personnel, such as
troops in the field or on the march, or wherever the protection
afforded is slight.
Incendiary bombs are used for incendiary purposes against ammu-
nition dumps, aerodromes, grain fields, etc. Two types were under
manufacture-the scatter and the intensive type.
Safety features .-All American bombs are equipped with a safety
device whereby they may be dropped to explode or not to explode, in
accord with the will of the bomber . This is accomplished through
the use of a safety pin, which is withdrawn from the bomb at the
moment of release if the bomb is to explode or is allowed to remain
if the bomb is to fall safe. The movement of the pin is controlled
by a safety wire engaging a hook which is moved to the operating
position or withdrawn to the nonfunctioning position just before the
bomb is released .
In the older type of firing mechanisms the detonators are carried
outside the main charge until the bomb has left the plane. Acci-
dental explosion of the detonator will not explode the bomb in this
condition . In the new types other safety features are provided to
make the bombs safe from accidental discharge. The bombs are
loaded with a high explosive, which requires a powerful detonator
to set them off. The charge can not be detonated by penetration of
rifle bullets.
Fla . 112 .-Types of aerial drop bombs . 1 . Mark II, demolition drop bomb. 2 . Mark II, incendiary drop HIGH-CAPACITY DROP BOMBS.
bomb . 3 . 'Sark I, demolition drop bomb . 4 . Mark I, incendiary drop bomb. 5 . Dummy drop bomb .
High-capacity drop bomb, Mark IL-This bomb is modeled after the
Types .-Aerial drop bombs are of three general types, vii 120-mm. French bomb, having a light sheet steel stream-line body
High capacity (demolition) . 41 inches in diameter and 284 inches long. The front half of the
Fragmentation . shell is five thirty-seconds of an inch thick, the rear half one-sixteenth
Incendiary. of an inch thick. Its weight is 22 pounds, of which 91 pounds repre-
AIRCRAFT AP-11AMENT . 263
6 ORDNANCE DATA .
I
4
The Mark II bomb is provided with an annular recess at the nose High-capacity drop bomb, Mark III.-This bomb is slightly larger
to fit the jaws of the vertical release mechanism. It is also carried than the Mark II, measuring 6 inches in diameter and 3621 inches in
in the horizontal mechanism by means of a strap on the release mecha- length, with a sheet-steel casing thirteen sixty-fourths of an inch
nism, which is secured around its circumference. The manufacture thick in front and one-eighth of an inch thick in rear. It is modelod
of this bomb was stopped on account of advice from abroad that its after the French 155-mm . bomb, having the same stream-line shape as
size was inadequate . Those already made were to be used in the the Mark II . Its weight is 55 pounds, of which 28 pounds repre
United States for practice purposes. sent the explosive charge. It is provided with a single firing mecha-
26=1 ORDNANCE DATA . AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT . 265
nism, identical with that of the Mark Mark I and is used for the demolition of more permanent struc-
II. It can be carried horizontally, tures, such as forts, concrete buildings, dry docks, etc. It is 50
supported by the strap of the release inches over all and 12.20 inches in diameter . Its weight is 260
inechanisin, or vertically by means of pounds, of which 120 pounds represent the explosive charge . The
an auxiliary nose loop, which is easily thickness of the front half of the shell, of cast or forged steel, tapers
attached to the nose plug. from three-eighths of an inch at the middle to three-fourths of an
High-capacity drop bomb, Mark I.- inch at the nose ; the rear half of the shell is made of one-eighth inch
This bomb was manufactured in quan- sheet steel. Two firing mechanisms are used-a nose vane type in
tities, as it was evidently the most which the nose carrying lug is thrown off with the vane, and a
efficient size for general demolition sliding device in the tail. It is provided with a nose loop for the
purposes. It is of the same shape as British vertical release trap, the side carrying loops for the United
the Mark II and III, measuring 7j States horizontal release trap, and a single side loop for the British
inches in diameter and 50 inches in horizontal device .
length . The front half of the casing High-capacity drop bomb, Mark V.-This was the largest type of
is nine thirty-seconds of an inch thick, bomb put under quantity manufacture in the United States. The
while the rear is one-eighth of an inch over-all length, exclusive of the nose lug, is 59.04 inches, and the
thick. The weight is 104 pounds, of diameter is 16 .53 inches . The front casing of forged or cast steel
which 52 pounds represent the explo- tapers from a thickness of one-half inch at the middle to 1 inch at
sive charge . It is equipped with two the nose . The rear portion of the shell is made of sheet steel 0.156
new type firing mechanisms, one in the of an inch thick. The total weight is 550 pounds, of which 260
nose and the other in the tail. The pounds represent the weight of the expl'osiv~e charge . Two vane type
former. may be omitted when desired. firing mechanisms are provided . Two side carrying loops for the
These firing mechanisms can be ar- United States horizontal release trap, and a single similar loop for
ranged to explode instantaneously or the British horizontal trap, provide the means of suspension .
after a,delay of one-fourth second or 2 High-capacity drop bomb, Mark VI-A .-This design was completed for
seconds. A quantity of this size were immediate production . The bomb measures 63.5 inches in length
made up with the mechanism de- and 20.875 inches in diameter. The shell casing tapers from a thick-
scribed under Mark II. ness of seven-sixteenths of an inch in the rear to 1 .75 inches at the
The Mark I bomb is provided with nose . The weight is approximately 1,000 pounds, of which about
a nose loop (except the first 12,000 half represents the explosive charge . Two vane type firing mecha
manufactured) for vertical suspen- nisms are provided in nose. and tail. Double loops for the United
sion, two side carrying loops for the States horizontal release trap, and the single loop for the British
horizontal trap, are welded to the body. This bomb replaced the
American horizontal release mechan-
ism, and an auxiliary side loop for Mark VI (later abandoned) of similar size but provided with a thin
casing . The Mark VI-A had not been put into production up
the British horizontal trap . It may
also be carried in the Mark V release to the summer of 1918, as no planes then had been provided to carry
this size.
trap by means of a supporting strap High-capacity drop bombs, Mark - I-A and V-A .-These are sim-
on the mechanism. A device was de- ilar in details to the Mark I and V, respectively, except that consid-
signed to combine the vane type of erably heavier casings are used throughout. For the increase in the
nose firing mechanism with a nose weight of the casing there is a corresponding decrease in the weight
carrying-lug ; when the bomb is re- of the explosive charge . Mark I-A is furnished with a permanent
leased the vane revolves and drops off suspension loop for the British horizontal release trap, instead of the
with the lug, arming the. mechanism . auxiliary loop - provided for the Mark I. Up to the time of the
High-capacity drop bomb, Mark IV.- armistice production on these designs had not been authorized .
This bomb is next larger in size to the
ORT)NADATA . AIIIC'ItA4"C AItMAbLENT . `> 6 7
High-capacity drop bomb, Mark the rear end of which is screwed into the nose of the shell. A deto-
[V-A .-This type also bas a heavy
nator in the body of the firing mechanism is arranged to slide into
casing, and in all details except firing position when the bomb leaves the plane. On impact a firing
the firing mechanism is a dupli- pin is driven into the detonator. Which now lies between the firing
cate of the French 100-kilogram pin and a length of detonating fuze running into the booster cup of
bomb . It closely resembles the the shell. The action is very rapid, and explosion occurs well above
Mark IV in size and weight, the the ground, insuring a lateral dispersion of fragments over a space
shell proper being 49 inches long 40 yards or more in diameter. The weights and dimensions of this
and 10 .18 inches in diameter, with type are as follows
a thick casing . It is provided
with two vane type firing mechan- Overall Total Weight of
Diameter . I weight . charge .
isms and the same means of sus- length .
in a brass casting at the forward sary, and production was accordingly stopped until a thorough field
end of a short length of steel pipe, test could be made . The bombs for this test were shipped.
Fio . 119.-Barlow heavy drop bomb with release mechanism . Below-Barlow heavy drop bomb with rod extended.
270 ORDNANCE DATA .
charges . The explosion expels the incendiary material from the igniting powder placed in the bottom of the thermit chamber, which
rear. The bomb is used in the horizontal release mechanism . fills the forward portion of the bomb. -
As a means of providing for It was proposed to include in the incendary bombs a zinc container
exceedingly rapid function- filled with metallic sodium . This was for the purpose of disconraging
ing, such as would be desir- fire fighting, as the sodium will explode if Nvater is thrown on the
able to make the bomb effect- burning bomb. An auxiliary nose loop is provided for use in the
ive against grain fields, a nose- United States vertical release mechanism . The bomb can also be
St,,*-, Y.2
firing mechanism is provided. carried in the horizontal trap by means of the strap.
It is a simple percussion type,
w
(' l b~ChP'Abtl Incendiary,drop bomb, Mark III.-This type weighs approximately
set in the nose of the bomb. 100 pounds and contains thermit and oil somewhat similar in arrange-
On impact the firing pin is ment to Mark II.
driven against the primer, the Incendiary darts.-After much experimentation, a very satisfactory
flash from which ignites the type of dart was developed . It consists of an elongated 12-gauge
nose powder charge . Experi- shotgun shell, measuring 1111, inches and filled with an incendiary
ments were made with the su- mixture which produces a long flame . The firing mechanism consists
persensitive firing device em- of a thimble carrying the firing pin, which fits over the base of the
ployed in the fragmentation shell. Two crossed steel plates, 5 inches long, are fastened to the
bombs, and bombs equipped rear to act as stabilizers. A cloth tail 14 inches long has also been
with both types of firing used for the same purpose with satisfactory results .
mechanism were sent abroad The dart has a black-powder primer, which ignites the booster
for service tests and report. charge of reduced iron, potassium nitrate, and sulphur . The main
Exhaustive tests were made incendiary charge is made of barium chlorate. resin, aluminum, and
to determine the proper in- varnish or some similar mixture . Ignition occurs when the dart
cendiary material. Cotton- strikes the ground . The thimble carrying the firm,, pin is driven up
waste balls soaked in turpen- against the primer . Functioning is very rapid . This fact, as well as
tine and carbon disulphide the low terminal velocity of the dart, make it an ideal incendiary for
gave the best results, though use against grain fields; ammunition clumps. or other unprotected
faulty ignition was sometimes material.
troublesome . It was hoped EUROPEAN BOMBS.
that a more rapid and more 90-mm . fragmentation .--The 90-mm. fragmentation bombs are con-
certain ignition would be de- structed from rejected 90-mm . shells, to which are added fins and a
veloped .. fuze. There are two types of fuzes used, which will be described
Incendiary drop bomb, Mark under fuzes . The bombs with Michelin fuzes can be carried in the
II.-This is the "intensive Michelin Type I or Type IV carrier and the modified Mark V Amer-
type" of incendiary drop ican carrier on D. H. 4 planes . In this last case no band or button
bomb and is intended for use is required, but the Michelin carrier requires a band with a Michelin
against permanent structures button and stud which fits in a shallow Bole in the side of the bomb
which require, a high degree roughly opposite the center of gravity .
of igniting power. The 90-mm ., with Gros-Andreau key support.-The 90-mm. bombs with
shape and size are the same as Gros-Andreau key support are designed for use in the 120-mm. cells.
those of Marl. I. Its weight The wire loop must be secnrely attached to the release mechanism,
is 46 pounds, and it carries 10 thereby retaining the collar and spring in the cell when the bomb is
pounds of thermit and 16 released . Both safety pins- must be withdrawn after the bomb is in
pounds of oil emulsion. The rear body is made of sheet zinc 0.05 the cell.- One safety pin passes through the collar and the other
of an inch thick . The firing ,mechanism is the same as that used in through the key.
the Mark I incendiary . The bullet is shot into a small container of 91435-19--1S
274 oxu-N_t-NcE DATA . AIRGP,Ai~,r ARNLANit:vr. 275
Cooper bomb.-The Cooper bomb is made of cast steel or semisteel, and thronglh the center. The operation of the fuze is described
the case being five-sixteenths of an inch thick . It can be carried in later. The fuze ignites the quick match, which carries the ignition
the quadruple Cooper bomb carrier on pursuit and observation planes, not only through the powder charge but also throughout the ther-
or, with some modifications to the American Marl: V carrier, on the init mixture . The fuze functions about ;i seconds after the bomb is
D. H. 4 planes. English practice requires that the bomb be dropped dropped, which corresponds to a fall of 200 to 200 feet from the
once before being fuzed to ascertain that the carrier is functioning plane . A powder charge gives a pyrotechnic delay of about 5 sec-
correctly. onds more before the ignition reaches the main powder charge and
115-mm. long.-These bombs have a. heavy nose, but the rest of the the quid: match . The ignition of the thermit in the tubes along the
case is very light . They may be suspended on either the Michelin side of the bomb and traverse opens the bomb case, so that when
Type I carrier on Breguet planes, or may be mounted in the double- the bomb strikes the target the case breaks open and the interior
illuminating bomb carrier, Michelin Type IV, on Breguet A 2 planes. incendiary mixture, which is already burning fiercely, is liberated .
A much better explosive was found in those bombs, ,which were French practice shows that this homb is used generally by the lead-
loaded during the last few months of the war . than in the older bombs. ing plane of a flight more for illuminating purposes for the planes
1'lhe new bomb has a central core of pure melinite, which snakes the that follow than as an incendiary bomb . At present it can be car-
improvement . If old-type fuzes are used, experience shows that only ried only in the 120-mm . cells provided on certain planes, but a
the instantaneous type is satisfactory . With new fuzes a delay of 0.00 framework with buttons was to be available which would permit
second is recommended . carrying this bomb also on the regular Michelin Type I carrier on
112-pound English .-The 112-pound English bomb is made of cast the wings of the Breguet .
steel, semisteel, or cast iron, the thickness of the case being 0.5 inch. Michelin illuminating parachute flare .--The Michelin bomb is better
It may be carried in the horizontal carriers under the wings of the known as the illuminating parachute flare . It is carried- in the
D. H. 4 plane . Michelin Type IV carrier, which is either double or single. Upon
230-pound English .-The 230-pound English bomb is constructed of being released from the carrier the fuze end falls first and the firing
a heavy forged-steel nose, with body and fins of sheet steel, 10 gauge pin is rotated by the propeller, screwing into the fuze the length of
in thickness . Directions for this bomb are the same as for the 112- its threads. Pressure of the air then drives the pin against the
pound bomb above. primer, which ignites a charge of black powder . The powder in
155-bis bombs.-150-bis Michelin bomb; are provided with two turn ignites a wick at the end of the illuminating charge and at the
bands with buttons as supports, and may be carried in the Michelin same tune drives the entire charge in its cardboard envelope together
carriers on the Breguet B 2 or tit the double-illuminating bomb car- with the parachute from which it is suspended out at the rear end of
rier under the wings of the Breguet A 2. the tulle . The illuminating charge burns eight minutes.
155-mm. penetration bomb.-The 155-tnm . penetration bomb is made Bourges illuminating parachute flare .-This bomb was experimented
from a defective 155-mm. shell. It is provided with a Gros- Andreau with with a view 'toward its ultimate adoption . It is not supported in
key support at the nose. It may be carried in the regular Michelin a carrier, but is dropped overboard by the observer. The tin cover
Type I carrier on Breguet B-2 planes, in which case a framework of the fuze is first removed and the regulator set at the desired
of bands and two buttons is necessary . It may also be carried in the delay, which may be 7, 9, 12, or 10 seconds . The inner cover is
American Mary V carrier on D. H. 4 planes, in which case no but- then removed by pulling the loop on the side, which exposes a cord.
tons and bands are necessary, nor is the key support. The key sup- .lust before the bomb is launched this cord is pulled, removing a
port should be sprung out of the plunger in this case or be replaced stop which frees the striker . The striper having printed the fuze,
by a plug . it burns through the delay set, down a chute to a powder pellet,
Chanard incendiary .-Cltanard bombs are provided with either the which ignites the star and expels it and the parachute from the tube.
Gros-Andreau key support at the nose or with the English eye lug The star burns two and one-half minutes .
support . They consist of a thin case containing a mixture of nitrate, Holt landing flare.-These dares, of English manufacture, illuminate
cellulose, resin, etc. In the tail of the bomb is a quick match, which the ground when landing at night. The illuminating material is
is ignited by the fuze and which in turn ignites a charge of powder, contained in a cartridge 4-inches long and 2-inches in diameter, car-
the incendiary material described above, and also a thermite mix- ried on the flare holder mounted on the underside of the lower wing .
ture contained in tubes which run along opposite sides of the bomb Each cartridge is connected to dry cells and spark coil and is ignited
electrically by a push button .
AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT . 277
276 ORDNANCL DATA .
out prematurely . The key is fastened to the bomb release by means
TAl;1,E 25 .-Aircr(rft bomb frr.('-e rr .e 118('(1. by the allied forces . of the two holes in the other end .- The collar is also securely fastened
to the carrier by means of the wire loop . When the release is
Type. I Time . Use on- operated it exerts a lever action on the key, which serves to shear the
small safety pin and snap the key off of the plunger . The collar is
French tail . . . . . . . . . Instant or delay-- . Propeller unscrews releasing firing pin . . . . 115 mm . long .
155 his . then pulled off and permits the rotation of the screw. As the pro-
155 mm .
French nose . . . . . . . . Instant ------------ Collar holds firing pin ; lead-shearing wire . 90 mm . peller rotates it screws down the stem toward the nose of the bomb
Gros-Andreau nose. . ----- do . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key support holds collar which stops pro- Do
peller : propeller releases ball . and finally off of the thread. It liberates the ball, which acts to
Chanard . . . . . . . . . . . . Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three balls retain firing pin ; functions in Chanard .
air . hold the plunger up . When the plunger strikes the target it is
Cooper nose . . . .- . . . . Instant . . .- . .-_ . . . . Firing pin offset from striker way ; lead- Cooper.
shearing wire . driven against the primer.
Stokes tail .- . . . . . . . . Instant or delay .- . Propeller unscrews releasing striker . . . . . . . 112-pound English .
230-pound English . Chanard fuze.-The Chanard fuze is entirely different from any
English nose . . . . . . . . Instant . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover over pressure plate unscrews with 112-pound English .
propeller ; lead-shearing pin . other French fuze in that. the operation of the firing pin depends
on a spring rather than the arresting of the bomb. When the pro-
peller rotates after the bomb is dropped, it screws its shaft out of the
AERIAL BOMB FUZES .
hollow firing pin which is held in position by three balls. When
Tail fuzes (French) .-All French fuzes have one feature in Com- the shaft of the propeller leaves the firing pin, the balls fall out, and
mon, namely, that the firing pin is freed by rotation of an air pro- a stiff spring drives the pin against the primer.
peller which operates after the release of the bomb . In the tail fuze, Cooper nose fuze (English) .-The Cooper fuze has two safeties-a
when the bomb falls, the propeller rotates and screws its shaft out of wire holding the striker away from the primer and a guard which
the firing pin. The firing pin is held away from the primer by a stops the striker. It is also covered by a cap -which is removed
spiral spring. When the bomb is arrested by striking the target the just before the bomb is placed in the carrier . The vane is prevented
firing pin continues its motion and strikes the primer . This in turn from turning by a step on the carrier. After the bomb is released the
either directly or indirectly ignites the explosive in the deto- vane rotates and turns the striker carrier by means of cogwheels
nator at the lower end of the fuze, in which case the fuze is said until the striker is over the striker way, when it becomes unmeshed
to be instantaneous, or it ignites a delay powder trail which Com- from the cogs . Upon impact the vane is driven back, shearing the
municates the ignition to the explosive of the detonator . The deto- safety wire and forcing the striker against the primer, exploding in
nator is screwed into the end of the tube which forms the outer case the bomb.
of the fuze. Stokes assemblage (English) .-Both the 112-pound and the 230-
Nose fuzes (French) .-The Michelin nose fuze is employed on pound bombs are equipped with a tail fuze known as the Stokes
Michelin 90-nlm . bombs and has double security before the bomb is assemblage . It consists of the usual vane and striker, with space for
dropped from the plane . The firing pin is held by both a collar a delay detonator of 15, 2 .5, or 0.05 seconds . When the bomb has been
mounted on the air propeller and by a lead wire. When the bomb loaded in the carrier the cord is removed from the vane and the
falls the propeller rotates and the collar screws off of the thread. safety pin is pulled out . When the bomb is dropped the vane rotates,
When the nose of the bomb strikes the target, the lead wire is sheared, unscrewing itself and releasing the striker, which is held away from
the point of the firing pin strikes the primer and instantly the flame the primer until the bomb strikes, when the fuze is primed and the
is carried to the detonator .. The type of nose fuze used on larger detonating charge ignited .
bombs has two differences from the fuze mentioned above. A collar Nose fuze (English) .-The nose fuze is used only on the 112-pound
in front of the air propeller prevents its rotation while the bomb is bomb. The eyebolt at the head of the fuze is used for vertical sus-
on the plane . This collar is fastened to the carrier, and when the pension, and in horizontal suspension, which is the type used in this
bomb is released, is pulled off of the propeller shaft . The second service, does not function. The vane is prevented from turning by
difference is that provision is made for a pyrotechnic delay . a step on the carrier. The vane, the pressure-plate cover, and the eye
Gros-Andreau nose fuze for 90-mm .-The Gros-Andreau key is hooked are one piece, which, when the vane rotates off, it carries them with it.
on a pin through a plunger and its round end held firmly against a The pressure-plate cover is a safety, as well as the shearing pin .
collar -by means of a spring action on the plunger . A small safety Upon impact upon the pressure plate the striker primes the fuze.
pin through the key and the plunger serves to prevent its slipping
278 0RDNANUJ,: DATA .
279
ARDiA11IEN'P . 281
280 ol;DNA\T('l : DATA . AIRCRAFT
the Michelin bomb sight and is set in accordance with figures arrived A simplified design of this type for low-altitude bombing 'Was cout-
at by means of that sight . Bombs are. released singly, ,llternating on pleted and a small number were ordered, to be known as bomb sibllt
either side, to preserve the balance of the plane. This carrier takes Mark I. Ad vices from abroad, However, indicated that any sight in-
the 90-ntm ., the 115-nim . long, 15 .5-bis . and, with special bands and volving the ruse of a stop watch was undesirable, because bombers in
buttons, the 155-nim . bombs. Plans were under way to make it pos- range of antiaircraft guns or hostile planes could not observe the
sible to carry the Chanard in this carrier also. conditions necessary to mike the use of this sight reliable or accurate .
Cdoper quadruple 20-pound carrier .-This carrier is designed for the The project was accordingly abandoned .
Cooper bomb only . The bomb is held by means of a trigger through Various types.-Other types of bomb sights, at one time or an-
the lug in its center and steadied by the two brackets at either end, other in marked favor abroad, have been studied and tested by the
with a stop at the forward end to prevent the' vane from turning. Ordnance Department, notably the English C. F. S. _o. IB . (equal
There is a heavy loop in each of the slots through which the lag distance) and negative lens sights, and the French Michelin sights,
is thrust. This loop engages the lug at one end, and the other is the last of which is described below . However, a decision was reached
locked in a trip which holds it in i> horizontal position . Operation abroad to proceed with the manufacture of the tiVimperis high-alti-
of the Bowden advances a lever, by means of a ratchet, far enough tude drift sight, a simple device much favored by the British . This
to release one bomb. It is necessary to operate the Bowden for each was accordingly put into production as our Mark I-A bomb sight.
release. The bombs are dropped in a regular manner, the two cen- and all of the first bombing planes were equipped with the device .
ter ones first, then the two outer ones. Seine few changes were made in the British design, to accommodate it
112-pound carrier .-The 112-pound bomb carrier supports the bomb to American manufacturing methods and to simplify the operation
by the central lug, and steadies it by means of two braces . The trig- of the sight . It. is calibrated for bombing from heights of 3,000 to
ger is hooked onto the lug on the bomb and its rear is engaged in the 25,000 feet.
trigger sleeve. Operation of the Bow- den withdraws the trigger
sleeve through the section of the crania lever, permitting the trigger
to fly up and the bomb to fall . This carrier is made in both single
and double types, the double having two Bowdens . It can be at-
tached to the D. II. I plane.
230-pound carrier .-The 230-pound bomb carrier is made for one
bomb only, and is practically identical with the 112-poun(t bomb
carrier. It can be attached to the 1). H . -1 plane.
BOMB SIGHTS .
Nature and use .-A bomb sight is used to determine the range angle Ftc. 128.-Bomb sight, Mark I-A. Tap viciv .
and direction required to strike a desired target with a bomb dropped Bomb sight Mark I-A .-The sight consists of two major parts
from it moving airplane . Present-day bombing is clone from high 1. The frame and leveling attachments .
altitudes and with the plane traveling at tremendous speeds. To 2. The main bracket assembly, including the sight pins and
secure any fair degree of accuracy some device must be provided drift bar .
which will indicate (1) the proper direction of flight and (2) the The frame consists of the upper and lower frame bars of brass, and
proper dine at which the bomb should be released froin the plane. the front and rear end brackets of aluminum, by means of which the
French S. T . Ae bomb sight.-The first useful bomb sight to be device is rigidly secured to the plane and leveled for use . The main-
brought to the attention of the Ordnance Department was the Frencli bracket assembly slides horizontally on the frame bars. Attached to
S. T . ;le equal-distance bomb sight . It involved an original setting the main casting are the altitude scale, the spirit levels, the station-
of the device for altitude, and the tinting, by means of a special re- ary back-sight pin, the sight-plunger tube, and the sight-wire bracket
versible stop watch, of the passage of a preliminary target between and wire. The sight-plunger tube is a slotted cylinder set at a fixed
two pins on the sight . The sight is reset in accordance with this time, angle to the vertical axis, in which the front-sight pin is adjusted
and the real target is brought under the sight pin . The stop watch according to the altitude. The air-speed tube, which is set according
is reversed and the bomb is dropped when the hand returns to zero. to the indicated air speed, is it hollow slotted brass cylinder, within
284 ORDNANCE DATA .
AIRCRAFT AR\IA\LENT . 285
which is a horizontal shaft, with left and right hand thread Control-
ling the rear-sight pins. This shaft is connected to the drift bar the appropriate rear sight pin, either up or down, according to
through a bevel miter gear. The drift bar slides through a sliding which direction he is flying, comes in line with the front sight pin
support, which is screwed into this windage shaft nilt, and is attached and the target, the pilot releases the bombs.
to the main bracket through a collar and shoulder screw . The bronze The disadvantages of this sight are the error clue to pitching and
altitude lever is attached at its elbow to the main bracket by the alti- rolling, the necessity for flying over the target either tip or down
tude lever shaft . Two airspeed and windage scales are provided, one wind, and the difficulties met with iii inaneuvering to set the drift
for horizontal and one for vertical releasing. bar when flying in squadron formation .
In setting the altitude lever for the altitude indicated by the alti- Bomb sight, Mark I-B.-This type is similar in details to the above
meter, the operator automatically sets the front sight pin correctly . except that it is intended for low-altitude bombing, from 200 to 2,500
Adjustment of the air-speed tube to the speed indicated by the air- feet. Only a few of these sights were ordered for experimental
speed meter likewise sets the rear sights, when brought together, purposes, and the project later was abandoned .
A thorough study of the causes of errors in bomb dropping has
led to the development of several new types of sights . Synchronizing
sights have been built by the Ordnance Department, and tested with
a degree of success that points to an early solution of the problem
along these lines . The stabilizing principle may also be incorporated
in the new designs. However, no definite information as to the new
devices under consideration was available at the end of the war .
Michelin bomb sight.-The Michelin bomb sight has been named
the "7th A. I, C. bomb sight" out of courtesy to the seventh aviation
instruction center, which is located near the Michelin factory . It
consists essentially of a collimator so suspended that it will hang
vertically . Cross hairs are projected on the vision of the bomber by
means of a mirror so that he can see the ground below as well as the
cross hairs . Differences in the strength of light projections between
the ground and the slay, which would make the reflection of the cross
FIG. 127.-Bomb sight, Mark I-A, Side view,
hairs difficult, is provided for by the installation of a small electric
correctly for windless atmosphere. To determine the velocity of the light which may be used to accentuate the reflection of the cross hairs,
wind, the operator first flies directly with the wind or against it, and by a film of varied colors, which can be moved across the colli-
determining the proper direction by means of drift in relation to mator, thus weakening or strengthening the light from the ground.
the lower sight wire. He then turns at an angle of 90 degrees by A stop watch is provided, with a handle large enough so that the
compass, so that the wind strikes the machine on the right (this operator can set it with gloves on.
being a right-hand sight) . By operating the handwheel he adjusts Description,-The vertical bar is a part of the pendulum suspension.
the drift bar until objects on the ground appear to move along it. The slotted piece extending above the large thumb screw is pivoted
The operation automatically moves the " up " and " clown " rear on the vertical bar at its upper end, and may be either parallel to it
sight pins apart, and records the wind speed on the windage scale. or at an angle to it. The motion of the collimator is controlled by the
The " tip" sight pin is moved forward until its adjustment is pro- slotted piece in connection with the L-shaped arm so that the line of
portional to the ground speed for up-wind flight, the ground speed sight for the collimator is approximately parallel to the slotted piece.
being equal to the wind speed subtracted from the plane's indi- Adjustment for altitude is made by the small thumb screw at the bot-
cated air speed. The " clown " sight pin is moved back until its tom of the vertical bar, which raises or lowers the whole mechanisms
adjustment is proportional to the ground speed for clown-wind flight, including itself, up or down the bar in accordance with the altitude
the ground speed being equal to the wind speed added to the plane's scale in meters from =100 to 5,000 . The large thumb screw advances
indicated air speed . The plane is now turned back so as to cross the itself in turning along a rack and varies the angle of the slotted piece
target when flying with or against the wind. At the instant when in so doing. This large thumb screw has two scales graduated on its
dial-an altitude in meters and a time in seconds. When it is set to
286 oruNANc,r; DATA .
the actual altitude of the plane at the same time that the small thumb
screw is also opposite, the same figure, it puts the collimator at the.
Correct position for measuring 600 meters on the ground . On the
other hand, Nvheu it is placed on the graduation corresponding to the
number of seconds required to pass over 600 meters, it gives the hori-
zontal displacement to correct for the speed of the plane . This in
connection with a correcting altitude setting completes the determi- XII . PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL APPARATUS .
nation of the dropping angle.
Operation .-Both adjustments are set at the altitude of flight, thus
throwing the line of sight 600 meters ahead of a point below the Modern use.-Modern developments have lent increased importance
plane . While tlyino- in the stone direction as that in which the target to various forms of luminous night signals and to smoke devices used
is to be approached, select a suitable auxiliary point for aiming, and both as signals during the clay and for obscuring the position or
tax it reaches the cross hair, start the stop watch. Immediately set the progress of troops . Particularly is this the case in connection with
collimator it zero, or back to the vertical, and when the target again the use of aircraft, and the various surprise attacks and raids char-
crosses the line of sight, stop the watch . Now set the large thumb acteristic of trench warfare . Accordingly, a large nuinber of pyro-
screw at the number of seconds taken to traverse this distance, and technic devices have been developed for communication or other
when the real target crosses the sight the bombs can be .dropped . special purposes, and those that have become standard in the United
This sight is quite new, being an in ;provement over the previous States Army are described in the ensuing paragraphs .
sight, and was being installed as rapidly as possible in bombing Rockets .-Signal star rocket, Mark 1, is fired from a rocket tube
squadrons. The tendency was to follow the French practice of equip- to a height of from 1,000 to 1,200 feet. It is without parachute and
ping the leading plane of a flight with this sight . When the pilots includes the following types :- White, red, or green. 1. .'3, or 6 stars.
see the leadin , plane drop its bouibs they drop theirs . The use of the The weight of the rocket is slightly less than 2 pounds, and its time
supporting brackets for suspending the sight from the side of the of bursting is about 30 seconds . It is used entirel,' as a night signal.
fuselage Nvas being discarded, owing to the fact that the bomber must, Signal parachute rocket, Mark I.-This rocket is fired from a rocket
with this suspension, lean out over the side of the fuselage in the tube to a heiblit of from 1,000 to 1,200 feet, and is held suspended
high wind for his sighting . Drawings were made, and at least one from a parachute during a time of ignition of about 30 seconds . It
installation completed . with the sight fastened inside the fuselage so weighs about 2 pounds and includes the following types : Red or
that it may be used through a trapdoor in the floor of the plane. green ; white, red, or green caterpillar ; ,yellow, smoke : flag. The
This affords the bomber every facility for the correct use of the sight caterpillar is a chain of small lights suspended vertically during
and ease of controllin`Y his release mechanism . ignition . All of these types are used as night signals with the
exception of the yellow smoke and flag types, which are used for day
signaling . The flag type contain a red, white, and blue striped flag,
similar to the French tricolor . The dimensions of this flag are 7 by
53 feet, with the colors running up and down when suspended .
Signal illuminating rocket, Mark I.-This rocket is used to provide
illumination as well as for signal purposes . It burns with a white
light for,about 30 seconds, and its weight and its altitude of burst
are the same as in the case of other parachute rockets . All rockets are
provided with a yellow-smoke tracer, which allows the entire flight
of the rocket to be observed .
Star and parachute cartridge for V-B rifle grenade discharger .-In con-
nection with the rifle-grenade discharger already described and illus-
trated pages 227-229, it is possible to use a special illuminating
cartridge .
287
288 ORDNANCE DATA . PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL APPARATUS . 289
V-B star cartridge, Mark I.-The V-13 star cartridge, Mark I; is Airplane flare, Mark I.-The airplane flare, Mark I, is an illuminat-
fired from a V-B rifle discharger . It has a total weight of about 12 ing bomb intended for the illumination of a target or landing place
ounces, and rises to a height of about 300 feet if fired vertically. In or similar purposes and is released from an airplane . The illumi-
the case of the white stars, if they are used for illumination and nant is contained in a case which is about 3} feet long and weighs
fired 'at an angle of 45 degrees, a range of from 400 to 600 feet may about 32 pounds . The illuminant burns about seven minutes, with a
be obtained. The illuminant is without parachute ; and burns about candlepower varying between 300,000 and 400,000 . It is held sus-
1 .5 seconds . The following types are included under this category pended during ignition by a sill. parachute.
White, red, or green, 1, 3, or 6 stars. These devices are used for Wing tip flare, Mark I.-Wing tip flare, Mark I, takes its name from
signaling and, in the case of white stars, for illuminating purposes its situation at the extremity of the wings of an airplane . It is used
as well. It is to be noted that in the case of the V-B star cartridge to illuminate landing fields . Its length is about 4z inches, and its
with a plurality of stars a slightly shorter time. of burning is to be duration of burning about one minute, with a candlepower of about
expected . 22,000. These flares appear in two types, white and red .
V-B parachute cartridge, Mark I .-The V-B parachute cartridge, Very pistol .-The Very pistol is a device used to project signal
Mark I, is similar in general design to the V-B star cartridge, Mark lights into the air by means of a cartridge specially designed for the
I, with the exception that a paper parachute is provided which holds purpose . It is made in two forms, Marl. III and Mark IV, the Mark
the illuminant suspended during an ignition period of from 25 to IV pistol now replacing the Mark III .
30 seconds . The height of range obtained is the same . A longer Very pistol, Mark III.-The Very pistol, Mark III, 10-gauge, is used
cartridge case is, however, necessary to contain the parachute . The for discharging signal lights Mark II, and is a steel and brass pistol
weight also is slightly greater . The following types of this device weighing about 2-1 pounds. It is supplied with a holster, and pouch
are adopted : White, red, or green ; %white, red, or green caterpillar ; to contain the cartridges .
yellow smoke. All these devices are used for signaling, except in Major parts .-It consists of the following parts :
the case of the white, which serves also for illuminating purposes. (a) The barrel .
The yellow smoke is used for day signaling. The caterpillar design is (b) The handle.
similar to that described under the signal parachute rocket, Mark I. {c) The firing mechanism .
Both the V-B star and V-B parachute cartridge . Mark 1, are thrown (d) The extraction mechanism .
from the discharger by means of a special blank cartridge, which (a) The barrel is made of steel and its bore is that of a 10-gauge
in shipment is attached to the signal cartridge itself. This arrange- shotgun . Its length is 9.05 inches .
ment minimizes the difficulty in providing this special aulmunition (b) The handle consists of a bronze frame and two walnut sides,
for the rifle. with fastening devices . The barrel and handle are fastened together
Position lights and smoke torches.-The position light, Mark 1, by a steel hinge screw, and are held in proper position by a barrel
ground, appears in three types : Pied, hits, or green . It is placed catch . This catch is an L-shaped piece of alloy steel.
on the ground and is used to indicate a position to distant observers . (c) The firing mechanism consists of a trigger spring, hammer,
The illuminant is contained in a cardboard case about 3 inches long. mainspring, face plate, firing pin, and firing-pin sleeve. -
It weighs about 4 ounces and burns from 1 minute to 1 minute 10 (d) The extractor mechanism consists of the extractor, the ex-
seconds. tractor cam, and fastening device .
Position light, Mark II, hand .-The position light, Mark II, hand, Operation of pistol .-To operate the pistol the barrel-catch nut is
is a white flare designed to indicate a position or to illuminate a pressed with the thumb, which breaks open the barrel . The cartridge
landing field . The flare, -which is slightly over a foot long, includes is then inserted and barrel returned to original position, and barrel
a wooden handle . It burns for about one minute . and frame securely locked .
Smoke torch, Mark I.-Smoke torch, Mark 1, is a device used for Signal light, Mark II, Very.-The signal light, Mark II, Very, is
screening an operation from enemy observers. The smoke composi- a 10-gauge cartridge fired from Very pistol, Mark III . It includes
tion is contained in a metal can about 6 inches in length, the whole three types-red, green, or white-and is used exclusively for sig
weight of the device being from 3 pounds 10 ounces to 3 pounds naling. It is being replaced by the Very star and Very parachute
13 ounces. Its time of burning is from four to four and one-half 25-mm., Mark I, cartridge .
minutes . 91455--19-19
ORDNANCE DATA . PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL APPARATUS. 291
29 0
Very star cartridge, Mark I.-Very star cartridge, Mark I, 25-mm., is
?S "/m llerri Plsfol 1Ylarh ZP' discharged from the Very pistol, Mark IV . Illuminating star or stars
/ Logc%dWith A are contained in either a paper or metal cartridge case . It rises to a
25 "' .~r Yer~ SI`ar Cnrfrii~ge JYlgrk I height of about 190 to 200 feet and burns from 5 to 6 seconds. The
following types are included in this category : White, red, or green,
1, 3, or 6 stars. It is to be noticed that in the case of the 3 and 6 star
hlar*/g Waa'Lr-o-6-2 dI
cartridges an auxiliary metal case, providing an extension of the
To o Wad usual case, is used. All of these cartridges are used for signaling.
With the white stars a certain amount of illumination is obtained .
Very parachute cartridge, Mark I.-The Very pistol cartridge, 25-mm .,
Mark I, is provided with a parachute, which holds the illuminant
suspended at a height of about 200 feet during a time of ignition of
from 10 to 15 seconds. An auxiliary case is used in connection with
this device. It is represented by the following types : Red or green ;
white, red, or green caterpillar . These cartridges are used primarily
for signaling, although a certain amount of illumination may be
obtained from the white caterpillar . The caterpillar gives a chain
Bottom Way/ Feir of small lights suspended vertically during burning.
Wa6her/J11aw6oord) Aviation signal pistol and cartridge.-The 35-mm. signal pistol, Mark
.0)7 i79 Charge ~wlYle Po-~fer)
I, aviation, is made of aluminum and weighs about 2 pounds . The
Bachitrg P er
length of the barrel is about 54 inches . It is used for discharging
LaCA-
35-mm. signal cartridges, Mark I, described below.
Cartrid~CaseBady 9drePCh
Sheet Sleel)
Signal cartridge 35-mm., Mark I, aviation .-The 35-mm. signal cart-
ridge, Mark I, aviation, is fired from the 35-mm. signal pistol, Mark
I, aviation, and is used for signaling from airplanes. It contains a
propelling charge of powder only sufficient to carry the cartridge
clear of the wings of the plane. Time of burning is from 10 to 15
seconds, except in the case of the white caterpillar, which burns from
20 to 25 .seconds . The following types are included under this cate-
gory : White, 1, 2,'3, and 6 stars ; red or green, 1 and 6 stars ; white
caterpillar ; yellow smoke. Two cartridge cases are employed, one 5
inches long, in case of the single stars, the other 6? inches long in the
Grass Nut ~FBush<irg case of a plurality of stars and the yellow smoke. All of these cart-
ridges are used as signals.
-Frame (brossCasti~ry)
Pyrotechnics laboratory .-=The ordnance pyrotechnic laboratory at
f%listerh'todMa.ehine Sei-tey the American University, Washington, D. C., was equipped for ex-
perimental and development work. Tests of pyrotechnic materiel in
the laboratory consist of candlepower, smoke, and time determina-
tions.
Candlepower .-Candlepower is defined as the unit in which the
Fro. 128.-Very pistol, Mark IV, loaded with Very star cartridge, Mark I. intensity of a light source is measured . The present official unit of
candlepower in the United States is the " international candle,"
Very pistol, Mark IV.-This Very pistol of 25-mm. gauge is made which is equal to the French candle called the " Bougie decimale,"
of brass and weighs about 2 pounds . The length of its barrel is and the English candle called the ". Pentane candle ."
about 4 inches . It is used to discharge the Very star cartridge, Mark
I, and the Very parachute cartridge, Mark I.
292 ORDNANCE. DATA . PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL APPARATUS . 293
TABLE 27 .-Pyrotechnics-Norn en clalure . Smoke readings.-Smoke observations consist of measuring the ap-
Under General Order No . 57, dated June 19, 1918, the following nomenclature has parent decrease in candlepower of an incandescent lamp caused by
been adopted for the system of pyrotechnics now in use in our Army : the passage of smoke between it and the photometer . The results are
expressed in per cent of light transmitted through the smoke. Since
Name . Purpose . Remarks.
the amount of smoke passing before, the lamp is dependent on a num-
Signal star rocket, Mark I, white, 1, 3, and 6 stars. . . . . . . Signaling . . . . .. . . . . . . Fired from rocket tube ber of factors, such as the time of burning, the weight of the sample,
Signal
Signal
star rocket, Mark I, red, f, 3, and 6 stars. .. . . .- . . . . .. . .do. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .
star rocket, Mark I, green, 1, 3, and 6 stars. .. . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Do .
Do. and the volume of air rising with the smoke, the results are only rela-
Signal illuminating rocket, Mark I, white parachute.. . . . Signaling and illumi-
nation .
Do.
tive, apply only to a particular apparatus and to a particular type of
Signal parachute rocket, Mark I, red, green, white, cater- . . . . .do. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
pillar, red, caterpillar, green, caterpillar.
Do.
flare, and are not used as a basis of comparison of different types of
Signal parachute rocket, Mark I, yellow smoke. .. . . . . . . . Day signaling . . . . . . . .' Do.
pyrotechnics .
Signal parachute rocket, Mark I, flag . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Do.
Fired from 2&-mm.
Very star cartridge, -Mark I, 25 mm ., white, 1, 3, and 6 Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . .,
stars. Very pistol . Apparatus.-The portable devices most generally used by illuminat-
Do.
Very star cartridge, Mark 1, 25 mm ., red, 1, 3, and 6stars -I . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Very star cartridge, Mark I, 25 mm., green, 1, 3, and 6 i . . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Do. ing engineers in this country for measuring illuminations are the
stars.
Very parachute cartridge ,\farkl white, red, and green . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Do. Sharp-Millar photometer and the McBeth illuminometer. The labor-
Very parachute cartridge., -lark 1 white caterpillar, red Signaling ; 'day sig- Fired from 55-mm.
atory has two Sharp-Millar photometers, one for candlepower meas-
caterpillar, green caterpfllar, yellow smoke. naling . Very pistol .
Very. pistol, 25 mm. Mark IV ., .,-- . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Used for disrhuging
Very star and Very urements and the other for smoke determinations .
parachute cartridges .
V-13 star cartridge, Mark T, white, l, 3, and6stars. . . .. . . . - Signaling . - . . . . . . . . . . . Fired from a V-B rifle The Sharp-Millar photometer or any other portable photometer is
discharger.
V-B star cartridge, Mark I, red, 1, 3, and 6stars. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . Do . in principle a " stationary photometer reduced in size, with a test
V-B star cartridge, Mark I, ereen, l, 3, and 6 stars . . . . .. . . . ---- .do. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .- Do .
V-B parachute cartridge, Mark I, white, redandgreen . . . . ---- .do.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Do .
Do .
plate substituted for one of the photometric surfaces ." The dimen-
V-B parachute cartridge, Mark I white caterpillar, red Signaling ; day sig-
caterpillar, green caterpillar, yellow smoke. naling . sions of the instrument are 28 inches long, 5 inches wide, 5 inches
35 mm . signal cartridge, -fork aviation, white, 1, 2, 3, Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . .. Fired from aeroplane
and 6 stars. with 35-mm. signal
pistol . '
deep, and the weight is 8 pounds.
35 mm . signal cartridge, Mark I, aviation, white, cater . . . . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Do. The photometric device is an adaptation of the Lummer Brodhun
pillar ; red, l and6stars ; green, l and 6 stars.
35 mm. signal pistol, Mark I, aviation . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I Used for discharging photometer. The movable comparison lamp is an incandescent elec-
35-mm. signal cart-
ridges. tric, operated from either a 4-volt battery or from a regular lighting
Aeroplane flare, Mark I. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .I Illumination . . . . . .. .-- Dropped from aero-
; is a slight
plane
adaptation of Mich-
circuit. The photometer setting is observed on a scale on the front of
elin illuminating
bomb .
the box. The scale is illuminated by the comparison lamp whose
Wing tip flare, Mark I . . . . . .--- . . . .. . . . . . .- . .. . . . . . . .-- .I Illumination for land- Situated at extremities
ing of aeroplanes . of wings of aero-
casing carries the indicator. The instrument is provided with ab-
i planes .
on ground.
sorption glasses to increase the range of measurement. For the
Position light, Mark I, white, ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Indimted position . ..- . Is placed
Position light, Mark I red, ground . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- .-do- . . . . . . -- . . . .- . .- Do . reading of the higher illuminations an absorption screen is inter-
Position light, Mark Ii, white, hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--'-do.. . . . . . . . . .--. . . Held in hand . ground ;
Smoke torch, Mark I . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .--. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .I Screen . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . Stands on
smoke is of yellow posed between the test course and the photometer. For the reading
Signal light, Mark II, Very, red, green or white. . . . . . . . . . . Signaling_ . . . . .. . . . . Fired
color.
from 10-gauge of low illuminations the screen is interposed between the compari-
Very pistol, Mark III . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . Discharging signal
Very pistol .
10-gauge. son lamp and the photometer .
lights, Mark 11,
Very . Method of test and calculations .-The calibration of the Sharp-Millar
V-B rifle discharger . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discharging V-B par- Is attached to end of
achute and star rifle. photometer used by this laboratory for candlepower is checked at
cartridge . intervals at the National Bureau of Standards . The calibration of
the instrument consists of placing a standard lamp at a convenient
Smoke tests.-Candlepower measurements determine the illuminat- distance from the photometer . The indicator on the photometer is
ing and visibility value of pyrotechnic materiel . Since the smoke placed on the scale at a point corresponding to the candlepower of
evolved may act in such a way as partially to obscure the light, an the standard lamp, and the current through the comparison lamp on
indication of the amount of smoke for the purpose of comparison is the instrument is adjusted to give a photometric balance.
desirable. Laboratory methods.-The instrument used by this laboratory is cali-
Method of test .-The pyrotechnic material tested is burned under a brated to read candlepower, using a scale factor of 10 at a distance
metal hood which connects with a smokestack. The candlepower of 80 inches, when the current through the comparison lamp is 242
measured is free of smoke interference . At a suitable distance from milliamperes (indicated on a Weston milliamperemeter) . At any
the hood the pipe is pierced to permit smoke observations . other distance than 80 inches the scale reading must be multiplied by
a factor which is a ratio of the. squares of the distances .
294 ORDNANCE DATA . PY12OTECE-CN[CS AND CE[EM[CAI, APPARATUS. 295
The photometric distance used by this laboratory is 42 feet, or 501 on the end of the gun . To the container is attached a hose with a
nozzle. When the valve in the nozzle is opened the liquid is driven
inches ; therefore the scale factor is gp) X10=397. When the nctt- out and immediately ignites . This apparatus is capable of project-
tral glass, No. 1 (transmission 15.5 per cent) is on the test side., the ing 10 to 12 shots of flaming liquid to a distance of about 100 feet.
scale factor iso955=2,560 . When the neutral glass No. 2 (transtuis-
Flame projector, tractor type.-A flame projector to be used with
tanks for cleaning out trenches, dugouts, and 'similar close-range
fighting . A hand operated projector was designed but later it ap-
sion 6.87 per cent) is used on the test side, the factor is - 397 = W .I40 .
0.0687 peared desirable to have a special type with electrical control and a
The total range of the instrument used by this laboratory i~ ~rom weapon was developed with a range of 160 feet and a 4-inch nozzle,
10 candles to 950,000 candles . and an experimental model was constructed . None however Avas
The procedure for determining the smoke reading is as follows : put into production.
The photometer is sighted through the smoke pipe on an incandescent Flame projector, parapet type .-A parapet type of flame projector for
lamp directly opposite . The current through the comparison lamp i use in the trenches operated either by hand or in batteries by an
then adjusted to give a convenient reading on the scale when no electric blasting machine was also developed where the fuel tank was
smoke is passing through the pipe . The ratio of the reading taken installed at the bottom of tlrc I rench or in a niche and the oil car-
when the pipe is clear to the reading when the smoke is passing ried through flexible tubes to~ the nozzle built into the defense or
gives an indication of the density of the smoke . fastened to the parapet . Work was su-pended on two machines
Example : Reading clear=5 ; smoke reading=2 ; calling the trans- ordered before the time of signing the armistice .
mission of light 100 per cent for the clear reading, the transmission
of light through the smoke is
5~ X20=40 per cent.
GAS AND INCENDIARY DEVICES.
guns are used on the ground ; and until they were obtainable the
French Chauchat and Hotchkiss, neither of which is suitable for air-
craft work, were used by our troops .
Lewis machine gun, caliber .303.-The Lewis machine gun, model barrel to the receiver . The radiator and radiator casing are re-
1915, caliber .303, uses British ammunition Mark VII, and is of the moved and no special provision is made for cooling, as the high
gas-operated, air-cooled type. It is fed from a circular magazine speed of the airplane and the low temperature encountered at _high
holding 47 rounds and fires 600 shots per minute. Positive air cool- altitude, combined with the fact that in aircraft work not more than
ing is insured by an aluminum radiator surrounding the barrel, 25 or 30 rounds are fired at one time, make the radiator unneces-
through which a current of air is drawn by the action of the gases sary. The light type is fired from a special aircraft mounting and is
leaving the muzzle . This gun was invented by Col . I. N. Lewis, fed from a circular magazine holding 97 rounds . The weight of the
United States Coast Artillery, retired, and was first patented in 1896 . gun is 18 pounds . (See Aircraft Armament, page 250 .)
The gun was developed by the British for front-line fire and came into The Lewis aircraft gun also has been modified to improve its opera-
extensive use by the British and Belgians . It is manufactured in the tion for use on a flexible scarf mount. A recoil check has been de
United States by the Savage Arms Corporation, Utica, N. Y., and veloped and a gas cylinder and gauge have been provided. The main-
several National Guard outfits were egpipped with it on the Mexican spring gear has been changed so that it is readily detachable without
border in 1916. The light type is fired from a light bipod mount or dismounting the gun . An indicator, which is sort of a tachometer
from the shoulder or hip . The gun alone weighs 25 pounds and 4 to show the number of rounds left in the magazine after each burst
ounces, and the mount 3 pounds and 8 ounces . An outfit consists of is fired, is attached to each .
one gun with both butt stock and spade grip, light field mount, spare The shipping case for spare magazines contains six 97-round Lewis
barrels and spare parts, loading handle, and 12 magazines, and may magazines . These are held on a center post, similar to the post on
be placed in a trunk for field transport by cart or motor car . the gun, so that the rim of the magazine does not touch the container .
Lewis machine gun, army type. The Lewis machine gun, army type, A similar case is used by the French .
model 1917, uses caliber .30 United States service ammunition, model
1906, and is of the gas-operated, air-cooled type, firing 600 shots per
minute. This gun is of the same general design as the British .303
model, with the difference that the parts are strengthened to take
care of the increased chamber pressure of the American ammunition
over the British, and the unlocking was further delayed for the same
reason . In all 17 changes were made. It is largely used by the
United States Marine Corps. It is used by the United 'States Army
for training purposes only.
The light type is fired from a bipod mounted, or from the shoulder
or hip, and is fed from a circular magazine holding 47 rounds. The
weight of the gun is 36 pounds 8 ounces . The weight of the bipod
mount is 1 pound 12 ounces, the weight of the loaded magazine 4
pounds 8 ounces . An outfit consists of one gun, one bipod mount,
spare barrel, spare parts, one loading machine, and 36 magazines
packed in ammunition boxes, 6 magazines to a box. It is transported
in the field by the regulation type of machine-gun cart.
Lewis machine gun, aircraft type.-The Lewis machine gun, aircraft
FIG . 134 .-Jfarlin aircraft machine gun mounted on Colt tripod .
type, model 1917, caliber .30, uses United States service ammuni-
tion, model 1906, and is of the gas-operated, air-cooled type, firing Marlin aircraft machine gun.-The Marlin aircraft machine gun .
600 shots per minute . The entire mechanism of this gun is identical model 1917, caliber .30, uses United States service ammunition, model
with that of the Army model with the exception of a few minor 1906, and is of the gas-operated, air-cooled type, firing 680 shots per
details, such as the large magazine, special sights, the substitution of minute . This gun was developed from the old lever-action Colt gun
a spade grip in place of regular butt stock, and rear mounting yoke by the Marlin-Rockwell Corporation for aircraft work. The mech-
complete in place of rear-locking piece as a means of locking the anism is similar to that of the Colt, with the main difference that the
30'2 i;IAC111NI; GUNS . 1~IACN'1NP: GG-`7S . 3 03
_gas piston has a reciprocating motion like that of the Hotchkiss and
LeNvis piston, instead of the swinging lever action of the Colt. The
barrel is very light and no provision has been made for cooling, but
it is adaptable for the synchronizing attachment. It is fired from
special aircraft mountings, being fed from a disintegrating metal link
belt made up in 250 to 500 round len_o- ths. This metallic disintegrat-
ing belt link is of the same prinwiple as the Prideallx used nnivel-all v
by the allies. The -11n weiloli-, 21 pounds. (See also under Aircraft
Armament, page 219 .) The Marlin gun is also used with tanks.
dispersion less than any other type of gun as yet synchronized in The Vickers gun is a modification of the Maxim automatic machine
Europe . gun invented in 1839 by Sir Hiram Maxim, and has been developed
Mounting for four synchronized Marlin guns.-With the demand for by the British for general fieldwork . It is manufactured in England by
increased rate of fire from synchronized fixed guns, mountings are Vickers (Ltd.), and in the United States by Colt's Patent Fire Arms
being designed to accommodate four synchronized Marlin guns Manufacturing Co., Hartford, Conn. The gun with the water jacket
mounted on an airplane, so that they may be fired simultaneously at a empty weighs 32.5 pounds and a loaded webbing belt, holding 250
rate of approximately 2,100 shots per minute . rounds, weighs 16 pounds .
Development of Marlin aircraft gun for use on flexible mount.-A: spe- The outfit consists of one gun, one tripod, one belt-loading machine
cial flexible mount holding . two Marlin aircraft guns has been de- case, one spare barrel, one spare parts case, five ammunition boxes,
signed in connection with the work on the use of the Marlin aircraft one water box, and one condensing tube. The belt-loading machine
gun as a flexible gun, in case the supply of Lewis aircraft guns is
case, the spare parts case, the water box, and ammunition box are all
insufficient. A round aluminum ammunition box for use with the of the same shape and size. The belt-loading machine case, which
flexible gun is attached directly to the bottom plate . These boxes contains also tools and equipment for repairing the belts, is marked
hold up to 500 rounds. with a longitudinal red band, while the spare parts case, which con-
Vickers machine gun .-The Vickers machine gun, model 1915, uses tains in addition, tools for disassembling and repairing, is marked
caliber .30 United States service ammunition, model 1906, and is of
with a blue band. In addition to the cart on which the outfit is
the recoil-operated, water-cooled type, firing 600 shots per minute . transported, there is a second cart to carry 14 boxes of ammunition
It is fed from a webbing belt, carrying 250 rounds of ammunition. for this gun, and each machine gun company has two spare gun carts
All of these guns manufactured in the United States and sent carrying two spare guns each, with the attending accessories but
abroad have been used in the airplane service . A heavy type of without any ammunition .
Vickers gun, however, may be fired from a tripod mount and the 11-mm . Vickers aircraft machine gun for firing incendiary ammunt-
complete outfit may be transported in the field on a machine-gun cart tion.-The Russian Vickers gun, which was immediately available at
especially designed to carry Vickers, Colt, Lewis, or Browning water- Hartford, was the subject of experiments and tests to the end that it
cooled guns.
30-1 ORDNANCE DATA . MACHINE GUNS . 305
might use incendiary ammunition . The Signal Corps had requested The Vickers aircraft gun can be used with a. synchronizing at-
1,000 caliber .433 Marlin aircraft machine guns for use with the in- tachment to fire through the propeller .
cendiary ammunition, and a sample gun of this type was modified Hotchkiss machine gun .-The Hotchkiss machine gun, model 1914,
and prepared for test. As it was found necessary practically to re- caliber 8 rum ., uses French (Lebel) ammunition, model 1886, and is
design the entire Marlin gun for this purpose, experiments were con- of the gas-operated, air-cooled type, firing 400 shots per minute . This
ducted with the Russian Vickers gun, one of which was bored and gun was invented by an Austrian, Capt. won Odkolek, in 1897, and
chambered for 11-mm. French ammunition, and necessary minor was developed by the French for use in Africa, where water cooling
changes were made in the lock. The test of this gun was so successful -would not be practical . It was used by the Japanese with great suc-
that the Control Bureau was requested to secure from the . Colt's cess in the Russo-Japanese War, and it present is the standard
Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co. the 800 Russian Vickers guns, machine gun of the French Army, more than half of the heavy ma-
either completed or in process, to obviate the difficult and expensive chine guns on the allied western front having been Hotchkiss guns.
work of redesigning and producing 1,000 Marlin guns.
Vickers aircraft model.-An aircraft model was designed by the
A~ickers Co., in which the water jacket was replaced by the skeleton-
ized tube which supports the barrel, decreasing the weight of the
FIG. 137.-Metallic disintegrating feed belt for Vickers aircraft machine gun.
rifle of the United States Army. It was used to some extent by the
French, British, and Belgians, but has been discarded in favor of less
complicated types. The United States discarded it as their official
weapon in 1914.
Chauchat automatic rifle.-Tlle Chauchat rifle, model 1915, caliber 8
mm., uses the French (Lebel) ammunition, model 1888, and is of the
recoil-operated, air-cooled type, firing 300 shots per minute. This
gun was developed by the French commission-Messrs . Chauchat,
Suterre, Ribeyrolle, and Gladiator. It has been used to a large ex-
tent by the American Expeditionary Forces . The light type, which
weighs 19 pounds, is fired from a bipod mount or from the shoulder
Colt machine gun.-The Colt machine gun, model of 1917, uses cali-
ber 0.30 United States service ammunition, model, 1906, and is of
the gas-operated, air-cooled type, firing 450 shots per minute. It
is fed from a webbing belt holding 250 rounds .
This gun has been used to some extent in the United States Army
and Navy, and also by South American countries, by Russia, by
France, and by England . Deliveries to the United States Govern-
ment of this type were stopped early in the war, and those on hand
Fuo . 139 .-Chauchat automatic rifle and hipod . were used for training purposes only. The Colt was patented in 1895
by John M. Browning, of Ogden, Utah, and was manufactured by the
or hip, and is fed from a semicircular magazine holding 20 rounds Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co. . Hartford, Conn. The
and weighing loaded 1 pound 13 ounces . The outfit, which is carried latest model was manufactured by the Marlin-Rockwell Corporation,
in the field by the gunner and his assistant, consists of one gun with New Haven, Conn., and from it was developed the Marlin aircraft
attached bipod, one spare parts kit in a gunner's pouch, and 16 and tank guns which have been already discussed . The heavy type
magazines . of Colt machine gun is fired from a tripod as shown above. The gun
Berthier light machine gun.-The Berthier light machine rifle, model weighs 35 pounds, the tripod 56 pounds, and the loaded belt 15
1917, caliber 0.30, uses United States service ammunition, and is of pounds . Cooling is facilitated through radiating fins turned in the
the gas-operated, air-cooled type, firing 600 shots per minute. This outside of the barrel .
gun was invented by a Frenchman, Gen . Berthier, patented in Bel- The complete outfit is transported in the field on the regular ma-
gium, and perfected in the United States. Comparatively few of chine-gun cart the same as used for the Vickers gun and illustrated
these guns were ordered and delivered, as manufacturing facilities and described on pages 310, 311, and 312 . The outfit consists of
did not seem to be available in the United States . The light type is one gun, one tripod, one belt-loading machine case, and seven am-
fired from a bipod mount or from the shoulder or hip, and is fed munition boxes, each ammunition box containing one loaded belt.
from a magazine holding 30 rounds. The weight of the gun is 15 The belt-loading machine case is considerably larger than the am-
pounds, and the weight of the loaded magazine is 2 pounds 5 ounces . munition box, and the spare parts case is made of leather and hangs
The radiating surface is increased by fluting the outside of the barrel . on the trial tube of the mount .
MACHINE GUNS . 309
30 8 ORDNANCE DATA .
TABLE 28 .- chests include all necessary tools for making repairs in machine guns.
MACHINE GUNS .
Armorer's tools are also supplied for the armorer's trucks, one of
which accompanies each air squadron.
e0 b qa TABLE 29 .Articles transported by machine-gun waits (motorized) .
P
m .P.
c-~ w
Make of gun . I co
0
x c 3 By 1 pla-
c
0
1 U, B y l ma- toon car, 2
C 0 `0 oo G 0 0 chine-gun men ; equirr, By 1 head-
I Y 4o car 8 men ; merit for quarters By 1 com-I By I bat-
b m en m Name . car equip-
fulf equip- 2 men ; pany . j taliono
m ment of
ment for motor-cycle officers,etc.
5 m F a r 8 men . riders, and
others .
Lbs. Ins . Lbs. Lbs .
Hotchkiss, 8-mm . . . . . . . . . . 1914 Air . . . . . . 400 53-75 52Ins . 31 50 .7 24-250
430 42 28 56.5 250 . .. . .
Colt-Lever-- .- . . . . . . . . . . -- 1917 . . . do . . . . . . . . . o. . . . . 33 Machine gun (watercooled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L . . . .... . . ... 12 24
600 30 37 24 37 250 Machine gun (spare). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Browning machine gum . . . 1917 Recoil . . . Water_ 3
Lewis machine gun . . . . . . . 1916 Gas . . . . . Air . . . . . . ~1 500 25.25 . 51 .75 26 3 .50 47 ...... Tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16 32
Vickers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 1915 Recoil . . . Water . . ., 500 32.5 42 .8 28 37 250 Water boxes . . . . . . .--- . . . . . . . . .-- . . . .--- . . .-- . . 4 1 52 128
Air. . . . .-j 49 24 4 .5 30 . . . . .. Belt boxes for ammunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 4S0
Benet-Mercie . . . . . . . . . .-- . 1909 Gas . . . . . 550 33 14 28 . 9fif1
water. . .', 575 38 45 24 138 250 Ammunition belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .- . . . .-- 14 28 480 96J
Maxim-German . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 Recoil . . .
Madsen rifle and gun . . . . . . 1903 .--do . . . . . Air. . . . . ; 480 18 ------- 3 .8 20 ...... Rounds of ammunition in belts- - . . . . . . . -- . . . .- 3,500 7,000 I-il, 600 s 283,200
43 .5 ---
26 .... 250
Bergman gun- . .---- . . .--- 1914 --- do . . . . . Water . . .. 600 2_3 Belt-loading machine in box. . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . 12 24
.- . do . . . . . Air. . . . . .j 600 250 Case of ammunition (1,200 rounds in each) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 35
Parrabellum gun . . . ---- . --
Skoda-7apan and China . . . 1902 . .-do . . . . . Water 300 1 28 .66 - .-- . .- ------ 8.8 Tool box and contents. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16 32
Perino-Italian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 . . .do . . . .- Air . . . . . . . .. .-- . . . . . . . . ... trip . ...... Spare barrel . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- I 16 32
. Hopper. --- Spare-barrel case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 16 32
Fiat . . . . . . . . . . . . .------ . . .- 1908 8 .8
Schwarz Lose-Austria . . . . . 1906 - Re~oil water. . . 56 . . . . . . .-21
I .2- 41 1 250 Steam-condensing device . . . . . . .- . . . . . .--- . .--- 1 1 16 32
breech . Pairs asbestos mittens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1' 16 32
Broad harchet- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 ------------------------------------------------ 32 64
Pick mattock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 32 64
u Magazine fed 20 rounds . Short-handled shovel ---------------- . 2 32 64
Cleaning rod, cleaning and preserving material. 1 16 32
AUTOMATIC RIFLES . Collapsible canvas bucket . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . li 1 16 46
Flag kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 10
Canvas gun cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ... . . ... 16 32
i I
Protractor, semicircular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 8
119 7 }Gas . . . .
0 Air . . . . . . 500 1~15.75 148 24 . .. 20 . . ... Protractor alidade . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8
Berthier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .
_-- . 20-40 Range fln~er and tripod . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 8
Browning, automatic rifle . 1918 do . . . . .--do. . .- . 525 15.5 . 48 .7 . 24 . ..... Panoramic sight with tripod, attachable to gun
port . . . . .------ 1907 -- .do . . . . . . . .do . . . . . 550 , 19 .13 . . . . - . . . -- ------ 30 - .
or tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8
Chauchat,~8-mm- .-- . .- .- . 1915 Recoil . . . . .-do . . . . . 300 19.5 45 . 5 ~ 17 . 5 . . .- 20 - -----
45 . 5 `17.5 --- . .- 20 Angle of sight instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8
Chauchat,caliber .30 .--- . . 1918 do. . . . . . . .do . . . . . 300 19.5 Clinometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . 1 1 32
Prismatic or lensatic compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 1 12
Armorer'stoolchest . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- .- . . . .-- . .i .i ------------ 1
AIRCRAFT MACHINE GUNS . Plane tattle with canvas cover and tripod . . . . . . 4 3
i
Lewis. ... . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . 1917 Gas . . .-- Air . . . .--I, 500 18 .37 51 .75 26 1--- .
24--- . . . i
47-97
250 . .
Two motorcycles with side cars also furnished by the Medical Department .
I
metallic links were developed and were in production before the Rounds .
3,500 rounds X12= 42,000 in 12 machine-gun cars .
close of hostilities. 7,000 rounds X " - 21,000 in belts in 84 ammunition boxes in three platoon cars .
1,200 rounds X18= 21,600 in cases in three platoon cars .
Armorer's tool kit .-A tool kit has been designed for squadron 84,060
armorers for use in inspection and making minor repairs on guns Plus . . . . . . . . . . 57,000 in belts in 228 ammunition boxes in train .
mounted on airplanes . These pouches are made of heavy duck, im- 141,600
pregnated with oil, and are provided with a strap for wearing over
the shoulder or fastened about the waist.
Armorer's tool chest for use in air squadron .-Armorer's tool chests
have been made up for use in the air-service training schools . These
' See also Aircraft armament, page 254 .
310 ORDNANCE DATA . MACHINR GUNS . 311
sisting of one automatic rifleman, one first-assistant, and one second nished with a canvas carrying case . It is attached to a ,vood tripod
assistant . The rifleman and first assistant are armed with pistols or provided with extension legs, weighing approximately 5 pounds .
revolvers and the second assistant with a caliber .30 rifle. Each Machine gun panoramic sight, model of 1918 .-The panoramic sight
man of the squad wears a belt about his waist in which ammunition is early was requested by headquarters American Expeditionary Force.
carried. The belts of the rifleman and first assistant are identical. The type adopted is similar to the French aiming circle ; attached
The rifleman may carry in his belt 120 rounds of ammunition for the either to gun mount or tripod .
automatic rifle and two clips of pistol or pistol-ball cartridges. Since Machine gun clinometer, model of 1918.-The clinometer, used to lay
the first assistant does not carry a spare parts case he is enabled to the machine gun to any desired angle of elevation, is not attachable
carry 40 additional rounds of ammunition for the shoulder rifle. In to the gun. The type adopted consists of a brass quadrant with a
addition to these belts the first and second assistant have each been straightedge base and a radial arm carrying level bubble . The
provided with two bandoleers, each designed to carry 120 rounds of quadrant is graduated for each 20 mils up to 840 mils. The radial
ammunition for the automatic rifle. All ammunition for the auto- arm, can be swung to any position through the are and is provided
matic rifle carried by the rifle squad is carried loaded in magazines, with a micrometer scale, which makes the instrument accurate to 1
each magazine containing 20 cartridges, the total carried by the squad mil. This has a leather clip for attaching to the belt .
31 4 ORDINANCE DATA .
MACHINE GUNS . 315
Brunton compass, machine
gun type, model of 1917.-The
Brunton compass is used to
obtain direction and to meas-
tire horizontal angles . It con-
sists of a magnetic needle in-
side of an aluminum case.
The instrument is aimed by
glancing at a mirror on the
inside of the hinged lid. The
azimuth circle is graduated
for each 20 mils from zero to
6,400 . The transit is fur-
nished with a metal tripod
having telescopic legs, and
both the instrument and the
tripod are provided with a FIG . 148 .-Lensatic compass and case .
leather case.
Prismatic compass and clino- mils from zero to 6,400 and illuminated to provide for night read-
meters .-The prismatic com- ing . The instrument is provided with front and rear sights for
aiming. The front sight is a hair line on glass ; the rear sight a slot,
cut in the magnifier. After the instrument is aimed reading can be
Fm . 144.-Brunton compass .
obtained by glancing at the indicator through the magnifier and
pass and clinometer is used in the same noting the reading of the dial . A leather carrying case is provided.
way fs the Brunton compass and is Angle of site instrument, model of 1917.-The angle of site instru-
supplied to units not equipped with ment is used to measure vertical angles. An aluminum frame carries
the Brunton compass . It consists of a the sight tube at the base and above this the bubble carrier. The
metal case, magnetic needle, and dial. sight tube is provided with an eyepiece and horizontal cross wire.
The instrument is used by sighting The bubble carrier is in the form of a lever, with pivot at the front.
through a prism, by which the line of end and adjusting screw and graduation plate at the rear end . The
sight is deflected to the dial, enabling graduation plate is fixed to the frame and is graduated in units of
the operator to read the dial at a fixed 20 mils, from zero to 180, both above and below the horizontal . The
index . Used as a clinometer vertical adjusting screw provides a micrometer, which gives the instrument
angles may be measured. an accuracy of 1 mil . On the inside of *the sight tube an inclined
Lensatic compass, model of 1918 .-The mirror gives the observer a view of the bubble and enables him to
lensatic compass Avas designed to su- level up the bubble carrier. When the sight tube is on the object
persede both the Brunton compass and and the bubble carrier is level, the instrument may be lowered from
the prismatic 'compass, and employed the eye and reading taken.
for the same uses. It consists of an Other instruments .-In addition to those mentioned above the fol-
aluminum case with a magnetic dial lowing 'instruments are also included in fire-control equipment for
floating in a liquid . It has a fitted machine guns : Semicircular protractor, alidade protractor model
azimuth scale, and also a single level- of 1918 Abaque, Corcelli's graph, zinc rule, zinc square, Hitt's-
ing bubble . The outside of the case is Brown rule ; night-firing box, aiming stake, and 80-centimeter base
graduated and is used as a protractor. range finder. The last named is a special self-contained optical in-
All scales are graduated in units of 20 strument specially designed for range finding for machine gums.
FIG . 145.-Prismatic compass.
316 ORD\TA\TCl: DATA . SMALL AENIS . 317
u :UNM
n .n' .nner-
SEMIAUTOMATIC RIFLES . nnm~~nni-c_oom
~cioxocooc~acv~n
Rychiger semiautomatic rifle (also called the Swiss rifle) .-This rifle b
and tested at the Springfield Armory. An unfavorable report was 000o0c000-OnLG~'>I~JM_On 1 ~M~70
..~M~'c00~!]~77 p
~OOCO~W0~~~00u7~O~MC~aMrMMn iVOMa O>.
rendered, as the piece was found unsatisfactory, inasmuch as iiiwould
function only when kept well oiled . The argument was advanced 00 ~oooooNOOti~~o-+oooonoooou>o
that if a beautifully finished sample would not operate, similar rifles .cnm~on .nnnnnaon .~c_i_
made by quantity production methods almost certainly would prove N~v"J~~MM~~OOU' Ovli'Jnnn .OnnU^
OOOOOOMOC>Of1~~N~7
.r .r~^. .D
.haJ~t7tiOl~u>
~MMMMMMMMMMMMNMNNNNNNNNNMMNN
useless . Certain valuable features of the gun, however, were recog-
nized and attempts were made to avail of them in the Elder semi- ~oooosrn~c"
.nciNS
0000oooo~nnnn .D .c ooocooooco
.noo
.n .no ~ ~ "n .n .n~~a.oo+o
automatic rifle described below.
Elder semiautomatic rifle.-This is an experimental rifle evolved by
Maj . Elder, of the Engineering Division of the Ordnance Department .
It is recoil-operated, with a Mannlicher type of bolt action contain-
ing features selected from the Rychiger and Bang rifles and designed
according to Maj . Elder's own ideas. The sear and trigger mechan I o
ism is an adaptation of the Bang construction . The test mechanism
was constructed under Maj . Elder's personal direction at the Bureau
of Standards .
Bang rifle .-The Bang rifle is a semiautomatic shoulder rifle which
was submitted and finally tested with marked success at the Spring-
field Armory . It uses .30 caliber, model of 1906, ammunition. The
cartridges are carried in a box magazine. The breech action is of the a
Mannlicher type, where the power for actuation is derived from an w
annular cup or chamber sliding along on the muzzle and drawn for-
ward by the gas-blast discharge. The only defect, but a vital one, is
the exceeding difficulty in dismounting the rifle . This process is
stated to take an hour, and Maj . Elder, of the small-arms section of
the Engineering Division, was led to design a modified construction
intended to eliminate this defect, but to preserve the characteristic
features of the Bang rifle. This piece was finally incorporated and
known as the "Modified Bang rifle," and efforts to have a sample
built for test were made in August, 1918.
TABLE 30 .-Particulars of military magazine rifles-Continued .
[From "A Century of Guns" (1909), published by John Blanch & Son, gunsmiths, London, England .)
IT .
(From "Text Book of Small Arms," Harrison & Sons, London, 1900 .1
Pattern of the year . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 1895 1880 ! 1889 1907 1!107 1901 1856
. . .. . .
Designation. . . . ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. Manolicher . .......~ Mauler . . ... . ) Krag-Jorgensen . . .1 Charger loading Short Lee 1 nricld, Ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' Lebel .
Lee-Fnf!eld I Mark III.
cal box.
Detachable verti-
cal box.
Fixedvertical has. i Tube !n fore end .
1
Country- . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! Germany. Greece . Holland. Italy . ?spar!. I 1'orP.:eal .
1
1-
Designation. . . . ..__ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . faanlicher-Schoe- \-Iannlicher . . ._ . . I Mannlicher - Car- Year '3S, pattern. ?)f auser-Verguiero.
nauer, cane . 1
Magazine system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed vertical box.--------------- . . . Filed vertical Fixed verticalbox_I I"- ixedvertical box. ) Fixed vertical box .) Vertical box )vif
box, rotary plat- 1 movable bottom .
form . .
Number of cartridges in magazine . . ,5------------ ._ . .----------- ... ..... .. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ 6. . . . . . . . . . 5-------------- . . . .
Charger or clip . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. Charger. . . ._ . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ........ . .. . Charger. . . . . . . . .i clip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chp_ . . Charger.. . ..._ . . . . Charger.
Cut-off __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! N . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . _ \ o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 No-------------- . . No
Safety bolt ---------------------- . ._ . Yes
o----------
.. ....... .... . .___ . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. Yes. . . . . . .. . ._ . . .,,.1 Yes . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . , Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yes.
Weight :
Without bayonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 911) .0oz------------------------------- 8lb.5?oz . . . . . . . . . . 916.11 oz . . . . . . . . .i 811).6 ; oz . . . . . . ._ .II 8lb.10oz.---------
. .___-__ 8 l1). 13 oz .
With bayonet-------------- . . . : 9 lb . 14 oz . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9lb. . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . 1011) .6; oz . . .. . . . . . 9 lb . 3 oz . . . . . . . :' 91h. 9 oz . ._ . . . 9 it) . 91 oz .
Length: '
Without bayonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 O ft . 1.4 ins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ft . I in. . . . . . . . . 4 ft . 3 ins. . . . . . . . _ 4 ft . 2.75 ins_ 4 ft . 2.75 ins . . . . . . . 1 4 ft .
With bayonet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .1 5 ft. . s.75 ins. . . . . . . . . . .------------
--- . . . . . 4 ft . 101 ins. . . . . . . . . 5 ft . 0.75 in . . . . . . . .' 5 ft . 2 .375 his . . . ! 5 ft . 5.75 ins . . . . . . .I 4 ft . 11? iuc.
Barrel :
Length ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fns . .! 29 .05. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._' 28 .55 . . . .. . . . . . '. 31 .125 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 .75 . . . . . . . ! 31 .3---------- . 29 .01 .
Caliber . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm . .1 7.9 . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .' 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .', r) .5 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .1 6.5---------- . . . . . .1, 6.5 .-------- . . . ._ . . 6.5 .
{ins . . .) .311------------------------------ . . . . . .2Sfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .256------ -------- I .25------- . . . . . . . _ . .256 . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . .255 .
Rifling : 1
Number of grooves . . . . .. . . . .~ 4.. .. . . . .'1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 4 . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . .I 4 . .--------- . . . . ._ .1 4------------ . . . . 4.
De1. ~th of grooves . . . . . . . . . .irv< .I .0065 . . . .. ._ .. . . ._ .__._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .'.. .000.5 . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .1 .0065 . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .1 .006 .__ . . . . . . . . . . . .', .On6 . .__ . .- ._ . . . . 005%5 .
Figure of grooves._ . . -----ins, .~. Concentric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concentric, edges ' Concentric, edges) Concentric . . . . . . . \!etford,segmental Concentric, with
sliglvlyroundell slightly rounded.! edges slightly
rourde-i .
iro ; , Lhofgrooves ._ . . . . . . .ins : .006 .,5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . .00iio_ ._ . . . . . . . . L .0065 .__ . . . . . . . . : .006 . . . . . . . . . . .1X16 . . . ._
I'itinra nf,ratves---- ., - iris ~., C oncentric . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .~ Concentric, edges Concentric, ed-es 1 Concentric . 00575.
. Y.etford,ecgmental Concentric, pith
slightlyroundO'JJ, slightly ronnded .l1 edges slightly
rounded .
(((l turn in . . . . . .iris . .' 9 .39----- . . . . . . . . . . ----- _ . .~ . . . . . . . . ._ .------- ~ 7,874 7.874 . . . . . . . . _ . . . Increasing from 7.875---- __ . ._ . . . . .1 7.78.
Twist . . . . .j .-i 19to 8 .
lI turn in ._caliber . . ; 30 .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~, . . . . . . . . . . .'~ 30 .8 ._ .. . . . ._ . . . . 32 .2 . . '0 .? . . . . . . . . . . . 30.76.
PirectioaoftwisL . . . . . . . . . . . 1`oright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . .. . Toright. . . . . . . . . . . To right. . ._ . . . . .- . To right. . . . . . . . . To right . . . . . . . . .1 To right.
Sights::
Sighs
f . o'.Vest for--
Hetersor paces-------- . . - . 2M nugors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- . . .-- _': 200 meters . . . . . . . . . 200 meters _ 600 meters . . . . . 400 meters ----- . . .! 200 meters.
f"arils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' 219-------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 219. . . . ._ . ._ . . .i 219. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437. . . ... . . . . . . . . . .!
Highest for-
Meters orpaces . . ._ . . . . . . . . . 2,000 meters . . . . -'i 2,000 meters . . . . . . .! meters . . . . . . . 2,0([1 meters . . . . . . 2,000 meters . . . . . . .
Yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ 2,1s7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------- ', 2,187------- _ . . . . . .1 2,000 2;1x7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .','1 2,187 . . . . . . . . . ._ . . 2,1,47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,009 meters.
Cartridge:
.'
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iris . 3.21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3.182 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ! 3.05.. . . . . . . . . . . . .-1 3.0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 3.0 . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.98 . . ._ . . ._ . . 1 3.26.
._ -
.
Weight
.- grs. .~ 431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 369.9 . . _I 338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~' 331.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.5_ . .__ ._ .----
...
Rim or rimless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. Rimless ---- .------ Rimless . . . . . . .. . ._' 348---------------- Rimless . . . . . . . . . . . 1:. Rim . ._ .- . . . . . . . . .I Ricnless . . . . . . . . . . .~ Semirimless . . . . . .
Bullet : I
Shape of nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .', Round, . . . . . .- .- . .i Pointed _--_ ._ . . ..J Round. . .----_ . . . .1 Round. . . . . . . . . . . . ! Round. . . . . . . . . . . .. Round . . . . . . . . . . . . Ogival .
Material of envelope . .. . . . . . . . . . '. Steel, coated '.vith I Steel, co- ted with I Steel, coated with I Steel, coated with ! Cupro-nickel . . . . .' Copper . . . .--.,- . . .
cupro-nickel . nicel. ! Cupro-nickel . cupro-nickel .
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ins . . 1.235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.124 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1.23 . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . 1.182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .28 . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ .1
Ofamoter maximum . . . . .ins . . .3189 . . . . . . . . . . . . .-II .323 .- .. . . . .---- . . . .2ti3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .2637. . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . .1
3Yei ;ht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .grs 227. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. 154.3'.__ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .- .',, 162.------- . . ._ . . . . 163.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ 162.9 . . .. . . . . . . . . . .1 155.3 .
Charge : . .
CVeight .- grs . . 40 .75---- . . . . . . . . . . .~ 48.4 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .1 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'1 36 .26. . . . . . . . . . .__. 30 .09 . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 3'2 .- . . . . . . . . . . . . I 31 .8 .
Propellant------------------
.----------------- . . . . . . , Nitre-cellulose. . . : Nitre-cellulose_ . .' Nitre-ccllulose_ . . . .'~ Nitre-cellulose . . . . . Balistite . . . . . . . . . . Nitre-eellulose----- Nitre-glvcerineand
Value of il'/d 2. . . . . . . . ._ . . . .- . . . . . .' .322 . . . ._ . . . . . . . . vitro-cellulose .
.2119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,5 .329 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .! .334 _ .337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Muttle velxity . . . . . . . . . . . . ft .sees. . : 2l?9 :3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' 2,882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,22:3 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ' 2,433. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . 2,395 . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . 2,39--------- . ._ .__! 2,347 .
Chamb,".rpressure ._ .tons onsq .in. .2t . .-- . . . . . .-- . . . . .I, 17 .5_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .18. . ... . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._
.
_
Country . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HoumamaRussia.
- . Spain. Switzerland . Turkey . - United States .
Designation . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .1 Mamilicher . . . . ... . . . .3-line"Nagant . . . . . 1 1 Mzuser. . . . . . . . . . . .. . Schmidt-Rubin Mauser-------------- I Short magazine.
short rifle . I
Magazine system . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- Fixed vertical box. . Fixed vertical box . -. Freed vertical box. . Detachable vertical Detachable vertical j Fixed vertical box.
I
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . .- . .
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France_ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany (special
ammunition) .
Great Britain. . . . . . . . . .
Greece-- .- . . .- . .- .----
Guatemala . . . . . . . .---,
Holland . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . .
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy ---------- . . . . . . .
Japan .-------- . . . ._ .
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . .- .--
Montenegro . . . . . . .- . . .
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paraguay . . .- . .- . . . . . .
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turke
Unite States _ . _ . . _ _ . .
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vonezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91485-19.
TABLE 32 .-Small arms .
Name of gun.
m m~ c . i ~°
Country.
F a.+ ,cl ~ p
N
P'~
"
R
vS 7
o
f~ E3
m ako ".
a-°c
Germany. . . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . }Mouser. . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . 1898 .311 4.10 5.81 9.03 10.04 1 3.16 {418 .5 L} 5 4 Right- . , 9.45
Special armor ammunition . . . . 1 l
9.25 .22 10 5 ! Left . . . .'.., 10 .0
Great Britain . . . . ..... .. .. . . . . . . {Lee-EnOeld, Mark III---------- .. . .- } 1907 .303 3 .70 1 5.14 8.65 19.69 .J 3 .05 415 j
.
Guatemala . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . ... .
Holland . . . . . . . ..... .. . . . .--
. . . . . . . . Mann h1895 rchc
. . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. -
. ..
256 ', 4 2 0 -5 50 . 9.05
I
- --10 .0
I ~ 3 Oi
_
346 5 4 Rug ht ~ &5
single shot . . . . . . . . . .. 430 ;l
Honduras . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .I Rmnington 2705 . . . . . . . I 10.0 1 11 .0 .i l l. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .
o Bullet.
_ I G cc
m Jacket.
0
ou Bullet . Powder .
' !1858 11,968 . . }Nickel-plated steel . . . .. . .. . ... 1 .253 244 . . . do . . . . . .----------- - 42.5 2,034
1s95 2, 120 i~------ '
Mannlicher_._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . ._
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bfauser------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ 1895 2,IS7 f CuprO-nickel_ . . 1 .121 '.- 170 do-------------- --, 38 1 1,910
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ ._ . . .___ . . . . . . ._ . ._1 ._ . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . ._ _ ._ . . . . . . . . ._-_ . . ... . . . . _
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Deutschewaffen mid Berlin ----- --,---- .I 3,280 .8 - . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .1 .181 . - 133 .89 Smokeless in rectang- 46.30 2,952 .7
ular cakes.
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . : . . . . . . . . ._
Denmark. . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ ._ .. Corrected Krag-Jorgensen . . . . . . . 2,187 .2 " . SteeL . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . 1 .2_0 , . . i96 -- ;It oceii ulose . . . . ._ .__L 49 3S - - 2,460 .6
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved Manmlicher . . . . . . . . _ 1906 2241 .9 Nickel steel . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . 1 .20 216 .05 Troisdorf .-- .- . .-- . .---! 30 .86 2,034 .1
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lebol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1886-
1893 2,620 I No jacket ; bullet of brass . .----
. . . . . . 1 .54 197 .5 Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . 46 2,263 .4
Germany (special armor . JMauser . . .----- . . .- .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . 1 1898 Nickel copper plated milled 1 154 Lamcllar-------------- ! 49.3 1 2,952
2,187 1 .105
ammunition) . sheet steel . 1 7 2 48.7
Cu pro-nickel (for Mark VII, 1
C . L . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . caliber .30, small arms am- .~ 1 .25 jl 215 Cordite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 31 .5 f 2,060
Great Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lee-Enfield, Mark III_ . ._ . . . . . . . ! 1907 2,800 .28 174 I~ 2,440
munition) .
Greece . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._1 . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . : . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . .I . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .
Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' Mannlicher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895 2 187 I Steel, coated with cupro-nickel . . 1 .24 171 Nltrocellulose . . . . . . . . . 1 36 2,870
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : Remington single shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._I'{ ' 2, 57 .2 )Nojacket, bullet oflead . . . . . . . . . . . .1{ 175 ,)Black smokeless . . . . . . ; 77 . . . ...
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! Paravicino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891 I n_ ,187 Cupro-nickel ._ . . . . . . . . . . .,_ . . .!I 1 .n..0. . . ~ 162 ~. BIlistite
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~~ 35 2,962
! Arisake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 2,187 ----- do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 .25 138 1 Nitrocellulose ._ ._ . . . . . 33 2,425
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902 ! 2,187 . . . do . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 1 .21 ! 162 ----- do . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . .~ 31 2,295
Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . - . . . . i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . 1.26 171 .3 ! Nitroglycerin ---- . . .- .~ 36 .44 2,460.6
. . . . Lead . . . . . . . . __ . . . . ._ . . . . . .I 1.06 55 Black . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . 40 __ _
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----- Spanish Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902 ! 1749
, .78 .i
el
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Corrected Krag-Jorgensen . . . . . . . 1894 2 405 Nickel-p .sic_ . . . . . . . . . .-- 1.26 I 171 .3 . . Nitroglycerin . . . . . . . . .! 36 .44 2,460.6 -
Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Paraguayan Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 2,187 .2 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . ... . .933 ~ . . . . . . . ' Smokeless rectangular . . . . . . . . 2,690
2690.29 .23
flakes .
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ', Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 ___ . .I Cupro-nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1 .102 I' 154 .32 ',_ Karlsruhe ._ . ., . . . . . . . .I .------- 2,788
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauser Vergueiro . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ 1904 1,968 Steel,coated with cupro-nickel-I 1.26 155 Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . .] "2 2,347
Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . Mannlicher . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .__ . ._ 1893 2, 270 .3 Steel, coated with German sil- I 1.228 1 159 1 . . . . . do . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . I 36 .5 2,296.6
ver . I
f nfarltr y . . .19 8 ' Prox lin . . . . . . . . 50 .7 2,888
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three-line rifle~ Cavalry --------- .--- " 1891 12,668 .8 Nickel German silver . . . . . . . . . I 1 ~ 14 y y
Il
Salvador .__ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . .__ .I_ . . . . . . .~ . . . . .__ . . . . . ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L . . . . . . . .~,' . . . . . . . . . . . .~_ . . ......
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., Mauser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899 2,186 1 .20 17 Nitrocellulose . . . . ._ . . .!I 34 ! 2 290
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893 2,187 _ do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .214 ~ 173 ~ . . . . . . . . . .. . . 34_ 2,33D
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' Corrected Tlauser . . . . . . . . . . .---- 1596 2,187 .2 Copper-nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .22 ~. 155.86 ~Nitrocellulose . . . ._ . . ._ 35 .49 ~ 2,395
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! Repeating rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . 1897 ' 2,187 Nickel-plated steel- . . . . . .- .--- 1 .142 1 212.9 Scheisswollpulver p . c. i 20 . 86 1 1,968
I 88 .
. . . . . . . . . . . Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . z,lw __ .do . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 1 .18 ,
1 213 Nitrocellulose . .-__ . . . .` 41 I 2,140
'1'llrFe}' . I
Springfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 2,850 Cupro-nickel . ._ . . . ._ . .- . . . . . . .I 1 .095 ; 150 'PyrOCellulose_ . . . ._ . . .1 50 12,700
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 24,374 .44 Nickeledcopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .177 141 :96 : Smokeless-in[lakes ._ . .I 47 .07 i 2,740
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauser, old model ---, . ----- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
American supply at outbreak of war.-At the outbreak of the recent States cartridge, and by the War Department insisting upon a serv-
war the United States had about 600,000 Springfield (model 1903) iceable degree of interchangeability, the average rate of output was
rifles and 160,000 Brag rifles, and a large supply of cartridges for greatly increased by the standardization required, and the ultimate
the Springfield rifle . As the Springfield rifle and its cartridges were date of delivery was advanced. The Secretary of Afar authorized the
known to be the best in the world, it was obviously inadvisable to placing of orders for the manufacture of the modified rifle on June 1,
discard the aforementioned riflee and adopt a rifle firing a cartridge 1917. One company commenced deliveries about August 18, a 'second
of inferior design and ballistic power and with which jams were about September 10, and the third on October 28, and the production
known to have occurred. The three private companies each sub- of the modified rifle from the three plants attained a rate of over
mitted a sample rifle under their original proposals, which were sup- 9,000 per day.
posed to involve an interchangeability of about seven principal parts, Production .-This exceeded the promises of the manufacturers ; and
but it was found that the bolt taken from one company's rifle would as early as January 1, 1918, there were in each 'National Army camp
not enter the receiver of another company's. enough Enfield rifles to equip completely every rifle-bearing man, and
Interchangeability .-If the bolts were not interchangeable in the in addition 10,000 Drag rifles in each camp which had been previously
field, because of too great ` head space "-that is, lack of support of issued. The Regular Army was completely equipped with the
the front of the bolt against the head of the cartridge when in the Springfield rifle and the militia was equipped with the same rifle,
chamber-there would be great danger of rupture of the cartridge with the exception of four camps .
case, and possibly of the rifle itself, with serious accident to the United States rifle, caliber .30, model of 1903.-This is a magazine rifle
soldier. The War Department was therefore confronted with the of the Mauser, bolt type, using for ammunition .30 caliber cartridges,
alternative of approving and issuing a rifle that was liable to be model of 1906, mounted in clips holding five cartridges each. The
unsafe or insisting that the bolts be made interchangeable in the field. magazine is situated under the bolt and is loaded through the top . It
There was only one choice-to fight this question out at the time has a capacity of five cartridges . The barrel is right-hand rifling
in the shops instead of in the trenches later ,on . uniform twist with one turn in 10 inches. The sight is compensated
The companies, however, were not quick in coming to the terms for drift and adjustable for windage . The distance between the
of the contract considered advantageous to the Government, the de- front and rear sights is 22.1254 inches. The rear sight is adjustable
partment desiring to include in the contract certain features which from 100 to 2,750 yards, and the battle-sight range is 547 yards .
would stimulate the companies to cheaper and quicker production The muzzle velocity of service ammunition is 2,700 feet per second,
than would be possible under the contract finally accepted. In the and the powder pressure in the chamber is about 57,000 pounds per
meantime the companies were proceeding with the manufacture of square inch. There is a safety lock and also a cut-off to enable hold-
the parts not affected by the change of cartridge or by the require- ing the . loaded magazine in reserve while using the rifle as a single
ments for a greater interchangeability . loader. The total weight without the bayonet. is 8.7 pounds and the
Advantages of standardization .-Aside from the great importance of total length with the bayonet is 43.2 inches. All parts are inter-
interchangeability of parts that may have to be replaced'in the field, changeable .
the advantages of standardization as exacted by the War Depart- Exterior .ballistics .-With the model of 1903 rifle, 23 aimed shots
ment are shown by the marked reduction in rejections, which in the have been fired in one minute using it as a single loader, and 25 shots
case of principal component parts have decreased from about 25 per in the same interval, using magazine fire. Firing from the hip
cent to less than 10 per cent, and in the case of rejections of finished without aim, 30 shots have been fired using the rifle as a single
loader and 40 shots using magazine fire. The maximum range -,it the
rifles for inaccuracy from about 12 per cent to less than 3 per cent. elevation of 45 degrees is 4,891.6 yards and the time of flight of the
In assembling the rifles made under the British contracts in one of bullet is 38.058 seconds. The maximum energy of free recoil of this
the plants, an average of but 40 rifles was assembled per man per day rifle is 14.98 foot-pounds . At 1,000 yards 10.48 inches of white pine
of 10 hours, on account of the large amount of fitting and filing re-
butts made of 1-inch boards and placed 1 inch apart can be pene-
quired. In the same plant over 140 rifles being made for the United trated, while at 500 yards one-tenth of an inch of low steel (boiler
States were assembled per man per day of 10 hours. plate), which increases to 0.528-inch at a range of 50 feet, can be
While the date on which the first deliveries of rifles could be ob- penetrated . The accompanying table shows the dimensions and other
tained was delayed by modifying the Enfield rifle to use the United data of the rifle .
914S5-19-21
SMALL ARMS . 32 3
DIMENSIONS .
Barrel : Inches.
Diameter of bore----------------------------------------------- 0.30
Exterior diameter at muzzle-------------------------------------- .619
Exterior diameter at breech--------------------------------------
_1 .14
Leng th of chamber and bore--------------------------------------- 23 .79
Length of travel of bullet in bore-------------------------------- 21 .697
Diameter of chamber. rear end----------------------------------- .4716
Diameter of chamber, front end--------------------------------- .442
Diameter of neck of chamber, rear end__________________________ .3425
Diameter of neck of chamber, front end_________________________ .3405
Length of body of chamber-------------------------------------- 1.793
Length of shoulder of chamber----------------------------------- .16
Length of neck of chamber-------------------------------------- .396
Length of chamber, total_______________ ___ _________ ___ ___ __ 2.3716
Rifling :
Number of grooves, 4.
Twist, uniform, one turn in --------------------------------------
.10 .00
.q Width of groove_ ___ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ ______ _ ___ _______ .1767
bc
Width of lands------------------------------------------------ .0589
Depth of grooves-------------- .__ _ __ ______________________ .004
m
Height of front sight above axis of bore__________________________ 1.05
.c
Distance from top of front sight to rear side of leaf, leaf raised__ 22 .1254
x Stock
Length, with butt plate------------------------------------------ 40 .166
Crook, i. e., distance from axis of bore to heel of butt_____________ 2.089
Distance from trigger to butt plate__ __ _ . ------------------------ 12.74
w Length of gun complete__ _________ ----------- 43 .212
Sight radius ----- _-------------- 22 .1254
Sight radius (battle sight)------------------------------------------ 21 .5404
Width of single division on windage scale--------------------------- .0267
WEIGHTS.
Pounds.
Barrel ---------.__ __ ._ _______ ____ ___ __________ ______ ___ ___ _ 2.79
Barrel, with rear-sight base and front-sight Stud______________________ 3.00
Butt plate -------------------------------------------------------- .26
Receiver ____ __ ____ ___ ______________________ ________________ _ .98
Bolt mechanism --------------------------------------------------- 1.00
Magazine and trigger guard ---------------------------------------- .44
Magazine mechanism, including floor plate________________
--------------------------- .17
Bayonet ______ __ __ ___ _ ___ ____ __ _____ ___ ___ _____ _ 1.00
Stock -------------------------------------------------------------- 1.58
322
324 ORDNANCE DATA .
Pounds .
Iland guard ---------------------------------- --------------------- 0.13
Front and rear bands, including swivels_____
------------------------------ .25
Rear sight, not including base______________ -- -------------------- .20
Total weight of metal parts__ ____________ -__________________ .___ ._ 7.30
Oiler and thong case ----------------------------------------------- .19
Total weight of arm, including oiler and thong case, with bayonet_____ 9.69
Total weight of arm, including oiler and thong care, without bayonet__ 8.69
Weight to compress mainspring_______
-------------------------------------- 16 to Is
'trigger pull (measured at middle point of bow of trigger)___________ 4to 5
AUSCEnL_kNEOUS DATA .
United States rifle, caliber .30, model of 1917 .-This rifle is derived
from the British Enfield, pattern of 1914, caliber .303, which was ,re-
modeled with the least possible change to adapt it to use the United
States cartridge caliber .30 model of 1906, mounted in clips, holding
five cartridges each, this being the same ammunition used in the U. S.
rifle caliber .30, model of 1903 . It is a magazine rifle of the bolt;
type. The sear interlocks with the bolt and prevents pulling the
trigger until the bolt is locked . The magazine is situated under the
bolt, is loaded from the top, and the capacity is six cartridges. The
barrel is 26 inches in length as compared with 23 .79 inches
for the 1903 model. The rifling is one turn in 10 inches ; left hand.
The distance between the sights is 31.76 inches, but the sight is
not compensated for drift nor adjustable for windage. The rear
sight is mounted in the rear end of the receiver instead of on the
barrel, as in the 1903 model. It is adjustable from 200 to 1,600
yards. The muzzle velocity of the piece is 2,700 feet per second . It
is provided with a safety lock, but no magazine cut-off. The last
forward motion closes the bolt and locks it. The total weight with-
out the bayonet is 9 pounds 3 ounces, and the total length without
the bayonet is 46.3 inches . The same cleaning rod is used in the
1917 model as in the 1903 rifle.
Breech mechanism.-The bolt is locked by a turning movement which
causes lugs on the bolt to engage in recesses just in the rear of the
chamber. A camming action of locking lugs seats the cartridges
firmly and continues throughout the locking action . To preclude
the possibility of the bolts unlocking under powder pressure, a safety
stud is mounted on the sear and rises as the trigger is pulled to lock
the bolt against the turning. This serves also to preclude pulling of
the trigger unless the bolt is fully locked .
About.
325
32 6 ORDNANC1: DATA . SMALL ARMS .
Magazine.-The magazine is directly beneath the bolt and is loaded a position as the leaf is laid . The leaf carries a peep sight on a
from the top from a clip of five cartridges while the bolt is retracted . slide which moves vertically, and hence makes no correction for
It contains a spring-actuated follower, above which the cartridges drift.
arrange themselves in laterally staggered relation . Production .-The 1917 United States rifle was manufactured by the
Follower .-The follower feeds the top cartridge up into the path Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., at Eddystone, Pa ., by the Remington
of the bolt when the latter is retracted, a ramp serving to guide the Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Co ., Ilion, N. Y., and by the Win-
nose of the bullet upward and into the chamber as the carriage is chester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn . The total daily
forced forward on the succeeding forward movement of the bolt. output was approximately 10,000 rifles and up to November 9, 1918,
Extractor .-The extractor is of the hook type, swiveled on the 2,202,429 had been delivered . This rifle was extensively used by the
bolt, and engages the groove of the cartridge as the latter moves American oversew forces.
upward in the magazine. Primary extraction is provided by an TABLE 34 .Prbicipal dimensions and weights of Uaitcd States rifle, caliber .30,
extracting cam operated by the turning of the bolt in unlocking and vu .odel of 1917 .
serving to start the bolt to the rear after it is unlocked.
Ejector .-The ejector is of the spring-actuated type and operated DIMENSIONS .
Barrel : Inches .
through a slot in one of the locking lugs at the limit of the rearward Diameter of bore----------------------------------------------- 0.311
movement of the bolt. The ejector spring is integral with the Exterior diameter at muzzle------------------------------------ 0.60
ejector . Exterior diameter at breech -------------------------------------- 1 .32
Firing pin.-The firing pin has no cocking knob and can not be Length of chamber and bore (from face of bolt to muzzle) ------- 26 .
cocked except by actuation of the bolt . It is halfcocked by the un- Diameter of chamber, rear end--------------------------------- 0.-1716
Diameter of chamber, front end-------- 0.4-12
locking movement of the bolt, a cam and half-cock notch being pro- _------------------------
Diameter of neck of chamber, rear end-------------------------- 0.34'_'5
vided on the rear end of the bolt to engage a lug from the cocking Diameter of neck of chamber, front end------------------------- 0.3405
piece and perform this function. The sear notch of the cocking Length of body of chamber------------------------------------- 1 . 755
piece engages in the sear nose in the closing movement of the bolt, Length of shoulder of chamber --------------------------------- 0.16
so that the piece is cocked by the act of closing the bolt. The lock- Length of neck of chamber-------------------------------------- 0.396
Length of chamber, total_____ _-__ --_ ___ ____ __ _ _ 2.341
ing of the bolt moves the half-cocking cam out of the path of the lug Rifling :
on the cocking piece . This arrangement precludes the closing of the Number of grooves, 5.
bolt upon a cartridge with the point of the striker protruding Twist, uniform, left hand, one turn in---------------------------
--------------------------- 10
through the end of the bolt. There is no cut-off. The follower Width of grooves ----------------------------------------------- 0 .0936
rises and locks the bolt open when the magazine is empty
; to prevent Width of lands------------------------------------------------ 0.0936
Depth of grooves----------------------------------------------- 0.005
this, so that the rifle may be used as a single loader or in simulated Height of front sight above axis of bore (mean)---------------- 1.06
fire drill, an accessory called the follower depressor is provided . Distance from top of front sight to rear side of leaf, leaf raised__- 31 .76
Safety lock.-The safety lock consists of a locking cam which en- Stock
gages a notch in the cocking device lug and lifts up the sear notch Length, with butt plate----------------------------------------- 42 .6'3
of the sear nose, and a sliding plunger which simultaneously enters Crook, i . e., distance from axis of bore to heel of butt-_
------------- 2.12
Distance from trigger to butt plate----------------------------- 13 .5
a hole in the bolt handle and locks the bolt closed . These parts are Length of gun complete---------------------------------------- 46 .3
operated by a thumb piece mounted at the right just in the rear of Sight radius -------------------------------------------------- 31 .76
the bolt handle, in position for convenient actuation by the right Sight radius (battle sight)------------------------------------ 31 .69
thumb .
The firing pin and sleeve can be removed from the bolt and com- WEIGHTS.
Lb . Oz .
pletely dismounted without the use of tools. Bayonet --------------------------------------------------------- 1 2
Sights .-The front sight is protected by lateral wing guards and Oiler and thong case _-_--______-----_____---- ___ _-_ --__ __ 3
will be adjusted laterally during assembly . Height adjustment is Total weight of arm with oiler and thong case and bayonet---------- 10 5
secured by the interchange of sights of various heights . The rear Total weight of arm with thong case without bayonet--------------- 9 3
sight is protected by lateral wing guards. The battle sight is of Weight to compress mainspring ------------------------------------ 16--13
Trigger pull (measures at middle of bow of trigger)__-_
---------------- 4k-61
the peep type, and being formed at the lower end of the leaf, rises to
illtl)NAN(!l : DATA . SDiAIA, ARMS . 329
Indini Nclocit.y
_ _ ft . per sec__ 2,7110
Powder pressure in chamber . ----------------- lbs. per sq. iii- _' 51, 00(?
Weight of ball cartridge. about__ . -------------------- _grains__ 395.5 Toll,? wer
Weight of bullet-___
--------------------------------- -------------- do ---- 150
Mayazrle Cover
Weig ht of powder clmrge, about -------_------------------- do - 50 Use d oizly wheir
177agazlrre is
de t.aC_/'.a1)
PISTOLS.
Automatic pistol, caliber .45, model 1911 .-The caliber .45, model
1911, automatic pistol is of the Browning type with automatic recoil-
operated barrel and a breech slide locked together in the first 4
w inches of recoil . It uses the automatic pistol ball cartridge, caliber
.45, model 1911. Each pistol in the military service is marked on
the right side, " Model of 1911, U. S. A .," and on the left side " U. S.
Property ." They are also marked with the serial number of the
pistol . The pistol weighs 2 pounds 7 ounces and its length is 8.6
inches. Its three principal parts are the receiver, the barrel, and
the slide. The receiver has a suitable guide for the slide which
moves on it. The magazine consists of a magazine tube closed at the
bottom and containing the spring acting on the magazine follower,
which serves as an immovable platform for the cartridge . The
barrel of the pistol is largest at the breech and at the top has two
transverse locking ribs, by which it is interlocked with the slide in
334
336 ORDNANCE DATA .
Caliber .30, Model of 1906, service ammunition .-The caliber .30 ball
cartridge, model of 1906, is the standard service ammunition . It is
the type used in the model 1903 (Springfield) and United States
model 1917 (American Enfield) rifles, as well as in machine guns .
The cartridge complete weighs approximately 395.5 grains . The
case is of drawn cartridge brass having a weight of 190±5 grains,
and contains a charge of pyro-cellulose powder weighing from 47
to 50 grains . Inserted into the head of the cartridge case is the
primer having a weight of 5.5 grains . It consists of the cup of gild-
ing metal, charge of percussion composition covered by a disk of
shellac paper; and an anvil for receiving the blow of the firing pin.
tridges from the clip into the magazine or container of the rifle. Tracer, model 1917 .-This cartridge, as its name implies, is loaded
Bandoleers .-Twelve clips, or 60 cartridges, are packed in bando- with a tracer bullet for use in machine guns and rifles where it is
leers. The purpose of the bandoleer is to afford an easy means of
346 ORDNANCE DATA.
MACHCVE-GUN AND SMALL ARNIS .1NINIUNITION. 347
essential to folloNv the line of flight or trajectory, as in aircraft cupro-nickel jacket and then formed into a soft lead nose . The
work. The cartridge case and primer are the same as those used in object of this lead nose was to give the bullet a purchase, when fired
service ammunition, but the bullet differs in that there is inserted at a critical angle, on a smooth or rounded steel surface . This type
into the nose of the bullet a small slug of lead, hardened with of bullet was placed in production and a considerable quantity manu-
antimony, behind which is situated a cup, or capsule, of gilding factured. However, it was later found that the American Expedi-
metal . This capsule is a container for the tracing composition which tionary Forces objected to the use of it because the protruding lead
consists of seventeen (17) parts of barium peroxide and two (2) nose caused it to have an action similar to the dum-dum bullets. In
parts of magnesium. consequence of this it was discarded and the model of 1918 armor-
The powder charge is such as to give a dispersion at 500 yards piercing bullet developed.
equal to that of service ammunition, with the same allowable powder This was accomplished by using a cupro-nickel jacket closed at
pressure which does not exceed 52,000 pounds per square inch . The the nose, or point, and conforming to the profile of the caliber .30
tracing composition is ignited by the powder flash and burns with a service bullet . Inserted in this jacket was the same type of steel
bright white light during the first 500 yards of flight . This burn- core enclosed in a lead casing as before, except that no lead was
ing or tracing feature enables the machine-gun operator to follow permitted to protrude at the point of the bullet. The weight of this
easily and clearly the line of flight of the machine-gun bullets. bullet is 154±2 grains . It is loaded into the same case as the service
Tracer cartridges are loaded in machine-gun belts interspersed ammunition and is distinguished from other types by a small ring,
with service, incendiary, and armor-piercing bullets, one tracer to or cannelure, around the bullet, situated just above the mouth of the
several of the other types . Tracer cartridges are distinguished from case in the assembled cartridge.
other types of ammunition by the black or bluish color of the car- Armor-piercing ammunition is loaded with a charge of pyrocellu-
tridge case. lose powder to give a muzzle velocity of 2,700 feet per second. It
They are packed in the same style wooden packing cases as used is packed in cartons without clips or bandoleers and the wooden
for service ammunition and in the same manner as that described for packing boxes clearly marked with the type and other relevant
the packing of aircraft ammunition ; that is, in cartons without clips information .
or bandoleers . There are 1,500 rounds of this ammunition in each For details of construction of this armor-piercing cartridge see
box and the box is clearly marked with the type, lot number, date of figure 157 on the opposite page .
packing, etc.
For details of construction of tracer cartridge, caliber .30, model
1917, see figure No. 156 on preceding page .
1 ]21
known as the .22 caliber short. As the name implies, this ammuni- 11 mm. ammunition .-Tracer-incendiary ammunition, caliber .11
tion is used for gallery practice. inin., has been developed for use in the machine guns of this caliber
adopted as part of aircraft armament . This ammunition has a
muzzle velocity of about 2,000 feet per second, and the bullet differs
from other types in that it is made of brass and is hollowed out to
hold a charge of tracing composition, which consists of barium
nitrate, magnesium, and a binder with a pruning charge of red lead
and magnesium . This charge of tracing composition is so large that
FIG . 161.-Caliber 7.62-mm. cartridge for Russian rifle .
the bullet not only traces but has excellent incendiary properties . It
Caliber 7.62 mm. ammunition for the Russian three-line rifle .-Ammu- ~will trace its path for at least 1,000 yards . It is principally used
nition for the Russian rifle consists of a cartridge case of brass, of against kite balloons and dirigibles .
the rim type, which is loaded with a charge of from 48 to 50 grains 91485 -19--23
Caliber. Model .
.30 Armor-piercing, I
.30 ~ Armor-piercing, 1
i
30 Multiball, 1898--- 9
.45 I . . . . .do . . . . . . . . . . .I
i
.45 Multiball, 1873.---
. .'
Revolver blank, 1
.45 1
.45 Dummy, 1918- . .
.45 High-pressure . . .
parts for the United States rifle, model 1917. It is intended for use
by the company's mechanics .
Tool roll for United States rifle, model 1903-=This contains trips, ream- 91485-19. (To
ers, etc.. for adjusting front sights on United States rifle, model 1903 .
TABLE 35 .-United States small arms and machine yun amarut2nittion .
Muzzle
Caliber. Sfodel . ' Used with. Case . Bullet . Charge . velocity . Drnoz- rug No .
Ft . src.
.22 Gallery practice . . . . . . . . .. . 1903 rifle with adapter . . . . .', Commercial . . . . .' .22short . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . ._ .__ . . . . . .; . . ... . . .. . P u r011ased
article.
e.
- ~ Armor-piercing, 1917 . . . ... . 1903 and 1917 rifles and Cartridgebmss ..~~ Cupro-nickel jacket, lead envelope, ;, Pyrocellulose, 49 grains . . . . 2, 700 47-3-25.
------ -. . . . . .. ...-i do . . . . . .. . .'. steel shig, 100 grains .
.30 Armor-pfercfng, .918 . . . . . . . . . ..mdohf ... . . . lead envelope, -----do . .------------------ 2,700'. 47-3-36.
C°peo-nluge150grait,
.30 j Multiball,1898 . . . . . . . ... . . .j 1898 rifle . . . .__ . . . . . . . .. .. .j ... . . do . . . . . . .. . . ;~ lball,weight l6grains . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . Black or smokeless pon" - ; ... . . . . . . .' 47-3-7 .
der, 5 grains .
.30 Service, 1898 . ... . . . . . ... .. . .. . . .do. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... .. . ! ... . . do . . . . . . .. . . Cupro-nickel jacket, lead core, 220 Pyroce11rlose, 35 g",ains .. . .', 2,000 47-3-15.
grains .
3o bfultiball, 1903 . .. . . . . ... . . .1 1903ritie . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ;-- . . .do . . . . . . .. . . 2 balls, weight 42 grains each . . . . . . . . . . 1 43 .5 grains . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .-!
.30 Service, 1903 . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .do . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. .. .j ... . . do . . . . . . .. . . Cupro-nickel jacket, lead core, 220 42 .75 graius . . . . . . . . . ...... . :' 2,200 . 47-3-4 .
grains .
.30 i Service, 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 and 1917 rifles and i .. . . . do . . . . . . .. . . Cupro-nickel jacket, lead core, 150 Pyrocellulose, 50 grains .. . . 2,700 47-3-22.
machine guns . grains .
.30 Incendiary, 1918 . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . do . . . . . . . . . . i Cupro-nickel jacket, phosphorus ser. . . .--(to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --j 2,700 47-3-37.
' rated and base plug, 150 grains,
I
,
. 30 I Tracer1917 . . . . . . . .-------i . . . . .do. . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . .- . .do . . . . . . . . . .! Cupro-nickel jacket, slug and tracer :
' Pyro:ellutose . .. . . . . . . . . .. . i 2,700 47-3-30.
! mixture, 150 grains .
.33 Revolver ball . .-- .---------I .38 Colt revolver . .. ... . . . . .!--_ . .do . . . . . . . . . .; Lead, 148 grains . . . . . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . I Bull's-eye, 3 grains . . . .... .1 755 !' 47-3-17 .
.38 1 Revolver blank. .. . . . ... . . .i .. . . . do . . . . . . . .---- . . ... . . .L . . . .do . . . . . .. . . . : None ._ . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . .... . .--- .i E. C.,2.5 grains .. . . . . . . . . . ; .. . . . . . . . . . 4,-3-26 .
.45 Revolver ball, 1909 . . . .. . . . ~ .45 Colt revolver, model . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . .1 Lead, 250 grains . . . . .--- . . . . . ... .------ 8.4 grains.. . . . ...... . . .. . . . i 725 47-1-3 .
1909 . .do. . . . . . . . . .. Gilding metal jacket, lead core, 230 I Bull's-eye, 5 grains . . ... .. .
.
1-
.45 1 Pistol ball, 1911 . . . . . . ... . . . .45 Colt automatic pistol, 800 47-1-5 .
model 1911 . grains . give velocity, 602ft.sec .~~
.45 1 . . .. .do.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . .45 Colt automatic pistol, . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . ----':. To 602
i model 1911, to test steel
helmets .
.45 1 Multiball,1873 . . . . . . . ... . . . 1873 rifle . . . .- . . . . . . .- ..- .- . . . . . (10 . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 lead balls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .' Blank powder, 43 grains . . ., .. . . . . . . . . .
.45 Revolver blank, 1909 . . . .. . .45 Colt revolver, model i . . . . . do . . . . . .. . . . None .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . '. E- C., 3 .5 grains . . . . . . .. . . . ', . . . . . . . . . . . 47-1--} .
1909. i
.45 Dummy,1918-- . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .do . . . . .-- . . . . . . . ..---- _ . . ._do . . . . . . . . . . . Gilding metal jacket, lead core, 230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ; .. . . . . . . . . 47-1-. .a .
grains .
.45 High-pressure. . . . . . .--f -- .45 Colt automatic pistol, i---- .do . . . . . . . . . .', . .. . . do-------------- . . . .----- . ..-- . . .-' Bull's-eve, to give 20,000 . .. . . . . . . . . 47-f-6 .
model 1911. pounds pressure .
.303 British, Mark VI . . . . . . .- .. Machine guns . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..do . . . . . . . . . . . Cupro-nickel jacket, lead core, 215'. Cordite,31grains . . . . . . .-- .' 2,330
grains .
.303 British, Mark VII . . . . . .... I . . .. .do . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . .do . . . . . . . . . . Cupro-nickel . jacket, lead core, 170 Cordite, 37 .5 grains . . . . . .. . 2,350
, grains .
8-mm . French Lebel------_----- Hotchkissmachine gun . . . ... . . do . . . . . . . . . . Brass, 197grains. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . '. PinpontNo.22orl .fercules',. (~) 47-3-32.
No . 20.
7.62-mm . Russian . . ... . . . . .. . ._ . .... American-mado Russian ._ .do. . . . . . . . . . Cupro-nickel jacket, lead core, maxi-',. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22,866 47-3-33.
rifle . 149.7 grains,minimum 146.6grains . '
11-mm . United States incendiary_ . Machineguns . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . do . . . . . . . .. . . Brass jacket, tinned recess for corn po- 1. M. It ., No . 34 . . . . . . . . . . .1 2,000 47-1-9.
sition, 270 grains.
.30 Blank, 1898 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1898 rifle . .. . ... .. . . . . .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paper, 5 do . grains ... . . . .--- ..-- . . . . ...--- E. C. smokeless, 5 grains . . .
: . . ... . . . . . 47-3-16.
.30 Blank, 1906 . . . . . . .. . . . . .... 1903 rifle . .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . ..._ do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . .-- .---- . .--. . . . ..... . .-i E . C.smokeless, 10 grains . .1 . . .. . . . . . 47-3-3.
.30 Blank, 1909--- . . . .. . . .- .-_ . 1903 and 1917 rifles . .. . .. . Ao . . . . . . .. . . None _ . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . ..... . .-I E. C .smokeless, 12 grains
groins ._ : . ._ .. . . . . .' 47-3-24.
.30 Blank,1903 . . . . . . .. . . . . .... 1903 rifle . . . . ... . . . . . . . ..._ . . . do . . . . . . .. . . ; Paper,5 grains . ... .. . .----. . .--- .--- . . E. C.Smokeless . 10 grains . . ;__... . . . . .
.30 Dummy, 1898 . . . . . . . . . . ... 1898 rifle . . . . . .. . . . . ___i . .. . .do . . . . . . . . . . . Service.. .. .. . . . . .... . 1 None ; ._-.. . . . . . 47-3-9.
.30 Dummy, 1903 . . . . .. . . . . ... 1903rifle . .. . ... . . . . . . . ... .i ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .! . . . ._do . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ..---------------- . .--. . . . . . ... . .J .. .__do---------------------
.
. ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . .___ ._ . . 47-3-5.
. . . . .... .~_ . . . . . . .- 47-3-21.
.30 Dummy,1906-- ._ . . . . .--.. 1903 and 1917 rifles . . . . . .. . ... . .do . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . .do. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... ._ . ..... . . .I . . . . .do_ . . . . . . . . . . . .
.30 Gallery practice, 1898 . . .... 1898 rifle . .. . ... . . . . . . . ... . ... . .(10 . . . . . . .. . . Lead, 107 grains ------ .---------------- I Bull's-eve, 2.5 grains . . . . . . .... . . . .. . . 47-3-12.
.30 Gallery practice, 1903 . . . . . . 1903 rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . do . . . . . . ... . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . - ... . . . . .38-caliber ball, powder 3 -_ . . . . . ._ .
. grains . ..
30 Gallery practice, 1906 . . . . . . 1903 and 1917 rifle . . . . . ... . ... . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . do . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . .I Bull's-eye, 3.1 grains . . . . . ., . . .. . . . . . 47-3-6.
.30 Guard, 1898---_------_- 1898rifle . ..- ... .. . . . . . ... . . .. . .do. . . . . . . . . .': Lead, 177 grains . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..... . . . Bull's-eye. . 7.3 grains . . . . . . 1 1,150 47-3-10.
.30 Guard, 1906 . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. 1903 and 1917 rifle . . . . . ... . ... .. do . ._ . . . . . . .', Cupro-nickel Jacket, load core, 150 Bull's-eye, 9.1 grains . . . . . . 1,200 47-3-11.
grains.
.30 High-pressure . . . . . .. . . . . . . Chamber test, 1903 and . .. . . do . . . . . . . . . . ~ Same asservice, 1906 . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . i DupontNo .3 ;53.5grains . .i ... . . . _ .,., 47-3-23.
1917 rifles .
.30 . . . . . do . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First test of barrels, 1903 .. . . . . 10 . . . . . . . ... ----- do ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .~i DupontNo .3,44.5grains . .' .. . . . . . . . . , 47-3'29.
and 1917 rifles and ma-
chine guns .
.30 ----- do . . . . ..... . . . . .. . . . . . . Test, 1903 and 1917 rifles ... . . do . . . . . . .. . . , . . . . . do . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..... . . . '. I. llf . R. No . 22, 52 grains_ .I ... . . . . . . . 47-3-27.
and machine guns.
.30 Incendiary, 1917 . . ... . . . . . . 1903 and 1917 rifles and ... . .do. . . . . . .. . . Cupro-nickel jacket, with phosphorus Pyrocellulose, 50 grains . . . . ; 2, 700 47-3'19.
machine guns . serrated plug and base plug, 150 .
grains .
i
1680 meters. About.
91485-19 . (To face page 354.)
ORDNANCE DATA . 35 5
FIG . 165 .-Cartridges for jnachine gun and nnuuunition boy. Disintegrating belt (above) and webbing
belt (below).
NNhNNNNC~NN
of the greatest problems with which the American forces had to deal .
At the very outset one tractor for a 6-inch howitzer shipped abroad
as the equivalent of 16 heavy draft horses and 3 riding horses is so
compact in its packing that it occupies practically only 360 cubic feet.
Furthermore, to consider the question of continuous supply for horsed
artillery abroad, the question, so far as it concerns ship bottoms, is
0 even more serious, as the following concrete example shows.
A horsed regiment of 6-inch howitzers consumes daily 14 .7 tons
a
(29,400 pounds) of forage, whether the animals are employed for
useful draft or are simply idle. The same regiment with its equip-
ment motorized consumes 4 tons (8,000 pounds) of fuel, oil, and
grease in marching 50 miles, which incidentally represents a two
z
days' march for a horsed regiment, while obviously little if any fuel
357
t
MOTOR AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT. ,359
or lubricant is consumed when idle. Iii addition to relative wei~lits.
the space occupied in transport-in~~ fluids and grease as couil)ared ,witli
oats and hay also figures in the all-important question of ocean and
railway transportation.
Mobility-The horse used for draft of medium caliber Field Artil-
iery, such as the 4.7-inch gun or 6-inch howitzer, is capable of nego-
tiating reasonable terrain and upon good roads can exert .bursts of
speed for short periods. Greater speed under favorable conditions
and for short distances is the chief superiority claimed for horse
draft, but the objection of the slow rate of march by mechanical
transport has been practically overcome by the new model 5-ton
artillery tractor, which has a , maximum speed of 7 miles per hour
and continuously maintained speed of 5 miles per hour on good
roads. Moreover, the contemplated organization provides for the
towing of guns and caissons, where road conditions permit, by foui .-
"-heel drive trucks. In this case the caterpillars would be placed on
trailers, with rubber-tired wheels . The speed by such. an arrange-
tnent would be limited only by the gun materiel itself . It may be
added that all wheeled gun materiel in our service is to be rubber
tired, including the 6-inch howitzer and larger and smaller calibers.
for rapid transport on good roads.
The motor battery can thus attain a higher speed than is possible
even for short distances, with heavy draft horses ; and it can maintain
this speed for long periods of time .
The tractor has positively demonstrated its ability to cross terrain
iirtpossible for the horse. It can cross ditches 7 to 9 feet wide. In
tests in very muddy terrain, the caterpillar, of a design similar ro
that adopted by our service, handled a 4.7-inch gun section and uieu
(18,000 pounds) where horses with one carriage could not even ap-
proach, owing to soft ground . These results are accomplished by
having the weight so distributed over the bearing surface that the
weight per square inch is practically 4.5 . to 5.6 pounds, dependin-
upon the width of the track shoes.
Vulnerability . :The question of vulnerability has often arisen and
at first glance it would seem that the horse has a great advantage
over the tractor where one direct shell hit will disable the whole
vehicle, but certainly eight horses in draft present a target of much
greater extent, although a direct hit will possibly leave a portion
of the animals serviceable ; on thG other hand, one shrapnel properly
placed will disable a whole team, but owing to the armor provided
will not damage the tractor . From the foregoing the chances of
destruction are about equal for each method of draft, and therefore
this feature may be dropped from the discussion .
Leather saving.-The harness necessary to equip horse-drawn bat-
358
teries is also a great factor. When the number of organizations con-
MOTOR ANTI) TRACTOR IsQUIPAIFNT . 361
360 ORDNANCL DATA .
teniplated is considered and the fact that the leather supply was trucks, supply trucks, etc ., and with the actual fighting material make
.t total of 393 vehicles. The fiohtnig wilt-eriel prol)er for such a
regi-
early affected by the ~var, it is obvious that leather will continue
to become more difficult to secure . One regiment of medium heavy lnent consists of
Field Artillery requires 125 sets of wheel harness and 333 sets of lead 24 guns .
harness, the leather for which would make 11,720 pairs of slices. 36 caissons .
Supply of tractors unlimited .The manufacturing plants in America 60 limbers.
3 reel carts.
had greatly enlarged their floor space with a view to greater output . 6 reel and fire-control carts.
This meant that the supply of tractors and trucks was unlimited, Motor transport for one army, five corps.-The theoretical initial re-
whereas the supply of horses was limited and becoming more so . quirements of motor-conveyers for one army, as submitted May 11,
Ease of concealment .-Tractors are far more easy to conceal and 1918, were as follows
camouflage than horses and are, therefore, seldom destroyed by air
Ammunition trucks--__ _ ---___ -__--____-------------- 16,388
raids. 815
Artillery-repair trucks ---__ __- _- -- -__ ------------
Sanitary conditions .-Animals, dead or alive, under conditions exist- Artillery-supply trucks _-_ _-___ _ _- _ ___ _----_-_ 1,955
ing at the front, are a source of disease and are highly obnoxious . Equipment-repair trucks -------------------------------- 124
The tractor can not create these conditions. Reconaissance cars ------------------------------------- 414
Motorization of Field Artillery-75-mm. gun .-The motorization of Light repair trucks --------------- ---------------------- 428
386
75-mm . guns, and 155-mm . howitzers was early begun for the Ameri- Staff observation cars -----------------------------------
Machine-gun cars --------------------------------------- 1,296
can Expeditionary Forces with the materiel in France. The first 1-ton supply trucks ---------------------------- --------- 131
motorization of the 7.5-mm . gun was done by use of the 3-inch field 2~-ton artillery tractors--------------------------------- 763
gun trailers drawn by F. tiV . D. or Nash trucks . The 75-mm . 5-ton artillery tractors'______________________ ------ ---- 3,468
gun regiments (French materiel) were converted in shops in France 10-ton :artillery tractors_-- _ _ ' 468
. 360
and drop-forge lunettes specially designed for the conversion of 20-ton artillery tractors__-
- 300
3-inch field-gun trailers_______
French materiel were ordered and delivered . By cutting the wooden ------------------- --------------
3-inch antiaircraft trailers_ 260
pole furnished with the materiel and fitting the lunette with the nec- 4.7-inch antiaircraft trailers_______ .__ 40
essary tie-rods this conversion was perfected with very little delay. 4-ton trailers__--_
------------------------ ------------------- 368
The horse-drawn batteries as constituted in the summer of 1918 did 10-ton trailers ------------------------------------------ 450
not have a sufficient number of French limbers for motorization, Initial requirements.-The above estimates only include initial re-
and as a result special connecting poles had to be fabricated in France quirements ; the motor vehicles necessary for replacements, reserves,
for each motorized battery until standard connecting poles were training troops in the United States, etc., have been omitted . The
received from the United States . motor equipment which is required in connection with the tank serv-
Motorization of 155-mm. howitzer.-In order to convert the 155 -inm. ice has also not been included.
howitzer horse-drawn artillery to motor draft, the same procedure Repairs and replacements .-In the spring of 1918 the control bureau
applied to the ammunition limbers as to the 75-mm . limbers referred of the Ordnance Department decided upon the following percentages
to and all necessary materiel was early put under manufacture . The for replacements, reserves, etc., of motor equipment, and require-
carriage limber for the 155-mm . howitzer required a special connect- ments were figured upon this basis
ing pole, which in the case of the first group of howitzers was pur- 25 per cent of the initial requirements as a fixed reserve in France .
chased from the Schneider Co. 20 per cent of the initial for repair shops.
Motorization of the 4 .7-inch gun.-The 4.7-inch gun materiel arrived 8 per cent of the initial at the port of embarkation in the United States .
in France ready for motorization and no changes were necessary in 4 per cent depreciation per month.
the carriages, limbers, or other accessories . 10 per cent loss in overseas shipment.
Number of vehicles .-In a 75-mm. artillery regiment motorized, in 1 Substitution of ti actors .-A board of officers appointed by paragraph 69, S. O. No.
accordance with the requirements of table of organization No. 30, 242, W. D., Oct. 17, 1917, recommended on Jan. 25, 1918, the use of 5-ton artillery
tractors in certain organizations in which the tables of organization called for 10-ton
series A, there are 264 vehicles, exclusive of the actual fighting mate- tractors . The 5-ton tractor will replace the 10-ton tractor in these organizations in the
rial. These vehicles are trailers, tractors, trucks, artillery-repair ratio of 2 to 1.
362 ORDNANCE DATA . MOTOR AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT . 363
Repairs .-It Wits estimated that 10 per cent of the vehicles would be 'rABLE 38 .---Trucks and cars complclc .
sent to the repair shops each month and that the average length of
time elap.=ed until again in acti\e seiwice would be approxi-
N,i,11-
main shaft, braking effort is distributed through the subtransnrissioii Nature of units employed-The foll(>wing units are used is the
differential to all four wheels . standardized four-Nvheel drive truck
:
Emergency brakes of the external contracting type acting on the, I7ngine __ __ ____\visconsin .
rear wheels are controlled from the seat through an equalized lever Clutch_ ._ ._____ __Hole-Shaw type.
Transmission_______ type, Quartermaster .
control .
Front seat. toy) . ti ud (Lisp ___Signal Corps .
Axles.-Both axles are of the bevel gear drive, full floating type, Differentials_____ ----- Al . & S .
the rear axle being of standard construction, the front provided with Universals__-__ -Spicer .
wheel spindles mounted on a ball-and-socket joint, which incloses Steering and control inechaniams _ .____B type, Quartermaster .
the universal joint connection of the live axle shaft . . Springs ------------------ B type, Quartermaster .
Chassis.-The truck frame is mounted on semielliptic front springs Interchangeable parts.-The follo~ving parts are interchangeable :
and platform rear springs, which perform the additional function of All three differentials .
absorbing all driving stresses . Whtels are all cast steel and are either All four springs with liangcrs ;tml shackles.
of the spoke or disk types. Standard Ordnance transoms and All nine universal joints .
Ordnance pintles in special housings are mounted on all F. W. D. All four-wheel brakes, inclu~li ;i~ ilruins ;md hinds.
chassis. 1Vlheel brake band ,rml tronsniis~ion brzdre hand .
_111 four wheels .
Truck, 3-ton, model of 1918, Ordnance Department .-This truck chassis
is of the four-wheel _drive, two-wheel-steer type, and has a Conditions to be satisfied .-The necessity of this vehicle arose on ac-
load capacity of 3 tons, with a load distribution of 45 per cent or. count of the available commercial four-wheel-drive trucks made in
the front axle and 55 per cent on the rear. This truck has been de- the United States not having the tractive effort to meet the conditions
signed and developed by the Ordnance Department with a view to se- encountered in military service in the field, and not being entirely
curing units and assemblies that have been demonstrated-as efficient and satisfactory in a number of respects, such as :
simple, as well as to eliminate defects already shown in existing types . 1 . High road clearance under the axles.
The aim has been to make the component parts, wherever possible, the 2. High clearance under the driving mechanism in the center of
same as parts now in use by the Ordnance Department, or by other the truck and under the extreme front end forward of the axles.
departments in France, or in course of production . This is being 3 . Great range of gear ratios to permit of 15 miles per hour road
done in order to simplify the repair and spare parts problem, and speed and maximum possible toNving ability when used as a, tractor .
has been so successfully worked out that at least 75 per cent of the 4. Powerful brakes to meet extreme conditions of Army field
parts are interchangeable with parts of other vehicles in extensive service .
use in the Army. For example, the engine selected has beeii 5. Elimination of Nveaknesses existing in commercial four-wheel-
used in the Ordnance truck and the transmission is employed in drive trucks now available for Government use .
the Quartermaster's standard truck and new parts have been reduced Preliminary tests.-A sample truck was given preliminary tests on
in number by simplifying wherever possible. All four wheels are the April 1, 2, 3, and 7, 1915. On hard road it was able to pull an
same, as are the springs ; and other departments of the Government, F. W. D. truck and a Nash quad coupled together and exerting their
especially those using trucks of the four-wheel drive type, have been combined maximum power in opposition to sample truck . On rough
consulted in order to be sure that the standard truck will meet all ground the sample truck was able to negotiate deep holes, steep ter-
needs. races, and large piles of loose soil without at any time having any
Weight .-The total weight has been limited to 9,000 pounds, which of the mechanism of the truck interfere with the action of the truck
is the maximum concentrated load that can be supported by temporary by striking the ground . The high clearance proved sufficient to per-
pontoon bridges . This conclusion was brought out by the motor- mit the truck to uegotiate most extreme conditions without difficulty .
traction board in France, September 9, 1917, that vehicles assigned Under the same conditions the F. W. D. truck was entirely unable to
to divisional artillery must always accompany their units . This fac- operate.
tor was the basis of the development of_ the 5-ton artillery tractor Service test.-The sample truck was finally mired completely in
and was, therefore, also the governing consideration in the design of heavy clay loam soil, together. with the F. W. D. truck . Under these
the four-wheel drive truck which must accompany and supply am- conditions the sample truck was able to revolve all four wheels, al-
munition to divisional weapons . though two of the wheels tivere buried to a depth of 3 feet in the
36 8 ORDNAN-CL DATA .
MOTOR AND TRACTOR ECZUIYi\TE>T . 369
ground . The I{' . W. D . was unable to revolve its wheels, although the wheels . Suitable universal joints are provided in the shafts,
they were only embedded a maximum of 18 inches . which permit the turning of the wheels for steering. In the older
Results of tests.-Under the conditions of these various extreme models of Nash trucks the steering was effected by turning all four
tests, the sample truck at all times showed reserve motor power and wheels. The rear wheel'steer has now been done away with, and it is
strength in the various component parts. The power ratio was expected that steering effort will be much less than heretofore . The
apparently ideal between the engine and wheels, whereas the com- trucks will also be more readily handled by the average driver, who
mercial trucks under the same conditions were working at the limit is generally accustomed to driving a motor vehicle which steers on
of their engine power, as their power ratio was not sufficient to two wheels only .
transmit the power from the engine to the wheels without causing Transoms .-Each Nash chassis has mounted upon its frame a series
excessive vibration. of cross transoms, which are adapted to form an interchangeable
Standardization .-As far as possible, standard units were incorpor- support for any of the bodies which are used by the Ordnance
ated in the construction of this truck and tractor. The Quarter- Department upon four-wheel driven chassis. Bodies of one type can
master class B transmission is used, also the Quartermaster class B be removed and replaced by another without alterations or machine
steering gear . The motors are of the Wisconsin type and are in large work. The more important of these bodies are the artillery repair
production . Repairs for this motor are the same as now being sup- truck, equipment repair truck, artillery supply truck, and ammuni-
plied for the F. W. D. trucks in service. tion truck.
Interchangeability of gears.-Arrangements are made in the trans- Speed of truck .-The Nash chassis is governed to a maximum road
mission to permit of changing this truck from a comparatively high- speed of 15 miles per hour when on high gear, and may average 10
speed, load-carrying vehicle for good road service to a heavy-duty miles per hour when fully loaded and driven over fair roads.
tractor for rough field service by the interchanging of two gears . Staff observation car.-The staff observation car was built for the
This change can be made with the tool equipment carried on each purpose of supplying a sturdy, serviceable car for staff use in
truck. artillery headquarters work, strongly constructed to stand up under
Two-ton truck chassis, Nash, model 4017 F. and L.-The Nash chassis rough use. It consists of a special steel seven-passenger touring-
is a four-wheel drive type of chassis. This chassis is intended to be car body, with an arrangement of auxiliary seats so as to accommo-
used for all artillery purposes calling for a 2-ton truck. In general date nine men. The body of the staff observation car is mounted
it is intended to use the Nash truck in positions closest to the line on a. 1-ton White truck chassis capable of developing 50 miles per
and the larger size truck-namely, the 3-ton-in artillery service hour with full load .
further to the rear. The Nash 2-ton truck chassis is used in 75-mm . Operation and function .-Due to the staunch construction of this car,
regiments (motorized) ; 4.7-inch gun regiments, 6-inch howitzer regi- it can be used over very rough roads at high speeds, and it is very
rnents, antiaircraft batteries, and divisional ammunition trains . easy to handle .
Power plant .-The engine used in this truck is a 30-horsepower Body and equipment
.-The body of this car is of sheet-steel con-
Buda, having a bore and stroke of 4{ by 5} inches. Improved struction, following out the usual arrangement as to seats in seven-
Stromberg carburetor and Eiseinann high-tension magneto, model passenger touring cars, except that three persons are seated on each
CT-4', II edition, with impulse starter, are fitted to the motor . Lubri- of the two regular seats, and on the auxiliary seat which is in
cation is combined force feed and splash. Water circulation is by two parts. A foot warmer, utilizing the exhaust, is attached
primp. The cylinders are cast on block and are of the L-head type . to the heel board in front of the rear seat . There is a col-
Maximum speed is controlled by a Simplex bovernor . lapsible table carried in a compartment built in the floor of
Transmission .-The transmission is of the selective type, having four the tonneau, which easily can be erected for field work. A pocket
speeds forward and one reverse . Gears are constantly in mesh, and extends across the back of the front seat, and a compartment is built
the various gear combinations are obtained by enmeshing jaws which in the floor between the two auxiliary seats for the purpose of carry-
are disposed on the gear hubs. This method of selecting gears pre- ing maps and papers . Boxes are secured to either side of the car,
vents stripping of gear teeth by an improper manipulation of the and two chests are carried on the rear, which are used for carrying
gear-shaft lever . necessary tools and euipment, all of which are easily accessible and
Axles.-Power is delivered to the front and rear wheels by axle in no way obstruct the doors of the tonneau. The body is fitted with
shafts, with drive pinions which enmesh with internal gears in a demountable top and a wind shield . Secured to the body are
91485--19-24
37 0 ORDNANCE DATA .
Fic . 170 .-Equipment repair truck for making minor repairs o[ small arms, machine guns, harness, and
personal equipment .
and the trcucll mortar battalion lit tltc corps, as per tables of organi-
zation .
Artillery supply truck.-Tlie artillery supply truck consists of an
especially designed body, mounted on a four-wheel drive type of
truck chassis of either 2 or 3 ton capacity .
Types of loads.-There are five different types of loads carried on
the artillery supply truck, depending upon the organization to which
the supply truck is attached. In order that each load may be
readily distinguished, these trucks are familiarly designated as type
"A" truck assigned to motorized batteries, type " B " truck to supply
companies of motorized regiments to carry spare parts of F. 11T. D.,
" B-1 " assigned to supply companies of motorized regiments to carry
supply parts for Nash, type " C " to headquarters company of motor-
ized regiments, type " D " truck to artillery repair truck, and
type " E " truck or tool truck to heavy artillery batteries.
Chests carried.-In the rear of the steel body there is a large steel
cabinet, called a bench chest. Under floor of body there are two
steel floor boxes. Between bench chests and front of body there is
carried any combination of the following removable chests : Spring
chest, supply chest, forge chest, and fluid chest. Each of the above
loads carries its own chests . These chests provide economical and
portable storage space for the various kinds of small equipment
which this truck carries.
USE OF ARTILLERY SUPPLY TRUCK .
377
:3 78 ORDNANCE 1) :1T,1.
11UOTOR :1N1) TRACTOR HQUIPMENT. J'7 9
Load E (for heavy batteries) .-111 the :i-iiwh and G-inch cmllerted One 3-ton truck, h. 1V . D. model, fitted up with complete gasoline engine-
-~cactr,l ;t la :i-111111 . gall . -inch, J.l-mch, ;1nd 210-111111 . howitzer batter N driven two-cylinder air-coolIlrossor intit and complete equipment of pneumatic
[mobile ordnance repair ,1101), there is supplied an artillery supply tools, such as riveters, h.uuluers . drill.. . and grinders .
truck with load "E" (as per tables of organization) and sometimes One 3-ton truck, F. W. D. model, fitted up as tool-rooiu truck, containing com-
linown as tool truck, which consists of tools and accessories per- plete set of chests and drawers to carry full complement of small tools, such as
drills, precision instruments, reamers, tool holders, and different machine-tool
taining to heavy gun and howitizer material, heavy spare parts (as- attachments ; also a key-bitting machine, two-wheel high-speed bench grinder,
~(Ilublies) for motor vehicles and supplies in bulk, such as large cans and one combination tool and cutter grinder .
of grease, drums of oil, etc . One 3-ton truck, F. W. D. model, to carry a 24-inch circular-saw table. This
Organizations supplied .-The artillery supply truck is furnished to will rip wooden beams 8 inches square . Also one heavy automobile arbor press,
all motorized artillery regiments, trench mortar units, antiaircraft lame enough to press hubs into wheels or any other work of that nature.
Sit 3-ton trucks, F. W. D. model, fitted up to carry all heavy or bulky spare
I)attalions, ammunition trains, corps and artillery parks, mobile ord- parts, or complete assemblies, such as motors, transmission, etc .
nance repair shops, and railway mounted artillery regiments . Two 3-ton trucks, F. W. D. model, to be used to carry personal baggage for
Heavy artillery mobile repair shops .-Definite equipment of small the personnel of the shop.
shops for divisional ordnance depots was prescribed as far back as One 3-ton truck, F. W. D. model, to be fitted up as an office.
1908 and about 20 depots placed in store for war service . In 1916, NOTE.-All of the trucks mentioned in the above list are fitted with the stand-
ard artillery repair body.
during the border troubles, it became evident that the shops should One 3-ton truck, F. W. D. model, to be fitted up as per the standard equip-
be mobile, and the divisional mobile repair shop finally Aras devel- ment repair truck, with full complement of tools and equipment as used in that
oped in the summer of 1917, after the fullest consideration of the. truck.
experiences on the border and conditions likely to be encountered . One 3-ton truck, F. W . D. model, to be fitted with the ammunition-type body,
The equipment not only was of the best, but permitted any repairs to be used for carrying gasoline and oil in drums.
One 3-ton truck, F. W. D. model, supply truck, type " D."
possible in a small shop. One 1-ton delivery truck.
Special trailer .-A special trailer was needed to carry most of the
heavy machine tools and heavy equipment. After determining the Four-ton trailer .-The 4-ton trailer, which has been designed and
size and style of this trailer, work on the design of same was begun developed by the engineering division of the Ordnance Department,
the latter part of December. A large quantity of machine tools. ~a-eighs about 4,500 pounds without any equipment and has a, wheel
small tools, and special equipment was needed to equip the shops, and base of 13 feet.
Body .-There is mounted on each trailer a rectangular body of the
lists and specifications of the same were prepared . Purchase orders
for all the heavy material, on which considerable manufacturing time following dimensions-19 feet 4 inches inside length and 7 feet
1 inch inside width. The sides, front, and tailboards are 30 inches in
was required, were placed in the early part of January, 1918.
height, mounted on hinges, so that they may be dropped and used as 1,
The trucks used in connection with these shops (each truck of
which . is used to pull one of the trailers) are the F. W. D. model platform when operating equipment . The sides and front and rear
13-1917, on which are mounted the standard artillery repair and tailboards are made of United States 10-gauge sheet steel, which are
supply or ammunition truck bodies. The artillery repair bodies arr° lowered level to the floor of the trailer and are used as platforms
for operating the equipment which is carried on each trailer.
used on all F. W. D. trucks in the heavy artillery mobile repair shop,
with the exception of the raw materials truck, which is mounted Top .-Each trailer has an adjustable top . When top is lowered the
distance from floor of trailer to top is 5 feet 81 inches . When top
with an artillery supply body, and the tank truck, which is mounted
with an ammunition body. The artillery repair bodies were manu- is in raised position the distance from floor to top is 6 feet 11~ inches.
factured at the American Car &, Foundry Co. for the artillery repair Each trailer is supplied with canvas cover and is wired for electric
shops, and it therefore required merely a continuation of production lights .
of this type of body in order to equip the great majority of these Use .-The 4-ton trailer has been especially designed for carrying
trucks for use with the heavy artillery mobile shops. the machine-tool equipment used in the heavy artillery mobile repair
Equipment and arrangement of a repair section.-By July 1, 1918, shops. There are 13 of these trailers used to make up one unit of
material had been ordered for a total of 24 heavy artillery mobile the heavy artillery mobile repair shops, and the equipment is divided
repair shops, each shop composed of two sections, the sections being as per the following list
duplicates in equipment . The following is a brief outline of the One trailer, equipped with No . 2-A Brown & Sharp motor-driven universal
arrangement of each section milling machine, one 9-inch Seneca Falls motor-driven bench lathe, one 6-inch
380 ORDNANCE, 1)A'FA .
Num-
Ca- beror- Hand-
Name . Component units. pac- te,ngth . I Width Height . Weight . dered
or de-
book
refer-
ity.
liv- ence .
ered .
4-ton trailer crane. . . .' 4-ton crane, trailer 4 210 91 119 12,000 . . . . .--II 1951
mount, model 1918 .
. 10-ton trailer chassis. , 10 -------- -- . . . .- . . .- . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
model 1918.
Trailer chassis .
I Hand-
Name . Used for- Ca-
Length . Width- Height . Weight . pacity book
. refer-
ence .
-'S-'
381 ORDNANCE DATA .
Ten-ton trailer .-The' 10-ton trailer has been designed by the Ord-
nance Department for transporting the 5-ton artillery tractor, and
especially the 6-ton U. S. tank, model 1917, in order that these
vehicles may be transported more rapidly than their own normal
speeds permit, thereby greatly increasing mobility . The frame is
equipped at its rear end with the standard trailer pintle and housing,
and at the front end it is e<luippel with the standard drawbar and
lunette. In addition to the plain platform body this trailer is pro-
vided with a stake and removable side board body 36 inches high.
Construction .-The 10-ton trailer is simple in construction, being
built up on a pair of channel bars, spring supported at each end . The
front axle is the steering axle while the rear axle is fixed. The
trailer is carried on. metal wheels provided with 36 by 10 inch solid
rubber pressed-on tires. A brake of the internal expanding type
on the rear wheels is operated by a hand lever from the front end.
Loading.-For loading the 6-ton U. S. tank, model of 1917, on
this trailer is furnished a pair of loading ramps, built up of heavy
channel section sufficient to carry the load of the 6-ton tractor, and
they are wide enough to permit the tractor to be run up on the plat-
form of the trailer under its own power . The platform is sufficiently
long to permit the 6-ton tractor to rest upon it without interfering.
91485-19-25 385
386 ( )l ;i,"AvCE DATA . DIOTOIL AND TEAUTOI{ EQUIPMENT . 387
TRACTORS,
TANKS-
(x1TN MO1TNTS, AND
TRACK-TYPES OF VEHICLES.
Transport of artillery in the field .-The operations conducted in the
recent war seemed to indicate that the advance of successful troops
when in attack is limited to comparatively short distances,
clue to the impossibility of advancing artillery, ammunition, and
supplies over ground which is often full of shell holes and otherwise
difficult to cross with sufficient rapidity to keep up with Infantry
troops.
Development of tractors .-Since the beginning of the participation
of the United States in the recent war the Ordnance Department
has devoted considerable attention to the development of a satis-
factory tractor, primarily for use with Field Artillery, which would
be able to negotiate almost any kind of terrain . Work has been
clone in cooperation with a continuing board appointed by the War
Department for the purpose of studying and making recommenda-
tions upon the application of motor traction to Field Artillery .
The present equipment of Field Artillery provides for the use of
caterpillar tractors for all classes of adapted artillery, except that
which'has railway mounts, 75-inin. equipment, and the trench mortar.
Types of tractors.-The Ordnance Department has to date taken
the following action in connection with this problem :
Ten-ton tractor.-A caterpillar tractor, weighing about 10 tons and ..
having approximately twice the power and speed of its predecessor,
has been developed . Five thousand three hundred of these tractors
were under manufacture and all of them were to be completed in
1918 or early in 1919. The 10-ton tractor is- intended primarily for
artillery breaking into loads of about 10 tons weight, but alone
or in tandem will handle heavier weights .
Five-ton tractor-A 5-ton tractor has similarly been developed and
production started in July, 1918. This tractor is primarily intended
for divisional artillery, such as the 155-m1n . howitzer. Nine thou-
sand six hundred and fifty *of these tractors were under manufacture
in the autumn of 1918 .
Two-and-a-half-ton high-speed tractor.-A 2}-ton high-speed cater-
pillar tractor was developed for lialiling the reels and carts of artil-
lery regiments or similar loads requiring crossing bad ground at r N
considerable speed . Orders were placed for approximately 3,800 of
these tractors, and as a large number of the parts were standard it
was expected that deliveries would be continuous . It is believed
that this tractor is suitable for handling 75-mm. materiel.
Trucks.-In compliance with approved proceedings of artillery
boards all cargo-carrying trucks attached to motorized batteries and
35ti c UD-NA\('E DATA .
;tc1umuctit icnc trailis are of [lie foccc-~ylteel-drive type, and the, [)rdnmcce
Department planned to lcat - c ,cpproxinmtely 28,000 of stick truck .;
completed by December 31, 1915 . These trtucl:s will not, of Course,
traverse (,, roccnd that yelticles of the caterpillar type will cross . but
lutye niccch more, mobility A the roads than the ordinary rear-wheel-
drive truck, ~tnd if assigned to the organizations for which originally
intended should facilitate the advance of the artillery, by supple-
nienting the eff orts of the caterpillar-type vehicles .
Three-ton caterpillar trailer .-A caterpillar-type trailer of about 3
tons capacity leas been externsively experimented with and samples
have been built . This type of trailer has not tnet with great favor in
the past, but many of the troubles were due to poor construction .
It should be, definitely determined whether this type of vehicle is
cisefcil four h,udin- acmnurnition and supplies Ashen pulled by a cater-
pillar tractor.
Gun sleds .I+:speriments ha\- e been made with large sledges re-
sembling the ordinary stone boat for carrying heavy guns or sup-
plies, the sledges being towed by any available tanks or tractors .
~~ sledbre suitable for carrying, I 155-mm . Fillonx grin or ", -Inch
howitzer Ims been built . 'I'liese artillery sleds are approximately
81 feet wide and 1 :i lon (Y , built of sheet and channel iron, with a deck .
Caterpillar tracks .-Experimenhcl caterpillar tracks for replacing
the Ndwels of g- ccn carruloes been experimented with and
sample sets lcayobeen made .
Eight-inch howitzer-240-mm . howitzer caterpillar .-A self-propelled
>ooimtin"Y with an <S-inch howitzer thereon has been constructed and
sufficient tests made to indicate the practicability of mounting gcuis
of ccceklimn power on such mountings . k similar mount for a 2-10-
imo . howitzer or gun of similar power built almost completely of
parts identical with those used in one, model of tank has been pre-
parccl, and, in view of previous experience, it is believed this mount
will Drove reasonably successful . Dralvings of a gas-electric pro-
pel lcd caterpillar gun mount made by the St . Chamond Co . were
sent to the United States, and necessary changes in the drawings to
enable manufacture to be undertaken in the United States were
made . Vehicles of this type, either for use as gun mounts or for
cargo-carrying purposes, however, require considerable time for
their construction .
Ford tank .-A small tank driven by two Ford engines, using a
rent many other standard parts and capable of rapid production,
has been tested . This vehicle was primarily designed as a tank to
meet the possible demand for a great number of light tanks to sup-
ple~nent the types that have been adopted. Tt is not known what
the fnticre of this vehicle will be, but the possibilities of rapid pro-
: ;s~i
390 ORDNANCE DATA .
fronn llis scat and leaning foeward sufficiently to orasp a starting de-
\-ice handle . Kiln emergency crank is provided for cranking motor
front the front in the usual way . The tractor may be brought into
place and booked to trailed load inchh quicker than in the case of
trncl;s or the larger tractors .
Description .-Tlae main gasoline tank of 20 gallons and standard
ordnance tool box are supported at rear of operator's seat. This tank
is not armored . Quick detachable grousers are supplied for each
track link, and may be carried when not in use in a box compartment
under the driver's seat. The track link has 50 per cent surface in
contact with ground and will not injure the roads when grousers are
removed . The unit ground pressure when truck is stink 3 inches in
imld is 5.4 pounds per square inch . The tractor is supplied with
artillery-vehicle equipment, tools and oil lamps . Ordnance pintles
provide quick hook-tip at the rear end and towing hooks are pro-
vided at front end.
Engine.-The unit power plant, including 8-cylinder engine, clutch .
and transmission, is practically the same as used in the Cadillac pleas-
un, car, except minor changes in oiling system, carburetor, and igni-
tion, which are necessitated to enable tractor to ascend grades of 4:i
detyyrees without loss of power. The engine is capable of developing
i0 l3. 1T. 1'. at a speed of 2,600 11. P. l1. The standard Cadill ;ic
ignition has been replaced with <a K. 1`*. high-tension magneto >vith
impulse starter attachment .
Use.-This tractor is supplied to brigade, regimental, and battalion
headquarters of motorized artillery to pull reel and cart. Tractor will
easily pull loads of :1,000 pounds . As this tractor has great mobilit .v,
sufficient power, and may readily be produced in quantities (tile to the
inunber of standard parts used, it is proposed to motorize the 75-mrn .
gun regiments, each tractor releasing a, six-Horse team, and the nianu-
facture of 5,000 units for this nnrpose was authorized.
Five-ton Artillery tractor, model 1917.-The :>-ton Artillery tractor
which has been developed by the Ordnance. Department, is a 4-cylin-
J'
tler caterpillar type of tractor, weighing about 9,000 pounds. It has a
normal speed range of 11 to 6 miles per hour. The tractor should be
normally rim on fair roads at 5 to 6 miles per hour. Protection is se-
cured against shrapnel and splinters of shell by the provision of la
-inch armor over the engine, radiator, and reserve gasoline tank. As
these pieces are employed with divisional artillery, they must be able
to cross temporal_v pontoon bridges, where the maximum load is
usually set at 9,000 pounds. This tractor is the result of extended
study, experiments, and tests, and represents the most modern type
of mechanical transportation for field artillery .
The tractor is easily operated and has ample room on the seat for
two nlen to ride comfortably . An efficient starting device; easily ac- :;43
394 ORDNANCE DATA .
the "till c ;trr ; ;I`c is Ilcl>c11clo11t on the limner for electric power . ;11x1
c ;m not more ,withoitt it except to be toNvel . The two vehicles ca11
IIIovo together by IIIeans of ;1 coupling- hill-, can operate electrically
together without the coupling bar, or can move independently of
each other when connected with an electric cable . Each vehicle
weighs 23 tons and has track-bearing pressure of . about 11 pound-
per square inch . The, first "1111 carriage of this type mounted a
220-min . llotvitzer witll top carriage, with brake, and a variable reco"
brake on the gun . Tile power milt. consists of a 120-horsepower
-cylinder Panhard-Lovassor gas engine . direct-connected to an 8')
It . M . 400-volt direct-current generator. The limber carries 60 shells N
;Irranged oil racks, one rack oil each side . and carrying 30 rounds i, ;
three tiers . Tile. space, between the shell racks is occupied by thr
necessary post (her charges and printers .
TANKS .
N
General features .-(+onlbining the aclcantages of the protection fur- O O
These armored vehicles afford protection for <t crew of two or more
Inen ;11-11100 with machine ( ;IIrns ()I- gnicli-firing glens of various cali-
bers . From the original crmle machines, which early demonstr ;lte ;i
their utility oil Enrope;tn battlefields, various types were developed,
;t,, shown , in the accompanying table . Of these the large tan ; :
of ever-increasinu power- amt capacity and the small or two-man
tank -ere perhaps the most conspicuous . Several types of the latter
were developed, as shown bv the table oil page 403, and in adclitior.
t o the American aclapt ;ltion of the. Renault or 6-ton tank, ;t smaller
or 3-lion tail: had been designed oil ;t basis that. made rapid quantity
production possible .
Large tank .-The interior of the large tail : is divided into two com-
partntents by ;t bulkhead practically at the middle of the tank ; the
forward compartment is for fighting, the rear for the power plant .
The forward compartment is large enough to carry sometimes as
many its 1::1 infantrymen in addition to the, fighting crew of S men,
or it can carry (i or S tons of supplies, such as ammunition or food .
Operation .-The tank is commanded by an officer located centrally
in the fighting compartment with <t conning tower giving all-around
observation . The driving of the tank is in the hands of one inan
only . No more offort is required to control the tank than to control a
light automobile .
91485-191-26
0 carlllNANGE DATA .
NIOTOB AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT. 403
Sponsons .-The sponsons in which the 6-pounder guns are mounted TABLF 43 .-Tanks.
are hung so as to swing in practically flush with the sides of the tank
so that the tank can be shipped completely assembled over European Length. Width Length and maxi-
Name . over all, Height . of ground speed, minimum
mum.
railroads. A few minutes only are required to swing the sponsons armored . armoreA . contact .
into position and the machine is then in fighting trim. The Mark
Fl . in. Ft . in . Ft . in,. Ft . in. .
VIII tank, which represents the latest tank manufactured by the 3-ton tank, model 1918 . . . . . .. . . .. . 166 63 64 72 1 to 10 miles per hour.
United States or Great Britain, is discussed in more detail in a
Mark
V,
6-ton tank, model 1917 . . . . .. . . . . .
6-ton ,tMark IL .- . . . .-------
tank 1 . . . . . . . : : . . . . .. 34
147
147
2} I
69
69
9
90.5
90.5
10 3
9 j to 4 .45 miles per hour.
79 to 10 miles perhour.
21 } to 5.25 miles per hour.
subsequent section . Mark I tank . . . .... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 17 91 79 I to 10 miles per hour.
Small tank.-The design of the shall tank was developed by the
Renault Co. i n France . This design was copied in the United States Approxi-
Number
in process
and called the 6-ton tank, model of 1917. It is built to carry two Name. mate .
weight .
E ngine. of construc- Handbook reference .
tion or de-
men only, with the minimum space and weight . The driver sits low livered.
down in the front of the machine and the gunner is in the revolving 1
turret amidships . 3-ton tank, model 1918 . . .. . . 6,000 12 Ford motors . .. . . . . . . . . . . 15 In process of compila-
tion .
Uses of both tanks .-The small tank is intended to follow after the 6-ton tank, model 1917 . . . . . .1, 14, .500
Buda motor, L head, 32- 1,000 No . 1995 .
horsepower, 4-cylinder,
large tank and to travel with and among the infantry, cleaning up 43 by 5j inches .
6-ton tank, Mark II . . .. .. . . 14,500 Hudson motor, L head 60 1
trenches, dugouts, and machine-gun nests which have been over- horsepower, 6-cylinder,
3j by 5 inches .
looked by the large tank. The large tank is intended to precede in- Alark VIII tank'.... . . . . .. . 71,680 Liberty motor, V type
overhead valves,300
100 No. 1997 .
fantry by smashing down wire entanglements, breaking across Mark I tank . .. .. . . .. . . : . . . .
horsepower, 12-cylinder
.
11,000 Hudson motor, L head, 60 1
trenches, and reducing areas of resistance . Both types of tanks are horsepower, 6-cylinder .
intended to break through the enemy's lines and act as cavalry when i Hull and armament being furnished by English Government .
the occasion warrants, while other tactical uses have been developed .
MARK VIII TANK.
Steering .-Steering of both tanks is to be accomplished by holding
one track while the other is being driven ; and also, in the case of the General nature .-The Mark VIII tank is a large or heavy type tank,
11]g tank, by driving the two tracks ,it different speeds . which was being produced jointly by England and the United States .
Fighting value .-It is conservatively estimated by English tank It was developed after the successful use of the English Mark IV
authorities that one of the large allied tanks is equal to 500 infantry and Mark V, and the original design was made by the interallied
for offensive purposes. It was estimated by the British war cabinet tank commission in London when the need of an offensive tank of the
that to have reduced and captured an area equal to that taken at largest practicable dimensions became apparent. It carries more
('ambrai early in 1918, according to the usual practice of preliminary guns and men and is heavier and runs faster than any other pre-
bombardment, would have required 500,000 tons of projectiles . At viously made. England was furnishing the hull, armor plate, guns,
$250 per ton this is $125,000,000. Taking cost of tanks at $30,000, ammunition, etc., while the United States provided engine, trans-
over 4,000 tanks could be built for the above figure, whereas only mission, and power-transmission machinery in general .
132 were employed at Cambrai . Overall dimensions .-Mark VIII is of the rigid type ; that is, the
Equivalent in Artillery fire.-In the battle of the Aisne in October, belt or track runs on rollers fixed positively in the hull. The overall
1917, the French expended 2,000,000 shells on an area 10.000 yards length of the machine is 35 feet, the overall width for tracks is 8
long and 500 to 600 yards deep. None of this would have been feet, the overall distance across the sponsons or extreme width is
needed if a sufficient number of tanks had been available . It has 12 feet approximately, and the overall height is 10 feet 3 inches .
been estimated by British officers that the number of man-hours re- Armament .-Mark VIII is designed to carry two 6-pounder guns,
quired to reduce trenches and wire entanglements by means of artil- one on either side mounted in sponsons. In addition it carries
lery fire is 20 times the man-hours required to prepare the wire seven machine guns in ball mounts ; two of the machine guns are
entanglements and the trench . The above facts were reasons given in the forepart of the turret, one on each side of the turret, and one
for an aggressive tank program which early was decided upon in at the rear of the turret. A machine gun is also mounted in both
various international conferences and put into execution as fast as doors, which are on either side of the machine amidships .
the materiel could be supplied . Ammunition.-Mark VIII will carry approximately 200 rounds of
6-pounder ammunition stowed in ammunition racks accessible to the
MOTOR AND TRACTOR P(ZUIl'\[1 ":\'L . 405
SIX-TON TANK.
Figure 188.-A light body defense which shall not hamper movement, yet
shall be proof against missiles of low and middle . velocity, and be so cushioned
with sponge rubber as to absorb shock appreciably.
Figure 192 (2--U),-A jazeran, a flexible light body defense, to be worn over
or under the tunic, fitting more closely than the device shown in figure 188.
Of this three types are proposed, one of which has withstood an automatic
pistol shot at 10 feet 800 foot-seconds .
FIG
FIG . 200 . . 203-Helmet No . 5 worn FIG .204.-The greater protection afforded by
with face guard, showing the the helmet No. 5 is here shown in contrast
small degree of exposure not- with the British Helmet which sits higher on
withstanding there is perfect the head . The figure to the right is wearing
FIG 195 . freedom of movement . the British helmet . -
that the British helmet in use was unsatisfactory . The experiments
FIG . 190. included
Figure 19S .-An arm defense to weigh about 3 pounds . (a) The preparation of helmets of various models.
Figure 199.-A complete leg armor, to weigh 4 pounds. (b) Face and eye guards of two types.
Figure 200.-A shin guard, weight, 1 pound . (c) Body defense of six types .
(The above three proposed in view of the fact that over 50 per cent of wounds (d) Necklet and shoulder guards.
occur on the extremities .)
(e) Armor for the extremities .
91485-19-27
41 8 ORDNANCE DATA .
proof battery, and aviation fields are, located at the north end of the Appropriations .-The original appropriation for the purchase and
reservation . The extreme northerly end of the reservation, which development of the reservation was $7,000,000 . Of this amount ap-
is somewhat higher, is used for the barracks, parade ground, and the proximately $3,500,000 was spent for land and (up to June 30, 1918)
officers' quarters, the parade ground being the central motif for the $3,438,766 .22 for construction work and material, and, based upon an
group . A water battery has been developed at a place near Alul- Army of 3,000,000 men, an estimate was submitted to Congress show-
berry Point, where the ground is also somewhat higher than the ing $8,480,000 additional funds as necessary for further construction .
surrounding marshes . Midway between the water battery and the Construction.-Approximately 17 miles of railroad was constructed,
barracks and the administration cel>ter has been developed ,in a dock 40 by 300 feet was completed, and barracks of the single-
aviation field which has been carefully graded, and at the southerly story cantonment type, housing about 4,000 troops, were built and
end has been equipped with six hangars of modern, improved con- occupied in 1918. The civilian barracks already referred to
struction . A concrete. road, 20 feet in width, connects the water bat- have a capacity of some 3,000 and were fully occupied. Permanent
tery and the administration and barracks center, and concrete roads brick storehouses, a large power house, a brick instrument building,
were laid out and built on all important road arteries throughout a number of semipermanent officers' quarters, and a large number of
the post. At a point just south of the proving-ground railway, and temporary officers' quarters, stock houses, and storehouses also were
at the head S)f the draw or arm of Swan Creek, has . been laid out on built, and in addition a number of magazines, constant-temperature
comparatively high ground a number of barracks for housing civilian plants, motor garages, etc . Planned and in process of construction
employees .. The barracks are surrounded by carefully graded roads in 1918 were such buildings as the administration building, the rail-
and have the benefit of water and sewerage disposition quite as care- way station, officers' mess building, machine shops, the telephone ex-
fully studied out as the water and sewerage systems for the main change, and telegraph offices .
military development . All of this represents the best rind most Improvements .-Forests have been cleaned out, and vistas cut to
modern sanitary engineering . permit of observation of firing on six ranges. The aviation field
Proving ground railroad .-A strip of hind parallel to the mails line has been graded ; the detonating ranges have been constructed ; the
of the Pennsylvania Railroad and on the easterly side thereof, at trench-warfare range has been built, and the water battery has been
the town of Aberdeen, and opposite the Aberdeen Station, was established and built. Proving and testing progressed most satisfac-
acquired by the department and is the starting point for the prov- torily at all these points during 1918, the first gun being fired on
ing ground railroad, which follows along the main line of the Penn- January 2. The work was greatly facilitated by the construction of
sylvania, and on the easterly side thereof for a distance of about concrete platforms, walks, and roadways, designed with an eye to
one-half mile, when it turns by easy curvature and runs on a long handling heavy ammunition for use at the main and other batteries .
tangent to a point well within the reservation limits, and so on to a Water supply .-A water system for the reservation was established
station near the administration center. Branches of the railroad have and some 50,000 feet of cast-iron pipe of various sizes were laid, the
been run to the trench warfare battery, to Michaelsville, to the maga- water being obtained by air lift from deep wells, which indicate a
zine, and to the water battery, and regular service, both freight and superabundant quantity of pure and wholesome water, the only objec-
passenger, is maintained to all necessary points . The statistics of tionable feature of which is iron, which precipitates after contact
the railroad, which were carefully compiled, showed a very satisfac- with air and forms a reddish deposit and gives a rusty appearance .
tory condition of business during 1918, the inbound freight, because of Arrangements were made, however, to eliminate this satisfactorily
construction, being, of course, far in excess of the outbound. The by means of a large mechanical tub filter plant. The water which is
number of passengers carried for the first six months of 1918 by prov- pumped from these wells, after having its iron content removed by
ing-ground trains, and work trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad run- aeration and mechanical filtration, passes to a suction storage reser-
ning over the Aberdeen Proving Ground tracks, was 526,278 . The voir which contains 300,000 gallons, and from here it is pumped into
average grade of track as developed is 1 per cent ; the maximum, the line and into four 50,000-gallon steel tanks floating on the lines.
11 per cent. There is 16.8 miles of track of all standard gauge ; This affords an ordinary service of water under 50 pounds pressure,
weight of rails, varying from 671 pounds to 75 pounds . So far but is so arranged that in case of fire the tanks are cut off auto-
there has been expended in ballasting the road 50,400 yards of broken matically, and fire pumps with a capacity of 1,000 gallons per minute
rock, gravel, and slag. are cut in and maintain a pressure of 100 pounds until shut down.
The system as designed is for 1,000,000 gallons per day.
422 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROTTNDS AND ARSENALS . 423
Sewerage.-A very complete sewage-disposal plant was designed especially in the actual testing work to be done at the proving
consisting of the usual lateral lines of vitrified pipe which feed ground. The work includes instruction in mobile artillery, artillery
through grease-trap connections and manhole guards into the main ammunition, instruments, trench- warfare, machine guns, small arms,
outfall sewer line running to a septic tank of the Doten type of and aerial bombs . Instruction in military science was also carrieri
sufficient size to accommodate not only the present but all reasonable along parallel with the ordnance work.
future demands of the post for many years. This entire system is The railway artillery school instructed enlisted men in the opera-
operated by gravity . tion of heavy artillery, railway mount construction, machine-shop
Service fleet.--The service department operates for the use of the practice, railway work, military drill, and arithmetic . Its object is
range firing section, one 76-foot cruiser, one 46-foot cruiser, one 38- to select men best qualified for the various positions and to train
foot cruiser, and three launches, the large cruiser being equipped them in the work for which they are chosen. This is facilitated by
with wireless telephone . the presence of the heavy buns, howitzers, and mortars sent here for
Quartermaster's department .-The quartermaster's department is assembly and test.
housed in a building 520 feet by 40 feet, in which it looks after the Housing .-At Aberdeen village the United States Housing Corpora-
regular duties prescribed for it. A farm detail under the super- tion has acquired a large tract of land lying near the railway station
vision of the quartermaster harvested in 1918 approximately 20,000 and is arranging to build thereon some 50 houses, including five
bushels of wheat, 400 tons of hay, and 1,000 tons of straw. It also community houses, all for the benefit of the civilian employees of the
harvested several thousand baskets of peaches . In 1918 it planted post. This development forms practically a self-contained village,
118 acres of late potatoes, 7 acres of sweet corn, 5 acres of turnips, having its own water and sewerage systems, and offers every
and 25,000 heads of cabbage. comfort to its residents, to whom, among other advantages, will be
Traffic department.-The traffic department handled (up to June given the opportunity of purchase of houses and lots on most favor-
30, 1918) 93,900 tons of inbound freight and 1,800 tons of outbound. ,ible terms from the Government.
It carried on its own trains 205,600 passengers and handled by Penn- Savanna proving ground, near Rock Island .-North of Savanna, Ill .,
sylvania Railroad trains in the same time over the proving-ground a tract of land of approximately 13,300 acres was purchased for use
railroad 320,678 passengers. Of the rolling stock owned by the as a proving ground by Rock Island Arsenal . It is located on the
proving ground all except one locomotive was transferred from Mississippi River, and is mainly, high and dry ground, of a sandy
Sandy Hook. The trackage of the system was doubled by laying nature. It is about 60 miles from the Rock Island Arsenal, and is
additional track near Aberdeen village, constructing a classification served by two trunk lines, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and
yard for 160 cars, and by building additional sidings ; and additional the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, which latter passes through the
freight and passenger cars were purchased . grounds ; also by river transportation and several excellent wagon
Post exchange.-The post exchange increased its business to a total roads . It is located very near a town of approximately 4,000 popula-
of $40,000 per month by September 1918, and was giving very satis- tion, affording a reasonable labor and material market. The extreme
factory service . range is approximately 11 miles. The tract is from three-quarters to
Enlisted personnel .-The enlisted personnel consisted on June 30, a mile in width at the beginning of the range and broadens out to a
1918, of 79 sergeants, 118 corporals, 5 cooks, 213 first-class and 1,180 width of 3 miles at a range of 6 or 7 miles . This ground was pur-
second-class privates. It was on September 1, 1918, more than double chased and equipped from an appropriation of $1,500,000 of the
that number. subsidiary civil act approved June 12, 1917. It was originally in-
Hospital-A well-equipped hospital was put in operation, its per- tended to make request for further appropriations in order to equip
sonnel consisting of 10 medical officers, 6 nurses. and 54 enlisted men the ground in a permanent manner, but later it was decided that,
as orderlies. It treated 978 patients to June 30, 1918, and returned owing to its poor geographical location, nothing but temporary con-
850 to duty and transferred 54 to other hospitals up to same date. struction would be attempted . Temporary equipment was therefore
Schools.-Two schools were maintained . at the post . The ordnance installed. Acceptance tests can be made of 75-millimeter field-gun
engineering school gave instruction to enlisted men for the pur- carriages from Rock Island Arsenal and certain other tests of car-
pose of training them for commissions, and also conducted classes for riages or ammunition may be advantageously made, but owing to the
officers and thoroughly trained them in the science of ordnance, and size of the grounds, it was not considered advisable to make tests of
guns of larger caliber than 6 inches .
424 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING CROTTNDS AND ARSENALS . 42,15)
Lakehurst proving ground .-The 1dwhurst Proving Ground in New At Erie Proving Ground it is planned to test the greater part of
Jersey, originally secured for the Ordnance Department for tests in the production of artillery cannon and carriages of the country . This
connection with the use of poisonous gases, was taken over by the proving ground is not adapted to tests of ammunition components,
Chemical Warfare Service on July 13, 1918, by the direction of the however, such as fuzes and projectiles, although, if experiments
Secretary of War . This proving ground is situated about 8 miles conducted at the Aberdeen Proving Ground to determine the prac-
from Lakewood, N. J., and consists of approximately 3,000 acres of ticability of firing projectiles for recovery into a concrete tank
swampy ground, originally covered with undergrowth . The Penn- filled with water, showed this method of recovery is successful,
sylvania Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey both pass tests of projectiles could be made at this proving ground by in-
about 3 miles from the reservation, intersecting at Whiting Junction . stalling such a tank . The road testing of carriages is done here.
Proving grounds under control of inspection division .-The following The barracks and quarters provide for a garrison of 40 officers,
proving grounds, discussed in the ensuing paragraphs, are under the 1,200 enlisted men, and 60 civilian clerks and stenographers . Erie
control of the inspection division Proving Ground was fairly well completed by the latter part of
Erie Proving Ground. September, 1918 .
Scituate Proving Ground . Scituate Proving Ground .-Scituate Proving Ground is located about
Saybrook Proving Ground . 1-1 miles north of Scituate, Plymouth County, on the eastern coast
Sackett's Harbor Proving Ground . of Massachusetts . It is connected by a branch line with the Old
Elizabethport Proving Ground . Colony Division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad,
Nitro Proving Ground . which passes within a mile of the reservation . It is also connected
Old Hickory Proving Ground . with Boston, Mass., and with Watertown Arsenal by a macadamized
Clear Spring Proving Ground . road .
Erie Proving Ground.-Erie Proving Ground, Ottawa County, Ohio, The reservation consists of slightly more than 100 acres of land,
is located on Lake Erie, immediately adjacent and to the westward of leased by the United States from private owners. The proving
Camp Perry and about 6 miles from the town of Port Clinton . The . ground has its own independent power and heating plant, a shop
Lalce Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad (New York Central 140 by 240 feet, and the usual office building, storehouses, warehouses,
Lines) passes within 2 miles of this proving ground and is connected magazines, and loading laboratories .
thereto by a spur track . There is a macadamized road connecting Scituate Proving Ground is intended to proof fire the production
Nvith Port Clinton, which in July, 1918, was rebuilt on account of its of 240-mm. howitzer carriages from Watertown Arsenal and 155-Inn .
bad condition . The proving-ground reservation is the property of howitzer carriages from the Osgood-Bradley Car Co., Worcester,
the United States and consists of about 1,200 acres of land, with an Mass., together with a corresponding number of howitzers and the
extreme length of 1' miles and a width of 1 mile. The land is en- 155-mm. guns, model 1918, manufactured by the Bullard Manufac-
tirely level and that portion adjacent to the lake is swampy. turing Co., of Bridgeport, Conn. It is not adapted to the test of
Erie Proving Ground is designed primarily for the testing of artil- ammunition components, such as fuzes or projectiles, although cart-
lery guns, howitzers, and carriages from the caliber of 75-mm. up to ridge cases, primers, or powder may be tested it this proving
and including the largest caliber of railway artillery . The capacity ground. The garrison consists of 10 officers and 130 enlisted men .
contemplated in July, 1918, was for proof firing 75 carriages per Saybrook Proving Ground .-Saybrook Proving Ground is located
clay. In addition to the proof work the assembly of various compo- on Long Island Sound, about 2 miles from the town of Saybrook
nents of carriages and guns is made at this proving ground and the Junction, Middlesex County, near Cornfield Point, Conn. The reser-
packing for overseas shipment clone here. There are approximately vation consists of a sn)all tract of land about 1,200 feet long and
10 miles of railroad track and 5 miles of concrete road ; a main assem- 200 feet wide, leased by the United States from private owners . It
bly shop, 320 feet by 280 feet ; a shop for railroad artillery, 100 feet is connected by a fair macadamized road with the town of Say-
by 240 feet ; a, secret assembly shop for 155-Inn. gun recuperators brook Junction, Conn., which is on the main line of the New York,
(I+illoux) ; an independent power and heating plant ; a firing plat- New Haven & Hartford Railroad. It is also connected by good
form about 2,100 feet long ; and all other necessary buildings, such macadamized roads with the plant of the New Britain Machine Co.,
as storehouses, warehouses, office buildings, magazines, and loading New Britain, Conn., which is distant about 35 miles .
laboratories.
42E> ORDNANCE DATA . rrclvlyc cii ;OUNDS AND ARSENALS . 427
The installation of this proving ground was entirely temporary in Nitro Proving Ground .-Nitro Proving Ground is located about 1
cliaracter and consisted merely of the necessary barracks and quarters mile north of the Government powder plant it Nitro, Kanawha
for the garrison, a small shop and garage combined, and a small County, W. Va., with which it will be connected by a good macad-
magazine and loading shed. amized road. This proving ground is designed for the testing of
Saybrook Proving Ground was designed to handle antiaircraft nitrocellulose powder manufactured by the powder plant for the
gins and carriages assembled by the New Britain Machine Co.. New 75-mm. gun, 155-inm . howitzer, and 155-mm . gun . It was put in
Britain, Conn. It was not adapted for testing the ammunition com- operation about the end of September, 1918.
ponents except the cartridge cases and primers. It was in opera- Old Hickory Proving Ground .-Old Hickory Proving Ground is lo-
tion from early in the summer of 1918, the proving ground garrison cated at Nashville, Tenn. It was designed and built by the Du Pont
consisting of 3 officers and 40 enlisted men. Powder Co. for the use of the United States in testing small arms
Sackett's Harbor Proving Ground .-Sackett's Harbor Proving and mobile artillery cannon powder manufactured by the Old Hick-
Ground, Madison Barracks, Jefferson County, N. Y., is located ory powder plant.
on Lake Ontario about 1 mile from Sackett's Harbor and about 2 Clear Spring Proving Ground .-Clear Spring Proving Ground is situ-
miles from the post of Madison Barracks. The nearest railroad ated about 1* miles from the village of Clear Spring and 12 miles
station is the Rome, Watertown &, Ogdensburg Railroad at Sackett's from the town of Hagerstown, Md ., with which it is connected by a
Harbor, with which the proving ground is connected by a macada- macadamized road. This proving ground was designed for testing
mized road, lately improved. Sackett's Harbor is connected in turn 37-mm. guns assembled by the Poole Engineering Co. at the plant of
with Watertown, a distance of 12 miles, by an excellent macadamized the Maryland Pressed Steel Co., Hagerstown, Md. Plans for Clear
road. The proving ground reservation consists of a very small tract Spring Proving Ground were prepared in July, 1918.
of land about 200 feet square, the property of the United States, Other proof work.-In addition to the regular proving grounds for
upon which there is a single building for shop and loading room. the inspection division, mentioned above proof work was done as
The Sackett's Harbor Proving Ground is designed primarily to follows at the places named
proof fire the 75-mm . carriages, model of 1916, manufactured by the Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass-- -_ _-__________Test of trench-mortar amnranition .
New York Air Brake Co . The proving ground is not adapted fol Sagina~v, Mich------------------------------ Test of trench-mortar ammunition .
the testing of larger guns or carriages nor for the testing of ammuni - Texas, bid____ -____-_ _- -- - --- - __-Test of 37-mm . ammunition .
Fort Sheridan, Iil-------------------------- Test of 3-inch trench mortars.
tion components except the 75-mm. cartridge cases and primers . This
proving ground was completed and in operation in midsummer Redington Proving Ground .-Redington Proving Ground, at Red-
1918. The garrison consists of 1 officer and 12 enlisted men, who ington, Pa., the property of the Bethlehem Steel Co., is situated
are quartered at the post of Madison Barracks. about 4 miles from the Bethlehem Steel Co.'s plant . It is adapted
Elizabethport Proving Ground .-Elizabethport Proving Ground is for the testing of mobile artillery guns and cannon . In July, 1918,
located at Elizabethport, Union County, N. J., about 1 mile from the Ordnance Department was having all mobile artillery guns and
the plant of the Singer Manufacturing Co. and immediately adjacent carriages manufactured by the Bethlehem Steel Co. and the Midvale
to the Central Railroad of New Jersey. It is connected by a good Steel Co ., proof fired at this proving ground, under contract with
road with the plant of the Singer Manufacturing Co . The reserva- the Bethlehem Steel Co.
tion consists of a small tract of land about 800 by 1,000 feet, leased FRENCH PROVING GROUNDS AND LABORATORY ACTIVITIES .
by the Singer Manufacturing Co. for the United States . Construc-
Necessity of proving ground facilities.-With the establishment of an
tion on this proving ground was commenced early in August, 1918.
engineering division of the Ordnance Department in France and the
Elizabethport Proving Ground is designed for the test of 75-mm.
arrival in quantity of American-made munitions there arose imme-
gun-carriage recuperators manufactured by the Singer Manufactur-
diately the necessity for providing proving ground and laboratory
ing Co . Firing is conducted into sand butts. The necessary build-
facilities to enable this division to carry on its experimental and
ings were built by the Singer Manufacturing Co., under contract
research work and to provide facilities for the test or retest of such
with and for the United States . The proving ground has a capacity
materiel or lots of munitions as might be necessary . ,
of 25 to 30 recuperators per day. A garrison of about 2 officers and
50 to 60 enlisted men is provided . Proving ground activities.-The work of the proving ground in-
cluded proof firing of field and heavy artillery guns and carriages,
428 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 4253
functional tests of a minimition, ballistic firing involving the taking of Versailles-Commission d'Experiences-Small arms.-Informal ar-
pressures and velocities, accuracy firing for small arms, functional rangements were made whereby such ballistic firing for small arms
tests of trench-warfare materiel, incendiary and signal equipment . as might be necessary could be conducted on the special range main-
Laboratory activities.-The laboratory work included the necessary tained for this purpose .
research work in connection with the investigation of defective am- St. Jean de Monts-Machine guns.-Facilities NN- ere here provided for
munition and the development of new types, the investigation of long-range ballistic firing for machine guns under control of the
powders, high explosives, detonating and primer compositions, and Ordnance activities at this point.
the complete metallurgical study of new or defective munitions, such Small-arms range .-A small-arms raiigc was arranged for, to be es-
as the physical properties of the various components of a new car- tablished either at Bourges or at Poitiers.
riage under consideration for adoption or the investigation of a de- Ordnance proving ground .-The establishment of an American ord-
fective shell. One of the most important duties of the laboratory nance proving ground in the vicinity of Mehun near the Ordnance
activities was the investigation and report on enemy munitions . Repair Shops was considered. This proving ground was to be for
Cooperation with the French.-As a matter of policy, it was proposed the proof of relined guns, testing of assembled and repaired- gun
that in general all development and research work should be conducted carriages together with the establishment or verification of powder
in conjunction with the French at their several proving grounds and charges .
laboratories, where special investigations were made, and that a prov- LABORATORIES .
ing ground should be established by the Ordnance Department adja-
Bourges-Ammunition and explosives.-Formal authority was re-
cent to its large repair shops and depots for the proof firing of relined ceived for the use of the laboratories of the Ecole de Pyrotechnic at
cannon, and of repaired carriages, and for reestablishment of charges,
Bourges in cooperation with the French, in connection with the in-
etc. The policy of cooperation with the French, whereby we supple-
vestigation of amnninition, high explosives, etc . The excellent school
mented their equipment and highly trained personnel where neces- facilities of the Ecole de Pyrotechnic were also extended to the
sary, insured unusual research facilities which were available for Ordnance Department of the A. E. F.
both Governments. This intimate cooperation and investigation of
Montlucon-Metallurgical research.-The kind offer of Dr. Georges
similar technical subjects insured that we should profit mutually by
Charpy to conduct for the Ordnance Department such metallurgical
our mutual experiences, and that the knowledge acquired by one
research work as might be required was accepted and the work was
would be available to the technical staffs of both Governments . The
being done under the supervision of a representative of the Ordnance
establishment of the American Expeditionary Forces' proving ground
Department. This laboratory, that of the Compagnie de la Chatillon,
for service tests enabled it to be placed with special reference to
Commentry et Neuves Maison, is one of the best equipped metal-
convenience of handling materiel from our own shops and depots, and
lurgical laboratories in France, if not in the world .
provided aa convenient opportunity for such shop tests and minor
Versailles-Commission de poudre-Powder .-Informal arrangements
experimental work as might be undertaken at our plant.
were made with this commission for the conduct of such special
Activities under way.-In conformity with this project, the follow-
investigations with respect to powder as might arise.
ing activities were undertaken
Purpose of the work.-It was the purpose to provide in the engineer-
Bourges-Field Artillery .-Formal authority was granted for the
ing division a service which would conduct all such experiments, re-
utilization of the " Polygon " of the " Commission d'Experiences "
search work, and tests as might be required of the several technical
with its well equipped 30 kilometer range, in conjunction with the
sections of the engineering division and other divisions of the Ord-
French, which provided for experimental work on field and heavy
nance Department, requiring the use of proving grounds or labora-
artillery up to 155-millimeter, artillery ammunition of light caliber,
tories .
trench-warfare materiel, special small-arms ammunition, etc . A
proving ground detachment was formed, and steps were taken for ARSENALS.
the erection of necessary buildings and installation of instruments. General statement .-For many years prior to the war the United
Gavre-Quiberon-Heavy ' Artillery .-Informal arrangements were States Army maintained a number of arsenals distributed throughout
made for" such proof work as might later be necessary in connection the country -whose functions were the manufacture, the repair, or the
Nvith heavy artillery and railway mounts . storage and supply of ordnance materiel and stores. At some of these
.430 ORDNANCE DATA .
I'1 :ov1Nt; (;ROUNDS AND ARSENALS . -131
establishments these functions were combined. while at others rnallu- AUGUSTA ARSENAL, AUGUSTA, GA .
facturing was carried on exclusively, and still others served merely Augusta Arsenal.-The Augusta Arsenal is located about 3 miles
as repair depots or for the storage and issue of various stores. , The from the business center of Augusta, Ga. It occupies a nearly rectan-
luain manufacturing arsenals were at Watertown, Mass. ; Springfield, gulnr plot of ground 1,900 feet by 1,600 feet, comprising about 70
Mass. ; Watervliet, N. Y. ; Picatinny, N. J. ; and Pock Island, Ill. A acres. It is bounded on the north and west by public streets, on the
small amount of manufacturing and repair work was done at Au- east and south by private land. It has connection with the sewer,
gusta, Ga. - Benicia, Cal. ; and San Antonio, Tex., in the United water, electric, and telephone systems of Augusta. A trolley tract:
States, and at Manila, in the Philippines. Repair work was carried passes the main gate of the arsenal and connects by arsenal switch to
on at Hawaii Arsenal at Honolulu and at the Panama Arsenal at the shops and storehouses ; freight cars, not over four a day, are
Ancon, Canal Zone, while at other establishments there were storage brought to the arsenal over this track by trolley engine . There is
and supply facilities as indicated in the accompanying tabulation . no direct connection with steam railway lines. In 1918 it was gar-
As will be seen in the following paragraphs, the work of these dif- risoned by officers, and enlisted men acting as stevedores, chauffeurs,
ferent arsenals was, and is, specialized. At Watertown Arsenal were laborers, and in various administrative capacities . A separate guard
manufactured seacoast carriages and armor-piercing projectiles ; at is furnished.
Springfield Armory the Springfield rifle, pistols, 'sabers, etc. ; at Equipment.-The arsenal has a small foundry and forge shop, ma-
Watervliet, cannon both for mobile and seacoast mounts ; at Frank- chine and carpenter shops. It manufactures cast-iron projectiles
ford, artillery ammunition and small-arms ammunition and various and targets for seacoast target practice, and does the repair and alter-
accessories and instruments used in connection with gun carriages ation work for the southern armament district . In 1918 a large shop
at Picatinny explosives ; and at Rock Island gun carriages small for the repair of arms and equipments was established.
arms, rifles and various articles of equipment. Storehouses.-The storehouses at the arsenal, which consist of one
The repair and storage facilities of the various establishments de- large storehouse and three former school buildings altered to store-
pended in a large measure upon the needs of the various geographical houses, are used for obsolete and unserviceable stores only. All stores
departments of the Army in which they were located, and naturally for issue are under the control of the supply division and are stored
at the outbreak of the war became of great importance . At certain in the Augusta general supply ordnance depot, 31 miles distant from
of these arsenals or ordnance depots schools were maintained for the the arsenal, which has a separate barrack building for enlisted men
training of men in the enlisted Ordnance Corps and also for the in- employed at the depot, and a separate guard.
struction of officers . Later this work was rearranged and concen-
trated at Raritan Arsenal . A brief description is given of these BENICIA ARSENAL, CAL.
establishments in the following pages, and their official designation . Benicia Arsenal.-Benicia Arsenal is located about 2 miles from the
location, and the scope of their activities are summarized below town of Benicia (population 2,500), about 30 miles northeast of San
THE DESIGNATIONS AND LOCATIONS OF ARSENALS. Francisco, and 7 miles -from Mare Island Navy Yard (which is be-
The official designations, locations, and scope of activities of the arsenals
tween the arsenal and San Francisco) . The main line of the Southern
and ordnance depots are as follows : Pacific Railroad between Oakland and Ogden skirts the south and
east sides of the arsenal, and switch tracks connect the shops and new
Designation . Location.
Scope of
activity . storehouses.
Reservation.-The arsenal grounds are about 5,000 by 3,000 feet in
Augusta Arsenal -------- . .------------------- Augusta, Ga . . . .-- . . .. . . .- . . .--- .. . . . . . . . .- . .I M R S extreme dimensions and comprise about 240 acres. The reservation is
Benecia, Cal-------- .----------- .---- - . . . . .' M R S
Benicia Arsenal .-- . . .---- .------ - - ... .- .----
Frankford Arsenal ----------------- ---------- Philadelphia, Pa .__ . .- . .- .----------- ------ . M bounded on the east and south by Suisun Bay and the Straits of Car-
Honolulu, Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . .. .---- .-- -- R S
Ilawaii Arsenal ----------------------_-----
Manila Arsenal. . .- . .------------------------ Cavite, P.I . . . . . .---------- .- . . . ... . .--- . . . . . M R S
S
quinez (the outlet of the Sacramento River), and north and west by
Governors Island, N. Y- .. . . .. .--.. .-------- . . . ..I
New York Arsenal . . . . . . . . . .------- .--.------
Panama Arsenal . . . .------------------------ Ancon .(Corozal), Canal Zone - . . .--. .----- ~ R s Benicia Barracks Reservation.
Dover, N.7------------ .------------------- ~.,
Wharfage .-There are ample Wharfage facilities on Carquinez
M
Metuchen, N.I . . . . . . . . . .--------------- . . .I
Picatinny Arsenal . . . .- .- .--- . .---- .--------- M R S
Raritan Arsenal . . .------ .-------------------
Rock Island Arsenal--------------- .--
San Antonio Arsenal . .----- . .- .--------------
Rock Island, Ill--------------------------- ---I
San Antonio . Tex----------------------------
M R
R S Straits, a distance of 200 yards from the railroad, where a depth of
Springfield Armory
.. . . . .--------------------
Watertown Arsenal------ .-------------------
Springfield, Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . .---- . . . . . .-- . . . .
Watertown, Mass . . . . . . . . . . . .. ------ . .-------
M R
M water from 13 to 25 feet is now had at low water. A further depth of
Watervliet Arsenal ..--- .-------------------- Watervliet, N. Y ---- .--- .------------------- bf
25 feet could readily be obtained by dredging.
"S" signifies storage and supply .
11 M" signifies manufacturing; "R" signifies repair and alteration ;
43 2 ORDNA1'GE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 433
Activities of Benicia Arsenal.-'this arsenal is a depot of supply for nition specially prepared for aviation service, as well as rifle and
troops in the Western Department, and to a certain extent for the hand grenades. The total output of small-arms ammunition is about
Hawaiian Department. The manufactures are cast-iron projectiles 3,000,000 rounds per week. This will be brought to over 5,000,000
for target practice, and other target material for seacoast and mobile per week eventually . The fire-control instruments manufactured
artillery, and for small-arms target practice ; the arsenal makes mis- include gun sights, quadrants, battery commander's rulers, pano-
cellaneous repairs and alterations of seacoast armament on the Pacific ramic sights, telescopic sights, etc., this being the only arsenal
Coast, and receives and issues stores for Army, Marine Corps, State, equipped for such manufacture, which involved optical work and
and educational institutions . It also overhauls and repairs small assembly of a high order of precision, with accurately divided scales
arms and personal and horse equipment turned in from the service. 2nd circles. All gauges for the inspection of ordnance material are
Storage facilities.-The remoteness of Benicia Arsenal from the also made at this arsenal. Additional buildings under construction
principal manufactures of the Fast demand considerable storage will increase the output of artillery ammunition and largely increase
facilities . New storehouses were added during 1918. the output of the instrument and optical department, which was
Personnel.-Being the only arsenal on the Pacific Coast, the impor- far from adequate to meet the extraordinary demands for sights,
tance of Benicia Arsenal as a distributing center was very greatly telescopes, and fire-control and other instruments that had to be met .
enhanced by the war, and its personnel was increased from 150 offi- Activity of the arsenal.-A new plant has been erected for the manu-
cers, enlisted men, and employees in 1917 to 228 in 1918. facture of cartridge cases for artillery ammunition. These are brass
cylinders containing the propellant charge of the shell or shrapnel
FRANKFORD ARSENAL, PHILADELPHIA, PA. as well as the loaded charge piece itself . Shrapnel is also still manu-
Frankford Arsenal.-The Frankford Arsenal was established under factured at the Frankford Arsenal, and the plant used in its making
the general antliority contained in section 9 of the act of Congress was to be extended . It was proposed to abandon the manufacture of
dated February S, 1815. The first ground acquired by the United . complete rounds of other ammunition, as the development of private
States Nvas in 1816.. industries could meet this requirement.
Frankord Arsenal is located on the Delaware River, about 10 Personnel .-The average number of employees was 3,200 in 1916;
miles from the city hall, and within the city limits of Philadelphia . while in 1918 it was considerably over 5,000 . In view of the im-
in the northeast portion of the city, in a section called Bridesburg. portance of the work at this arsenal and the large amount of ex-
It is about 1,600 feet from north to south and varies in width from plosives handled the utmost efforts are made to employ adequate
about 1,100 to 2,000 feet, comprising in all approximately 91 acres . safety devices, and a very heavy military guard is maintained .
It is bounded on the north and west by city streets, on the east b .\
private land, and on the south by Frankford Creek and the Dela-
HAWAII ARSENAL .
ware River. Arsenal tracks to shops and storehouses connect with Location.-'In December, 1916, the funds were appropriated for the
the Nc%v York division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the main line establishment of an Ordnance depot to be located at the Fort Shafter
of which is but a few hundred feet from the northern boundary o Reservation, Honolulu, Hawaii . Fort Shafter was found during
the arsenal reservation. It has an independent electric power plant the military maneuvers held in 1915 to be a secure central distributing
and is also connected with the city power plants . There is an inde- point. It is well above sea level and not in the rain belt of the moun-
pendent water-supply system from the Delaware River and also con- tain valleys. It is protected by natural ridges from long-distance
nection with the city system, and it is likewise connected with the land firing and is out of range of modern naval guns .
city gas and server systems. During the war it was garrisoned by an Buildings .-The main buildings of this depot are arranged so as to
adequate guard. form an equilateral triangle and consist of the following :
Product.-The principal manufactures of the arsenal are artillery Supply storehouse__- --- -- -- ---_ _--__ __ 50 by 190 feet.
ammunition, small-arms ammunition, and fire-control instruments. Four storehouses--------------------------------- 50 by 100 feet .
It manufactures artillery, ammunition of calibers from 1.457 inches Five magazines-------------------- -- - -- - 50 by 100 feet .
up to and including 6 inches. Its manufacture of .small-arms ammu- Six gun sheds------------------------------------ 30 by 100 feet .
nition includes the regular 0 .30 caliber cartridge, 0.45 caliber . cart- Lumber shed --------------------------------- --
Machine shop------------------------------------
30 by 100 feet.
32 by 190 feet .
ridge, tracer, incendiary and armor-piercing ammunition, and ammu- Saddler shop -------------------------------------- 32 by 100 feet,
91485-19-28
434 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 435
The remaining buildings encompass one side of this triangle in the Blacksmith shop.-The blacksmith shop has four forges, a steam
form of a crescent and comprise the following buildings : hammer, punch, and shears.
Office. Harness shop.-The harness shop has performed an immense amount
Commanding officer's quarters . of work, principally in the repair of leather equipments . The cli-
Assistant officers' quarters . mate is extremely trying on leather goods, which necessitates con-
Noncommissioned officers' quarters. stant attention. Adjoining the harness shop is the armory, a small
Barracks .
Stable . building, but which has proven adequate for all purposes .
Garage. Features .-The original motive power of the arsenal was a 50-
horsepower English-built steam engine of the condensing type, and
Railroad facilities .-Railroad spurs are extended from the tracks of
the steam was obtained from a 50-horsepower boiler, also of English
the Oahu Railway & Land Co . to the storehouses and ammunition
make. Due to the peculiar construction of the buildings, no two of
magazines . The Oahu Railway forms a direct connection to the
which are parallel, the shafting arrangement involved a number of
wharves and to the north and west of the island .
novel problems.
Equipment .-The Hawaiian depot, when completed, will be equipped
A new water-distilling plant of ample capacity for the needs of
to perform all work of such nature as is generally required to main-
the depot has been developed and a new power and lighting plant,
tain coast defense armament, as well as small-arms equipment. The
consisting of new boilers and generator, built.
general plan and arrangement of the depot is such that ample provi- The depot is now equipped to overhaul and make repairs on field
sion is made for future expansion should occasion require .
artillery and all small-arms equipment ; to manufacture arm racks,
MANILA ARSENAL . ammunition boxes, hangers for 75-mm . ammunition, target frames,
dummy ammunition, leggins, revolver holsters, saddlecloths, waist
Location.-After the Spanish-American War an ordnance depot belts, etc . -
and arsenal were established on the outskirts of Manila on the sits The specially packed war reserve maintained at the Manila depot
of the old Spanish arsenal or " Maestranza de Artilleria," as it is rendered valuable service during the Boxer uprising in China and
called in Spanish . enabled the depot to equip promptly the force sent to China.
Buildings .-The depot covers an area of about 141 acres, and origi- As our seacoast armament on the island is increased the responsi-
nally consisted of three groups of buildings, chiefly of native archi- bility of this ordnance depot will be increased .
tecture. The first group, near the Pasig River and just within the
north wall of the city, contains the workshops and the commanding NEW YORK ARSENAL .
officer's quarters. The second group consists of a row of four store- The New York Arsenal, located on Governors Island, New Yorl~
houses flanked by a set of officers' quarters on one end and by the
Harbor, consists of warehouse buildings, equipped for the storage
drafting room on the other. This group once served for a small-arms and issue of ordnance stores . Adjacent to the warehouses and other
cartridge factory . The third group, arranged in the form of a double buildings are wharves to and from which supplies may be trans-
square or figure 8, contains the issue storehouse, leather, oil, paint, ferred by lighter from the various freight terminals. Similar
and field gun ammunition warehouses, as well as quarters for the non- llghterage can be effected to vessels at anchor or they may be loaded
commissioned staff. There are in addition to these groups several direct at the wharves as far as capacity permits .
detached buildings, consisting of a machine shop, power house, and
a storehouse erected in 1901. PANAMA ARSENAL.
Foundry .-The foundry as originally received contained two melt-
ing pits for bronze and a 20-inch cupola for iron. The cupola, an Location .-Funds for the construction of this depot were appropri-
antiquated affair, was removed and a new one of greater capacity ated in September, 1916. The site selected was Corozal, near the
constructed . This cupola. did excellent service until 1908, when it Pacific end of the canal and approximately halfway between Balboa
was supplanted by a. new No. 2 Whiting cupola, shipped from the and Culebra . On one side the depot is flanked by the canal, on which
United States . At that time the machine shop was entirely rear- there is a large unloading dock, and on the other side by the Panama
ranged, the worn-out machines being replaced by. 12 new modern Railroad . Corozal is likewise connected by highways with the
machine tools of American manufacture . interior of the Panama concession.
43 6 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 437
Dock .-The large unloading dock, erected at a cost of a quarter of about 400 acres in extent, adjoins the southern boundary and gives
a million dollars, contains a large unloading basin, and is thoroughly additional isolation for the operation of the arsenal. The tracks of
modern, adequate facilities being provided for handling armaments the Wharton & Northern Railroad connect with arsenal sidings to
of all descriptions . the principal storehouses and other buildings.
Buildings.-The buildings are of modern design, constructed to a Product.-At the outbreak of the war about 10,000 pounds per day:
great extent of concrete, with red tile roof and large overhanging of smokeless powder for all calibers was being manufactured, and
eaves. The following is a list and brief description of the buildings this output was increased. Other activities of the arsenal include
Machine shop, 40 feet by 110 feet. Under this roof is also located an extensive laboratory for routine tests, an explosive shell loading
the quarters for the saddlers, armorers, tool room, toilets, and offices. plant, and storage for explosives, powders, and ammunition. There
Barracks sufficient to quarter 35 enlisted men . is also a research section.
Quarters for two officers (separate buildings) and two noncommis- Personnel.-The research section was increased from one officer
sioned officers (one building double set) . and three or four chemists prior to the war, to six officers and about
Two reserve storehouses in one double building, divided by a fire 75 chemists. This is the most important division of the arsenal and
wall 40 by 200 feet. would have been increased very greatly, both in personnel and lab-
One current-issue storehouse, 40 by 200 feet . oratory facilities, had the war continued.
One magazine for small-arms ammunition, 40 by 50 feet . The military garrison of the arsenal is about 60 officers and 1,200
One magazine for Field Artillery ammunition, 40 by 50 feet. enlisted men, and about 1,400 civilians are 'employed in the office,
One magazine for inflammable materials, 20 by 40 feet. shops, and factory.
Oil storehouse.
RARITAN ARSENAL, N. J.
Wagon shed and stable .
Quarters for machinists . Location .-Raritan Arsenal is located near Metuchen, N. J., on the
Power.-It is contemplated securing the power for operating the Raritan River, about 3 miles above Perth Amboy. It is connected
shops from the canal power lines. with the Pennsylvania and Lehigh Valley Railroads, and has a
All work of equipping the shops was of necessity delayed, owing dock frontage on the river of 2,000 feet, from which freight can be
to the conditions arising from the war. It was intended, however, shipped by lighter to points in New York Harbor . A channel of
to furnish the shops with all machinery necessary to repair or modify 12 feet depth is being constructed in the river.
the extensive coast armament, and small arms, field guns, and moun- Division .-The Raritan Arsenal divides itself roughly into three
tain-battery equipments . Uubdivisions-the Raritan general supply ordnance depot, under the
The entire construction work was performed by the building di- control of the supply division ; the Raritan assembling plant, under
vision of the Panama Canal force and at a greatly reduced cost over the control of the production division ; and the Raritan ordnance
the regular private contract plan . This was entirely due to the ex- training camp, which includes the ordnance motor instruction schools,
tensive equipment and through organization then maintained on the formerly located at Rock Island Arsenal and Peoria, Ill., under the
Isthmus by the canal building division . control of the administration division.
General supply ordnance depot.The general supply ordnance depot
PICATINNY ARSENAL, N. J. consists of 85 standard magazines, built of tile or brick with concrete
Picatinny Arsenal, N. J.-Picatinny Arsenal is located 5 miles north floors . These buildings are 50 by 220 feet. There are also 12 high-
of Dover, N. J., in a wooded valley . Dover is 40 miles west of explosive magazines of the same type of construction, 24 by 42 feet.
New York on the main line of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western In addition to these there are to be constructed 95 additional maga-
Railroad . This road has two branches from New York to the arsenal, zines of the smokeless powder type, 32 by 96 feet in plan . These
one through Paterson and Boonton, the other through Newark and magazines are connected with a track system which permits the move-
Morristown . The post office, telegraph office, and express office are ment of material to or from the Pennsylvania, or, Lehigh Valley Rail-
at Dover, N. J. ; the freight office is at Picatinny Arsenal, the Whar- roads, or to and from the dock located .at the south edge of the reser-
ton & Northern Railroad being the last carrier. vation on the ' Raritan River. Material shipped over this dock is
The reservation is about 3 miles in length by a mile in width at placed in lighters and transported to lower New York Bay, where
the widest part, embracing 1,550 acres. The naval powder depot, it is transferred to transports.
PROVING GROUNDS AND AESENALS . 43 9
Assembling plant.-The assembling plant, which later was to go
into full operation and be an important feature of the arsenal, con-
sists of seven buildings, five of which are storage warehouses and two
of which are of the nature of shops . In September, 1918, this as-
sembly plant was engaged in repairing and overhauling trucks and
other mobile equipment which was driven to this point overland from
the manufacturers, and from here shipped overseas . Later it was
proposed to assemble in these plants certain types of tank equipment
and artillery materiel .
Ordnance training camp .-The ordnance training camp is composed
of buildings of the standard wooden cantonment type, sufficient for
housing approximately 6,500 men. In September, 1918, these units
were completely filled with organizations which were being trained as
ordnance guard companies and as ordnance supply companies, for
c work in various ordnance establishments . This camp contains in
addition to the buildings indicated, two Y. M. C. A. huts, a K. of C.
x building, and a post exchange.
0
x Ordnance motor instruction schools .-In the ordnance motor instruc-
tion schools, which are housed in the main section, selected enlisted
men and selected officers -ere trained in the handling and maintenance
a
q and repair of ordnance materiel, particularly field guns and motor
b equipment. This organization has a separate staff of instructors and
the commanding officer is independent of the camp organization,
es reporting direct to the administration division regarding this work.
n Organization .-The organization of the arsenal follows the outline
C in accordance with the provisions of G. 0. 5, Office of the Chief of
a
s Ordnance, 1918 . The subdivisions of the arsenal noted each have
their own commanding officer, who reports, so far as the details of his
work are concerned, to the division interested . For administrative
purposes, the entire reservation is under control of the arsenal com-
mander, through whom administratively the various subdivision
commanders report.
Branch tracks are run to the arsenal, and numerous sidings connect 2,906. As the 1- olume of work increased, and new buildings were
the shops and storehouses . In the tri-cities there are also branches put in operation, with the plant operating 20 hours per day, the
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St . Paul Railroad and Chicago, Bur-' number grew further until on August 17, 1918, there were 11,601,
lington & Quincy Railroad, so that this arsenal has exceptional rail- and in the summer of 1918 this force was being increased as rapidly
way facilities . Trolley lines of the Tri-City Railway and Light Co . as suitable employees could be found. As the shortage of skilled
enter the arsenal at the southern and western end and run directly labor became acute, every possible means was adopted for the secur-
to the shops. ing of skilled mechanics, including toolmakers, harness makers,
Power supply .-Power and light for the arsenal is furnished exclu- carpenters, drop forgers, etc. During the war women were be-
sively by electric power generated in its water-power station, aug- ing largely employed in the cloth and equipment shops and as in-
mented, when necessary, by outside purchase . There were in 1918 spectors in the armory.
three generators, with a total capacity of 2,500 horsepower at 12 feet New buildings and construction .-Since the beginning of the war,
head . In addition, there was under construction a new plant, which new buildings, additions to old buildings, and permanent construc-
will consist of eight generators, having a capacity of 4,000 horse- tion work, such as track facilities, etc., to serve these buildings ; were
power at 12 feet head, making the total capacity of the Rock Island built to the amount of $8,618,028 . In addition thereto there was
power plant 6,500 horsepower . under construction (August 22, 1918) permanent work to the amount
Products .-Rock Island arsenal manufactures gun carriages, limb- of $1,991,400 . Temporary buildings (barracks, storehouses, hos-
ers, caissons, battery and store wagons and other vehicles for the pitals, laboratories, etc.) to take care of demands for the present
Field Artillery ; personal and horse equipment ; United States maga- emergency only have been constructed to the amount of $400,981 . By
zine rifles, model 1903 (Springfield), with appendages ; target mate- the spring of 1918 the shop floor space had been practically doubled
rial, artillery harness, miscellaneous cloth and leather equipment ; over that available the year previous, and the same was true of the
and loads time and detonating fuzes and high-explosive shell and storage space available.
shrapnel . Field artillery machine shops.-In the field artillery shops, one of
Rook Island general ordnance supply depot.-The supply depot at this which was erected after the beginning of the war, Rock Island
arsenal is one of the largest issuing depots in the Ordnance Depart- Arsenal concentrated on the more difficult lines of manufacture,
ment. It handles no stores which are not ready for issue. On July such as the recuperators or recoil cylinders, in the production of
1, 1918, the depot occupied 13 storehouses for general storehouse which the commercial manufacturers were without experience, and
purposes, or a total area of 443,180 square feet of floor space ; 30 am- which threatened to be a critical paint in the manufacture of the
munition and nitrate buildings, with a floor space of 300,000 square 75-mm. field guns . Deliveries on these had begun at the time the
feet ; and additional storehouses were authorized and under con- armistice was signed .
struction. The following is a summary of receipts and issues made Small-arms plant.-The armory shops at Rock Island had been
by the supply depot during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918, not closed down for more than two years up to September 5, 1916 . When
including raw material received for manufacturing purposes it was decided to place this department in operation, it was neces-
Increase of activity .-The increase of activity of the arsenal can be sary that the machinery be overhauled, foremen and workmen re-
best illustrated by the increase of the number of employees. Even cruited, and officers familiar with the manufacture of small arms
before the entrance of the United States into the war, there had recruited from civil life . This work was accomplished and the pro-
been a considerable increase in the number of orders given the duction in the summer of 1918 was equivalent to approximately 600
arsenal. The number of employees steadily advanced during the rifles per day, with a considerable quantity of spare parts in addi-
summer and fall of 1916 until on December 31, 1916, their total was tion . By January 1, 1919, with the improvements being installed in
1918, it was believed the output could be increased to 1,000 rifles per
Num ber Number Weight,
day. The model 1903 United States rifle (Springfield) and its com-
of of
ponent parts are made in this department . Up to November 9, 1918,
%V
shipments . packages. pounds .
or just prior to the signing of the armistice, the Rock Island Arsenal
Receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._- . . . . . .-_ . . . .__ . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . . ., 6,773 1,078 321 118,668,040
had turned out 47,251 model 1903 rifles, of which all but 1,680 had
L.sues . . . . . . . .__ . . . . .____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 25,089 1,096,929 88,924,705
31,862 2,165,250 207,592,745 been manufactured subsequent to August, 1917 .
442 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 443
Road tests.---The island is utilized for making road and other tests SPRINGFIELD ARMORY, MASS.
of all types of artillery vehicles, caterpillar tractors, trucks, etc .,
Because of the addition of numerous buildings, the original arsenal
and much of the experimental and development work in connection
tract of approximately 19} acres has become badly congested.
with the motor and tractor program of the United States Army wa
carried on. The road test of artillery vehicles consists of hauling Springfield Armory .-Springfield Armory is located at Springfield.
them, loaded as they would be in service, on various kinds of roads Mass., on the Boston & Albany, and New York, New Haven & Hart-
for distances of 500 to 1,000 miles. Trucks and tractors are tested ford Railroads .
under varying conditions for specified distances, or to destruction. Product.--The principal output of Springfield Armory is the
In many cases approximately six weeks are required properly to. test, United States rifle, caliber .30 model of 1903, known throughout the
a truck or tractor. service as the " Springfield "- rifle. By November, 1918, this armory
was manufacturing these rifles at a rate of 8,250 per week, approxi-
SAN ANTONIO ARSENAL, TEX. mately the maximum capacity of the plant.
The plant is also equipped for the making of machine guns, pis-
San Antonio Arsenal, Tex.-San Antonio Arsenal is situated at San tols, sabers, bolos, bayonets, etc., but the fabrication of these articles,
Antonio, Tex ., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, a siding with the exception of bayonets, was to a great extent suspended, and
of which provides direct connection with its principal storehouses. the entire capacity of the armory was devoted to rifles during the
Storehouses already up and those to be erected under appropriations latter half of 1918 .
made by Congress are six in number . In addition there are two In the interval from July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1918, the following
magazines now up and two others to be erected presently. articles were manufactured in Springfield Armory, the list showing
Product.-This arsenal is preeminently a storage arsenal, but it is both the variety and the amount of production :
provided with a machine shop for the repairs necessary for the
maintenance of mobile artillery in the Southern Department . There Rifles -------------------- 142,697
Rifle component parts____ 39, 779, 500
is also a shop for the cleaning aDd repair of equipment and small Bolos, complete ___ __ 26,767
arms, and since $25,000 has recently been appropriated by Congres Bolo component parts._____ 172, 206
for a new shop for this purpose it is believed that orders for the Bayonets ----------------- 70,134
direct manufacture of headstalls, bridles, saddles, and other leather Cavalry sabers ----------- 7,661 .
goods may be advantageously handled. Cavalry saber parts______ 48, 075
Machine guns repaired--
Personnel.-Prior to the outbreak of the war, the Mexican situa- Machine gun parts -------
274
119,83-9
tion had brought the greater part of the Regular Army and the Rifles cleaned and re-
National Guard to the Texas border . As these troops were supplied paired ----------------- 15,096
from the San Antonio Arsenal, the personnel had already been in- .22 caliber rifles cleaned
creased greatly to take care of the enlarged activities thus entailed . and repaired ----------- 5,786
Arms and packing chests__
'The number of employees during that period, however, was alto- 35, 000
gether inadequate for the subsequent demands, and from 2 officers Experimental department .-The Springfield Armory maintains an
and 103 civilians was soon increased to 5 officers, 250 civilians, and experimental department, in connection with which is a small-arms
75 enlisted men. Additional officers were asked for, and a quota proving ground . It is in this department that extensive tests are
of 10 was allotted to this arsenal. The enlisted men on duty in- made of small arms, small-arms ammunition, and small-arms equip-
clude ordnance sergeants and sergeants and corporals of ordnance, ment. Experimental work is conducted with new inventions and
as well as privates. These enlisted men are on duty in the depot various devices pertaining to small arms . A considerable portion
and in the arsenal office on paper work, and some of them are in of the work of the experimental department consists of ballistic com-
the machine shop, but the major part of them take care of the neces- putation and research . Complete tables of fire are being computed
sary guard duty of the arsenal. and compiled for use with certain types of machine guns . The theo-
A stockade fence has been erected across the middle of the grounds, retical values arrived at are verified by actual firing on four differ-
inside of which only identified employees or others on duty are per- ent ranges of which this department makes use. The engineering
initted to pass . This enables the guards to center their attention on division of the Ordnance Office has used the experimental depart-
such parts of the arsenal as are most vulnerable . Flood lights Tong ment extensively for tests of appliances and other experimental work
all division fences and additional street lights further aid the guard.
44 4 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 445
covering a wide range of articles, including new inventions either slN, e shell, including the manufacture of caps and base plugs, and,
developed in the department or submitted by outside individuals . in addition, forges and heat treats all high-speed tools, heat treats
Personnel.-The number of employees at Springfield Armory in- forgings of a miscellaneous character for gun carriages, and has a
creased from 2,265 on June 1, 1917, to 5,129 on June 1, 1918 . small capacity for the heat treatment of small gun forgings up to
WATERTOWN ARSENAL, MASS . 4.7-inch caliber. Extensions of the hardening shop were early com-
pleted, and equipped with machines for taking out and finishing test
Watertown arsenal.-This arsenal is situated at Watertown, Mass .,
specimens. A further extension of this shop was also made to pro-
within 5 miles of the center of the city of Boston, and is served by
vide a high-speed tool shop, and a projectile storage yard served by
a branch line of the Boston & Maine Railroad . Its principal products
an overhead crane provided .
before the war were seacoast carriages, armor-piercing projectiles, Length Breadth
target material, miscellaneous forgings and castings, and repair Projectile plant buildings : (feet) . (feet) .
Hardening shop ------------------------------------------ 285 80
parts for seacoast armament . Its possibilities as a manufacturing Projectile machine shop---------------------------------- - 280 112
arsenal for heavy ordnance early suggested themselves, and to the
original plants for the development of the plant were added a num- (2) Seacoast carriage plant .-This consists of a machine shop,
ber of other projects . smith shop, old seacoast erecting shop, and a new seacoast erecting
Original plant and personnel.-On April 1, 1917, the plant consisted shop . It manufactures seacoast carriages, miscellaneous small forg-
of a machine shop, blacksmith shops, small steel foundry, press shop ; ings, and miscellaneous material for seacoast carriage repair work.
testing laboratory, projectile machine shop, with -necessary store- rt is also equipped for the machining of 240-mm . howitzer carriage
houses, etc., employing 890 civilian employees under the supervision recuperators, and antiaircraft guns and carriages.
Length Breadth.
of six officers and being policed and guarded by a detachment of 16 Seacoast carriage plant buildings : (feet) . (feet) .
enlisted men. Machine shop (north wing)__ ------------------------------ 295 50
Enlargements .-During 1916 it was decided to increase the facilities Machine shop (south wing) ------------------------------ 295 50
Smith shop --------------------------------------------- '150 '55
for the manufacture of seacoast carriages and armor-piercing projec-
Old seacoast erecting shop_- ____-__-___________ -__-_-__ 275 80
tiles and funds were appropriated for the new seacoast erecting New seacoast erecting shop ------------------------------ 462 159
shop and an addition to the projectiles machine shop and for the Antiaircraft section-old foundry------------------------ 120 50
modification of the blacksmith shop . Plans for these projects had
'3) Mobile carriage plant.-This consists of one shop 1,010 feet
been completed and work was . inaugurated during June of 1917. The
long by 200 feet wide, 46 feet high, fully equipped for assembling
demands brought about by the war resulted in funds being appro-
`,40-mm. howitzer carriages and for the manufacture of the cradle
priated during June, 1917, which were available July 1, 1917, for the
group and for various operations on other groups .
construction of a modern steel plant which would supply ordnance
(4) Gun-forging plant.-This consists of three shops, as follows-
castings in greater quantity than had been possible in the then exist-
forge shop, rough machine shop, and heat-treatment shop . It is
ing small foundry at the arsenal. In August, 1917, before these
equipped for the manufacture of gun forgings up to and including
plans had been completed, it was decided to build at the arsenal
guns of 6-inch caliber and howitzers of 240-mm . caliber. To this
a gun-forging plant, and in September to build a plant for the manu-
plant are delivered the ingots for gun forgings, which are then
facture and erection of mobile artillery carriages. To produce steel
forged, rough machined, and heat treated in this plant and shipped
for the gun-forging plant brought about very radical changes in the
elsewhere for final machining and assembly . The forge shop is
original foundry plans. Also some changes in the foundry plans
equipped with two 2,000-ton steam presses, one 1,000-ton press, and
were required by the fact that it was considered desirable to install
an 800-ton press, besides the necessary preheating and annealing
melting capacity for ingots to be used in mobile artillery carriage
furnaces which are of the latest approved design : The annealing
work, such as recuperator forgings, etc. All projects were com-
furnaces are equipped with car bottoms and recording pyrometers .
pleted and the plants put in operation, the arsenal on July 1, 1918,
All the furnaces in this building are heated with fuel oil . The ma-
being operated at 70 percent capacity and up to full production by
chine shop contains the various lathes, planers and millers required
October 15, 1918 . The arsenal at this time consisted of five plants,
to machine the gun forgings as they come from the forge shop .
arranged as follows
These machine tools are all driven by individual motors and are
(1) Projectile plant.-This is composed of a hardening shop and
a projectile machine shop . It performs the work of forging, machin- 'These figures are only 50 per cent of total shop, the balance being operated by the
gun-forging plant.
ing, and heat treating of armor-piercing projectiles and high-explo-
446 ORDNANCE DATA . PROVING GROUNDS AND ARSENALS . 447
f
452 ORDNANCE DATA .
Plant and personnel.-The original plant was used for the iuanu-
facture of guns of all caliber above 1 pounder, both of built-up tube
and of wire-wound construction, forging being obtained from outside
plants and shipped to the arsenal for machining, assembling, and
final finishing. The annual output of cannon prior to the war was
approximately seacoast cannon, 29 ; mobile artillery cannon, 21 ; naval
XIX. GAUGES .
guns, 10 . The plant then comprised a large gun shop, having lathes
of sufficient size to rifle 16-inch guns. The remainder of the plant
consisted in a breech mechanism shop, a carpenter shop, and a small Gauges and interchangeability .-In the manufacture of ordnance, as
shop . The number of officers on duty were 4, the number of en- in any other product the parts of which have to be assembled with
listed men 60, and the number of civilian employees, 422. Since the others, it is necessary to make each component part identical and
entrance of the United States into the war the plant was expanded similar to every other corresponding part within certain specified
by the addition of a new gun shop, a new liner shop, a new breech limits, since it is obviously impossible to fit each part and at the same
mechanism shop, a new tool room, a carpenter shop, a pump house, time secure rapid production. Every gun and every shell of the
a - welfare and cafeteria building, and cantonment to house 500 same nominal size must be interchangeable . Also, in order that parts
enlisted men, involving an expenditure of over $11,000,000 . This of gun carriages, rifles, etc., may be replaced when worn or broken,
would provide for the employment of a total of about 10,000 workers,
the parts must be accurately alike in form and dimensions. To do
of which 4,400 were employed by October, 1918 . Of this number 194 this a variety of gauges must be provided to check the parts while
were women. The authorized military personnel at this time was being made . If the part being manufactured has screw threads,
59 officers, including technical officers on duty in shops, 418 enlisted gauges have to be provided to test the pitch,, angle, and pitch, diame
guards and general purpose troops, and 1,000 enlisted men in the ters of both the male and female threads. If a profile of the part is
cannon relining school . important, a pro~le gauge has to be provided . If the depth of a
hole is an important consideration, depth, gauges' must be provided
to test them . Obviously the gauges for these different purposes have
a wide variety of forms and in some cases are quite complicated.
Tolerances .-Before gauges can be designed it is necessary to fix
the tolerance, or slight deviations from perfections which all work
must have in some degree, for the parts to be gauged. This consti-
tutes one of the most difficult phases of the whole subject of manufac-
turing. Tolerances must not be made smaller than are necessary,
because it increases the cost and delays production. _ On the other
hand, they must be so small that the product as a whole will properly
function when assembled. It therefore calls for an intimate knowl-
edge of the manufacturing processes and their limitations .
Prewar conditions .:Prior to the entrance of the United States into
the war quantities of munitions required by the Army were quite
small and were supplied by the Government arsenals or by a few
firms that by long experience had learned to make what was re-
quired . The standards maintained under prewar conditions were
high . As soon as these same munitions were needed in large quan-
tities the conditions were at once changed, and the facilities of the
firms and arsenals that had heretofore made these products were
totally inadequate to meet the demands. Other sources of supply,
therefore, had to be found.
453
GAUGES . 455
Manufacture of gauges.-Many concerns that had . no previous expe-
rience in the manufacture of munitions were suddenly called upon
to supply them . Whenever any of these firms undertook the manu-
facture of any parts the gauge question would immediately arise.
It was not long before the demand far exceeded the ability of such
well-known firms as the Brown & Sharp Co ., Pratt & Whitney Co.,
Greenfield Tap & Die Co., and the Taft-Pierce Co . This demand
was met to a great extent by a number of machinists and gauge
makers throughout the country, who established shops for the mak-
ing of gauges. But plainly these firms, lacking the experience of the
older firms above cited, could not work to the same degree of ac-
curacy, and even the latter were unable to maintain their old stand-
ards due to the fact that they could not obtain the skilled workmen
employed by them before the war.. These conditions made it neces-
sary to increase the gauge makers' tolerances in order to secure the
absolutely necessary gauges to proceed with the work.
Ordnance department gauge work .-Prior to the war and up to the
middle of November, .1917, the gauge work for artillery ammuni-
tion and small arms was contralized at Frankford Arsenal, while
cannon gauges were taken care of by the Watervliet Arsenal, and
sinall-arfns gauges by the Springfield Arsenal . On the date men-
tioned the work of the Frankford Arsenal was transferred to Wash-
ington, and upon the establishment of the engineering division on
January 14, 1918, the gauge section was organized for the purpose
of handling all gauge questions effecting ordnance materiel .
Bureau of Standards .-In conjunction with the Bureau of Standards,
steps were taken as soon as war was declared with Germany to
provide a central testing laboratory, where all gauges might be
certified. The Bureau of Standards being by law charged with the
custody of standards, and already having a splendid equipment
available, the work of testing was established in that institution.
Specifications .-Specifications and tolerances for gauges were pre-
pared and issued during the latter part of 1917 for the guidance of
the gauge draftsmen and for the manufacturers of gauges . These
were widely distributed to the manufacturers of gauges, as well' as
to the manufacturers of the components, who, in many instances,
made their own working and inspection gauges, and also supplied the
inspection gauges required by the Government inspectors.
Ordnance tolerances .-One of the first necessities was the establish-
inent of thread tolerances that would meet the conditions of the
enormous production required and at the same time insure the proper
functioning of the parts . As the most important question to be here
FIG . :10.-Yiseellancous types of gauges .
considered was that of the tolerances and the gauges, the subject was
lci ge for base thickness of shell .
1 . Chamber gauge and check plug for 75-mm. gun. .2 . O. O.
3. Frankford Arsenal concentricity gauge. 4. Screw thread gauges , referred to the gauge section of the Ordnance Department. In con-
ring and plug type.
junction with the Bureau of Standards and a number of manufac-
45 4
406 ORDNANCE DATA .
no. 211.-Sketch showing type of gauge used to inspect thickness of wall of shell and shrapnel .
Inspection gauges .-These are used by the inspector to test the work,
to insure that it is within the specified limits or tolerances . In order
to allow for wear, these gauges are dimensioned differently from the
master gauges and may be used until their gauging dimensions have
worn to the limiting size fixed by the corresponding master gauge.
The English practice is somewhat different, and inspection gauges
are allowed to wear and pass work outside the limits fixed by the
tolerance.
Working gauges .-These are used by the workmen to test the work
while it is being machindd or, if the machinery is automatic, after
the work has been finished . Like the inspection gauges, working
gauges are made so as to allow for wear. The dimensions of the
working gauges should be such as to insure the acceptance of the
work passed by them.
457
45 8 ORDNANCL DATA .
FIG. 213.-Sketch showingtype of gaugeused to inspect thickness of base of shell and shrapnel .
O u
a
.-
m
v cA
b y
q w
-41 #
orG
y
nnv.<ri+c~ --
R
N C
o
o .~
Fic. 213.-Sketch showingtype of gaugeused to inspect total length and profile of shelI .
4
amount, so that a conservative estimate of the amount of money scant
for gauges would in round numbers be about $91,000,000. PI 1Y
this is a very rough estimate. Th um inight easily reach twice this
magnitude indeed, but would har fall below it.
allies .-The mat was further complicated by the gN.
Conference with s9 -W,TCfl
fact that much of the material ered had to be interchangeable SHOWING 6146ES
either with the English or the Fr h, for which tolerances were not USED MY INJd'ECTIN6
A SCREW
always available. By the summer of 1918 tolerances for most of the
principal components had been worked out and master gauges pro- Fic. 216.-Ganges used for inspecting a screw.
vided for them . The number of inspection and working gauges re-
quired was naturally greatly increased as production was speeded up . B. To test a female thread-
One of the main obstacles encountered by the allies was the impos- The same number of gauges is required, the only difference
sibility of securing an adequate supply of gauges of the required being that instead of rings, - thread and plain plugs are
accuracy, and this lack was never really overcome . The entrance used .
of the United States into the war only increased the difficulty . Gauges made in accordance with the above plan for testing a screAv-
are shown in the diagram above figure 216, while on the following
TYPES OF GAUGES . page in a similar diagram, figure 217, are shown a corresponding set
Types of gauges .-The following paragraphs describe briefly the for testing a nut.
leading types of gauges employed in the manufacture and test of Caliper gauges .-The standard caliper gauges found in the market
ordnance . are carefully hafdened and ground, and accurately lapped to size.
Screw-thread gauges .-To determine whether a screw thread is By their use mistakes in the setting of calipers and variations in
within limits as to effective diameter and lead, and at the same time to measurements by different workmen are in a great measure a~=oided .
insure that the desired thread form has been maintained, the fol- The measuring surfaces are amply large to insure accurate measure-
lowing gauges are necessary ments and the maintenance of gauge sizes. As furnishing convenient
A. To test a male thread- and reliable standard sizes for every-day use in the workshop they
1. A " go " thread ring. are of great advantage, and their use contributes to uniformity in
2. A " not go " thread ring. the production of the working parts of the machinery.
3. A plain " go " ring. These gauges are furnished- with both ends finished, one end for
4. A plain " not go " ring. internal and the other for external measurements, in sizes to 3
1 and 2 are -to insure that the pitch or effective diameter are inches. They are also furnished to these sizes with one end only
within the specified limits, while 3 and 4 check the tops of the finished and provided with handles, either for internal or for external
threads. measurements .
GAUGES . 463
46 2 ORDNANCE DATA .
SKETCH
SHOWING G96ES
USEO fOR lNSPEGTlNG
A NUT
FIG. 219-Two types of ordnance gauge . 14. Franktord Arsenal gauge for shell base thickness . 15 .
Ordnance department ring gauges .
Star gauges.-The star gauge was developed to meet the demand for
a convenient and accurate instrument for gauging the bores and
jackets of guns of all sizes . It is equally suitable in other lines of
work where great accuracy is required .
Ring gauges. 'In order to limit the use of the micrometer as much
as possible, standard rings of the same diameters as the parts to be
measured are provided . The micrometer screw which enables a
60 RING GAGE NOT G0 SNAP GAGE quantitative determination to be made, is, therefore, only used to
FIG. 218.=rypes of ring and snap gauges . measure the small differences between the work to be inspected and
the standard rings .
Snap gauges .-Snap gauges are convenient, light and rigid, and in-
Taper gauges.-Taper gauges are similar to the plug and ring
tended for general shop work. With them even an ordinary oper- gauges of cylindrical form, with provision made for the required
ator can detect a very minute difference between two pieces of degree of taper.
apparently the same dimension . Several types are shown in figures
United States standard thread system.-The exceptional merit of the
212 and 215 .
United States standard thread system has long been acknowledged,
4(i4 ORD- ANCE DATA .
GAUGES . 465
Thread plug limit gauges .-The thread plug limit gauges have the
minimum or " go " end made longer than the maximum or " not go "
end . This not only takes care of the greater amount of wear borne by
this end but also helps readily to distinguish it from the other. The
gauge ends are inserted in the handle . Threaded ends when worn
can be replaced, and, both limits being on the same gauge, there is
diameter no danger of their being separated and either plug misplaced.
Plc. 220.-Gauges for testing holes or cavities . 16 . Square taper gauge and check. 17. Cavity
gauge. Limit snap gauges .-The limit snap gauge is for testing the diame-
and the importance of its general adoption has been persistently ter of round or cylindrical surfaces, or any external diameter, within
urged by the engineering profession . Its universal adoption as the specified limits . The first, or upper, pair of contacts is set to the
standard of all Government work in the United States and the conti- maximum limit. The second, or lower, pair of contacts is set to the
nental European countries, also by all railroads and practically all minimum limit. The article being measured should pass the first
the other manufacturing industries in the United States, is largely points, but should not pass the second. To provide against wear
clue to the fact that it is the only form of thread by which inter from long-continued use, the contacts are adjustable by means of set
changeability in manufacturing is possible . This was appreciated by and locking screws . Recesses back of the set screws can be filled with
the manufacturers of ordnance in America who were called upon to wax with a seal impression on same to prevent tampering.
adopt the various screw threads employed on foreign munitions to Rapid inspection_ limit gauges
.-The rapid inspection limit gauge is
;knierican conditions of manufacture. designed especially for rapid inspection of external diameters or
A. S. M. E. gauges for machine screws .-The A. S . M. E . standard, so sizes. The solid extension jaw facilitates use by guiding same to the
called to distinguish it from the United States standard thread, is - measuring points at right angles thereto . For measuring cylindrical
the outcome of the efforts of the American Society of Mechanical work while on the machine it is only necessary to invert the gauge,
Engineers to place the manufacture of machine screws and taps upon laying the extension jaw on the work, and sliding the gauge forward.
a more practical basis. The form of thread is the same as the United Concentricity gauges .-To determine whether two assembled parts
States standard . of a component are not eccentric to such extent as to interfere with
91485--19-30
46 6 ORDNANCE DATA .
GAUGES . 467
their proper functioning, they are tested with what is termed a con-
centricity gauge.
A good example of the need of such a gauge is the booster, the
exterior thread of which must be sufficiently concentric with the body
to insure its entrance into the cavity provided for it in the shell. It
is obvious that if the cavity is not concentric with the thread in the
nose of the shell and the body of the booster is not concentric with
the outside thread on the booster, there will be interference at certain ,k27,-1l <SMW/N6 TYP~-OfGAGZJ' U[ZD 7U ZNJP£GT
CONCfNTP/C/ZY Oz-2WVCMPOA~ffM . v
WYICf/~7WT
positions as the two are screwed together, provided, of course, that r~,4,UfrraZ,f;D CWZWITMN rllff OrlnP
Thread, Whitworth.-A thread having a 55-degree angle and a rounded top the top and bottom of the threads flattened an amount equal to re-
~m(l bottom . The proportions are : moving one-eighth the height of the thread and filling in the bottom
Depth,-- 0.640327 an equal amount
Threads per inch .
Radius of top and bottom, - 0 .37329-_ :lumber of Diameter of Number of Diameter of
threads per inch . threads best size of I threads best size of
Thread micrometer .-A micrometer caliper with special points for measur- per inch . - wire . per inch . wire .
I-
ing the pitch or angle diameter of the screw.
Inch. Inch .
Threads per inch .-Number of threads in 1 inch of length . 80 ! 0. .0072 ' 14 0.0412
Tolerance.-The allowable variation in size, equal to the difference between 64 .0090 13 .0444
50 .0116 I 12 . 0481
the minimum and maximum limits . 44 .0131 ! 11 .0525
40 - .0144 : 10 .0577
Turns per inch .-Tile number of turns required to advance 1 inch . Equal to 36 .0160 9 .0642
the threads per inch of a single-threaded screw. 32 .0180 8 .0722
.0825
28 .0206
Wrench fit.-where the screw fits the tapped hole so tightly as to require a 26 li .0222 6 .0962
24 .0241 5; .1050
wrench to screw into place . Used for cylinder studs ill steam engines and for 22 .0262 5 .1155
similar work . 20 - .0289 4.5 .128:3
.1443
18 .0321 ,, 4
16 .0361
The formula for computing the effective diameter after the meas-
urements have been made is as follows
Effective diameter =measurement over wires X H-three times the mean
diameter of wires.
The values of "H " given in the following table depend upon the
number of threads per inch of the screw to be measured.
Number of Number of
threads threads
per inch . per inch .
c
Inch. Inch .
s0 0.01083 16 0.05413
64 .01385 14 .06186
50 .01732 13 .06662
44 .01968 12 .07217
40 .02165 11 .07873
36 .02406 10 .08660
32 .02706 9 .09623
28 .03093 8 .10825
Fic. 226.-Apparatus for testing pitch diameter of screw thread gauges . 26 .03331 7 .12372
24 .03608 6 .14434
three wires of such a diameter as will make the wires touch the mid-
slope of the thread are used. The wires should have the same diam-
eter within 0.00005 inch and the mean diameter of the three wires
should not differ more than 0.001 inch from the size that would make
contact with the thread at the mid-slope .
For making the measurements a large bench micrometer similar to
that shown in the cut is very convenient, but if such a micrometer
is not available the ordinary micrometer shown on page 465 will
answer the purpose.
The following tables give the sizes of `wires best suited to measure
the effective diameters of screws of the United States standard forms,
namely, angle included between the sides of the thread 60°, and both
ANIHRICAN ORDNANCE BASH, I\r - FRANCE . 473
anct the commissioned personnel was being carefully selected and as-
sembled . On October 22, 1917, the first shipment of material was
made from the United States, consisting of one steel warehouse, on
the steamer Arcadia.
The officers who had been sent over were so urgently needed in
XX. AMERICAN ORDNANCE BASE DEPOT IN FRANCE France they were not permitted to return, and ultimately word was
AND CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE DIVISION . received that tactical considerations made it undesirable to locate
the ordnance facilities at one central point, and that the tentative
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ORDNANCE OFFICER.. S . O. S., project in this respect was not approved . It was learned that steps
A . E. F. were then being taken in France to secure sites for shops and depots
at various points.
Original project in United States .-The provision of ordnance repair By the middle of February, 1918, 273 officers had been selected
facilities for the American forces in France was the purpose con- and assigned, more than 8,400 men of mechanical training had been
templated by the Chief of Ordnance in Office Order No. 47, Sep- recruited and enlisted by the officers of the division, as it had de-
tember 10, 1917, which established the division of American Ord- veloped that enlisted personnel would not .be available from other
nance Base Depot in France . Col . D. M . Kin g was relieved from duty sources, and selected groups of both officers and men were receiv-
at Rock Island Arsenal in July, 1917, and ordered to Washington ing special training in the handling and care of ordnance materiel at
to take charge of the project and; directed to proceed with the design various arsenals and schools of instruction . The work of design was
practically completed, orders for approximately 90 per cent of all the
and procurement of the necessary buildings, machinery, and equip-
buildings, machinery, equipment, etc., had been placed, and this
ment and to secure the personnel required for operating the various
material was reaching port well in advance of the capacity for ship-
shops and establishments then proposed . It had been learned,
through the French High Commission, that no existing shops or ment overseas . Representatives of Stone ce, Webster had then been in
France several months to arrange for the receipt and care of mate-
facilities would be available for the repair of ordnance materiel for
rial on arrival, and to prepare for the active prosecution of the con-
the American Expeditionary Forces .
Steps were at once taken to assemble the required commissioned struction work, which, however, they were not permitted to under-
take, as all construction work was taken over by the Engineer Corps .
personnel, and, in order to facilitate the work of design and to ex-
pedite the purchase of the large amount of material and equipment Col . King, accompanied by a group of 35 officers, sailed for France
required, contracts were negotiated early in August, 1917, with the on February 18, 1918, with the intention of actively undertaking the
firm of Stone &, Webster, of Boston . They at once opened offices in erection of the shops and equipment then arriving . He left in the
the building occupied by the division of American Ordnance Base United States a sufficient organization to complete the work of pur-
chase and shipment, and to follow up the delivery of the remaining
Depot in France, and the preliminary work which the undertaking
involved was promptly begun. material required. There had already sailed as much of the enlisted
The project, at its inception, contemplated the erection, at a point personnel as it was possible to dispatch under the American Expedi-
tionary Forces program, and other units were organized and awaiting
then undetermined, of a complete ordnance establishment, which
orders for overseas duty, their departure being governed by the
would combine at one center repair and warehousing facilities, con-
priority schedule for the shipment of troops abroad .
sisting of approximately 38 buildings, estimated to cost in the neigh-
Transfer to France .-On his arrival in France, Col . King found con-
borhood of $25,000,000 when erected and equipped . As soon as the
tentative plans were completed three officers were dispatched to ditions existing which made it impossible to take active charge of the
France (September, 1917) with instructions to submit the project work which he had inaugurated . Soon after his departure from the
to the commander in chief and_ to return as promptly as possible United States, the division of American Ordnance Base Depot in
with the information required to complete that part of the work that France was abolished (March 2), and its function and personnel
transferred to the control of the Supply Division, in which it con-
must of necessity be done in the United States . In the meantime the
procurement of the buildings, machinery, equipment, and materials tinued to function as a special section . .
General progress .-The original project straightway was pushed for-
was actively under way . The organization was being perfected
472
ward on an enlarged scale. Of the buildings, machinery, tools, and
47 4 ORDNANCE DATA . A_tiIF,RWAN OI,DNANCI: BASE IN FRAti,-(',P. 7
equipment projected, there had been delivered to the piers on July 1, 8. Cooperates with the instruction section of development division in the
S6 per cent of the total (luantity. On that date 57 per cent lead been preparation of courses of instruction . Furnishes or passes upon fitness of men
shipped overseas, and 30 per cent was at. the piers awaiting shipment selected as instructors in relrifr work . Furnishes '41101) facilities for instruction
purposes .
while, in the month of July, approximately 11 per cent of the total
9. Col . D. M. King, Ordnance, U. S. Army, is designated as chief of this
was shipped. All of the material which had been received in France division .
was required for the use of the Ordnance Department, and that which 10 . The division will consist of the following sections
was still to arrive was urgently needed . Much of it was put in CA-Administration section.
service at once, and, in many cases, it provided greatly needed ord- CC-Construction section .
CD-Depot repair shop section,
nance facilities . Similarly the operation of such ordnance facilities
CG-General ordnance repair shop section.
in many cases, was made possible only through the commissioned
CM-Mobile repair shop section (including semipermanent shops attached
and enlisted personnel secured for the American Ordnance Base to organizations) .
Depot in France project. CS-Salvage section.
Construction and maintenance.-The functions of the construction C. B. WHEELER,
and maintenance division included those for which the former divi- Brigadier General, Ordance, 1'ationat Army,
sion of American Ordnance Base Depot in France was organized. Chief Ordnance Officer:
This division was established by the Chief Ordnance Officer, NOTE.-All personnel for ordnance depot or mobile repair shops will be furnished from
general ordnance repair shop.
American Expeditionary Forces, in office order No . 7, June 17, 1918,
During 1918 construction work for the American Expeditionary
as follows :
Forces was performed by the director of construction and forestry
Subject : Construction and maintenance di-irision .
1. There is hereby established the construction and maintenance division of and by French contractors working under his general direction. This
the office of the chief ordnance officer, A. E. F. (to be known as Division C) . division had no part in the actual work of construction, but was re-
Tile functions of this division are sponsible for anticipating, planning, and effecting the arrangements
2. Provision and maintenance of buildings and their facilities
for construction work, following up the progress thereof, and exer-
(a) To perform such engineering work or to represent the chief ordnance
officer in dealings with other branches of the S. 0. S., A. 1.. F., in the selection cising general supervision over construction activities for the Ord-
of sites, preparation of plans, and arranging for construction of ordnance nance Department in France, also the inspection, maintenance, all(]
facilities, such as shops, depots, etc. repair of such facilities, all as outlined in the order quoted above
.
(b) To represent the chief ordnance officer in all matters relating to con- Shop and maintenance section .-The installation, operation, inspec-
struction of ordnance facilities, cooperating kvith other branches of the S. 0. S.,
tion, and maintenance of ordnance repair shops as described in the
A. E. F., and providing such supervision as may be required .
office order quoted includes
(c) To follow up and report on progress of ordnance construction work:,
projected and under way, in France. General ordnance repair shop .-This group of shops, known as
the
(d) To anticipate and plan in advance for the provision of such construction Atelier de Melluil-sur-Yevre, is in the intermediate section for the
of ordnance facilities as may be needed . Toul sector, and is in the advance section for the Paris sector, and
is
(e) To provide for such periodical inspection of buildings and equipment
located near Mehun (Cher.) . It was in the course of construction
as may be necessary to their proper maintenance and to make or cause to be
prior to the cessation of hostilities . In these shops
made such repairs as may be necessary. were to be per-
3. The determination of an installation of necessary machinery, tools, and formed all serious ordnance repairs, and, when completed, they
equipment and the inspection and maintenance thereof for- would have consisted of
(a) General ordnance repair shop . Feet .
(b) Ordnance depot repair shop . 1 carriage assembly shop ----------------------------- 240 by 500
(c) Mobile and semipermanent ordnance repair shop attached to line organi- 1 carriage machine shop ------------------------------ 226 by 500
1 woodworking shop
zations. _ ._ ____ ____ -__ __---_ __ 200 by 320
4. Operation of general ordnance repair shops. 1 forge and foundry _ -_ _-_ _-______ _____ --- 160 by 245
5. Supervision of ordnance depot repair shops, including the provision and 2 gun shops, each------------------------------------ 245 by 600
assignment of personnel. , 1 reamer shop --------------------------------------- 182 by 240
6. Supervision of mobile and semipermanent repair shops attached to line 1 tractor shop_ __-__ --___ --__ -_-- __- ____ _-___ 245 by 620
organizations, including provision and assignment of personnel . 1 tractor shop --------------------------------------- 122 by 580
7. Cooperation with salvage corps in matters of repair or disposition of 1 tank repair drop ----------------------------------- 245 by 620
ordnance mat6riel . 1 small-arms shop ------------------------------------ 240
by 500
47 6 ORDNANCE DATA .
AMERICAN ORDNANCE 13ASE 1\,T FRANCE . 477
Warehouses for the storage of shop supplies, tools, etc.-The buildings
machinery, equipment, etc., comprising this general ordnance re- training centers in the area in which it was situated . The machinery
and equipment were installed in existing buildings which were avail-
pair shop were designed and ordered as part of the original project
able for the purpose, and limited repairs were being performed by
of the American Ordnance Base Depot in France . Several circum- the early summer of 1918.
stances contributed to prevent satisfactory progress in the erection
Corps repair shop at Liousaint .-This corps repair shop was estab-
of these shops, but of chief importance was the lack of adequate lished in an existing sugar mill to serve the Paris sector. Its func-
construction labor and interruption to the work by the removal of tion was the repair of machine guns and small arms, and machinery
construction troops to other duties elsewhere. Numerous attempts and equipment suitable for performance of general ordnance repairs
were made to cause a sufficient number of construction troops to were duly installed.
be assigned to this project . Lack of sufficient construction material, Other corps shops.-Other corps shops, to perform the same general
especially stone and cement for concrete, also appreciably retarded functions as those described above, were to be established as author-
the progress of these shops. ized. It was agreed that such shops' should combine the repair
Advance repair shop at Is-sur-Tille .-This repair shop went into op- activities on small arms, machine guns, and artillery materiel, in
eration November, 1917, and by the following summer was perform- order to avoid the duplication of tools and equipment and to utilize
ing general ordnance repair on practically all classes of ordnance ma- to best advantage the limited skilled mechanical personnel.
teriel, except the repair of cannons and the repair of cloth, leather, Other functions of construction and maintenance division.-The func-
and similar equipment included in class 1, G. O. 10, Headquarters tion of this division, so far as mobile ordnance repair shops were con-
American Expeditionary Forces, in which order it was directed that cerned, was to supply missing or defective tool equipment, and to
the repairing of such materiel should be performed by the salvage train the necessary personnel for such units. This work was per-
service. The repair facilities at Is-sur-Tille include a small shop formed at Is-sur-Tille and the various organization and training
for fine machine work, a machine shop for heavy repairs, a carpenter centers, the latter particularly in the case of heavy mobile repair
shop, a small-arms shop, optical instrument repair shop, and a small shops .
brass and gray iron foundry. In addition to repair and replacement, Ordnance armament school at St. Jean Demonts.-The function of this
the Is-sur-Tille shops performed certain special manufacturing work school was to train armorers for air-service squadrons ; to train ord-
such as the making of experimental mounts for antiaircraft guns, nance small-arms and machine-gun inspectors for service with in-
metal parts for reinforcing howitzer platforms, and various other fantry divisions ; and to perform experimental work on small_ arms
special parts and articles, as well as alterations and adaptations of a ammunition and aircraft armament materiel for the Ordnance De-
miscellaneous character. These shops provided the principal repair partment . The installation of a machine shop was authorized at
and replacement facilities to the Army in the Toul sector. this school .
Railway artillery and corps repair shop at Hausrimont .-This shop was Ordnance aerial armament shop at Courbevois.-There was in opera-
originally projected by the heavy artillery division . Its erection, tion at this point a small machine shop for making experimental
installation, and operation were later turned ovF r to the construction materiel, synchronizing mechanism, and performing the general shop-
and maintenance division. It was in operation at the end of the work required in the armament of aircraft.
summer, although not fully equipped . Primarily intended for the Ordnance shop at Romorantin .-This consisted of a small shop, with
repair of mounts for railway artillery, the equipment was such that no machining facilities, and performing handwork in working in
the general ordnance repair work for an Army corps could be per- machine guns, mounting and synchronizing same on aircraft, work on
formed in this shop, and its functions were rather of a general corps synchronizing mechanisms, etc.
repair shop than a special shop for the repair of railway artillery Ordnance shop at Orly Field .-This was a shop of the same character
material, as originally intended . and performing the same class of work as that performed at
Corps repair shop at Doulaincourt .-tiVhile this shop was largely Romorantin.
authorized to serve an 0. and T. center, its geographical location The operation of the shops at Courbevois, Romorantin, and Orly
made possible its utilization for general ordnance repair service of Field came under the jurisdiction of this division only in the sum-
limited volume, and it therefore assumed the function of a combined mer of 1918, having hitherto been under the control of the aerial
corps repair shop and O. and T. center repair shop, performing armament service. Certain changes in the locations of shop facili-
general ordnance repairs of limited volume and serving the artillery ties were recommended to this division .
47 8 ORDNANCE DATA. Ai~II:RICAN ORDNANCE BASIS IN FRANCE . 479
Tank and tractor repair shops-Chalindrey.-Authorization to estab- :accompanying tractors . Technical instruction on howitzers and trac-
lish a shop for the repair of tanks and tractors was requested . The tors was given . The Ordnance Department maintained a repair shop,
site for same was selected at Chalindrey, and arrangements were authorized by G-4 section of the General Staff, May 2, 1918, and
made to proceed with the establishing of such a shop . Buildings of operating on August 1, 1918, using electric power . The function of
a special type, originally designed for the advance tractor shop of this shop was the making of repairs to above materiel and tractors.
the A. 0. B . D . F. were in France, and available for this project. Modifications on 8-inch British howitzers, American manufacture,
Machinery and equipment originally procured for the advance also were made. As there was no firing done at this point, most of
tractor shop were also available . the repairs were on the tractors.
Bourg.-In accordance with orders received from the chief ord- Clermont-Ferrand .-Officially designated as 0. and T. Center No. 3.
nance officer, machine tools and equipment were furnished to the Tank Artillery troops were issued 15,5-mm . guns and the accompanying
Corps at Bourg for the installation of a tank repair shop at that tractors . Firing practice, as well as technical instruction on mate-
place . riel and tractors, was given at this place . Shops for ordnance repair
Small-arms corps shop.-The small-arms corps shop at Void was in were authorized by G-1 section of the `General Staff, May 2, 1918;
the zone of the Army and not under the control of this division. and buildings were completed on July 31, 1918. Machinery was
Experimental shop at Langres .-At Langres was a training school for installed and shops made ready for operation by the 1st of Sep
officers of all arms of the service, and for Army candidates. This tember . The function of this shop was the repair of the above mate-
school was established by G. 0. 32, G. R .Q., February 13, 1918, for riel and tractors . As this was a firing range, the work was about
the instruction of selected soldiers to fit them for commissions in evenly divided between artillery materiel and tractors.
the Infantry, Cavalry, Engineers, and Signal Corps. The ordnance Angers .-Officially designated as 0. and T. Center No. 4. Artillery
activities at this place were considered to be under the control of the troops were issued 8-inch and 9.2-inch howitzers and accompanying
post commandant, and regarded as coming under the jurisdiction of tractors . Technical instruction was given on the above. The Ord-
this division. nance Department was to maintain a shop here as soon as the French
Repair shops at 0. and T. centers.-These shops were established as authorities had finished the shop building . Fifty per cent of shop
authorized and consisted of a standard equipment of machinery, tools, installation had been received and 50 per cent was in transit by Sep
and supplies . Where existing buildings were available, they were tember, 1918. Electric power was available at this point. This shop
utilized for the shop activities. If not available, suitable buildings was authorized by G-4 section of the General Staff, May 2, 1918.
were erected . Considerable difficulty was encountered in securing The function of the shop was to be the repair of above howitzer
the necessary machinery, tools, and equipment for these shops, much materiel and tractors . During the autumn modifications were made
of same having to be purchased in the European market, which was on the American-manufactured 8-inch howitzers .
unfortunately a very limited one. It was possible to provide some Coetquidan.-This was a Field Artillery training camp, where
of the required equipment from that originally ordered for the troops were issued 75-mm . gun and 155-mm . howitzer materiel .
A. 0. B. D. F. project, and requisitions for additional equipment were Technical instruction and firing practice were given at this place.
forwarded to the United States. The Ordnance Department maintained a repair shop, authorized by
Shops of this class were established at the following places G-4 section of the General Staff, May 2, 1918. Fifty per cent of shop
Libourne .-Officially designated as 0. and T. Center No. 1. Artil- installation had been received and 50 per cent was in transit before
lery troops were issued 155-mm . G. P. F. guns, and the accompanying the cessation of hostilities . When the shop was put in operation,
tractors and equipment . Technical instruction on guns and tractors electric power was to be used. Previously any work requiring ma
was given at this place. The Ordnance Department maintained a, chinery was done in French private shops. The function of the shop
very complete machine shop at Libourne, which was in operation was the repair of the above materiel.
from July 15, 1918, using as motive power a 40-horsepower Packard La Courtine .-Field Artillery training camp, where troops were is-
truck engine . The function of this shop was the repairing of sued 75-mm. guns and 155-mm . howitzers . Technical training and
155-mm . materiel, tractors, and trucks . As there was no firing clone, firing practice were given here. The Ordnance Department main-
most of the repairs were on tractors and trucks . tained a repair shop, authorized by G-1l section of the General Staff.
Limoges .-Officially designated as 0. and T. Center No. 2. Artil- May 22, 1918. Fifty per cent of shop installation had been received
lery troops were issued 8-inch British and 9.2-inch howitzers, and the and 50 per cent was in transit by September, 1918. A 25-horsepower
AMERICAN ORDNANCE BASE IN FRANCE . 481
480 ORDNANC1: DATA .
Such work was put under way for a number of ammunition and
gasoline engine. was to be used for motive power. The function of
storage depots, as follows :
this shop Nvas the repair of above materiel, and repair of 8-inch and
9.2-inch howitzers acid tractors when same were sent froin Limoges Villiers Le-Sec-----. ------- Storage of ammunition, hand grenades, bombs, etc.
to La ('ourtine for firing practice . Machine work was done by mo- Mauvage------------------Grenades, storage.
tile ordnance repair shop . Gievres------------------- General ordnance storage.
Meucoe .-This was a, Field Artillery training camp, where troops Foecy--------------------- Ammunition storage.
Issoudun------------------- Ammunition storage.
are issued 75-mm . guns and 155-mm. howitzers . Technical instruc-
La Chappelle------.-------- Bombs, hand grenades, etc.
tions and firing practice were given at this place. The Ordnance La Pallice----------------- General storage.
Department maintained a repair shop, authorized by G-4 section of Montoir------------------- General storage.
the General Staff, February 10, 1918, the buildings for which were St. Loubes---------------- Ammunition storage.
not completed prior to the autumn of 1918. Fifty per cent of shop St . Sulpice---------------- General storage.
installation had been received and 50 per cent was in transit when Donges--------------------- Ammunition storage.
hostilities ceased . A gasoline engine was to be used as motive polver . A section for the salvage of ammunition was organized . This in-
The function of this shop tivas to have been the repair of the above cluded the establishment of a necessary shop for re-forming cases,
materiel . Prior to its completion any work requiring machinery was provision for the destruction of irreclaimable ammunition not dis-
clone in French private shops. posed of in the zone of the Army, and the reclamation of ammuni-
Souge.-This was a Field Artillery training camp, where troops tion which could be put in serviceable condition . This activity did
were issued 75-mm . guns and 155-mm. howitzers . Technical instruc- not include the reloading of shells, which work was done by the
tion and firing practice were given on the above, as well as firing French .
practice for 155-mm. guns from Libourne. The Ordnance Depart- 91485--19-31
nient maintained a shop at Souge, authorized by G-4 section of the
General Staff, January 31, 1918, and operating June 15, 1918. The
function of this shop was the repair of- the above materiel. and
155-inm . gun materiel and tractors when same were at Souge from
Libourne for firing practice .
Valdahon .-This was a Field Artillery training camp, where troops
were issued 75-mm. guns and 155-mm. howitzers . Technical instruc-
tion was given. The Ordnance Department maintained a repair
shop at 1%aldalion, which was in operation June 26, 1918. The func-
tion of this shop was the repair of the above materiel .
Artillery School at Saumur.-This school was established by G. O . 45,
tl. 11. Q., March 25, 1918. Its function was the instruction of officers
and candidates for commissions from all branches of artillery. In
matters pertaining to instruction and administration it was under the
control of the commanding general S. O. S. The heavy artillery
candidate school at Mailly was ordered transferred to and incor-
porated in the Saumur Artillery School by the order referred to
above. The ordnance activities at this point consisted of the care and
upkeep of artillery materiel used for instruction purposes, for which
the facilities of the shop formerly used by the French were em-
ployed.
Construction section .-Tlie construction section of this division had
general supervision of construction of ordnance facilities, in that it
was charged with anticipating, planning, and effecting the arrange-
inents for construction work, and following up the progress thereof .
INDEX .
A.
Page.
Abaque- ._-_ ._ .-- . . . .-____ ._ ._- ._-___-________ ._______--____-- . . .___ . ._-- 315
Aberdeen Proving Ground ------------------------------------- - 30,
Accuracy life of artillery ----------------------------------------------- --- 25,26
Adapters and boosters ----------- .----------------------------------- 155,161, 171
Adapter and booster casing :
Mark I .______- .-_ ._ ._ . .__-_ .___________-___-___- .____ .__-_ ._ .__ .----- 171
Mark II .___-_-__- ._-__-____ . .--________-__-________-_ . . . . . .-- .--- . . . . 172
Mark III ._- . .- .-_ ._-__-_-__ . .- .-_ .___-_-__- ._________-_---- .-_ : .- . . . . 172
Adapter and booster packing . _--_ .----------------------------------------- 188
Adapter casting for7-inch Navy mount ---------- _-------------------------- 90
Adapter for gas shells . . . . . . . .---------------------------------------------- 171
Adapter for high-explosive shell ._ . . .-______-__-_ .-------------------------- 171
Adrian, General . . . .__- .--_ . .- .- .- .-- .-________ ._-______---_--_-_ ._--- . ._ . 413
Aerial drop bombs (see also Drop borabs) ------------------------------------ 258
Aerial drop bomb sights (see also Bomb sights) --------------------- --------- 282
Aiming circle, model of 1916 .------------------- _-------------------------- 73
Aircraft ammunition_______ . . . ._ ._-___ .________-_____ .-_-_ .__- .- .----- . .-- 345
Aircraft armament ._-___-_-_-__-________________-____ . ._____----_ .__-- . . ._ 248
Aircraft gun and mount, 75 mra -------------------------------------------- 47
Aircraft machine guns, mounts, etc----------------------------------- 249, 254, 308
Air Nitrates Corporation . . . . . . . . . . ------------------------------------------ 212
Airplanes, types of__ . . .___-_--------------------------------------------- 248
Breguet A2 ---------------------------------------------------------- 274
Breguet B2 . . .__ .______ ._--_______________-_____------_____ . . . . . 274
Cooper quadruple bomb carrier ----------------------------------------- 249
Day bomber --------------------------------------------------------- 248
Deliveries__-_____ . .____-_-_____-________________ .__-___- .- .--__ .-- .-- 248
Night bombers ___ .--------------------------------------------------- 248
Observation . .____- . .- . . . . .- .------_--_ ._______--__---_- . . .-_- .------- 248
Pursuit .___ .___ .____ ._-__ .____-_________-_______-___-_ . . ._-- .__------ . 248
Airplane flare, Mark I------------------------------------------------------ 289
Alabama Power Co_ .__-___-----_______ ._---------------------------------- 214
Aldissight_____ . .____ ._ .__ .________-____________-_______- . . ._-----__ . . . . . 257
Allowance in gauge work --------------------------------------------------- 468
Altimeters__ .___ .__ ._ ._______-____________-__-________- .- .---- . . .- .--- .- . 114
Allimetre, Mle 1917 ------------------------------------------------------- 114
Altitude, determination of ------------------------------------------------- 114
Altitude telemeter_ .__-__-___-_---_-______-____________-___ .- . . . .-- . . ._ ._ .- 114
Amatol .-_ . . .___ . .__ . ._____- .-___-_____________ .______-__ . .__--_-____-- ._ 204
American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co ._--_--_______ ._--_- .- .- .----- . . . . . . . . . . 24,58
American Car & Foundry Co ---------------------------------------------- 378
American Cutlery Co_- .------- ------------ -------------------------------- 412
American Cyanamid Co ---------------------------------------------------- 209
483
484 INDEX. INDEX. 485
Page.
Ammunition-Continued .
American ordnance base depot in France . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .----------- 472, 473, 474, 476
Artillery-Continued.
American Sheet & Tin Plate Co--------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Small-arms and machine-gun- Page.
American Society of iNfechanical Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464,467
United States ---------------------------- ------- ------ 320,343,344
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, gauges for machine screws . . . . .-- . 464
Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- table facing 354
American University, Washington, D. C., Ordnance Pyrotechnic Laboratory . - 291
Caliber .30, classification of -------------- ----------- --------- 344
Ammonium nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------ .------------- .-------- 204,216
Service, caliber .30, model of 1906 --------_---- ------------ 343
Ammonium picrate -------------------------------------------------------- 206
Caliber .30, for model of 1898, Krag rifle --------- ------------------- 350
Ammunition :
Caliber .30, tracer-incendiary --------------------------------------- 353
Aircraft . . .____ ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__-_-_ . . . ._ .__ ._ . . . ._ ._ . ._ . . ._ .- . ._ . . 345
Caliber 7.62 mm . Russian 3-line rifle -------------------------------- 352
Airplane, 37 mm ------------------------------------------------------ 252
Caliber 8 mm . French ---------------------------------------------- 353
Allowance at front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .- . .--- . . .------- 195,196
Caliber .45, for use in pistols and revolvers . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ . . . . 351
Allowance trench mortars, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .- .----------------- 196
Caliber 11 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . ._ . . . . .- .___ .-___ . . . . . 353
Artillery_ ._ ._ ._ . . . . .- . .- . . . . ._ .__ ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . ._ . .____ ._ . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . 141
Boxes for_ .-- . ._ . . .__ . . ._ . . . .___ . . ._ . . . . ._ ._ .----__ ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . ._ 255
British, 9.2-inch_ . . . . . . . . . ._ .__-_-_ . . . . . .__ ._ . ._ . ._ . .- .- . .------- . 118
Boxes, packing------------------------------------------------------ 347
French . .-__ .___ ._ . . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . .-------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,197
Disintegrating links for. . . . . ._ _ .-_ ._ .- . . .- . . .- .- . . . . . .__- . .__-___ . . 255
Supply _ . . . . . ._ ._ ._ .___ . . . . . . . . . . . ._-_- .__ ._ . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . 195
Inspection of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- .--------------------------------- 348
German . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- . . ._ . .--------------------------- 124,128,129
Packing boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . .- . . .- . .-- . . . ._ . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
77 mm . guns, models of 1896 and 1916 . . . . . .. . .---------------- 128,129
Waterproofing .-_ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . .-- . . .- . . . . . . . . : ._ . .-_ . . . 343
Italian, 75-mm, gun. -------------------------_-- --------- 137
Supply . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._---------------------------- .__ .-_ .- . . 195,196
United States ----------------------------------- ._ . . . . ._ . . .- . . . ._ 139
French Army . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------- 195
Used during the war------------------------------------------- 140
At the front --------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Program ----------------------------------------------------- 141
And consumption -------------------------------------------------- 196
37-mm. semiautomatic motor gun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------- 37
Tractor . . . . . . .-_ ._ . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .--- .- . .- . . . .- . .- . . ._ .__ . . . . . . . . .- 399
Mark VIII tank --------------------------------------------------- 403
Train .. .-_- .-_ .____ . . .----------------------------------- . . . . . . 95,365,372
75-mm. field gun . . . . .- .- . . . ._ .- . . . . .- . .---------- . . . . . . . . . . .----- 174
Trench mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 234, 235, 238, 239, 242, 243, 244, 245
4.7-inch field gun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------- .- . . . . . . .-_ . . . 49
Ancor, 0., site for nitrate plant No . 3---------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 215
4.7-inch how -itzer. . . . . . .----------- . . ._ .__ . .__ . ._ .__ . ._ . . . . . . . .---- 174
Angers . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . .__- . . ._ . .- . ._ . ._ . . ._ ._ ._ . . . .__ . . 479
8-inch howitzer -------------------------- .---------- .------------- 174
Angle-
' 8-inch railway gun----------------- . .-_ . .__ . . . .__ . . ._ . ._ ._ . .------ 175
Clearance . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . .-_ . .- . . . . . .-- . . .__ . . . . ._ . .__ . . . ._ 468
Car,railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ ._ . ._ . . . 93
Diameter- . ._ .. . ._ . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._--- ._ . . . . . . . .__ ._ . .__ . . ._ 468
Components, packing _--------- 187
Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . .___ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ . .__ . . . . . ._ . ._ . . ._ . 453
Consumption ---------- .----------- ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,197
-------------------------------
Angle of-
Delivery at front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------------------------- 195
Site instrument . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . .__ . . . ._-- . . . . .__ . .__ . . ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . 315
Depots ._ ._- .- . . . . .- . ._ . . . . . . . . ._- .- . . .- . .--_ . ._--- . . . . . ._ .- .- . .- . 193
Thread_ . .- ._ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . .- . . .- .- . .- . . . .__ . . ._ . . . . ._ . .__ . . . . 468
At Atlantic ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------- 193
Anilite .-- . . . . .-- . . . . . .-___ . . . . . . . . . . .___ .--- .- .---_ . . ._- . . ._ .___ . .____ ._ . . 201
French Army ------------------------------------------------- 195
Antiaircraft-
Fixed -----.--------------------------------------------------- 139,174
Fire control . . . . . . . . .._ . .__ . . .__ . .__ . . .- . . . .- . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . ._ . . ._ ._- . . .__ 113
Gauge work --------------------- .-------------------------------- 455
Fire-control instruments . . ._____ ------------- . .- . . .__ . . .- . .____ . . . ._ . 114
Howitzer, fuzes for . . . . . . . . ._ _------------ ------------------------ 162
Guns and mounts ------------------------------------------- .-_ . .____ ._ 108
Loading---- . . .- . . . . . . . . . .- . . .- . . . ._ . . . .- .- .__ . ._ . . ._ . . ._ .__ . . . . . 190
112
Sights_ . . . .- .---- ._ . . ._ ._ ._ . .- . ._ . .__ .___ . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .____ . ._ .__
Machine-gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- .__ . . . . . .- .- . ._- . . ._ .- 343
Arcadia, S. S---------- .--------------------------------------------------- 473
Mobile artillery, United States . . . . .- . . . . . .--- .--------------------- 141
Armor-
Packing, artillery --------------------- .-- .--------_-- .--- ._- .-- . . . 187
Body _ .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . .__- . .- . . ._ . ._ ._ . .__ .-__ . ._ .__--_ . .___ 413, 414
Reserve_- . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . ._ .-- . . . . . .--__ . . ._ . . . .-_ .- .- . 196
Proposed types__ . . ._ . .___ ._ .__ ._- . .-_ .------ .___ . . ._ . . . . . .__-___ . . . . . . 414
Rifle, various armies . . . . . . . . . .------------------------------------- 356
Sentinels___ ._ . . ._ ._ . . .--_ ._ .- .___ ._ ._ .__- .-- . . . . . . ._ .- . . . . . .___ . . . . .__ 415
Riot shotgun .---------------------------------------------------- 335
Tank .- . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . .___ 410
Salvage. . . . . . . .---- .---- . . . . . . . . . .- .- . .--- .- . . .--- . . .- . . . . . .- .- .-. 481
Armament of tank .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .- . . .-- ._-_ . . . . . . . . . . .___ . ._ .__- . . . . . . 410
Semifixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .-- . .-- . . . . . . . . . .-__ . .-- . . . . . .-- .- . . . 140,174 Armament train. . . . . . . ._ . . .__ . . . . .- : . . . .--- .- .- . . .- . . . .__ .__ .___ . . . . .-___ . . 95
Separate loading------------------------------------------------ 139,174 Armorer'srepair chest. .- . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .- .- . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . .__ . ._ . . . . 354
Shell (see also Shell) . . . . . .- .- . . . . . . . . .-- . . .------------------ 138,140,151 Armorer'stoolchest_ . . . . . . . . .- . . ._ .- . . . . . .--_ . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .___ . . . . . . 308
Shrapnel see also Shrapnel) 44,138,155
Armor-piercing bullet . . . . . . .. . . . . .--------------------- :___ . . . . . .------- . 346, 347
Small-arms and machine-gun, of the armies of the world .-table facing 356
Armory, Springfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._----_-_---- 443
486 INDEX . INDEX. 487
Page . Page,
Arsenals- . .- .--_ .- . . .-_ ._ ._ . ._ . .____ ._____ ._ . . .__ .__ ._ . . . ._ ._ .__ ._ . . . . .__ . . 429 Atelier de Mehun-sur-Yevre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
United States ------------ 208, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 439, 442, 443, 444, 449 Augusta (Ga.) Arsenal. . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Augusta. . . . . .- .--- ._ .__ ._ .- .____- . . ._ ._ .____ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .__ 431 Austro-Hungarian artillery mat6riel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .-- . . . . . . . 134
Benicia_ . . ._ . .---_ . . . . . . . . . . .---- :- . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . .--_ .__ . ._ . . ._ .-_ . . 431 Automatic machine rifle, Benet-Mercie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . - . - - . . - - . 305
Frankford . . . . . ._ . ._ . . .__ . . . .__ . .-_ . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ 432 Automobile-
Hawaii . .___-_ . ._____-_ . . . . . . . .-- .-_- . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Gun mounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---- 368,398,399
Manila . . . . . ._ .-- .____ . ._ . .__ . . . .-_ . .- . . .- . . .__ . .- . . . ._ ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . 434 Vehicles (see also Tanks ; Tractors ; Trucks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
New York- . . ._ . . . ._ ._ .____ .___ ._-_- .-_ . . . . . .- . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ 435 Automatic-
Panama__ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . .-- .__ . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . .__ . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . 435 Pistol ..- . . .. . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Picatinny___ . . . . . . . . . .___ . . . . . .-_ . . .- . .-_- . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .- . ._ . . .- . . . . 208,436 Grant Hammond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Raritan_ ._ .___ ._ . .___ . . .__ . .- . . .--- . . .- . . . . .- . . . . . . .__ . . ._ . . ._ . ._ . . . ._ 437 Rifles . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,308
Rock Island_ ._ . .__ . . . . . . .. . . .-_ .-- .- . . .- . . .- ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . .- . . .____ 439 Berthier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . 306
San Antonio. . .__ .____ . ._ . . ._-- . .- .- . . . . .-_ ._ . . . ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . . .____ 442 Bommarito. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . 316
Watertown----- _ . ._ -----------------------_---- -------------- 444 Browning . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 298,299
Watervliet . . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . ._- . .- .-- . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . 449 Chauchat . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .- . ._ ._ .------ . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . 296,306
Artillery (see also Field guns ; Guns ; Howitzers ; Mortars, etc.) . . . . . . . . -------- 15 Organization and supply ------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Accuracy life of . . . . . . .---------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,26 Automotive Engineers, Society of----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 468
Austro-Hungarian__ . .- . . . .--- . . .- .- . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . 134 Aviation, rirplanes and aircraft armament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- .-_ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . 116 Signal cartridge, 35-mm., Mark 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Caterpillar mounts . . . . . .----------------------------------------------- 398 Signal pistol .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Caterpillar, St . Chamond, 220 mm . _ . . . . . _ - _ - _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Azimuth-
European___ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . 117 Circle of panoramic sight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
French_____ .-_ . . . . . . .___ ._ . .- .- .-- .- . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . .__ .__ . . 121 Instrument, periscopic, model of 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
United States,characteristics .--.- . . .--_ .,_--- . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . .___---- 29 Readings . .- . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . 75
Field-
German ._ . ._ . ._ . . . . . . .- . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . ._ 123,124 B.
United States (see also Field guns) ------------ . .----------- .------- ._ 29,35 Bags for powder charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174,190,192
Carriage data --------------------------------------------------- 29 Baldwin base detonating fuze, minor caliber, Mark I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fire of railway. ._ . . .____ . . . .-- . ._ .-- .- . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . 88 Baldwin full automatic motor gun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Foot, German ---------------------------------------- . .-------- .__ . _ ._ 123 Bandoleers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . .-- . . . 344
General summary --------------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . 15 Bang rifle .- .. . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
German____ .- . . .__ ._ .__ .__ . . . . .- .- . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Barlow heavy drop bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Long-range__ .__ . . ._ ._- . . . . . . .- ._ ._- .- .- . . . . . . .__ . . . . . .__ . .__ . . . . . . ._ . . 83 Bartlett Edge Tool Co . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . .- . . . 412
Heavy, mobile repair shop ------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Bayonet:
Mobile_ .. . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . .- . .- . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,27 British, model 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Motorization of --------------------------------------------------------- 29 Model of 1905--------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Muzzle velocity - .- . . . .------- .-__ . .- . .__ . . . ._ .(table facing page 26),29,33,122 Model of 1917--------- .-------------------------------------------- . . . 332
Railway__ .__ - . . . . . . . .-------- .-------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Scabbard ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 333
Range table, facing page -- . . . .__ .- . . .-- . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . 26,29,33 Weights and dimensions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Ranges, German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------------------------------- ._ . . 132 Marking . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Repair truck ------------------------------------ . . . . . . . . . .----------- 373,374 Belts for cartridges . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Seacoast._ .___ . ._ . . .. . . . . .___ . . .- . .-- .- . .- . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . ._ 15,18,83 Belts, disintegrating . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . 355
School, Saumur . . . . . . . .------------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Belt link for machine-gun ammunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Supply truck . . . . . . . :_-------------------------- ._ . ._ . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . 376 Belt loading machines ------------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Tractors_ .__ ._ ._ ._ . .___ . . . . . . ._- . . .__ . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . ._ . . 387, 390 Belt, webbing£orcartridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . 355
Tractor- Bench chest, artillery supply truck. . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
2k-ton . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . ._--- . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . 390 Benet, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . .- . . . . . . . . .- . . 305
5-ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .____ . .-- . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . .___ . . . ._ 392 Benet-Mercie automatic machine rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . .---- .----- .----- . . . 305
1.0-ton ._ .___ . . . . .- . . . . ., . ._----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . 394,395 Benicia Arsenal . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . .- .--- .- 430,431
15-ton ._--__ ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . .--- . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . 396 Berthierlight machine rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3067
20-ton . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . .__-- . .- . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . 397 Bethlehem howitzer, 6-inch and 155-mm . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--- . . 53
Transport in the field ------------------------------------------------- ._ 386 Bethlehem Loading Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..--- . . . . . . . 205
Vehicles road test_ .___ . . . .--- . . .--- .-- . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . 441 Bethlehem Steel Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,21, 22, 27, 32, 53, 58, 65, 85, 427
488 INDEX. INDEX. 489
Page . Bullet-Continued . Page .
Bipod, machine-gun ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . ._ . . . .__ ._ 310 Buckingham . . . . . . .___ . ._ . .___ . .__ ._ . ._ . .- . . .-_ . ._ .______ ._ .___ . . .__ ._ 347
Black powder . .__ . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . ._ ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .__ . .__ ._ . ._ 207 Dumdum___ . . ._______ ._ . . . ._ . . .__ . . . ._ . ._ . .__ .__ . ._ . . ._ .___ . ._ . ._ . . . . 347
Blank cartridges : Incendiary . . . . . ._ . . . . .___ . . ._ . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .__ . .__ . . . ._ . . . . 347,3;3
Caliber .30_ . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . .__ . . . . .__ . ._ . . ._ ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . .__ . . ._ .___ 349,350 Tracer_ ._ .__ ._ ._____ .___ .__ .__ . ._ .__ ._ . ._ ._ . .__ .__ . . . . ._ ._ . .___ . ._ . 345,353
Caliber .45 . . . . . . . ._ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . 351 Bureau of Standards, United States National . _ . _ _ . . . . . . . . ------------ 293, 455, 467
Body armor . .___ ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . : : : ._ . . .__ .__ . ._ . . . 413 By-product coke ovens .__. .------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------------------- 203
Bolos. . . . .. . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . .___ ._-__ 412
Bomb carriers (see also Release mechanisms)------_---_----_----------- 278,280 C.
Caisson:
Bomb carrier :
United States--
20-pound, Cooper, quadruple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------------- 249,282
3-inch and 75-mm ------------------------------------------ 40
113-pound._ . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . .___ .__ .__ . :.__ . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . . ._ . . .-- ._ . . ._ ._ . . . 282
4.7-inch gun----------------- .------------------------------------- 49
230-pound ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . ._ .__ . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . 282
German .77-mm . . ._ . . . .__ .__ .___ ._ . ._ . . . . .- . . .___ .____ . ._ . . .-_ ._ . ._ . 127.130
Mark V, American .__. . . :___ . . ._ .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
C'alco Chemical Co . . . ._ .__ . . .__ ._ . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ .__ . . .__ . . ._ . . ._ . . . . 205
Michelin, Type I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . . . . . . .-. ._ ._____ . ._ .__ ._ : 273,274
Caliper ;auges___ .____ ._ . . ._ . . .___ .__ . .__ . . . . ._ .___ . ._ . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . " 160
Michelin, Type IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273,274,281
Camouflage of tractors ----------------------------------------------------- :360
Michelin Breguet,Type I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . 281
Camp Devens__ .__ . ._ .__ ._ ._ . .__ .__ . . .____ . . ._ . . . ._ .__ . .__ .___ . .___ . . .__ . . 427
Used by the allied forces . _ . . :.- ._ .____ ._ . . . . . .___ . ._ .___ ..___ . . . . . . . . . 278
Camp for ordnance training, Raritan Arsenal ____ ._ ._ . ._ ._ .__ . : .------------- 439
Bombing airplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . ._ . . . . . . . 248
Camp Perry. . . . . . .__ . . ._________ ._ .__ .___ ._ ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .__ .__ .___ . . ._ 338
Bombs:
Candlepower__ . ._ .__ . . .____-_ .__ .____ ._ . .- ._ . . . .__ . ._ ._____ ._____ .__ .____ 291
Aerial drop (see also Drop bombs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ 258
Cannon (see also Field Guns ; .Guns ; Howitzers ; Mortars; Railway guns ; Trench
Fragmentation ._ . .___ ._ .___ . . .__ . .___ . ._ ._ ._____ .__ . .___ .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ 266
mortars,etc .) ._ . ._ ._______ . . .___-_ . . ._ ._____ ._ . . .__ . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . ._ ._ . ._ 15
Incendiary . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . ._ ._ . .___ .___ . .__ .__ 270
Cannon gauges . . .__ ._ . . . .___ . . . ._ .-_ . . . . .__: . . ._ .__ . ._______ ._ ._ ._ .__ . ._ ._ 450,
Bomb sights (see also Sights, bomb)-------------_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282, 283, 284, 285
Cannon :
Bombs, trench mortar, European manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Motor .___ . .__ .__ .____ ._ .__ ._ ._ . .__ . ._ .___ ._ . .__ . . . .__ . .__ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . 36 .37
Bommarito automatic rifle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Relining ._ . .- . . .______ ._, . . ._ . . .__ . . .__ . .__ . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . .__ ._ ._ . . . ._ 88
Booster casings (see also Adapters and boosters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 161,171 0
Boosters for gas shells . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------- 171
U . $. Army, principal characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . facing 26
Boosters for high-explosive shell. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
U . S. seacoast, characteristics of . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
"Bore safe"fuzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . ._ .__ . ._____ ._ 153
Capper, General .__ . . .-__ ._ .. .___ . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . .-_ . .__ . . . . .___ ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . 390
Bore safety device . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .__ . ._ .___ . .__ ._ . . . .- . ._ .--------------- 158,165
Car:
Bourg__ .______ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . .___ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . ._ . . . . . 478
Ammunition -------------------_------
__ ._ . .____ . . . .____ ._ ------------------------------ 93
Bourges-
Gondola ----------- .__ .-------- ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ . . . . . . 95
Illuminating parachute flare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Motor_ . . . . . . . .__ .__ .__ .__ . .__ ._ . .__ ._ ._- . . .__ . . . . . . . . .-__ . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . 3.57
Laboratories, Ecole de Pyrotechnie.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Railway gun. ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,105
Small arms range. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ .-------------- 429
Railway gun transport------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ 95
Bowden control . ._ .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . .___ .___ . .__ . 253,254
Railway, 8-inch, model of 1918, Mark I --------------------------- 91
British artillery ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..__ ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .__ . . . .__ ._ .___ . ._ . . . . ._ . 116
Railway gun, model of 1918------ .____ .__ . ._ ._ . . . . . . .__ . ._ .__ ._ ._ . . .__ . 90
British Artillery Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------- ._ 25
Railway, . narrow gauge, ammunition .------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . -------- 95
Brocq Tachymetre E. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .------------------ 114
Reconnaissance . . . . . ._ . ._ . .__ . ._ ._ ._ .__ . .___ ._ . . . . . . .__ . ._ .____ . . . . ._ . . 370
Brown & Sharpe Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ .__ .___ . ._ . . .__ .___ . ._ 455
Carburetor :
Browning, John M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207,298,299
Kingston . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .____ .__ ._ . . . .__ .___ . .__ . . ._ . . .__ . . ._ . . . . . . .__ 396
Browning aircraft machine gun ------------------------------------------ 250,299
Schebler ._ . .--------------------------------------------- ._ . 394.396:-97,409
Browning machine gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296, 297, 298, 299 Stromberg .__ .____ . .__ . . . . . . .__ ._ .__ . . . . .__ . . ._ . . :_ . . . . ._ . . ._____ . . ._ 363.368
Brunton compass. . . . . . . ._____ . .____ .__ ._ . .___ ._ .__ . . . . . . . ._ . .____ .-. ._ . ._ 314
Carnegie Steel Co . . . . . . .--------------------------------- . . . .___ . . .__ . . ._ . . 65
Buckingham bullet -------------------------------------------------------- 347
Carneys Point plant (Du Pont Co .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------- .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Buda type H. U.engine . . . . . . . . . .-------------------------------------- 362,406
Carriages:
Bullard Manufacturing Co--------- .---------------------------------- .----- 425
Antiaircraft___ . ._ . ._ . .__ ._____ . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ .__ ._ . . . . .__ l08
Bullet :
Auto-trailer, model of 1917, for 3-inch antiaircraft gun- . . ------------ 108
.30-caliber, United States service ammunition, model of 1906 . . . _ . . . . . . . . . 343 Field gun-
.30-caliber, United States service ammunition, model of 1898 __ _ . _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ 350
French,75-mm . . .__ ._ . ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . .__ . . . ._ ._ . . ._- . .____ .___ .__ . . . 43
.45-caliber, United States service pistol and revolver ammunition .. . . . . . . . 351 German-
Armor-piercing-
77-mm . . .__ . .____ . ._ .___ ._ . . . ., . .__ . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ : . .__ .___ . . ._ . 127
Model of 1918--------------------- .------_----------_--------- 347 13-cm .____ .__ . . .__ . .____ .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Caliber .30, model of 1917 . . . . . . . .._. . ..___ .. ... . .... .... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 346
490 INDEX . INDEX. 49 .1
Carriages-Continued. Cartridge-Continued. rage .
Field gun-Continued. Page. I,gnitercloth . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ ._ . ._ ._ . . . . .- . . .- .__ . .__ .___ . .__ .__ .__ . . 191,192
Italian, 75-mm, models of 1906 and 1911------ - . _ _ - _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Incendiary, caliber .30, model of 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----------- - . :317
United States- - Marks, small-arms ammunition .--------------- ------------------ 344
75-mm . ._ . ._ . . ._-_ . . .__ . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . 29,39;43 Russian, 7.62-mm . 3-line rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------- ---_------- 352
4 .7-inch . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . 48 Service-
Howitzer, United States, 155-mm . Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Caliber, .30 . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . ._ . . . . ._ . .__ . . . ._ . . .- . . .- . .-_ . . . . . .___ ._ 343
Mortar, United States, 12-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . - 99 Caliber .45 . .- .__ . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . .-_ . . .-_ . . . . . .-- . .--__ ._ . . . ._ ._ 351
Railway and seacoast, British . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Small-arms.supply . . .-_- ._ . . . . .- . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . .- .- .-- . . . .-_ . . . . . .__ . 320
Railway-- Tracer_ ._ . . . . . . . .- . . . . .__ . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . .___ . . . .___ . . 346
United Stags- Tracer, model of 1917 .-_ . . . .__ . . . .-- . . .-_ . . .- . .- .------------- . . . . . . . . 345
7-inch . ._- . . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ 89 Test, high-pressure, caliber .30_ . . . .-- . . ._ . .--_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
8-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 V-B parachute, 'Mark I_ . . . . .___ __ . ._ . . . . .- . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ . . 288
10-inch and 12-inch -------- __ --------------- ---------------- 97 V-B star.-Mark I, for signaling . . . . ._ . . . ._ . ------------------- . . . . . . . . 288
16-inch--------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Water-proofed . .__ . ._ .-_ . . . . ._ . . . .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . ._ . . . . .____ .___ . . 351
14-inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . ._ . 103 Carts:
Carriage data, United States field gun,;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ammunition, for machine guns --------------------------------------- 311
Cartridge: Machine gun------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . .-_ . . ._ . 311
Bag-- Spare gun for machine guns ------------------------------------------- 311
Accessories__ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,-- ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . 192 Casting, adapter for 7-inch Navy mount. ----------- ------------------- 90
Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,192 Caterpillar:
Igniter . . . . .-_ . .- . . .__ . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Artillery mount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------------------------------- 398
Bags . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . ._ . . . 190 Attachment for trucks ---------- . . .------------------------------------ 390
Ball- Gun mount, 3-ton. . . .----------- .---_ . . . . . . . . .- .- . . .--- .- . . .- . ._ . . . ._ 398
Caliber .30, United States service ammunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,350 Mounts for 8-inch howitzer and 240-mm . howitzer . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . _ . . 388
Pistol,caliber .45. . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Mount,gun,30-ton .- .--- . .- . . . . .-__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .- .- . .- ._ . ._ . . ._ . . 399
Revolver,caliber .38__ ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . .- . . . .___ . . ._ . . . . 352 Tractor. . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .- . . . . . . .- . ._ . .- .__ . ._ . ._ . . 386
Belts ._ . .__ . . . .__ . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . 355 Cavalry saber . . . . .__ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .-- . . .-- . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . 411
Blank- C. C. hydraulic gear for machine guns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------------- -- 253
Caliber .30, model of 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Constantinesco gear for aircraft machine guns-_--------------------------- 253
Caliber .30, model of 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,50 Centers, O. and T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------------------- .--------- 478
Caliber .45. . . .__ .-_ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ 351 Chalindrey . . . . . ._ . .- . .- . . ._ . . ._- . ._ _ ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .- . . .- . . . .__ . . . .__ ._ 478
Case, charge . ._- . . . . .- . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . 174 Chamber gauge. . ._ ._ . . ._ .__- . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .- .- . ._ .--- . ._ . . . .__ ._ 454
Case cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---- . . . .-- . . . 191,192 Charge for cartridge case . . .- .-__ .- . ._ . .- . ._ . . . . . .----------- .---------- . . . 174
Cases._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . 173 Charge, propelling . . . ._ . . . .__ . ._- . . . ._ . ._ . . . .-- . ._ . . . . . . .--_ . . . . ._-__ . ._ .__ 174
German _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,131 Charleston Ordnance Depot . . . . . . . . . . . .-- .- . .- .- .-- . .-- .--- .-- .--- . . . . . . . . 194
Nature and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . . . 173 Charpy, Dr . Georges------------------------------------------------------ 429
Manufacture of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------_ 433 Chassis:
Packing . ._-_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . 187 Dodge -------------- .----------- ._ _ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .- ._ . . .- . . . . .__ ._ . . 372
Small-arms ammunition_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . 343 F. W. D . . . . .-- ._ . ._ . . . . ._- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .- . .-- .- ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Clips_- .__ . .- . . ._ . . . .- ._ . . . .-___ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._- . . . . .__ . 344 Motor car, table. . . . . .- . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- . . .- . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Cloth_ . . . ._- . . ._ . . . . . .-_- . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .__ . . . . ._ 191 Motor trucks, table--------------------------------------------------- 362
Dummies, caliber .30, model of 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------- 350 Nash . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . ._- . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .-- . . . . . ._ . . .-- .- . .- . . . . . . 368,369
Dummy- Tank . . . . . . . ._ . .____ . . . . ._ . .__ ._ . ._ . ._ . .-- .- . . .- . . .- . . . . .- .-__ . . . . . . . . 409
Caliber .30 . . . . . . . . ._------_-----------_---- . . . . . ._ . ._ . .___ ._ . 349 Truck-
Caliber .45___ . .____ . . . .__ . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . .- . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . 351 1-ton_ . .._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . ._ . ._ . . . . .- . . . . .- . ._ .- . ._- ._ . . . . . .-- . 362
French, Lebel,8-mm . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------------------------- . . . . . . 353 1,~-ton . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._- .- .- . . . . ._ . . . . . . .- . . . ._ . . . 362
Gallery practice- 2-ton_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._-_ . . . . . ._ . . . . .- .- . . . . .- . . .- .- . ._ . .- . . . .-_ 362
Caliber 30, model of 1906 . . . . . . . . .----------- .__ . . . . . .-- . . . .----_ . 350 2-ton, Nash_ . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . ._-------------- .----------- 362,368
Caliber .30, for model of 1898 rifle - . . . .----------------------------- 350 3-ton, F. W. D., Models BandB-1917 . .- . .- . . . .- . . .- . .-- . . . . .---- 362,363
Caliber .22---------------- . _ ._ . . ._ . . . ._- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .-- ._ . . . . 352 3-ton, Ordnance Department . .------ . . .----- .----- .- . .----------- 362,366
Guard, cal ber .90, model of 1906 . . . . . . .-------------------------------- 349 White, l-ton----------- . . . . . . ._- . . . . .- . . . . .- . . . . . . . . .---__ . . . . . . 369,370
High-pressure test, caliber .30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Trailer, table of --------------------------------------------------- 382
High pressure, caliber .45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Chauchat rifle. ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . .-_ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .- . .-- . . . . . .-_ . .__ 296,306
INDEX. INDEX.
Page . Page ,
Check plug .- . .- .- . . . . .-- . . . . . .-- . . . ._ . .- . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Crest of screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . .- . . 468
Chemical apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . 287 Curtis Bay Ordnance Depot .- . .------------------------------------------- 194
Chests : Cylinder gauges . .- . . . . . . .- . . . . .-- . . .- . .- .- . . . . . . .-- . .- .-- . .-- . . . . . .--- . . . 462
Bench, Artillery Supply Truck---------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Repair- D.
Armorer's. . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . : . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 354 Darts,incendiary .. . . . . .- .-_ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._--_ . . . .-_ . . . . . .___ .-- .- ._ . . .-- 273
For small arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Day bombers, airplanes --------------------- . . ._ . .___ . . . .--__ .---_- . . . . . .- 248
Tool, armorer's. . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Days of fire . . . . . . .- . . . . . . .- . . . . . . .---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . .-_ . . .- .--- .- . .- . 196
Chretien sight. . . . . . . . . . ._ . .----- . . . . . . . . . . .- . .- . . . . . . . ._ .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Dean, Maj . Bashford ----------------------------------------- ------ 414
Cincinnati plant (nitrate plant No .3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,215 Delaware Ordnance Depot ------------------------------------------------- 193
Cleaning outfits for small arms . . . . . . . . .------------------------------------- 354 Demolition drop bombs--------------------------------------------------- 260
Clearance in gauge work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------- . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . .- . . . . . . . .-- . . 468 Depot, American ordnance base, A. E. F------------------------------------ 472
Clearance: Depots :
Angle . .- .- . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . 468 Ammunition, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------------- 195,196
Bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Ammunition and explosive, United States . . . . . . ._ . . ._ .- ._-- .- . . : . . . . . . 193,194
Outside- .- .-- . - . . . . . . . ._ . . .- . . . . . .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Ammunition and storage, United States in France _ . .- . . .- .- . ._ . ._ . . . . . . 481
Clear Spring Proving Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Depth gauge- . . . .- .- . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .-- . .----- . . . . . .- . .- 453
Clermont-Ferrand . . . . ._ . ._ . . . .- . . . . . . . .- . . . .- . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . .- . ._ . . . . . . . . 479 Destruction, fire of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Clinometer . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .------ .- . ._ . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Detonating fuzes----_------------- 153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161 ; 162,163
Machine gun, model of 1918 ------------------------------------------- 313 Detonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . .- . . . ._ . . . . . . .--- . . . . 125
Clips for cartridges . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . .- . . . .- . . . . . . .- . . . . . 344 Devens, Camp, Ayer, Mass ------------------------------------------------- 427
Clips for pistol and revolver ammunition . . . . . . . . . --- . - _ . . . . _ . . _ . . _ _ . . . . . . . . 351 Deville, Capt . Sainte Claire, French Army ----------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Clip loading machine for caliber .45 revolver ball cartridge . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Diameters of screws, measurement of . . . . . . . . . ------------ ---_----- 470
Coast Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . .- . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . 15,18,83 Diaphragm for cartridge case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Antiaircraft guns----------------------------------------------------- 111 Diaphragm width and diameter gauge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Coetquidan training camp -------------------------------------------------- 479 Disintegrating belt --------------- ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Colored marking of shell fuzes and grenades . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . 151, 152, 170, 221 Dodge Bros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Colt double-action revolver ---------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ 338 Dodge chassis. ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .- ._ . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . .__- . . .- .----- . . . . 372
Colt machine gun . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Dodge engine .- . . . . . . . .-- .- . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . .- . .- . . . . . 362
Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298, 299, 303, 304, 307, 338 Doulaincourt . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . .- .-- .- . . . .- .- .- . .- . . . . . . .- . . . . . .- 476
Commission d'Experiences ------------------------------------------------ 428 Drop bombs :
Commission for standardizing of screw threads. . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . - . . . 467 Aerial- . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . .-- .- . . . . . . . .- . .- . . . . . . . . . .---- .- . .- . . . .- . . . . . 259,260
Compagnie de la Chatillion, Commentry et Neuves Maison------------------- 429 Of the allies . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . .-- .-- .- . . . . . .--- .- . . . . . . 258
Compass: Barlow, heavy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Brunton . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . ._ .-- . .- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . .- . . . . . .' . . . . . . 314 Chanard, incendiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Lensatic . . . .- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 314 Cooper .-- . ..-- .-- . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Prismatic . . . . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,314 Demolition . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .-- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .- .-- . : . ._ . . . . 260
Concentricity gauge- . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . . . .- . . . . . . 454,465,466 English-
Construction and Maintenance Division, 0. C. 0., A. E . F . . . . . . . . . 474, 475, 477, 480 -- . . . ._- .-- . . . .- . . .-_
112-pound --------------------_-------- ----------------------- 274
Construction of ordnance, problems of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------------ 21 230-pound .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . 274
Construction work for the American Expeditionary Forces ----------------- ........ . _ 475 European . .- . . . . . .- . . . . . .---- . . .- . . .- . . . . . . . .- . .- . . . . ._ .-- . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Continental motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Fragmentation-- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,266
Control, Bowden------------------------------------------------- . . . . . . . 253,254 French, 150 pounds ---- . . . ._ .------------------------------------------ 274
Cooper drop bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Fuzes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .- .- . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .--.--- . .- . . ._-- . 276
Cooper quadruple bomb carrier . --------------------------------------- . . . . . 24S High capacity-
Corcelli'sgraph .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .- . . 315 Demolition . ----------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266
Core diameter ------------------------------------------------------------ 468 Mark I------------------------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 264
Corps, Motor Transport of Army -------------------------------------------- 361- Mark I-A -------------------------------------------------------- 265
Correcteur Mechanique, R. A-(Routin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Mark II--------------------------------- . . . . . . .-. . . . .- . . . .___- . . . 261
Counter-battery work- . . . .- . . . . . . . .---------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Mark III--------------------------------------------- .----------- 263
Courbevois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . .- .- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ 477 Mark IV --------------------------------------------------------- 264
Cracking crude petroleum ------------------------------------------------- 204 Mark IV-A--------------------------------------------------- . 265,266
Crane, 4-ton trailer-------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Mark V-A---------------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . 265
494 1 NI)LS .
INDEX . 495
Drop bombs-Continued . Page.
Page .
Incendiary_ . .___ . .___ . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ : .__ . . .__ . ._ . . . . .__ ._ . . . . 260,270 Extractor, U . S .rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mark I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
270 Eye and face shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------
Mark II .____ . ._ . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . .__ .__ . . . .__ . . . . . . .__ . . 272 415
Mark III --------------------------------------------------------- 273 F.
115-mm ., long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Face guard .______ .___ . .__ . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . .__
415,416
Safety features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Field artillery :
Sights__ ._ .__ . .___ .___ . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ ._ . . . ._ . . . .__ . . .__ . . ._ . . .__ . .__ ._ . 282 Austro-Hungarian__ . .___ .__ .__ __ . ._ . . . .___ . . . ._ . .__ . . . . . . . . .____ . . . . 134
United States, table of------------------------------------ __ . . . . . . . . . . . 259 British___ .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . ._ . ._ ._ . .___ ._ . ._________ . ._ . . ._ . . . 116,117
155-mm ., penetration -------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . 274 European_ . . . ._ ._ . ._ ._ . ._ . . . ._____ . . . . .__ . .____ ._ .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . .___ . . 117
Drummondville plant (Canadian Explosive Co .) -------_------- . . . . . . . . . . . 469 French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120,121,122
Dumdum bullets ._ . ._ . . . .___ . . . . . . . . .__ .__ . . ._ . ._ . .___ . . . . . . ._ .__ . . ._ . . . ._ 347 German(seealsoFieldguns,German)__ ._ .__ ._ ._ .________ ._____________ 123
Dummy cartridges : United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,35,83,108
Caliber .30-----------------------. .------ .___ ._ . . .__ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . 349,350 Motorizationof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,30,31,33,257,260,394
Caliber .45__ . . .__ .__ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .______ . . ._ ._ . 351 Field guns :
Dummy hand grenade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- .-------------- 221 Austro-Hungarian ._ ._ . .___ ._ . .___ . ._ . ._ . . ._ . . ._ . ._ . . ._ . . ._ .__ . . . ._ . .__ 134
Dummy rifle grenade ------------------------ . .--------------- . . .---------- 230 British .___ . ._ . . . . .___ . ._ . .__ . ._ . . ._ . ._ ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . . .__ ._ . 116
DuPontPowderCo .,E .I . ._ . .__ . . . . . . . . ._____ . . . ._ .__ ._ . . . .______ . . .__ 205,207 75-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
French . . . . . . . . . . .----------------------------- . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . 120,121,122
E. 75-mm .__ . ._ . .__ . .___ . . . . ._ . .__ ._ . . .__ .__ ._ . ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . . . .__ . ._ . 42
Ecole de Pyrotechnie_ . .__ . .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . . .__ . . ._ ._ .___ .____ . . . . .___ . . . .___ 429 German----------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,130, 131,
132, 133
Edgewater Steel Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Italian_ ._ .__ .___ ._ .___ . . ._____ ._______________ . . . . . .___ .____ ._ ._ . . . ._ .
135
Effective diameter____ .______ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ . .__ ._ . .___ ._ . .__ .__________ 468 United states ------------------------- _ . . . . . . . . . . .___ . .__ . . . . .
15,35,83,108
Eisemannmagneto ------------------------------------------ 363,368,394,396,409 3-inch_ . . .___ .__ . . . . . . . .__ . .__ . ._ .___ . ._ . . ._ .__ . . . . ._ . . . .___ . ._ ._
27, 9
Ejector, U . S .rifle_ .________ . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ ._________ ._ ._________ ._ . ._______ 326 Trailer for . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . ._ .______ . ._ . .___ . ._ . . . .__ . . . . .__ . . 383,3 4
Elder, Maj____ ._ . . .__ . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . .___ . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . 316 75-mm ., model of 1916 ._ . . .__ .___ . . . ._____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,27, 9
Elderperiscopicattachmentforrifle . . . . . . .__ ._ ._ .__ .__ ._ ._____ ._ . ._________ 331 Production of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Electric furnaces_ ._ . .___ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ ._ . . .__ . . ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . . . .___ . .____ . 446 75-mm .,model of1917,British -------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 17,27,45
Elevation quadrant ------------------------------------------------- . . . . . . 105 75-mm .,model of1897,French . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 .27,42
Elizabethport Proving Grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- 424 4 .7-inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .____ . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . ._ . .___ ._ ._ . . . .___ .
17,30,48
Emporium plant (Aetna Explosives Co .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------- 209 Motorization of ._ . ._ . .__ . . . ._ . . " ._ . . . . .__ ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . _ _ _ 360,394
Enfield rifle_ . .___ . . ._ . ._ . . .__ . . . ._ . . . .__ .__ . .__ . . .__ .___ . . . . . ._ . .____ . . . . 319 155-mm ., Filloux---------------------------------- __________ . ._ 18,30,51
Engine : inch seacoast ___ . . . . . . . .__ . . . .__ .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,33,87
Airplane, Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------------------------------ 399 65--inch seacoast . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . ._ .__ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buda type H . U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._____ . . . . . .____ ._ Fillouxgun,155-mm_ .__ . . . . . . . .___ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ ._ . .__ . ._ . . . ._ . .__ . . . . 18,33,87
406 .18,30,51
Cadillac automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . . ._ . . . . .__ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Finger fit___________ ._ . . .__ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . .______ . .__ . . .__ . . . . ._ . . . .
468
Gas, Panhard-Levassor_ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .____________ . ._ . ._ . ._ . ._____ . . . Fire control :
400
Hudson . :_ ._______ . .___ . ._ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .___ . . . .__ . . . . .__ .__ ._______ ._ Antiaircraft ._ . . . .__ . . . ._ ._ : ._ . . . .__ . .__ . ._ ._ ._ .__ . . ._ . .__ . . ._ . ._ . ._ . . .
406 113
Liberty____ . .___ . .____ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ .__ . . .__ .___ ._ . . ._ . . .____ .__ 399,405 Equipment-
Wisconsin_ .__ . . . . ._ .___ . . . . . .__ . . . . . .__ . . . ._ .___ .__ . . . . .___ . . . . . . . . .__ Army artillery, Engineer Corps material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
363 80
Equipment : Army artillery, Signal Corps material . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . ... 80
Miscellaneous .___ . . . . . . .___ ._ . . . .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . .__ . .___ .___ . . 412 Divisional artillery . . . .___ ._ . ._ ._ . . . .______ . ._ . ._ .___ ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . . 77
Personal_______ . . . . . ._ . . .__ ._ ._ . . . . .___ ._ . ._ . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . ._ . . .____ ._ . 412 Engineer material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Equipment repair truck -------------------------------------------------- 373 Ordnance material_ .___ . .___ .__ .__ .__ . .__ .___ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . 77
Erie Proving Ground . _ . .___ . .__ . ._ . . . .__ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Signal Corps material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Estienne, Gen__ ._ .___ .___ . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . .________ .___ .___ . . ._ ._ . .__ . .__ . 390 Railway heavy artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
Explosive " D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------------------ ----------- Instruments .____ .___ .__ . ._ ., ._ . . . .__ . . ._____ . . ._ . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . .__ . .__ .
206 71
Explosives ------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . ._ . .__ ._ .__ . 199 Instruments, antiaircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 114
Approved by Engineering Division, U . S . Ordnance Department . . . . . . . . . 199 Railway artillery --------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105, 106
Manufacture of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._________ . ._ . ._ . . ._ . .__ . . ._ . 202 Instruments for machine guns_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _______ 313
Suitability of___ . . .__ . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------- . ._ . . .___ . . ._ .____ . 199 Tank. ._______ ._____ . . . . ._ . ._____ . . . .__ ._ . ._ . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . .__ .___ .___ . .
406
Under investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .______ . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ Fire of destruction____ . . . . . ._ . ._ . .___ . .__ . ._ . . . . .__ .__ . .____ . ._ . . . .
199 ._____ . . 89
Extension magazine for automatic pistols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire of interdiction .___ . . . . ._ . . . ._ .___ .__ ._ . ._ ._ ._ . ._ . ._ .___ . .__ . . . . .____ ._
338 89
External diameter__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . .___ .__ .____ ._____ ._ ._ Firing board, model of 1917 . . . . .____ . . .____ .__ ._________________________
468 75
Firing platform for8-inch railway car------------- . .______ .______
. ... . .. . . ., 92
496 INDEX . INDEX . 497
Page . Repair-Continued .
Range of German guns, howitzers, and mortars . . . . _ . _ _ _ _ . ------------ . . ... . 133 Shop-Continued .
Range of guns, United States 4 .7-inch gun . - . . . . . . - . . - _ _ . _ . - _ _ _ _ . - . . . . _ _ . . . . 30 Mobile artillery- ge .
P,
Rapid inspection limit gauge ------------ . ._ . . . . . . .-___ . ._____ .--------- . . . . 465 Equipment----------------------- .------- . _ . .------------- ._ . 379
Raritan Arsenal -__ ._ ._ ._ _ . .-___ .___ ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . .____ .__-- .- . . ._ . . . . 437 Heavy-- .____ .__ ._ .-_ .__ . ._ ._ . . ._ . . . . . 373 .378
Raritan Ordnance Depot . . . . . . ._ ________ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._______ . . . . . . . . . .- . 193 Mobile ordnance -------------- .---------------- .--------------------
. -------------- 373
Recoil mechanism : 0 . and T .centers -------------- _ .----------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- -178 .479
4 .7-inch gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------------------------------- .------ 48 Railway artillery ------------- .___ . . .---- . . ._ . . . . .---_ . . .____ . .-_ . 476
75-mm . gun- Small-arms corps_______ ------------ ------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ 178
United States model of 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------- 39 Tank and tractor, Chalindrey-------------------- .----------- ____ 178
Model of 1897, French _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------ 43 Truck-
155-mm . howitzer (Schneider) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------- 56 Artillery . . ._ ._ ._ ._ . . . . . .-___ . .-_ . . . .-_ .------ .__ . .__ . . .______ . .- 373,374
Recuperators . . .__ ._ ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._-- . . 39, Light . .-_ . .--___ . .-____ .----_ .-----_ ._ . .-__ . . ._ ._ .---_ . . . .__ . . .--- 372
Reconnaissance car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------------- .------------ . . . . . . . 370 Vehicles,ordnance_ . . . .__ ._ .-__ ._ .__ ._ . ._--___ . ._ .--- .-_ . ._ . . . ._ ._ . . . . :373
Reference gauge --------------------------------------------------- . . . . . . . 469 Reserve ammunition . . .__ . . .___ .-_ . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . .-__ . ._ . . .------__ .__ . . .- .
196,
Release mechanism (see also Bomb carriers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278, 280, 281 Revolver-
European_ . . . . ._ ._____ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . : . ._ ._ . . . . .-- .---- . . 281 Ammunitioncaliber; .-------
4 -__ . .__ . . ._-_ . .---_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
For aerial drop bombs ------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .---- 278,280,281 Ball cartridge,caliber .38_ . . . .___ . .___ . . .__ . . .__ . ._ ._ .--_______ .__
.-__ 352
Mark I . . . . ._ .__ . . . . . . . ._- .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- 280 Colts, double-action, caliber .45, model of 1917, dimensions of . . . . . . . . . . .
339
Mark 11 . . . . . . . . . ._ ._- . . .- . ._ .- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .-- 281 Exterior ballistics ----------------------------------------------------- 340
Mark III . ._ . . . . . . . .__ . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .__- . . .-- .- 281 Revolvers__ . . . .____---___ . ._____--___ . .___ . . .__ . . ._ . . ._ ._ .--_ . .__ . .__ . . . . .
319
Mark IV . Caproni . . . . . . . .-_ . . .- . . . . . .- . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .------ . .------- 281 Marking of-------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Mark V------------------------------------------------------- .------ 278 Service, model of 1917_ . . .------------------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Mark VI, Bristol fighter------------ . .--------------------------------- 281 Smith & Wesson, double-action, model of 1917-------------- - - - - . . . . . . . - - 338
Mark VII-B . . .__ .__ . . . . .__-_ . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . ._ .- . .- 281 Operation of----- .----------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . 340
Mark VIII ---------_----
. . ._-__ .__ Exterior Ballistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------------------- .-----
. . . . . . . ----------_------------ -------- 280 341
Mark VIII-A .___ . ._____ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . .__ ._ . . . . .__ . .- . . .- . . 280 Ribeyrolle . . . . ._ . . .--_- . ._ .__ . . . .__ . . . .---___ .___ . ._ . . .-__---_ . . .-- ._ ._--- 306
Rifles (see also items below and tables facing page 318)
Mark IX ----------- ------------------------------------------------- 281 - -- --- _ - - -- -- . . . 319
Rifles :
Mark IY -A . . ._ .____ .____ . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._- . . . . 281
Mark XT . ._ . . . ._______ . . . . .__ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . .- . . . 281 Automatic .__ . .-_ . . . . .--_ ._ . ._ . . . .---- .___ .----_ . . . . .___ . .------_ 298,308 .312
Bommarito ._ . . . .__ . .___ .--_ . .____ .___- .-- .---_ .____ . .__ . .-_ . ._____
Proposed .__ . . . ._ . . . .___ . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . .- . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .- 281 316
Relief (in a screw thread tap) --------------------------------------- .------- 469 Browning --------------------------------------------------------
Relining : Chauchat,8-mm . . .___ ._ .-_ . . . . .----_ ._ . .-__ . ._ . . . .__ .__ ._ .___ .__ . . :306
Organization and supply ---------------------------------- . . . . . -_ .
Cost of_ . . .__ . . . . . .___ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . .__-_- . . .- . . . 24 :312
Ban,------------------------
Requirements_ . . . . ._____ . . . . .___ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . .- . . . . . 25 -------------------------- _ 316
Breech loading magazine, small caliber of various armies . .tables facing page
School . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .__ . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 318
Remington Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Co . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . 298, 327, 329, 335, 353 British contracts in United States ------- .---------------------------------- 319
Chauchat__ . . . .-_ . . . . .-_ . . . . .-_ . . . .__ . .__ :---_ .-_ . . . .___ .___ .__ . .- ._---
Remington riot shotgun . .___ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .-- . . .- .------ .- .----- 335 296
Renault tank . . . . . . . . . . ._ .- . . . . .__ . . . . . .__ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ ._- . . . . . . . . .__ . 402 Enfield-
Pattern of 1914------------------------------------------ .--------
Repair- 319,324
354 Production of -----------------------------------------------------
And cleaning outfits for small arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------------- 321
Chests for small arms . . . . . . _ . _ . - - - . . _ . . . . _ . . . . ---------- ------ 354 Interchangeability of parts -------------------- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- 320
Krag .__ . . . .-__ .----_ . .____ . . ._ . . . .__ ._ . ._ .---_ . . .____ . . . . . .__ . ._ 320,321,330
Equipment,truck_ . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .__- . ._ . . .- . .- . .-_ . . . 373
Facilities, ordnance --------- . .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . .----------- -------- ____ 472 Ammunition . .___ .__ . . . . . .-- .- .---- . . .- . .--- . .__ .__ . .__ .__ . .___--- 350-
Magazine, table of------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor equipment --------------------- . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ .---------------- 362 317
Ordnance materiel . . .------------------------------------------- .------ 372 Modified bang .__ . . . .____ ._ .__ .------------ .-- .------------------------- '.316
Russian-
Shop-
Advance ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . .- . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .-- . .- . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .- 476 3-line,caliber7 .62-mm . . .__ .---- . .----- .--_-------_--------- .___ 328,329
Corps . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .---_ .--- . .- . 476,477 Ammunition ._ . . ._ . . ._ . .---- ._ . . ._ .--------_ . ._ .____ . .__ ._ . .---_ . . 352
D oulaincourt . . . :- . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .- . . . . . . . .---- . . . . . . . . : 476 Rychiger . . .-__ ._ .---_ . . .-___ .-__ . . . .__ . . .--_ . .__ . .___ . . .__ .____ .--- .-_ 316
Liousaint .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . .- . . .------- .--------- .------ 477 Semiautomatic . . . . ._ ._ .___ . .-_ ._ . .___ .--_ . . .---------_ .-__ .--_--- . .-__ 316
Equipment . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .--- . . . . . . . 373 Rychiger ._ .-__ . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . . . .__ . . .-- .---__ .___ . . .-__ . . .__ . . . . . ._ 316
Langr6s . . . . . . . ._ . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . .- .- .- . .- .- . . . . . . . . 478 Service, manufactured in the United States, 1917 and 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
91485-19-33
INDEX. ,515
Page .
RiIIea-Contint)ed . race . San Antonio Arsenal _ . .__ . .__ .__ .---- . . . . .- . . . .------------------------- 430,442
Springfield, model of 1903------------------- .------- ------ A-13 Sandy Hook Proving Ground ----------- - . .-------- .-- . .---------- 87,176, 193, 419
.__ _--- -------------- . . __ .---_----------
Standardization__- :330 480
Saumur Artillery School . . . . . . . . _ --------- -------------------------------
Swiss---------------------------------------------- . . . . . ._-- . . . . . . . . . . 3111 Savage Arms Co------------------------ . . . . . . . .------------------------ 296,300
Telescopic sight, United States model of 1918--- - - _ _ . . . _ - . . - _ _ - . 3:30 423
Savanna Proving Ground . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . .- .- .- . .-- .-------- .-__-_ .____ ._ . . .-
United States- Saybrook Proving Ground ------------------ ----------------------------- - 424,425
Caliber .30, model of 1903, Springfield----------------- 320, 321, :323, 111;-14 :3 333
Scabbard, bayonet . . . . . . ------------- .------------------------------------
Caliber .30, model of 1917 ------------------------------------- 3'24 . :326-327 254
Scarf ring
Model of 1903, magazine extension _ .- .-- ._ .__ . ._ . . . . .---------------- 328 Schebler carburetor ------------ . . . . .------------ . .---- .---------- 394,396,397,409
Periscopicattachment .__ .___ .--__ ._ . .-- . ._ .-__ . .__ . . . .- . . . . ._ . . . . . . 3:31 Schneider & Co----------------------------- - . . .------ .------------------- 19,360
Sights--------------- ._ . .___-_______ . .____ ._ . . . .___ . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . 326 Schneider howitzer :
Rifle grenade- 155-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . - - . _ _ _ . 19, 21, 22, 24, 32 ; 31, 53, 55, 57, 58
Discharger, V-13,Alark IV _ ._ . .---_ . . . . .___ . ._ ._ .-_ . . . ._ . . .-_ ._ ._ . . - .- 229 240-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . 19, 33, 51, 58, 64, 65, 68
Dummy . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . .__ . . ._ . .---- .------__ . .__ . . . . ._ .--- . .--- 230 280-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .- . . . ._ . . . .- .- . . . 65
Star and parachute cartridge for V-B rifle grenade discharger---- ---- -------- 2S7 Schools:
V-B, Mark I. .--___- ._ . .-- . .----------__-_ . ._ .-___ . . ._ . .-___ ._ . . .- . . .- 229 Instruction, ordnance motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . .--- .- .--- 437
Rifle grenades . . . . . .___-_ . . ._ .__ .___ . .-- . .-----_ . . . .__ . . .___ . .__ . . . . . . 227 229,230 Instruction, motor, ordnance, Raritan Arsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Rimailho . Capt ., French Army .-------------------------------------------- 42 Ordnance, armament, St . Jean Demonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Ring gauges . . . . . ._--- . . . .-_ ._ .__ . . .-_ .___ .--- ._ ._ ._ .- .__ .-_ . . .___ .--- .--- 463 Relining ----------- _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------------------- . . . 451
Riot shotguns . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ ._ . . ._ . .__ . . .__ .-_ . .- . . . . .__ ._ ._ ._ . . . . ._-------- 33.5 Scituate Proving Ground . ---------------------- .----------- .--------------- 424
Road test for motor equipment ---------------------------------------------- 4.11 Screw diameters, measurement of------------ .___ ._ .------- .--------------- 470
Rock Island arsenal. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . _ . ----------------- 323, -123, 430, 4:37, 139. 472 Screw thread :
Small arms plant_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . .- . .-- 441 Definitions_-- ._ .- ._______ .__ .___ . . . . ._____-_____ . . . .-- . . . . . . ._ ._ . .--_ 468
Rock Island General Ordnance Supply Depot -------------------------------- 440 Gauges--------- . . . .- . .__ .--- .- ._ ._ ._ . . ._ ._ . . .--_ ._ .-_-_____-__ . ._ .__ 453;460
Rocket Ring and plug type . --------- .---------- .---------- .-------------- - 454
Board . model 1918---------- . .---------------------------------------- 76 Measurements------_ ._ ._ . .__ . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . ._ . . ._ .__ .-________ ._ ._ . ._ 471
Signal . \lark I, illuminating----------------------------------- --- . . . . '387 Standardization-- . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . .- . .-------- .-------------- . .___ ._ . . 467,468
Signal parachute, Mark I . . . . . . ._-- ._ ._ . . . . . ._ .---_ . .--------------- -- 287 Tolerances . .- ._____ ._ . . . . .____ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._____ . . . . . . . . . . :_ . . . . . . . 456
Signal star . Mark I------------------------- . --------------------------- 287 Seacoast guns :
Signal supply, French ._ .--_ . .__ ._-- ._------ .__ .----- .__ . ._ ._ ._ . ._ .- . .__ 198 Improvised carriages for ----------------------------------------------- 33
Roll . tool, fur mail arms . ._ .-__ . . . . .--- . ._ . . .-_ . . . . . . . . .__ . ._ . . .___-- .- . . .- 3,54 Removal of--------------------------------- . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . ._ . . . 93
Rornorantin . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . ._ ._-__ . . .--_ . . . .--- . . . .__ . . . ._ . .-_ . ._ . .---- .--- 477 .--- . . . . . ._-_
Seacoast mounts .-----------__------ ----_--_-------------_- ----- 87
Root . ._ . . . . .- . . . . .-_ . . ._ .-_ . . ._____ . . . ._ . . .__ . . .___ . . . .- .____ . . . . .-- ., .-_ 469 Self-propelled mount for 8-inch howitzer and 240-mm . howitzer_ - . _ .------- - _ 388
Root diameter . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . . . . .--- ._ .-----_ . . . .__ . . . . .- .- . .- . 469 Semiautomatic rifles- _ .___ .__ .--------------- ._ .- . .- . .- . . .-- . . . . .--------- 316
Rope gronunet- . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---_ ._ . . .--- . .---_ . . ._ . .-__ . . . .---_ . . 187, 188 Semiautomatic Rychiger------------------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Rule- Semifixed ammunition .- .- . . . ._ .___ . . . . . . . . . .___- . ------------ ----------- 174
12-inclt . . . . . ._-----_ . . . . . . .-_ . .__ . .__ . . .___ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . .__ . .__ .------- . 76 Semisteelshell- . . .- . .___-_ ._ .___-- . . . . . .- .---_ ._ .___ . ._ .-___ . ._ . .-- . .__ ._ . 141
Musketry, u)odel 1918 . . . ._ ._ .___ . . . . ._ . ._ .___ .__ ._ . . . . ._ . . .__ .--___ ._ 332 Separate loading ammunition ---- .-------------------- . .--------- . . . . . . . . . . 174
Zinc . .------------- . . ._ . ._ ._ .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . :315 Seven Pines, Va ., loading plant---------------------------------- -------- =- 191
Ruler, 1)atterccommander's, wooden --------------------------------------- 74 Shafter, Reservation, Fort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- .------------------ 433
Russian :3-line rifle ------------------------------------------------ ------- "'s 380
Shaper, motor-driven, Gould & Eberhardt------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------- --
7 .62-mm ammunition __ . .----------------------------------------- ----- :352 Sheffield, Ala. (see also Nitrate Plant No . l), . ._________ . .- . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . 209
Russian Vickers marl)ine:gun----- ._ . . . ._ ._- .---_--__ .___ . . .--_- ._ .-------- :303 Shell-- .- .- .- .-_--_ ._ ._ ._-_ . . . . . . . . ._ ._ ._ ._____ ._____ . .____ . . . . . . . . 138,140,151
Russo-Japanese War--- -------------------------- -----------------_------ 3015 Basefuzed. .- .- . . . ._ ._-- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ .______ .____ . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . 148
Rcchigersemiautomaticrifle_ . .-_ . . .-_ . . . . . . . .--- . . .-_ . . ._ . . ._ . ._ . . . . -- . -- ,l6 ,,C>'_ . . .- . . .- . . . . . . .- . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . .___ ._ . .__ ._ .___ . . .__ . . . . . 124
Ejection bag---------------------------------------------- .-------- . . 255
Ejection chute . . . . . . . . . .-------------------------------------------- . 255
Saber :
Ejection tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :_ .--- . .- . . . . . . : . . . . .- 255
Cavalry, model of1913------------------------------------------------ 411
Filling----- ._-- .______-_ .____ . . . .__ . ._ . . . . .__ . . . . . .- . ._ . . . ._ .,_ . .____ 140;204
OfflcWs---------------------------- . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ ._ ._ ._ . .--- . ._ 111
French-
SackettslIarbor Proving Ground ------------------------------------------- 424 120
Characteristics of . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------------------------------
Safety devices for fuzes ------------------------------------------------- 153,160
Navy and seacoast -------------------------------- --------------- 120
Saginaw, Mich-_ . ._----_ . . . . . . .__ ._ ._ . . . ._ ._ . .-___ ._ .__ . . ._ ._ . . . . . .- . .---- 427
Gas . .-__-- .-- . . . . .- .__ ._ ._ .- ._ . ._ ._ . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . .___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,148
Sah-age,ammunition . ._-_ . . . . . . . . . . .___ . .-_ . ._ . ._ . .____ . . .- ._ . . . . . .--- . . . 181 For Livers projector ---- .------------------------------------------ 246
516 I _'Dl:\ .
INDEX. 517
Shell-Continued. Page .
German___ ._ .___ . ._ ._ . .__ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . .___ . . .____ . . ._ . ._ . . .__ . . . . . . . . 124 Sights-Continued . rage .
Elongated ------_-------_------
. . .__ ._ ----------- -------------------- 124 V Base ------------------ .------------- .-------- .---------------- . . . . . 258
1,xplosive . . .____ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ ._ .__ . .__ . . . . .____ . . . . . . . . 126 Bomb -------------- ._ _---------------_---- ------------ ----- 282
high-explosive, model of 191.5 ------------------------------------- 129 French, S . T. Ae ---------- .-------- ._ . ._ . . . . ._ .__ . . . . . . ------ - 282
Seiniarmor-piercing . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . ._ 1'25 Mark I-A .------ .----------------------------------------- .---- 283,284
high-explosive___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ ._ . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . 145 Mark I-B -------------------------------------- ------ 285
Illu minating ._ ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ . . ._ . . ._ ._ . . . . ._ ._ . . ._ 149,151 Michelin- . ._ . ._ . ._ . . . .__ ._ . . . .__ . ._ .__ . . . ._ . ._ . .____ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . 285
In(Tndiary . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,246 Various types- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------------- .------------ 283
For Livens projector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . .___ . . . .____ 246 7th A. I . C . . . . . . .-------------- .-------------------- .------------ 285
Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ .__ . . . ._ . __ . 140 Chretien . . ._- ._ . ._ ._ . .__ ._ . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . . ._ ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . 257
Markings, United States . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .----------- 151 For cannon . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . .---------- . . . . . . . . . . . . .------------------ . . . . 88,103
Marks_____ .__ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . ._ ._ . . . . . .___ . 152 Field guns, United States --------- .--------------- .__ . ._ .------------- 69
Tosefuzed- . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . 147 German, for field guns . . . . . . . :--------- . . .--------- .- . .__ .- .- .- . . .-- 127,130
Packing_ ._ . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . .__ . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . 187 Machine guns ------- . . . . . . . . .---------------------------------- 2,56 .
Point fuzed__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . ._ . . . . . . . .__ . ._ . 147 5-inch, ring and bead --------------------------------------------- 256
Production of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------------------- 140 -Micrometer, sniper's ------------------------------------------------ -- . 331
Semisteel . . . ._-- .- . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . .-_ ._ .__ . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . ._____ . . .- 141 orman wind vane ------------------------------------- . . . . . . . ---- 257
Smoke . . . . . . . .__ ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . .__ . . ._ . ._ . . . . ._ ._ . ._ 149 Open, for United States field guns . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------- 71
Tracer . ._ ._ .__ . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . ._ . ._ . ._ . ._ . . .__ . . .__ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .___ 149 Panoramic-
United States . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------- 151 Model of 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ . . . .__ . . .---------------------- 69 .105
Trench mortar ---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------- 234,238,242 Machine gun, model of 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------------- 313
37-mm . fuzes for---- .___ . ._ ._ . . . ._ . . . . .__ . . .___ . . . . .__ . . . . .__ . . . . .____ . 163 Musket, telescopic, model of 1918 . .__ .-_---------- -------------------- 330
Sheridan, Fort, Ill._ . . . .. ._ . . ._ . . . . . . ._ .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Telescopic, Winchester ------------------- .------------- . .------------ 330
Shipping artillery ammunition- . . . - - . . . . . - . . . . . ----_---------------------- 187 Telescoping tube, winder for 1903 rifle --- ----------------------------- 331
Shop or workman's gauge ---------- .--------------------------------------- 469 United States rifle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------------------------------- .326
Shop : Warner objective ----------------------------------------------------- 331
Ordnance, Ramorantin ------ ----------------------------------------- 477 Signal light, Mark 11, Very --- . .------------ .---------- .------------------- 289
Repair . . . ._ . . : ._ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . ._ . .__ . .__ . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . 478 Signal rockets . ._ ._ . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . . ._ . ._______ . ._ .__ . . . ._ . .____ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . 287
Experimental, Langres -------- ----------------------------------- 478 Supply, French __ . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . . .__ .__ . . . ._ . ._ . . . .__ . . ._ . ._ . . . . . .___ ._ . 198
Mobile, artillery, heav)-------------------------------------------- 373 Silverford plant (Aetna Explosives Co .) . .-- .---- .- . .---- . . . .-- . . . . . . .- .- . . . 465
Mobile, ordnance -------------------------------------------------- 373 Simplex governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . ._ . . .____ ._ . ._ . . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . 368
Motor equipment-------------------------------------------------- 357 Singer Manufacturing Co------------------- .------------------------------- 426
Small arms, corps --------------------- .--------------------------- 478 Sirrocco typefan_ . . . ._ ._ ._ . ._ ._ . ._ .___ . . ._ .____ . ._ . ._ . ._ . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Tanks and tractors, Chalindrey . . ._ . . .- .-- . . .- . .-- . . . . .- . .- . . . . . . .- 478 Site, angle of, instrument ------------------------- ------------------ 315
Shotguns : Sitogoniometer, model of 1918 . . . .----------- ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ .___ . . . . . . .__ . . . 75
Repeating, riot pattern.____ . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .---------------------- 335 Sleds, artillery . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . .__ ._ ._ . . . .__ . . . ._ . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Riot- Slide rule, model of 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .---- .- .-- .- .- 75
Remington__ . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . 335 Sliding railway mount _ . ._ .- .- ._ _ ._ . . . ._ . .__ . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ 101
Winchester_ . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . ._ . . .__ . ._ .__ . . . . . .__ . . . . .___ . . . .___ . . 335 For 12-inch gun, model of1918 . ._ . . .- . .___ . . . . . . ._ . .- .-_ ._ .--- . .-- .--- 103
Shranuel . . . . . . . .___ . . . ._ ._ .__ . . . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . ._ .__ . . ._ ._ 138,144 Slope of thread_ ._ . .. . . ._ ._ ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ ._ . .__ . . . . . . ._ . ._ 469
German_____ . . . ._____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ . ._ . . . ._ . .__ . . .___ . . . . . . . . . . . 124,129 Small arms . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Model of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 (See also tables facing page 318.)
Packing. . . .__ ._ ._ . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . .__ ._ . . . .____ . . . .____ . . . . . . . 188 Ammunition -------------------------------------- . .------------ 343,354,356
3 .8-inch____ .__ _ .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .___ . 145 Cleaning and repair outfits . . . . . . .___- . . .___ .- . . .---------------------- 354
4.7-inch . . . . ._ .__ . . . ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . ._ ._ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . 145 Gauges . . ._ . . .__ .___ ._ ._ . . ._ . . ._ ._ .__ ._ .__ ._ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . . . 455
75-mm -------------- . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . ._ . ._ . . . . ._____ . . . .------------ . ._ 44,145 Plant, Rock Island Arsenal ____ .___ . . . .___ . . . ._ ._ . .---------- --------- 441
155-mm _ . . . ._ . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . . . . . .___ . . . ._ .___ . . . . . . . . . . 145 Repair and cleaning outfit . ._ . ._____- .- . . . . .- .- .- . .- .----------------- 354
Shrinking on jacket --------------------------- .__ . . .__ . . . . . .__ .____ . . . ._ . . 22 Table of leading types. ---------------------------- .--- .---------- facing 318
Sights : Testing in France . .__-- .---- .-- . . .-___ ._ . . .------ .------------------- 429
Aldis . . . . . . . . . .__ ._ . . . .__'_ . . ._ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . ._ . ._ . . . .___ . . . . . . ._ . . ._ . . 257 Smith & Wesson Co -------------------------------------------------------- 338
A_ntiaircraft. . . . . . . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . ._ . ._ ._ . . . . . .__ . . . . . .___ . . . . . 69,112 Smith & Wesson double-action revolver ------------ .------ .---- .----------- 338
Carriage, model of1917_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Smoke knapsack -_ . . . . ._ ._ ._ ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . .------ .------------------- 295
Trailer mount .-- . . . . . .-- .- .- . .--- . . ._ .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-------- 113 Smoke tests_ ._ . ._ ._ .____ ._ ._ ._ . . ._ . ._ .___ .__ . . . ._ ._ . . .___ ._ ._ . . . . . . . ._ . . . 292
Smoke torch, Mark I . . . . . . . .----------- .-------------- . . .---------- ------ 288
INDEX. J1d
518 INDEX .
Paige .
Page . Tanks---------- .---------------------- .----------- -------------------- 10_',40:3
Smokeless powder ------ . . . . . . . . . . . . .------ .----------------- ---- 174,207,208,319
Comparative data of . . ._ .-_ . . . . . . . . .------------------ -- . .- .- . - . . . . . 101
Deterioration of-------------------------------------- . . . ._- .---------- 208 English, \lark IV and Mark V. . . . . . .----- ----------------------------- -103
Production capacity- . . . ._ . .__--- .----- . .- ._ . . . . . .-- .___ . .-_ . .-_--- .-- . 208 Equivalent in artillery fire --------- .----- .- .- 102
United States Army --------------- . . . . . . .-- . .-- .-- . .----------------- 174 Fighting value ------------------------------------------------------- .------------------------ 402
Snap gauges-_ . ._- . . .- . . . . . . . ._-__ ._ . .-- . . . . . . . .- . ._ . ._- . ._ . . .-- . .- . ._ . . . 457,459
Fire control . . . . . . . . . . .__ . .- . . . ._-_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--_ . . . . . . .__ .- . . 406
Sniper's micrometer sight----- .------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Ford . ._ . . ._ . . . .-_ . . .-_ . . . ._- . . ._-_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._- . .- . .- . . . . . :385
Sniping telescopic sight.- . . . . ._ . . ._ -- .- . ._ . ._ . .- .__ . .--_ . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 General features .-- .- . . .---------------------------------- .------------ 40Q
Society of Automotive Engineers ------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------- 468
Gunners and operators---------- ._ . .---------------------- . . . . . . . .----- 410
Sodatol-------------------------------- . ._- .- . ._ . ._ . .-- . . . . .- . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . 205 Guns . . . . ._ . . . . . . .------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 36,302,402
Souge Training Camp . . . . -------------------------------------------- ---- 480
Large. . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . .--- . . . . . .- . ._- .- .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 400
Spare guns, howitzers, and mortars -------------------------------- ------- 83 Longeron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .- . . . . .- .__ . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . ._-_ . . 108
Sponsons of tanks . . . ._- . .- .__ . ._ .__ . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Maneuvering ability --------- . .__ . .- .- ._ . . . . .-- . . . . . .- . ._ . . . .--------- 110
Sponsonsfortank, Mark VIII, armament ----------------------------------- 403
Mark VIII ---------- .------------- .------ .--------------- .----------- 403
Springfield Armory . . . ._ .__--- ._- ._- ._ . .- ._ . . .- .------------ 216,323,430,443,455
Operation of . .- . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . .---------- .--------- . . .--_ .------------ 400
Springfield Arsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . :-_ . .- ._ . . . .-- .-- .- . .- 455
Personnel___ . . . . . ._ ._ . . ._- . . ._ ._ . . .-_ . . . . .- . . . .- . . .- . . .__ .- . . . .- . .__ . . 405
Springfield rifle, model of1903 . . . . .- . ._ .- . . . .__ .-------------------------- 320
Renault . . . ._ . . . .-- . . .-- . . . .- . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . .__ . . .--_ ._-_ . . . 402
Square, zinc . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,315
6-ton, model of 1917, Renault . . . . . . . .---------------- .------------ 406
St . Chamond Co ., gas-electric self-propelled mount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Small. . . . . . . . . .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._____ . . . .-___ . . .- . . .- 402
St . Chamond mat6riel ----------------------------------------- ----------- 399 Track .--- . . .- . . ._- . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- ._ . .- ._ .- 409
St . Jean Demonts . . . . ._ . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . ._ . ._ . .-_ . . .--_ . ._ . . 477
Turret . ._ . ._-- .-- . . . .- . . .- . . . . .---_-------------- . . . . . ._____ . ._ .- 409,410
Machine gun tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .--------------------- 429
Uses of . . . ._ ._ . .- . .- . . . . . . . . .___ . .----_ . . . . . .- .__ ._ . . .-___-_ . . .-- . . ._ 402
St . Louis Car Co---- . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . .- . . . . . ._ .__ . . . ._- .- . .- .-_ . . . . .- .-- . . . . .- 312 United States-
Staff observation car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .-- ._ .-- 369
Mark VIII, weight and crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--------------- 404
Standardization,rifles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . ._ . ._ .-_ . .- . . . . .-- . .- ._ 320
6-ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__- . . . . . .__- . . . 40,
Standards, Bureau of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,455,467
6-ton, model of 1917------------------------------------- .--------- 385
Standard Steel Car Co------------------------- .-------------------------- 65
Taper gauges . . ._ . . . . .-_ . .- . ._ . . .--- . . . .-- . . . .- . . . . . ._ . . . . . .- . .__-- . . ._- .- . 163
Standard Steel Works Co .- ._ ._ . . . . .__ . . . . . .- . . .-- . . . .- . .- . . .- .- . .- . . . . . . 58 Technicalinstruction-- . . . .__ . . . . ._ . . . .-__ . . . . . .- . .___ . . . . . .-- . . . . . . -175,479 .450
Star cartridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._ . .- . . . ._ . .-- . . . .-_ . . . .- 285
Telemetre d'Altitude Avec Correcteur Autornatique ------------------------ 114
Star gauges . ._- ._ . ._ .- .- . . . . . . .- ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 463
Telemetre de distance horizontal . . . . . . - . - . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . ---------- -------- 114
Steel, ballistic quality_ _----------------------- -------- ----------- 418 Telescope:
Steel helmets . . ._ .__ ._ . . .--- .- . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 71
Battery commander's, model of 1915 . . . . . . . . . ------_---- -----------
Stewart vacuum fuel-fed system - . . - . . . . . . - . . -------_--- . . . . . . . . . 396,409
Panoramic. ._- . . . . . .--- . . . . .-___ . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . .-- . . . . . . 101 .105
Stone & Webster------ 472,473 330
Telescopic sight rifle, United States, model of 1915 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage, ammunition, etc., n France . . . ------------------------_-----------
.------------------------------------------------- Telescopicsights .- . . .- . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . ._- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Straightedge, 24-inch-_-----------------_------- . . . . .-- .- . . .--- . . . .-_ . . . 75
Test cartridges . ._-- . .- . . . .- . . . . .- .- . . .--- . . . .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348,351
Stromberg carburetor -_----------- _.- . ., . . . . . . .-- . . . .------ .--- .- . .-- .- . 363
Tests:
Supply truck, artillery ------------------------------- .--------- . . .- .- .----- 376
Road ._ . ._ ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .- .__ . . . . . . . . 441
Suterre, Mr . . . .-- . . . ._ .-_ . . . . . .- . ._ . . . . .-- .- . .- . . . .- . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .- . . . . . . 306
Smoke. . .- . . . .- . . .-- . .- . ._ . . . . . ._ . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . .--_ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . 292
Sutton, Lieut. F. A., R . E------------------------------------- ------------ 244
Tetranitroaniline_ . .---__-- . . . . : . . . . . . .- . . . . . .-- . . . . . . .-- .-- . . . .- . .___ . . . . . 205
Symon, Lieut . Col . W. A. . . . . . . . . ._ . . ._ ._ ._ . . . . . .------ .------------------ 25 Tetryl . ._ . .- . ._ . . . .- . . . . . .--- . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . .- .--- . .- . . ._ . . . . . . 205
Synchronization of machine guns _ .-------------------------------------- 251,252 Texas, Md- . . . . . . .-- . . . . .--- . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . ._ 427
Synchronizing gear ------------------------------------ ----------------- 251,252 Thread definitions . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . ._ . .- . . . .--_ . .___ . . . . .__ .- . . .- ._ 468
Thread :
T.
Flow of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--- ._ . . . . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . .--____ ._- . . .-__ . . . . . . ._ 469
Tachyscope-- ._ . . . . ._ ._- . . . .---_ .__- . . . . . . . . .- . . . .-----__ ._-__ . . . . .__ . .-__ 114
Franklin Institute-------------------------- .------ . .---- . .--- . . .-- . . . . 469
Tacony Ordnance Corporation_ . .-___ .-__-- . . . .- .- .- . .--------------------- 65
Gauge . . . .- . . . .-- . .- . .- . .- . .- . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . .- ._ .-_ .__ . .__ . . . . ._- . . 459
Taft-Pierce Co . . . .___ . . .-- . .____ . . . . .---- . . . .- .- . . . ._ . ._ .___ . . .- ._ . . . .__ 455
Micrometer .- . . .- . . . .- . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . . . . . . ._-_ . 470
Tank-
Modified .-- . . .-- . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . .- . . . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . -169
Ammunition-_ . . . ._ .- . ._ . .---_ ._ . .__ . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . 410
Plug limit gauges . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . .--_ ._ . 465
Armament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-_ . .---___ . . . . ._ . ._ . . . . . . . .- .- . . 410
Slope of . . . . . . .- .---- . . .- . .- .- . . . . . . . . . .---_ . ._ . .- . . . . . . . .- ._ . . . .-- . . .- 469
_-rmor . . . . . . . . .- . . . . .- . .___ . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . .- .- . . . 410
463
System, United States Standard .- . . . . .- .- . . .--------------------------
Committee,interallied . . . . .--------_ --------------------------------- 390
United States Standard ..---------------------------------------------- 469
520 INDEX . 521