Caruso and The Art of Singing - S. Fucito

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CARUSO
AND
THE
ART OF SINGING
INCLUDING CARUSO'S VOCAL EXERCISES
HIS PRACTICAL ADVICE TO STUDENTS
AND TEACHERS OF SINGING
AND
BY
SALVATORE FUCITO
{Ca/niso's
Coach and Accompanist, 1915-19S1)
AND
BARNET
J.
BEYER
WITB TEN PORTRAITS AND FIVE CARICATURES
NEW YORK
FREDERICK
A.
STOKES COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
Copyright, 19SS, by
FaEDEBicx A. Stokes Comfaitt

All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
PREFACE
I PEEL that
life
it
was the greatest honor of
when, in 1915,
my
Enrico Caruso called
me
my
distinguished friend
to
New York
and accompanist. I had

served him in the same capacities
frequent visits to Berlin, where
friendship began in the year of
his coach
to be
previously
during his
our closer
1909.
In
those days I always eagerly awaited Caruso's
was an
and a musical education to work
arrival in Berlin, not only because
inspiration
it
with the great master of song, but also because his very presence diffused sunshine and
happiness.
say
whom
Caruso the
In
fact, it is dijlficult for
me
to
I loved more, Caruso the artist or
manboth were
During the years

he often talked to
so great.
that I spent with Caruso
me
about his
life,
his
struggles, and his trivmiphs, as well as about

his art.
He
always spoke very modestly of
phenomenal achievement, but he loved his

art and often discussed its vexing problems.
his

Preface
vi
For he was much more than a magical voice:

he was consciously an artist, an artist whose
extraordinary vocal and dramatic powers were
measure the
in great
prehension of his
a thorough com-
fruits of
Whenever he wished
he could contrive a means
art.
to produce an effect,
accomphsh it.
He devised exercises
which are included in the book ^that reveal a
remarkable insight into what is required to
make the singing voice agile and flexible.
And the vowels he employed to blend and
to
color his tones demonstrate that even his tone
mastery was conditioned by
his directing in-
telligence.
Two
prompted
considerations have
me
write this book on Enrico Caruso's art:
the desire to pay
my
tribute to the
of a friend and a great artist
hope that I could pass on

with
cerned
methods
the
art
in breathing
of
to
first,
memory
and, second, the
to all
who
singing
are con-
Caruso's
and producing tones,
his
vocal exercises and his views on vocal technique, his ideals of singing as well as his practical advice to singers.
life
it was closely related to

and I have essayed to set down some
only in so far as
his art,
I have dwelt on his
Preface
vii
of the recollections he was so fond of telling.

Whenever I have quoted Caruso, I have en-
deavored to recall as nearly as possible the

S. F.
exact words he used.
CONTENTS
FAQB
CHAPTEB
Preface
Caruso's
Boyhood and Early Training
II
Caruso's
Upward Climb
....
III
The Conquest
op the Old
IV
The Conquest
of the
World
New World
39
51
Caruso the
Man
VI
The Secret
of Caruso's Great Breath-
89
ing Power
VIII
IX
Caruso Practiced
127
.
.157
Caruso and the Foundation op Vocal
Technique
109
Tone Production
How
25
VII
Style and Repertory
....
179
205
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PORTRAITS
Enrico Caruso
Frontispiece
FACIHO
PAOX
Rodolfo in "La Bohfeme"
44
Canio in "Pagliacci"
68
Rhadames
92
Don
in "Aida"
Jose in "Carmen"
Dick Johnson
in
"The Girl
110
of the Golden
West"
Caruso Studying with Maestro Fucito
Samson
in
Eleazer in
"Samson
et Dalila"
Modelled by Himself
158
.182
"La Juive"
Bas-Relief of Caruso as Eleazer in
134
190
"La Juive"
206
CARICATURES
As Caruso Viewed Himself
96
Signer and Signora Fucito
100
Other Views of Himself
104
CARUSO AND THE

ART OF SINGING
Chaptek I
CARUSO'S BOYHOOD
AND EARLY
TRAINING
"Enkico Caeuso
is
dead.
The enormous
displacement caused by this lamentable hap-
pening
not alone confined to the
is
artistic
sphere but literally to the entire civilized world.
We doubt if there are more than a half dozen

public
men on
would so
stir
the globe to-day whose demise
the universal imagination as has
the passing of the incomparable tenor.
..."
So wrote the late James Gibbons Huneker,

and the entire press of the country, nay, of
the world, voiced the same feeling of grief and
veneration.
Caruso had won the hearts of thousands of

know of no
people in all walks of life.
We
death in the annals of song that roused so
much
attention and shocked so
many
people
Caruso and the Art of Singing
In many
lands his heroic struggle to stay death was followed with great anxiety, and when the news
as
when Caruso breathed
was
his last.
flashed the world over that Caruso had
finally
succumbed, that he was no more, a wavq
of deep sorrow swept the myriads
who
loved
and admired him. There were two countries

where the great loss was perhaps felt more
than elsewhere: in Italy, his native land, to
which he remained loyal and where he was

worshipped; and in America, his adopted coun-
where he was loved as a native son.

The story of Enrico Caruso's life is that of
his art: the two are inseparable. The private
fortunes and the public career of one of the
greatest singers of all time, and the greatest
try,
tenor of his day, are so closely interwoven that
and purposes they are one. His

was song, and song was his life. And yet,
unlike many singers, Caruso was deeply interested in many provinces of art and culture
quite beyond the boundaries of music. He has
to all intents
life
been misrepresented as an artist whose

intellectual attainment was completely overshadowed by a phenomenal voice, that one who
so often
knew him
as intimately as did the writer can-
Carttso's
not
upon the
insist too strongly
variety and
breadth of his knowledge, his keen insight, his

great activity, his powers of observation and
of memory.
A mere phenomenal voice
not have held that unique place
men.
Any man
among
could
singing
who, with an art such as

move musicians and
Caruso's, can so intensely
laymen
alike is
more than the fortunate pos-
sessor of a wonderful vocal instrument.
Ca-
ruso's intelligence and personality played no
small part in the achievements of a career
crowned with the laurel of world-wide admiration and reverence.

Enrico Caruso was born February 27, 1873,
in Naples, that city of blue skies and glowing
simhght which contests with Constantinople
the claim of occupying the most beautiful site
in Eiu*ope.
Marcellino Caruso, his father, was
a skilled mechanic of an inventive turn of mind

who was employed in the Meuricoffre importing establishment.
He
and
his wife,
Anna,
lived in the thickly populated working-class
quarter which surroimds the railroad station
where the
tourist takes the train for Pompeii.
Little Enrico, one of a family of tliree children,
was a happy-go-lucky boy,
full of
sun and
He
took to the water ahnost as

soon as he was able to walk, and up to the age
of ten haunted the warehouse docks of Na-
mischief.
swimming for hours with other youngsters of his own age and indulging in those
day-dreams of running away from home and
ples,
becoming a
sailor
which are
common
When
children in a seaport city.
to all
he reached
him that he would

learn a trade or go to school,
his tenth year, his father told
either
have to
and Enrico accepted the latter alternative as

the lesser of two evils. But his school life was
a stormy one. The boy was imused to restraint, and it was quite natural that he should
play truant, and find his way back to the semiaquatic life of the waterfront which he loved
so
Having learned
well.
the
art
of
self-
defense in the strenuous school of the docks,
he was well able to take care of himself when

difficulties
himself,
arose between his fellow-pupils and
and he was often
in trouble because
of his readiness to accept a challenge.
noisy and lively, and earned

at
home
many
for neglecting his lessons
into scrapes that
chievousness.
grew out of
He was
a whipping
and getting
his boyish mis-
Caruso's
Every youngster in Naples
fancies himself a
it was evihad a voice out of the ordi-
singer; but even at this early age
dent that Enrico

nary.
It attracted the attention of the head-
master of the school which he attended.

self
a musician,
this teacher drilled
Him-
Enrico
pri-
vately and developed his fine boy contralto,
coaxing him to learn by gifts of candy and ex-
emptions from school work.
He
then pro-
ceeded to exploit the voice he had trained by

securing engagements for Enrico to sing at
fashionable weddings and concerts
and pock-
eting the proceeds of his appearances.
But Enrico's
schooling was not destined to
By the time he was twelve

made school so unhaphad
years old the boy
pily eventful for his teachers that he was sent
be of long duration.
home
in disgrace.
His
father, deciding that
further educational efforts would prove to be

love's labor lost, first
gave him a severe thrash-
and then entered him as a draftsman's

apprentice in the De Lucca Mechanical LaboMechanical engineering is no proratories.
ing,
fession for
to
it.
He
mother, to
an
artist,
and Enrico did not take
did not rebel openly, since his
whom
he was devotedly attached,
wished him to learn something practical; but
he heartily disliked
his
work, and could interest
himself in but a single phase of
drawing.
^mechanical
it
And even his mechanical drawing he
regarded purely as a stepping-stone to higher
by now he had made up

become an artist. His love for
drawing and for caricature ^he drew more
caricatures than designs dates from this time.
When Enrico was fifteen years of age his
mother died; and now that her wishes, which
alone had induced him to continue at work he
loathed, no longer bound him, he declared that
he was through with mechanical engineering
artistic ambitions, for
his
mind
to
forever.
His declaration of independence had results.

His father, strangely enough in the case of an
Italian, was entirely unmusical, and was fixed
in his resolve that his son should learn some
trade or profession of practical and utilitarian
value; he had no sympathy with what he regarded as Enrico's extravagant and hairbrained ideas.
He himself was a mechanic,
and as a mechanic he had done well. j^L^ his
son follow in the paternal footsteps.
But
this
was what Enrico was temperamentally unable
Caruso's
When
to do.
come
he told his father that he had
an unalterable decision to devote himself entirely to art and to music, the older
Caruso informed him in a rage that he could
take his choice of starving or becoming a mechanic and when the boy obstinately refused to
have anything more to do with engineering ija
any way, shape, or form, his father called him
a disgrace to the family and ordered him out
to
of the house.
Enrico did not hesitate to take his father at

his
word.
He
was only
fifteen,
but he was
already filled with that optimistic courage,
which throughout
his life deserted
him only on
the rarest occasions, that courage which he so

strikingly displayed during his last illness in
New York.
If he was to become a singer, the
sooner he began the better.
Turning
his
back
on the home
became a scugnizzo, a Gavroche of the Neapolitan streets, singing for a few soldi or for
the pure joy of song, wherever and whenever
which had been denied him, he
opportunity offered.
ello,"
Known
as "Arricheti-
he was occasionally allowed to sing
gratuitously in one or two of the tiny theaters
near the old Piazza Castello, and then, after a
10
Carmo and
the
Art of Singing
time, regularly, for a small recompense, in a

sailors'
Mole and the
cafe-concert near the
ImmacolateUa Vecchia, the old port of the

days of the Bom-bon kings, in which at that
time the whole maritime life of the city was
concentrated.
twenty cents
He
also
for
sang
one
lira,
at the long Tuesday services of
the Church of Sant'
Anna
alle
His
Paludi.
other assets, aside from his voice, were his xm-
conquerable optimism and his splendid physique, although the
former did not always pre-
vent his going to bed'hungry.
During
this
early period of stress and struggle, the fifteen-
year-old boy
who would be an
artist
was
at
times forced to seek other, less congenial work,
merely to keep body and soul together.
Thus,
on one occasion, he managed to obtain a position as outrider in the stables of the Count of
Bari, a position which his size and weight fortimately prevented his holding for any length
of time.
Yet he was gradually becoming known
as
the best boy singer in the city of Naples. He

had made no more than a precarious living
singing. in the cafes and hostelries of the waterfront.
Now
his increasing reputation se-
Caruso's
11
Mm
more frequent and better paid

engagements in private houses and at church
festivals. His voice, too, assumed a wonderful
quality, and this merely led to his being more
than ever in demand.
Once, rumor has it, when he sang in one of
cured
the Neapolitan churches, the then Prince of
Wales, later King Edward VII, happened to

be present, and was so impressed with his
and his singing that he had conveyed to

him an offer to go to England on liberal terms,
voice
an offer of which Enrico did not take advanFor about two years the boy managed to
sing his way through life in this manner, and
tage.
had progressed from what was
literally
a hand-
to-mouth existence to a position of relative

comfort, with
when
^his
money flowing
in plentifully
voice broke!
No matter what its beauty or quality, the

boy voice is but a fleeting possession. Nature
has fixed its term within limits which vary but
little, and it is not until the vocal transition
which marks the change to puberty has taken
place, that the singing voice develops under
new
conditions.
Enrico had given hardly a
thought to the evanescent character of that
12
boy voice which had made

him a favorite in a small way. Suddenly he
was deprived of it. When he attempted to
sing he could produce only the shrill, rough,
whistling sounds which feature the transition
clear
and
crystalline
period.
no wonder that the optimistic young

boy, who at last had really begun to believe
It
is
himself justified in choosing music for a career,
even though he had been turned out of
doors for so doing, was dumbfounded.
The
breaking of his voice seemed to him a veritable

catastrophe,
one beyond repair.
Here he
was, the idol of the frequenters of the Caffe

del
where the Piedigrotta songs came

beingand accounted the best singer
Molo
into
the churches of his
in
home
city,
and quite sud-
The abrupt
activities made him
denly he found himself voiceless.

interruption of all his
feel almost that his voice
ever and fear that
now
him forhopes and ambi-
had
his
left
would never be realized.

It was his second great sorrow. He shut
himself up in despair, and would see none of
his many friends.
But a youth of Enrico's
happy disposition could not despair forever.
tions
Caruso's
13
It was in the summer, and one day he was
tempted from his retirement by some comrades who wanted him to go swimming with
them. He forgot his voice and joined them,
and on their way to the water, he even sang,
sang and croaked as well as he could, and for
the moment thought no more of it, one way
or another.
On
his
way home, however, he chanced
to
enter into conversation with Edoardo Mis-
young fellow who was a good amateur

and the son of a wealthy family of
Naples. Missiano, who had heard Enrico sing
at the Bagni del Risorgimento, told him that
he had a genuine tenor voice, and offered to
take him to his lodgings and try it out. Enrico, whose unhappiness over what had seemed
to be the loss of his vocal powers had djiven
him to contemplate suicide, now felt the resiano, a
baritone
surgence of
all
those
doubts and despairs
which for a short time he had escaped.
He
tried to evade Missiano's offer, but the latter

insisted so vigorously that
force, to
accompany him
Enrico had, per-
to his rooms.
Missiano at once seated himself at the piano
and struck a chord.
"Sing!" he cried to
14
Despairingly the youth attempted a
Caruso.
note, but the sound he produced
was
so shrill
and feeble that he said, ahnost in tears, "I

It has gone!" Missiano, howcan't do it!
ever, persevered, and having made Caruso
sing the scale, up and down, a few times, convinced himself that not only did the boy have
a voice, but that his voice was one of imusual
quality.
joy at his discovery he leaped from

the piano-stool and lifted the despairing singer
In
his
high in the
"You
air.
fool,
you
idiot!" he
Enrico, thinking that Missiano was
cried.
mocking him, felt his despair turn to rage.

He took up a heavy brass candlestick standing near him, and hurled it at the young
baritone with
mad ..."
his
all
"You
strength.
are
called the latter, as the missile
crashed into a large mirror and wrecked
"You
are
gone!
it
It
you
will
mad
is
to think that your voice
wonderful, and
be the
first
if
you
it.
is
cultivate
tenor of the century."
If Caruso's self-confidence and his belief
had not been restored at this juncwould he have abandoned his plans for
in his voice
ture,
an operatic career?
It
is
possible,
and yet
it

Cariiso's
Boyhood and Early Traimng
hardly seems probable.
any
It
is
15
to Missiano, at
rate, that the discovery of Caruso's voice
in the first instance is really due.
Like ISTawas not one to forget those

who had been kind to him before he came into
his heritage of fame.
In 1906, when Caruso
visited Naples, he learned that Missiano, whose
family had once been so well-to-do, had fallen
upon evil days and was suffering actual poverty, and his influence was successfully exerted
to secure a place for the baritone at the Metropolitan, where he was entrusted with minor
poleon, the tenor
parts.
Missiano lost no time in bringing Enrico

to Guglielmo Vergine, a celebrated Italian
vocal master, famed as the teacher of Antonio

Scotti, of the tenor Bai,
surnamed "the
Caruso," of Ameha Karola, Bai's wife
little
^these
two for a time rivaled the two Terrazzinis

of Pandolfini, Bellincioni, Buss, and other
noted lyric artists who had had the benefit of
his subtle disciphnary methods, based on the
best traditions of the old Italian masters.
Vergine, however, did not seem particularly
impressed with Caruso's voice at a

ing.
"It
is
like the gold at the
first
hear-
bottom of the
16
Tiber," he said, "hardly worth drawing out."
Missiano was not discouraged; he
made Ver-
gine promise to hear his protege again, after
an
interval of five days,
the intervening time in
and then employed

showing Caruso his
worst defects and assiduously coaching him in

certain arias which seemed calculated to
show
his voice to the best advantage, in so far as its
quality
and character were concerned, for
it
was evident that concerning interpretation

and nuance he had much to learn.
When Enrico returned to Vergine he sang
the "Siciliana" from Mascagni's "Cavalleria
Rusticana," then at the height of its popularity,
and the
still
from Bizet's "I Pescatori

famous teacher, who, though
aria
di Perle" for the
anything but enthusiastic regarding the
tenor's future prospects, declared himself will-
ing to accept him as a pupil and to do what
he could to make an opera singer out of him.
Did a
pupils
teacher of such reputation, whose
almost
invariably
made names
for
themselves, agree to train Caruso blindly, on
a chance of his succeeding?

is
Caruso himself
authority for the statement that Vergine,
when
first
he heard him, regarded the Caruso
Caruso's Boyhood and Early Training

throat as an indifferent one.
Yet
17
the contract
which he insisted on Caruso's signing, a contract which guaranteed that Vergine should
receive twenty-five per cent of all his pupil's
earnings during his
though
it
may
first five
years in opera,
have been a pure speculation,
appears to have been a very definite expression of confidence in the actual financial posit had been
and polished by training.
That Vergine praised Caruso but little, and
never gave him much encouragement while Caruso was studying with him, may have had its
reasons. Enrico was at that time no more than
sibilities
of Caruso's voice, once
placed, faceted,
an
optimistic boy, easily satisfied
with what he did.
and pleased
Vergine, with his contract
would naturally try to make him concentrate intensively on his work, and to that
end would not wish him to think so well of
in mind,
himself as to relax in his efforts.
Enrico took the best possible care of himself
at
and worked hard, mentally and

the
exercises
His
and he had already begun
the time when he might
prescribed
progress was rapid,

to look forward to
vocally,
for
him.
18
Carttso
and the Art of Singing
hope to make his operatic debut, when

studies were abruptly interrupted.
The
his
universal military service law, strictly
enforced in Italy as in
all
other Continental
budding tenor to give

up his solfeggi for soldiering. He made no
attempt to evade the call of duty, promptly
countries, compelled the
entered the
army
in the Thirteenth
barracks,
and was enrolled
Regiment of
Artillery, then
in garrison at Rieti, in Perugia, a picturesque
medieval town in the midst of a vine- and
whose fertility was

celebrated by both Virgil and Cicero.
In Rieti Enrico was a happy soldier, and
soon became a favorite with his fellow artillery-men.
When one of his comrades was
sent to the guard-house for some slight offense, Enrico would ransom him by offering
to sing for the officer of the day any song the
latter especially wanted to hear.
His offer
was seldom refused, and as a result Enrico's
olive-groAving coimtryside
company held him
in high esteem.
But
so
flagrant a laxity on the part of officers on duty,
and
so
open a violation of regulations, was
not to continue unchecked.

It
was on a lovely Easter Day,
all
sunshine
and blue
skies, that the
19
storm broke which
suddenly ended Enrico's role as the savior of

delinquent cannoniers.
The
officers
had given
a banquet to the soldiers of the regiment,
Major
commander, occupying
the place of honor at the head of the table. At
the conclusion of the dinner it was proposed,
and unanimously seconded, that in the Major's honor Enrico should sing the "Brindisi"
from "Cavalleria Rusticana." Enthusiastic
bravos and demands for an encore greeted the
conclusion of the song.
It was then that
Major Nagliati raised his hand for silence and
made a little speech, short and very much to
the point, which put an effectual damper on
Nagliati, the
the festive spirit of the occasion.
The Major
aft, and Caruso

on the impropriety of
his putting that voice at every one's beck and
call, his unseemly use of it to effect the release
of military prisoners from the guard-house,
and the company's criminal folly in requesting
raked the regiment fore and

in particular, dwelling
a singer to sing immediately after a meal.
Addressing himself to Enrico in particular,

he called him a fool, and said that Caruso was
unworthy of the great
gift
he evidently held
20
in such light esteem.
clared that
if
In conclusion he de-
any of the
oflScers of his regi-
ment again compelled Caruso to sing, he

would have them put in ironsj regardless of
rank, and would have the singer punished as
well.
same
Major Nagliati, who coming across the young
Yet, on the other hand,
it
was
this
recruit one morning, as he sat before the bar-
racks polishing the brass buttons of his service
uniform coat and singing "open-throated,"

asked him what he
from sheer joy of
living,
did in civilian
"I hope to become an opera
singer,"
life.
mumbled
could not imagine
the abashed private,
why
the
who
Major wanted
to
That very evening he was informed

Major had hunted up a singing
teacher for him, a talented amateur musician
For the remainder of his two
of Rieti.
months' stay in the garrison town for Caruso's army life only lasted some sixty days
know.
that the
he
in all
continued his interrupted studies
His release from military

came about in a perfectly natural way.
His father had remarried, and Enrico's stepmother, who had heard him sing and who
under
service
this tuition.
21
realized the possibilities of his voice, urged the
father to secure an honorable discharge.

rico's
musical, but he had been

his son's progress
tions
En-
father had not grown a whit more
much impressed by
and the favorable predic-
made with regard
to his future.
The
discharge was easily effected, thanks to his
yoimger brother's willingness to serve out the

rest of Enrico's time as a substitute.
After
this short military interlude,
Enrico
returned to Vergine, and continued to study
with him for another six months. He had

studied with him some three years in all,
when
his teacher dismissed
him with a soberly
phrased letter of recommendation, and the

young tenor began to cast about for operatic
engagements.
Caruso's
Upward Climb
Chapter II
CARUSO'S
In
Italy,
UPWARD CLIMB
where tenor voices of
lyric sweet-
ness are to be found in profusion,
knights of the high
young
C do not, as a rule, have

Many a singer is tolerated
an easy time of it.

and even encouraged on French and German
operatic stages, both small and large, who
would be hissed off the boards in Italy. Caruso, however, did not fail to secure engage-
ments, though none of his earlier appearances
gave any indication of the fame to which he
was
to attain later.
He made his
debut in the Teatro Nuovo in
Naples, where he appeared four times in the

title-role
of an unimportant opera, "L'Amico
Francesco," by Morelli.
lire
Enrico received ten
for each performance, with a pair of stage
and a neckerchief
Twenty-six years later the
"thrown in."
artist who had been glad to accept a fee of
ten lire for his first performance in grand
shoes, a suit of fleshings,
opera, refused the $12,000 a performance of25
26
him for a series of appearances in Lima,

Peru. In Morelli's opera Caruso made no
fered
very definite impression, one
The general opinion was
way
or another.
that his voice
had
a sympathetic quality of tone, but that it

was rather small and lacking in volume.
This opinion
may have been more
or less a re-
sult of Caruso's following Vergine's instruc-
tions to sing with restraint
and not
to let out
his voice, for Vergine's theories insisted that
was the bane of the operatic voice

and that stress would kiU it.
At any rate, his negative virtues suflSced to
He was
secure him another opportunity.
engaged for the opera at Caserta, in Campania, a garrison town about twenty-one miles
from Naples. In Caserta he sang Turiddu,
Camoens and some prefer to consider this his
real debutFaust in Boito's "Mefistofele."
This was in April, 1895, and again Caruso
was paid at the rate of ten lire a night, or
about two dollars. But in Caserta his singing attracted more favorable attention; for,
much to Vergine's disgust, he abandoned his
maestro's advice and "let out" his voice.
In the following year fortune treated him
the forte
Caruso's Uptaard Climb
27
somewhat more kindly.

He appeared at
Genoa in "Traviata" and "Trovatore," and in
"Traviata," "Favorita," and "Gioconda" in
the Teatro Fondo at Naples, and in both cities
with some measure of success. These were,
perhaps, the first steps toward an increasing
recognition of his artistic merits.
His engagement at the Fondo in Naples

was followed in the same year by one at
Salerno, in whose opera house the season was
opened with a performance of Bellini's
"I Puritani." Lombardi, the famous singing
teacher, who was the conductor and who had
to be
heard favorable reports regarding Caruso,

suggested his
name
to the
his leading tenor fell
Caruso's
earlier
ill
management when
at the eleventh hour.
quasi-failures
in
Naples,
whether or not due to the vocal suppression

advocated by Vergine, had led to his being
called "the broken tenor;" but although one
of the directors of the Salerno opera mentioned this fact to Lombardi, the latter did not
sent for the
allow it to influence him.
He
him the engagement, and

foimd himself entirely justified by the man-
young
tenor, offered
ner in which Caruso acquitted himself of his
28
Carmo and
role.
Caruso's operatic "market value" was
on the
increase,
the
Art
of Singing
and he himself was gaining
greater confidence in his vocal powers, as well

as greater artistic maturity in his interpretations.
Lombardi, who gave him much disinterested

advice during this engagement, induced him
to ignore Vergine's instructions to hold back
his voice
and not
He
strength.
let it
out in
all its
sonorous
encouraged Caruso to cultivate
a vigorous attack and a robust style of vocalization,
and
told
him that when he confronted
an audience he should carry himself
like a
toreador, braving the natural skepticism of his
auditors with a veritable onslaught of tone.
The memory
of this advice probably had
its
share in developing that splendid vocal vigor
with which Caruso flung himself into his later
There can be no doubt but that Lombardi had a most salutary influence on the
parts.
tenor.
Vergine had cramped and bound
voice.
As
the tenor himself declared:
restrained all
deprived
me
my
of
his
"He
inclination to color a note,
all
power of emphasis.
three years I studied against
For
my grain, repres-
"
Cairuso's
Upward Climb
29
sing nature in order to become a Vergine
product."
It was
Lombardi who made
Caruso that he need not assume a cold and

statuesque pose on the stage, singing his notes
prettily without distinguishing
clear to
among them
As
with regard to intensity and color.
a pre-
outcome of his Salerno season imder

Lombardi, Caruso was able to say: "A great
light shone upon me, and never again did I
cious
sing against
nature.
sang with
the voice I had
all
Thereafter I
when
moment came, and always with
my
always
the right
the color that
me should envelop my poet's

From that night when I sang "I Puri-
heart told
words.
tani" in Salerno, I
broken
was never again
called 'the
tenor.'
Other engagements followed, in various

Italian cities, and Vergine not for Caruso's
sake alone, as will appear ûrged him to miss

no opportunity to sing in public and make
himself better known. This constant encouragement of Vergine's, his insistence that Caruso sing as often as possible, had a very
genuine, a financial, motive. Whenever and
wherever Caruso sang,
his
former teacher
30
promptly put in an appearance to claim the

twenty-five per cent of the tenor's receipts
guaranteed him hy his contract. Caruso never

made any objection, but the monotonous regularity with which Vergine presented himself
at the tenor's performances
that
it
was
so noticeable
attracted the attention of one manager.
He made
some inquiries of Caruso; and when

the tenor showed him the contract, he pointed
out that, according to its terms, Vergine would
be entitled to a quarter of all Caruso could
earn during jive years of actual singing! In
other words, Caruso would be obliged to sing
steadily imtil he reached the age of fifty be-
would have received his final

payment. This discovery led Caruso to discuss with Vergine the unfair terms of the contract, and it is pleasant to know that when the
matter was eventually referred to the Italian
courts for settlement, Caruso was upheld and
fore Vergine
Vergine
lost
200,000
lire
by a
decision ren-
dered in the tenor's favor.
His
scored
first real
cavallo's
Lirico in
outstanding success Caruso
of Marcello, in Leon"Boheme," at the Teatro

Milan. He had already, in Livorno,
the
opera
role
Caruso's
Upward Climb
31
sung Rodolfo in Puccini's more popular opera

of the same name. On that occasion he had
told Puccini that he could not put in the high
C in the Romanza, and the latter had intimated that most tenors killed the aria for
the sake of the high note, and that he would
rather have the process reversed.
Now
Son-
zogno, the Italian publisher of Leoncavallo's
work, had brought him the
ging him to examine
it,
latter's score,
beg-
as he felt sure that
it
was admirably suited to the tenor's voice.

Caruso, after studying it for some days with
Vergine this was before their difference, of
course
convinced
himself that he could not
and would fail in it.

Sonzogno, however, to whom he had returned
the score, renewed the attack, and his entire
faith that Caruso's success would be great and
do
justice to the part
immediate so encouraged the tenor that he
threw himself heart and soul into the preparaHe sang it before a large
tion of the role.
audience on
November
8,
1898, in the Lirico,
and awakened the following morning to find

that he had become famous.
The press and public united in agreeing
that Caruso had not mistaken his vocation;

32
and
this, his first success,
ning of his
was the
artistic career.
real begin-
Among
those
who
had heard him for the first time was Jules

Massenet, whose "Navarraise" he also sang
during the same season. In his "Memoires"
Massenet says: "Among my memories of
Milan I have kept the recollection of being
present at Caruso's debut. The now famous
tenor was very modest then, and when, a year
later, I saw him wrapped in an ample fincoat, it was obvious that the figure of his salary
must have mounted crescendo. When I saw
him I did not envy him his brilliant fortune
or his undoubted talent, but I did regret
that winter especially
his rich,
The
warm
^that
coat on
I could not put
my own
impression Caruso had
vember eighth was
intensified
back."
made on Noby
his appear-
ance at the Lirico on the sixteenth as the

creator of the role of Loris at the premiere of
Giordano's "Fedora."
was a part whose

and dramatic
improved to the utmost,
It
exuberant melodic character

effect the
and after
young
his singing of Loris' confession of
Giordano aria "Amor ti vieta

non amar," he was given a tremendous ova-
love, the short
di
artist

Caruso's
and was
tion,
The
times.
Upward Climb
33
called before the curtain four
following morning
all
the
critics
agreed that Caruso had sung "Fedora"

e la
Fe
His
'd 'oro
în
a manner truly golden.
position as an operatic tenor
assured, though all his triumphs
was now
still
lay be-
He
sang in one Italian city after

another, including Livorno and Genoa, where
fore him.
he was heard in Bizet's "I Pescatori di Perle"

at the Carlo Felice.
In
fact, the
Milan ap-
mark a distinct milestone

development. The impression he made
pearances of 1898
in his
them was instrumental in bringing about

his transformation from a purely Italian
singer into the great world artist, and in releasing him from the narrower sphere of the
in
Italian operatic
stage.
presario, looking for a
An
new
intelligent
im-
voice which might
justify an international career, decided he
had
foimd one in Caruso. As will be shown,

confidence was not misplaced.
his
Before we take up the second period of

Caruso's career, his development as an operatic tenor of international
erations anent the natural
fame, some consid-
and
artistic
which aided him in his achievement
means
may
not
34
That Caruso was endowed with a
be amiss.
remarkable physique, with a powerful pair of

bellows, and with a wonderful vocal apparatus
is
Many
common knowledge.
competent and incompetent
alike,
physicians,
have
dis-
coursed at length upon Caruso's marvelous
Yet, after
vocal organism.
little is
the
known about
little
reed-like
all,
comparatively
the precise workings of
membranes which are
called
the vocal cords, or of the other adjacent vocal

organs.
What we
do know
is
that Caruso's natiu*al
advantages alone could never have made him

the great artist he developed into.
ologists have, as
rule,
-The physi-
overlooked an
important factor in the art of song
all-
menThe voice of Caruso, light and

^the
tal factor.
lyric in quality at the beginning, prevented
from coming
into its
own by Vergine's
of repression, even in
its later
theories
golden purity
and dramatic poignancy owed those

inflections
subtler
which move the human heart
flawless, sustained legato, the exquisite
voce, the beautiful phrasing
declamation
^to
^the
mezza
and expressive
the great tenor's unremitting
hard work, both mental and technical, and to
Caruso's
his
fidelity
to
Upward Climb
the ideals
35
of interpretation
which he never abandoned throughout his
His great natural gift of an exceptional voice was always the interpreting medium for a controllmg artistic mind, and his
apparently effortless singing was not as so
career.
many
a freak of nature,
erroneously believe
but the result of constant intensive devotion

to the study, riot only of his roles, but also of
the vocal exercises
upon which
technique was based.
Some
his
of his
marvelous
ovm
state-
ments show how convinced he was that the

most wonderful voice in the world is soulless
imless it be spiritualized by the intellectual
and emotional factors.
It was this firm conviction that counted
heavily in Caruso's progress as a vocal artist;
it was a doctrine which gave his art a solid
foundation to build upon. Caruso fully comprehended the secret that to learn to sing
an endless task.
and with what is now acknowledged to have been authentically the
beautifully
With
is
this secret,
greatest natural tenor voice of the period
ready to be revealed; backed by tireless, conscientious study; and equipped with a large
36
Caruso and the
Ar t
of Singing
repertory of tenor roles; with youth, enthusi-
asm, and ideals to lend wings to his ambition,

Enrico Caruso was indeed superbly prepared
to
embark on
career in opera.
his
stupendous international
The Conquest
of the
Old World
Chapteb III
THE CONQUEST OF THE OLD WORLD

Caruso's
first
operatic flights beyond the
him immediately to the musically more famous capitals of Europe.

The enhanced reputation
which had prompted his engagement to create
limits of his native land did not take
the tenor role in the
first
Italian production
of Massenet's "Sapho," at the Scala in Milan,
Egyptian excursion, though his

successes in Cairo and Alexandria may be regarded as mere extensions of his Italian sucled to a short
cesses,
still
as
since,
much
musically speaking,
Roman
Egypt
is
colony as in the days
of the emperors.
More important in spreading his
rising
fame
abroad were two winter tours to Russia,
where he made a great impression in Moscow

and Petrograd, and the first of five successive
summer
seasons in Buenos Aires (1899-1903),
which served to make him known in South

America. In the fall of 1899 he appeared in
the Costanzi in
Rome and
39
at the
Communale
40
in Bologna.
It
was
in the latter theater that
sang the role of Rhadames in "Aida,"

and established his confidence in his high C,
which hitherto he had regarded with a trace of
he
first
distrust.
In 1900 he sang
don, for the
first
in
Covent Garden, Lonappearing as Des
time,
Grieux in Puccini's "Manon Lescaut," his

beautiful voice winning frenetic applause from
the audience. The same year, at the Milan
Scala, then directed by Gatti-Casazza and
Toscanini, he opened the season triumphantly
with Puccini's "La Boheme"; and in 1901,
during the Carnival, he sang again in the
same house, creating the Florindo of MasThis opera, despite
cagni's "Le Maschere."
was pijpduced simultaneously

at seven of the most important Italian opera
the fact that
it
^Rome, Milan, Turin, Genoa, Venice,

Verona, and Napleson January 17 of that
houses
was a failure, though Caruso did much

to redeem the work by his convincing presyear,
entation
of
his
part.
He
also
appeared
and in Donizetti's
"L'Elisir d'Amore"; and notwithstanding
that two older tenors of established fame were
in Boito's "Mefistofele,"
The Conquest
of the Old
World
41
on the operatic stage of his native

land, Caruso had by this time been generally
still
active
recognized by press and public as the fore-
most of Italian tenors.
In the autumn of 1901 he sang at Treviso

and at Bologna in "La Tosca," and again in
Milan for the Carnival of 1902, both at the
Lirico, where he created the tenor role in
"Adriana Lecouvreur," and at La

Scala, in Franchetti's "Germania."
It was
in this year that he also sang at Monte Carlo,
Cilea's
and was at once engaged for

seasonsand at Covent Garden, Lon-
with Melba
four
don, on
This
cess
so
May
14, as the
Duke
in "Rigoletto."
London appearance was a

far
though the
as
the
critics in
his possibilities.
public
great suc-
was concerned,
general did not recognize
There had been but
little
advance publicity to herald his coming, and
one London paper dismissed the performance

the next morning with the bald statement that
"the part of the
M.
Throughout
Caruso."
singing
won
Duke was
carefully sung
this
season
by
his
increasing applause at each of
his appearances,
but at that time his
name on
42
the boards never led to a rush on the box

office.
During the winter of 1903-1904 he sang in

Rome and in Lisbon, and it was on Novem-
made his debut at the

Metropohtan Opera House in New York, in
ber 23, 1903, that he
"Rigoletto."
His
career in the United States
and
it is
with the United States and the Metropolitan
Opera House in particular that he was most

and intimately identified after his first
closely
appearance in
in itself,
and
quence of
his
this
country in 1903
îs
a story
in order not to interrupt the se-
European
successes, its consid-
eration has been deferred
till
the following
chapter.
Dating from
his season in 1904, his
popu-
London was immense, and he sang

there every summer until the year 1907, when
the management declined to reengage him,
larity in
pleading that his fee was excessive.
This,
however, did not interfere with his appearing

in the British capital in concerts
^notably the
great Charity Concert in Albert Hall in 1908,
during which year he also toured the English

provinces
and at private entertainments,
al-
The Conquest
of the Old
World
43
ways eagerly sought and drawing immense

audiences at
of a public character.
all affairs
was his Rodolfo

"La Boheme," which, more than any other single role,
It
in Puccini's
served to establish his popularity in London,
though he also created the part of Pinkerton
"Madame
Puccini's
in
city,
singing
its
Butterfly"
music to perfection.
in
that
In 1914
Caruso did accept a London engagement; it

his last appearance in that city, and
his singing in the last act of "Tosca" moved
marked
a
critic
to declare that:
he used to present
".
the mezza voce
his legato passages thrilled
the soul, as though the most glorious days of
the past had come
echoing back under a
cupola of gold to remind us that never in our

lifetime could
we hope
to hear anything
com-
parable with that unique tenor which can only
be
summed up
in one
word
Caruso!"
Strange to say, among the great musical

capitals of Europe, Paris is the one in which
Caruso was least known, for he sang there

no more than half a dozen times, usually at
gala performances. In March, 1904, he took
the part of Pinkerton in the creation of Puccini's
"Madame
Butterfly" at
Monte Carlo;
44
a member of Sonzogno's Italian Company, that he appeared at

the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt. Although he
but
was
it
was not
until 1905, as
enthusiastically received
by the Parisian
public, his other outstanding Paris
ances were few in number.
appear-
In 1906, with
he interrupted a concert tour in order to sing at the Trocadero in

characteristic generosity,
the city on the Seine for a benefit concert
had been organized by the elder

Coquelin on behalf of the Association of Dramatic Artists. The French government expressed its appreciation of this action by making Caruso a chevalier of the Legion of
which
In 1912 he was heard at the Chatelet

Theatre in "Aida," "Pagliacci," and Puccini's
"Manon Lescaut"; and in the same year he
created the role of Dick Johnson (Ramerrez)
Honor.
in
"FanciuUa del West" at the
Puccini's
Paris Opera.
In 1907 he included
Berlin in a
German
Leipsic,
Hamburg, and
towrnSe and was every-
where received with enthusiasm.

in particular, in 1907, 1910,
Berlin,
and 1912, the
years of his appearances in that

critical
In
city,
German
opinion was unanimously agreed that
The Conquest
of the
Old World
45
no such powerful, high, and brilliant tenor

voice had ever been heard before; and even
those ancients who had heard the greatest
artists of a generation or more could not recall a voice which could have measured itself
beside Caruso's as regards perfected beauty,
warmth, and genuine golden tone.
nique of his breath control
tem of rigorous vocal

important
part
în
The
which
tech-
his sys-
exercise played
no un-
^together with his histrionic
ability, was accorded the greatest praise.

The
same critical opinion attended his appearances
in Munich, in Stuttgart, and in Hamburg as
well.
In Vienna, the Vienna of the Hapsburgs,

the way for Caruso's coming had been prepared by the sensational accounts of his fanto Eutastic American successes, and their
ropean minds incredible financial rewards,
for some two years prior to his first appearThis took place in
ance at the Hofoper.
1905, and though he won a victory in the role
of the
Duke
of
Mantua
in "Rigoletto," at that
time the role he sang best from a purely vocal

point of view, it was, as one Viennese critic
declared, "a victory without conquest."
46
Vienna did not really capitulate until he

sang there in October, 1907. Then he was
received with genuine enthusiasm, was obliged
to repeat his canzonetta in "Rigoletto" three
separate times, and even to repeat the solo

at the beginning of the quartet,
of encore.
But he won
an unheard-
the Viennese com-
and finally with his impersonation of

Rodolfo in Puccini's "La Boheme"; for he
was the original, living bohemien of'Murger's
pletely
novel, a fun-maker, full of practical jokes
wanton high
now
spirits,
And
in tears.
a child,
now
in his singing
and
laughing,
he was not
"merely" a poet.
The
third role he presented to the Viennese
audiences was that of
Rhadames in "Aida,"
"NUe" act, in his
carrying them away in the
flat
major
aria,
and
in the duo,
"Morir
si
The public feted him as a

singer, and paid him an homage it had accorded few singers before him. The tumult
pura
e bella."
at the box-office, the storm on the galleries,
the incredible activity of the ticket specu-
and the scenes at the "Operntiirl," the

Hofoper, where the famous singer's
horses would undoubtedly have been taken
lators,
exit of the
The Conquest
of the Old
World
47
from their traces had it not been an automobile that carried him away from the scene
of his triumphs, were of nightly occurrence.
After 1907 Caruso appeared in Vienna

every year, and endeared himself in particular
with his Richard in "Un Ballo in Maschera,"
his Canio,
and
his
Don
Jose.
peared in "Carmen" for the
When
first
he ap-
time in
Vienna, the ordinarily well-bred Austrian public
in
its
enthusiasm simply compelled him to
a repetition in the middle of an act against his

He had just ended his famous romance,
will.
and was kneeling at Carmen's feet, whose

hand was caressingly laid upon his head.
tremendous burst of applause forced him to
rise. There was a general cry of his, bis! The
singer indicated by a movement of his hand
that a repetition was impossible for him, and
again knelt.
But
the storm of applause kept
and Caruso once more bowed his acknowledgments, refused the encore, and again preon,
pared to continue the duet at Carmen's feet.

The public, however, simply would not allow
him
to sing, though he
made
several further
attempts. In the end the artist was obliged

to resign himself, rise, and do as the public
48
wished.
And
yet Caruso attained to even
greater dramatic heights in the fourth act of

the opera, when, with a cry like that of some
ravening wild beast, he flung himself upon

Carmen, It was at such moments that one
realized that Caruso
was not alone a model
singer of bel canto, but a portrayer of

character, a creative artist of the
human
most pro-
found emotional passion and power. When

Caruso sang in Vienna in 1913, before the
War, he received $3,000 a performance, approximately 15,000 crowns, an immense svim
for that city,
and shortly before the
War seats
were practically sold at auction wherever he

appeared in Austria or Germany.
It is worthy of remark that no matter where
Caruso sang, whether in Russia or in Cuba,
England or Mexico, France or Germany,

Italy or the United States, the manner in
which his singing united perfected tone and
genuine emotion, a technique beyond compare,
and a
gift for dramatic impersonation which
has rarely been equalled on the operatic stage,
won
for
him
all his auditors, irrespective of
their nationality.
The Conquest
of the
New World
Chapter IV
THE CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD

The American debut of Enrico Caruso
would undoubtedly have taken place earlier
than it did, but for the fact that Maurice Grau
resigned his post as impresario of the Metropolitan Opera House, After negotiating with
Caruso for about a year, Grau had persuaded
the tenor then already famous in Europe but
practically unknown in America to sign a
contract to join the Metropohtan forces.
Heinrich Conried, who succeeded Grau at the
Opera House and
inherited this contract,
primarily a theatrical
man and
was
not a grand
opera manager, and never having heard of the

tenor,
was
at first not too eager to assume the
responsibility of bringing over a singer un-
known
to him.
There are many legends
garding Conried's
final decision to invite
re-
Ca-
ruso to these shores, of which the most amusing
one
is
to the effect that the impresario's Italian
bootblack must share the honor, having
made
an appeal
As
in the great tenor's favor.

51
Carmo and
52
matter of
fact, it
the
Art of Singing
was Maurice Grau's sound
judgment, together with information
freshly-
gathered, that overcame Cohried's reluctance;
and Enrico Caruso made his American defbut

at the Metropolitan Opera House on November 23, 1903, as the
Madame Sembrich
The
politan
Duke
in "Rigoletto,"
singing the role of Gilda.
great audience that filled the Metrothat memorable
night
of
Caruso's
to welcome the new

management had done nothing to
arouse curiosity about him. Madame Sembrich, who had already become a great favorite
with New York opera audiences, was warmly
welcomed; so was the new conductor, Signor
Vigna.
But when Enrico Caruso entered
upon the stage, all he received from the audience was a respectful silence. This cold re-
career
had not come
tenor: the
ception would have dismayed

especially if he
many a
singer,
was accustomed to being
ized in the capitals of Europe.
lion-
Caruso, how-
ever, did not permit the audience's indiflfer-
ence to ruffle him.
He
was determined to win
He sang with great care, intent

on having his instrument under complete control. Before that performance of "Rigoletto"
recognition.
The Conquest of
the
New World
was concluded, Caruso had conquered
53
the
audience.
The
following day the critics hailed Caruso
as a great artist with a wonderful vocal organ.
The
indifference of the audience,
first
made
his entrance,
dramatic interest to
his
when he had
now added glory and
triumph.
"Strange to say," wrote the Post, "whereas

the
new
conductor, Mr. Vigna, was greeted
with a round of applause
when he took
seat in the lowered orchestral space,
his
where he
disappeared from sight, not a hand was raised

for
Mr. Caruso when he became
stage.
Nobody seemed
to
visible
on the
know him; nor
man
is
young
^ônly
and he was hardly known,
thirty years of age
even in Italy, until five years ago. Having
established his fame at Milan and Genoa, he
sang for two seasons in St. Petersburg, and
then went to South America, where his popularity soon induced the manager to double the
price of his seats. In London he subsequently
made a sensational success, which led to his
engagement for New York. Real tenors,
that strange, for he
is
Italian or otherwise, are extremely scarce, and
54s
Mr. Caruso
has opera;
is
in
demand
in every city which
we simply got him
York we have
crime which has
New
crime'
high-salary
'the
its
because in
advantages.
"If Mr. Caruso was received in
silence, the
loud applause which greeted his
first
air,
made ample amends. And

grew from act to act, culminating in an ovation after La donna e mohile.
True, he exaggerated its catchpenny effect by
Questa o
quella,
the enthusiasm
his vocal flourishes at the
end; but the changes
of pace he introduced in the melody
seem
less offensive
made
it
than usual, and his phras-
ing, here as in the other
numbers, was remarkLike some of his
ably artistic and refined.
famous colleagues, he was not at

in the evening; but as he
his best early
warmed up
to his
task his voice was revealed as a genuine tenor
of excellent quality, which

lu-e
to hear again.
To
Mme. Sembrich was

Not
it
will be
a pleas-
hear him sing duos with
a rare treat."
yet had Caruso reached those heights
of perfection in the mastery of his voice and

in the subtlety of his interpretations which
were
make him supreme

But the vital quality
later to
of song.
in the realm
of sincerity,
The Conquest
which makes the
New World
of the
55
work effective and

convincing, was there; it was the predominant
characteristic of Caruso's singing and it was
artist's
that which roused so keen an interest in his

future.
That
it
was
his large vocal
power
and the ringing tones of his upper range which

stirred the greatest number of his hearers,
there is no doubting; but the keener and more
cultivated listeners were impressed by the delicate and finely spun phrasing, by the exquisite
musical delivery, and by that manliness which
reveals the sincerity of
an
artist.
The musical writer for the Times recognized

in Caruso a sterling singer
whose art was not
only charged with passion but also controlled
by
intelligence.
He
"It signalized the
wrote about the debut:

first
appearance of one
of the most important of Mr. Conried's

artists,
one upon
new
whom much wiU depend dur-
Enrico
ing the coming season
took the part of the Duke.
Caruso,
who
He made a highly
favorable impression, and he went far to substantiate the reputation that had preceded
him in this country. He is an Italian in all
his fiber, and his acting and singing are char^.cteristic of what Italy now affords in those
Carmo and
56
arts.
His
quality,
and of large power, but
inclined
on the
to take
Art of Singing
its
voice
of high range,
the
is
purely a tenor in
upper
'white' quality in its
ranges when he lets it forth. In mezza voce

it has expressiveness and flexibility, and when
Mr.
so used its beauty is most apparent.
Caruso appeared
last
evening capable of
in-
and of passion in both his sin^ng

and his acting, and gave reason to believe in
his value as an acquisition to the company."
The musical critic of the Sun was impresiSed
by Caruso's finer qualities as a vocal artist.
telligence
He said in part
"Mr. Caruso, the new
tenor,
made a
thor-
oughly favorable impression, and will probably
grow
He has
into the firm favor of this public.
a pure tenor voice of
sufficient
range and power.
and mellow voice and
is
fine quality
It
is
and
a smooth
without the typical
free delivery
Mr. Caruso has a natural and

and his voice carries well with-
out forcing.
He
Italian bleat.
phrased his music tastefully
and showed considerable refinement of style.

"His clear and pealing high tones set the
bravos wild with delight, but connoisseurs of
The Conquest
of the
New World
57
singing saw more promise for the season in his
mezza voce and his manliness."

Caruso had scored a success, but one that
fell far short of the great enthusiasm he was
afterward to arouse. Profound as was the impression he had made, little did the people who
heard him sing that night realize that the new
tenor was soon to become one of the pillars
of the Metropolitan Opera House, nay, its
mainstay for nearly a generation. For Caruso
introduced at the Metropolitan a
ard of vocal
art,
new
stand-
a singing so rich and vibrant
seemed to overshadow
the art of all those master-singers who had
preceded him in that famous house of music.
There were memories of great voices at the
Metropolitan when Enrico Caruso arrived;
there may have been voices of greatej:. power;
there may have been voices of greater agility;
but none had possessed the infinite gradations
of tone color, nor the poignant utterance of
in its delivery that it
Caruso's glorious organ.
Even
at that time
he carried his voice with great skill throughout a wide compass and sang each tone, from
the lowest to the highest, with a purity and
roundness that captivated his auditors.
The
58
had brought to the MetropoUtan was

a tenor of fine texture, both velvety and opulent in quaUty; but it was the warmth and
magnetism of his tones that moved his hearers
and compelled their enthusiasm.
At all
voice he
events, after his dehut Caruso's art
watched not only by
all
was
New York
the
closely
critics
but by the general public as well.
The many admirers
the
new
tenor had
won
at his first performance were very eager to

hear his Rodolfo in Puccini's "La Boheme,"
which he was scheduled to sing a few days
later.
But
times visits
the sharp weather which some-
New York
in
late
brought them disappointment.
November
Caruso had
contracted a severe cold and could not appear.
His sudden indisposition caused the management of the Metropolitan a good deal of uneasiness; they felt that here was a popular
tenor upon whom they could not rely. The
new
impresario,
Heinrich
Conried,
learned, however, that Enrico Caruso

artist
who
soon
was an
disliked to disappoint his audiences.
In
fact, although not in fit vocal condition to

sing Rhadames, Caruso consented to appear
in
"Aida" just a week after
his debut,
and the
The
Conqttest of the
New World
59
him were more

and tumultuous than they had
plaudits that were showered on

enthusiastic
been at his
"The
"was
first
appearance.
greatest interest,"
felt in
said the
Mr. Caruso's assumption
Times,
of the
part of Rhadames, and though he evidently
had not recovered from the troubles that put

so sudden a check upon his career here after
his first appearance, he materially deepened
the favorable impression he then made. He
was clearly singing with circumspection and
care, especially in the first act of the opera,
and seldom ventured to put forth the full

power of his voice. But in the very manner
in
which he did
this
he proved the remarkable

his organ, and the
mastery he possesses over

skill
of his vocal technique, the manifold re-
sources he possesses to
make every
effect
count, even against the most unfavorable influences.
He
sang with some evidences of
effort
when he did
With
all his reserve,
sing with his full power.
however, the quality, the
and the expressive capacity of his

voice beautified everything he did. His action
was forceful and authoritative, so far as
force and authority come into the purview of
flexibility,
60
Rhadames' experience. There were passion

and conviction in his interpretation of the
hated lover, and everywhere the marks of the
adept in stagecraft. It was an admirable performance and commanded not only the enthusiastic plaudits of the cooler portions of the
audience, but also the frenzied 'bravos' of his
who were present in large numAfter the third act there were scenes
compatriots,
bers.
of tumultuous enthusiasm."
The musical
writer for the Post was im-
pressed by Caruso's style and refined phras-
He
ing.
wrote:
"And
last,
not
least,
was the
Rhadames of Signor Caruso, whose singing of

Celeste A'ida was followed by a great outburst
of applause;
and he deserved
it.
Reports
from abroad did not exaggerate the merits of

this tenor. He is what has so long been looked
for a successor to Campanini, and more, too.
While his voice is not so reliable as Campanini's, it is infused with more ardor and has
more dramatic power, while being equally
when at its best."

Sun was no less impressed
beautiful in quality
The
by
critic
of the
the qualities of Caruso's singing.
In
his
review of the performance of "Aida" he said;
The Conquest
New World
of the
61
"Mr. Caruso, the new Italian tenor, confirmed

the good impression he made at his debut. He
saved himself a good deal in the early part of
the opera, which was wise in view of his recent
indisposition, but this gave him an opportunity to show the resources of his art in
He
Celeste A'ida.
sang the
air quietly
but
and with good effect. In the Nile

scene he let himself out and made the bravos
tastefully
wild with delight."
In the Tribune, Caruso's song art was also

praised. The critic wrote: "The latter (Signor
Caruso) was plainly still suffering from the indisposition which worked such shipwreck in
the representation of 'La Boheme' last Friday night, and 'Rigoletto' on Saturday afternoon.
But
his skill in
overcoming the draw-
back helped to a keener appreciation of his

knowledge of the art of singing, and invited
still
greater admiration for the superb beauty
of his voice.
gives
is
The
pleasure which his singing
exquisite, scarcely leaving
room
for
curious shortcomings touching his limitations."
few days
later
Caruso sang the role of
Cavaradossi in "Tosca."
same
He
skill as a vocal artist
displayed the
and
as
an
inter-
62
preter of character which he had disclosed in
two appearances at the Opera House.

He sang the music of the young revolutionist
with warmth and color, and the famous aria
Ittcevan le stelle brought forth rounds and
his first
But Caruso had not yet

revealed to American opera-goers all of the
vocal artistry and eloquence that he had
at his command.
Thus far he had been
rounds of applause.
heard in
done
but
one role to which he had
full justice
the
Duke
in "Rigoletto,"
which he had svmg with a charm, grace, and

nonchalance that captivated his hearers.
In "Aida" and "Tosca" he had not been

quite himself, because he dared not give full
sway to
made his
his
golden voice.
But by the time he

he had completely
foiui;h appearance,
regained his vocal powers and he infused into

his
song such art and beauty that he was un-
stintedly accorded the
supreme place among
singing men.
"Mr. Caruso," wrote the Times, "showed

yesterday afternoon for the
first
time since he
has been in this country the supreme beauty

of his voice and the perfection of his style
when he
is
at his best.
He
took the part of
The Conquest
of the
New World
63
Rodolfo ^the part which he was prevented

from assuming in the first week of the season
by the throat trouble that temporarily put

him out of commission in Mr. Conried's forces
and that left its traces after he had returned
to service.
"Mr. Caruso plays the part of Puccini's

Latin Quarter hero with especial sympathy
and presents a figure of unusual attractiveness.
...
It has distinction in
its
kind bon-
But it was most

musical side. Mr. Caruso's
homie, hvmior, pathos.
strik-
ing in
voice
its
has never sounded so deliciously pure,
rich,
and smooth, so clear and warm in its upper

tones, so full and free in its emission without
a trace of the 'white' and open quality that
was objected to
"He
at his first appearance.
sang with great fervor and passion,
and poured out his voice with prodigality.

Now we know what Mr. Caruso's voice really
is.
As it was displayed yesterday afternoon,
it was such a one as has not been enjoyed here
for a long time, and enjoyment of it was raised
to a higher
was put
power by the
skill
with which
it
at the service of a keenly felt dra-
matic conception."
64
In that same season (1903-1904) Caruso

appeared in four other operas: "I Pagliacci,"
"La Traviata," "Lucia di, Lammermoor," and
"L'Elisir d'Amore."
As Canio in "Pagliacci,"
he evinced
his versatile genius; his im-
personation of the tragic Pagliaccio

of strolling clown
singer,
who
is
species
often a comedian, a
^made known that
and a pantomimist
he was not only a great singer, but an actor

of fine intelligence too.
It
was a perform-
ance instinct with musicianship as well as with
unusual histrionic abihty.
To
this
work of
Leoncavallo's, the only genuine masterpiece

the
composer was destined to give to the
world, Caruso brought a personality of such
power and magnetism that he and the opera

were from that time on inseparable. Caruso,
by his great acting and singing, made the role
of Canio his own.
"I Pagliacci" had been
sung at the Metropolitan Opera House before
Caruso became a member of that company,
but no one before Caruso had given full expression to the vocal and dramatic possibiliJie&jn Canio^ True, Caruso himself had not
yet reached the eminence as a singer and
creator of character that he was to achieve
The Conquest
after
of the
more years of
New World
65
diligent work, the high
tide of art which finally
made
his interpreta-
tion of Canio a marvel of the operatic stage.
But
the
and
bitter irony,
fire
and passion, the sardonic humor

and the tragic note which he
breathed into the role even at his

ance in
it
first
at the Metropolitan did
appear-
much
to
enhance the dramatic significance of the opera.
was after Caruso had infused into the pulsating rhythm and melody of "Pagliacci" the
eloquence of his glorious voice and the vitaUty
It
of his dramatic style that Leoncavallo's great
work attained
in
America the popularity
it
deserves.
As
Alfredo
"La
in
scored another success.
Traviata,"
He
sang
Caruso
his airs in
a masterly manner and seemed to put the

charm of novelty into whatever music he chose
No
to interpret.
he sang sounded
aria that
antiquated or colorless, so marvelous were the

effects of his
magic
art.
Even
the puppet
heroes of the old operas Caruso could transform into real beings with emotions and passions;
and as a
result of this revivification their
new interest. It
in "Lucia
Edgardo
made
Caruso
utterance in song acquired a

is
thus that
Carmo and
66
Art of Singing
the
and human. Likewise, as Nemorino in "L'Elisir d'Amore,"

Caruso put so much feeling and pathos into
di
Lammennoor" seem
real
the music of the futile

that
it
ence.
became of
He
and ungraceful lover
vital significance to the audi-
enraptured his hearers with
his
and delicately-nuanced rendering of

the famous airs Una furtiva lagrima and
Quanta e bella. Flowery and old-fashioned
melodies took on a new glamovr when Caruso
ennobled them by his fluent delivery and refined style, and he sang these two with a
heart-felt
genuine lyrical beauty which never degenerated into whining sentimentality.
Even
in
most feeble moments, his singing imvirility and body. And as for
the rhetorical passion with which most of the
their
parted to them
old arias are replete, the stirring appeal of
Caruso's ringing tones
made even that
affected
ardor convincing.
The element
in the
song art which made
his
rendering of the old arias so remarkable was
an unusual technical equipment. His voice

was not only extraordinarily flexible, so that
the tone gradations between a pianissimo and
a fortissimo were
infinite in variety,
but
it
was
The Conquest
of the
just as preeminent in
New World
This per-
its agility.
fection of vocal technique
made
it
67
possible for
Caruso to sing the florid passages of the arias

with a brilliance which evoked the versatile
artists
of the golden age of song.
voice.
No
such
had been heard from a tenor
fioritura singing
Indeed, Caruso executed the flourish-
ing runs and cadenzas so brilhantly and with
such clean-cut agility that his audience re-
mained breathless at his vocal artistry. These

were the qualities in Caruso's singing the
warmth and magnetism of his tones, the com-
pelling expressiveness of his style, the great
suppleness of his delivery, and his unusual
that
dramatic powers
foretold, after his first
season at the Metropolitan
Opera House, a
great American career.

It
is
curious, however, that in the course of
American engagement at Buenos

Aires which Caruso filled during the same
year, he was given quite a cool reception. The
opera subscribers there were disappointed
the South
when he appeared
in Boito's "Mefistofele,"
and even requested the management not to

renew its contract with him for the following
year. But by the time the following year had
68
Caruso cmd the "Art of Singing
arrived,
Caruso had so firmly established him-
self in the
with
favor of his American audiences
"La Gioconda,"
"Les Huguenots,"
"Un
"Lucrezia
Borgia,"
Ballo in Maschero,"
as well as with the operas in
which he had ap-
first season, and was now in such

demand, both in America and Europe, that
Buenos Aires did not have an opportunity to
peared the
hear him again for twelve years.

until 1915,
in that city
was not
new Colon Opera House
had been completed, that the man-
when
It
the
agement succeeded in reengaging Caruso; and

it now had to pay him 350,000 francs for ten
performances, instead of the 30,000 francs he
had previously received for an entire season.

During Caruso's second season at the Metropohtan his popularity with the public grew
On the
the seats were sold,
when he sang aU
and there was always a
long
waiting to secure tickets
tremendously.
line of standees
night
for the performance.
Before the second season was over Caruso was no longer merely a
favorite opera singer: he
lar idol.
No
had become a popu-
singer at the Metropolitan had
ever fired the public imagination as Caruso
had done.
For the great majority of
people.
The Conquest
of the
New World
69
he and the Metropolitan Opera House had

become one. Even the Wagner enthusiasts,
who would have been overjoyed
to have so
glorious a voice to reveal the music of Sig-
Sigmund, and Tristan to the world, reluctantly admitted that Caruso made irresistible whatever music he sang.
fried,
On March
first
5,
1906, Caruso appeared for the
time at the Metropohtan as
"Carmen."
"The
wrote the musical
time here and making
Don
his
Jose in
crowded,"
of the Sun,
Signor Caruso was singing

first
was
theatre
critic
Don
"...
Jose for the
second appear-
In these days, when New

York is no longer opera mad, but Caruso mad,
this was sufiicient occasion for the audience
and its enthusiasm. It may be said at the outance in French.
set,
for the comfort of the tenor's admirers,
that he put another success to his credit."
Such is the popularity that Caruso had won

toward the end of his third season in New
York. Prior to his appearance in "Carmen,"
he had sung in four other operas for the first
time at the Metropolitan; he had opened the
season with
"La
Favorita"; the following
week he had added "La Sonnambula"; and
70
"Faust" and "Marta." His

beautiful cantilena singing found a most suitlater in the season
able
outlet
in
Donizetti's
melodious
"La
and the musical significance of

"La Sonnambula" and of "Marta" awoke
under his masterly vocal art. In "Faust"
Caruso's singing was notable, but he was singing in French for the first time, so that he did
not attain his usual high level in Gounod's
opera. Moreover, Caruso had already set up
so high a standard that his audiences would
have nothing short of perfection. "Faust"
left some dissatisfaction among the more arFavorita,"
dent of his admirers.
So
sing
the announcement that Caruso would
Don
Jose occasioned
much
discussion as
to the tenor's qualifications to sing French
opera.
The opera-goers who lacked
confi-
dence in Caruso's powers were destined to be

disappointed. His Don Jose was a triumph.
Vocally and dramatically, the tenor gave an
exceedingly finished performance that deeply
stirred the audience.
In Caruso's
interpreta-
Don
Jose became the truly tragic lover

that he is, not merely a stage puppet; there
tion,
was remarkable acting
in his portrayal of the
The Conquest
New World
of the
71
unhappy soldier dominated by a passion which

leads him to destruction. But Caruso's interpretation of Bizet's exquisite music and propulsive rhythms was even more striking than
He
his acting.
thrilled the audience with his
singing of the famous romance in the second

act,
La fleur
que tu m'avais
jettSe, leading
tp a climax of overwhelming dramatic
vocal
power at the end of the
The
je faime.
air
up
and
with Carmen,
artistic phrasing, the
dynamic
contrasts and gradations, the beauty of tone,
and the warmth of passion with which Caruso

sang this exquisite tale of the flower was alone
sufficient to rank him as the foremost of all
Don
Joses.
His superb acting and singing in "Carmen"

made ample amends for his less perfect performance
earlier in the
season in "Faust."
There were no longer any doubts as to whether

he might be merely a master in Italian operas;
"Carmen" foretriumph in "Samson et
in fact, his great success in
shadowed his later

Dalila" and in what was,
creation,
"La
Juive."
versatile genius
alas, to
be his last
Caruso's was, indeed,
and had he been
at the Metropolitan to enlarge
called
still
upon
further
Caruso cmd the Art of Singing
72
the scope of his repertory he would have
many
achieved unique success in
At one
other roles.
time there were rimiors that he might
appear in "Lohengrin": now we can only

speculate about what wondrous music would
have been poured out had Enrico Caruso
chosen to sing Lohengrin or Tristan.
It
is difficult
periods
to divide Caruso's career into
when he sang
either lyric, semi-dra-
matic, or dramatic roles.
was only
It
at the
very beginning of his career that he confined

himself to parts written primarily for the
lyric tenor; for after
in the
he had gained a foothold
world of opera, he essayed to sing roles

Al-
which required dramatic vocal power.
though Caruso never sought power for its own

sake, he steadily cultivated the intensity of his
voice with a view to attaining the necessary
vocal power to be able to sing dramatic roles
with ease.
For he knew
full well the
of straining the vocal organs.
danger
That was why
he did not attempt, for example, Samson or

Eleazer until he felt that the power of his
voice
had been
justice to these
sufficiently
two mighty
developed to do
roles.
Caruso had
always wished to sing Verdi's "Otello"; but,

The Conquest
of the
New World
73
season after season, he postponed appearing

in
it,
so that he might
still
develop the vocal
How
resources essential for that great part.
many
tenors in the annals of opera have been
For
so conscientious about their art?
it
was,
with Caruso, a straight question of art; he was

well aware of the fact that there can be no
beautiful singing
when
the vocal organs are
strained or forced.
Generally speaking, the

career at the Metropolitan
lyric one.
His
roles
first
may
period of his
be called his
were, more
or less, the
essentially lyric parts in the repertory operas
which had made him famous in Italy and in

the other principal countries of Europe. But
Caruso aspired to more than the honors of a

purely lyric tenor. He was too devoted to
the art he loved to wish to forego the great
dramatic roles of the operatic repertory, roles

he was not only vocally, but also histrionically,
so uniquely quahfied to present.
Thus, in
what might be called his second period, he began to add the more dramatic characterizations to what in the end was to be a magnificent repertory of more than seventy roles
some of which he never sang, though he had
74
acquired and perfected them, since he was
never averse to studying a
The
new
part.
perfected control of so large a reper-
most difficult
to the wide range
including some of the
tory,
roles in all opera, testifies
His
of his conception.
ambition, successfully
more dramatic and
realized, to shine in the
heroic roles of opera led, through

practice,
to the development of that pow-
tone
erful
diligent
of
his
middle range which in
"Armide," "Les Huguenots," "Le Prophete,"

"La Juive," and "I Paghacci" though his
Canio in the last-named opera was a part
which he sang during
aided him
lar,
the
of
It
was
middle range of
said:
three of his periods
in securing such brilliant effects
of declamation.
this
all
in connection with
his voice that
"In a legato phrase the
he once
'cello in particu-
when well played, is almost identical with

human voice. It often inspires the tones
my middle range, and I often lead up
those tones just as the 'celhst does on his
string."
The
quality of Caruso's voice broadened
considerably and became

the passing years ; but
it
more
intense with
never lost the golden
The Conquest
of the
timbre which distinguished

tenor voice.
more
Though, as
New World
from every other

he tended more and
it
to the dramatic, he sang such roles as
Duke
Mantua and Rodolfo less

though a new method of attack, more
the
75
of
often;
vigor-
ous and spontaneous (at times well-nigh explosive)
marked the
inaugurated,
riod
Samson
derful
transition to his last pe-
let
us say, by his won-
in Saint-Saens'
"Samson
DalUa"; nevertheless the ringing

the rounded glory, of the tones of
et
brilliancy,
his
upper
range did not desert him.

This
reveals
last
period of Caruso's artistic activity
him at
Here
his greatest.
tured, perfected artist
made
the
ma-
deliberate choice
of those roles of heroic scope and possibility
which not even
his glorious voice could infuse
with dramatic conviction without the brain and

the actor that had studied
its
perfect blending
with the stage presentation of the character

portrayed.
Was
there ever a
more
striking
picture to be found on the operatic stage than

his
Samson, despoiled of
mock
his
strength,
the
of the Phihstines, blind and chained to
In his John of Leyden, in "Le

Prophete," the madness of the anabaptist
the treadmill?
76
King
of Sion, his depraved
and
bloodthirsty-
was actually forgotten when Ca-
character,
ruso, in the fourth act, portrayed his
renunciation of his mother in a
demoniac
manner
at
once so grandiose and so majestic that one was

almost inclined to believe in the pretender and
his mission.
And
in
"La Juive"
the over-
whelmingly dramatic conception of revenge
by Caruso as Eleazer in the latin the second act, and the emotional
personified
ter's aria
tenseness of the great aria of the fourth act,

in
which he asks God's guidance, was some-
thing no other tenor of his day could equal.

It
is
characteristic of Caruso's attention to
detail that while
he was studying the role of
Eleazer he coached with one of the foremost
Yiddish actors of
New York in
order to
make
himself letter-perfect in every inflection of
Jewish
orthodox
manded by
manner and custom
the part.
de-
Certain operas which Caruso created at the
Metropolitan Opera House will always be

sociated with his
name, and that
less
as-
because
what he made
his
singing
them
of
his
of
by
own roles. There
was his Nadir, for example, in Bizet's "Les
Pecheurs de Perles." Though there is but
of the works themselves than for
The Conquest
little
of the
New World
77
incident in this operatic tale of the loves
of two Cingalese pearl-fishers for the priestess
and though its music

charm and originality is not
Leila,
teristic
in spite of its
so very charac-
of Bizet's genius, Caruso, by the man-
ner in which he handled the few scenes of real

dramatic force, gave the score an unexpected
unity and significance.
And
that Caruso's stage victories
who
were won
all
out effort would change their views
knew how he worked

of
Charpentier's
1914)
It
is
think
if
with-
they
to create the title role
"Julien"
(February
26,
a question whether, taken purely
Caruso ever gave a finer and a more

sincere interpretation, one based on harder
study or greater mental and vocal toil. That
"Julien" could not maintain its place in the
as a role,
repertory was not the fault of the tenor.
After Caruso had appeared in "Carmen" in

1906, he sang seven other new roles at the
Metropolitan during the two remaining seaThe first opera
sons of Conried's regime.^
'
1906-07
Dec. 5. "Fedora"
Jan. 11. "L'Africaine"
Jan. 18. ^"Manon Lescaut"
Feb. 11. "Madame Butterfly"
1907-08
Nov.
"Adriana Lecouvreur"
18.
Dec. 6."Iris"
Feb. 26. "II Trovatore"
78
Caruso
and, the
Art of Singing
which was revived for him during Signer

Gatti-Casazza's administration of the Metro-
poUtan was Massenet's "Manon," February 3,

1909; and the last one was "La Juive," on
November
22, 1919.
During
this period of
ten years Caruso lent the prestige of his art

to thirteen roles, including
"La Juive" and
"Manon."
Had the management not called
upon Caruso for frequent repetitions of many
of the favorite operas, no doubt he would have
added more new roles to his repertory at the
^
'
1908-09
Feb. 3."Manon"
Apr. 3. "Cavalleria Eusticana"
1909-10
Jan. 22. "Germania"
1910-11
Nov.
"Armide"
14.
Dec. 10."Faneiulla del

1911-12
West"
1912-13
1913-14
Feb. 26."Julien"
1914-15
1915-16
"Samson et Dalila"
"Les Pgcheurs de Perles"
Nov.
1917-18
"Lodoletta"
Jan.
Feb. 7."Le Prophete"
"L'Amore dei Tre Ee"
Mar.
1918-19
"La Forza del Destino"
Nov.
Nov.
15.
1916-17
13.
12.
14.
15.
1919-20
Nov. 22."La
Juive''
The Conquest
Metropolitan.
as he
At
was received
his appearance,
of the
New World
79
all events, enthusiastically
in whatever opera he
made
Caruso nevertheless continu-
number of roles in
his already extensive repertory.
Which accounts for his singing of Renaud in "Armide,"
a part that was not quite suitable for him,
although the Post praised him for his enally sought to enlarge the
deavor.
"As
for
Mr. Caruso,"
it said,
"he deserves
great credit for being willing to assume a role

lying so far outside his usual sphere.
Renaud
is
French, the
man.
His
the fourth he has sung here in

first in
an opera written by a Ger-
It cannot be said that in appearance
he reahzed one's idea of an invincible Crusader; nor did he sing his first numbers with
and fervent style. It

was not till the last act was reached that the
audience heard the real Caruso; and the real
Caruso is well, everybody knows what he is
his usual luscious tones
^he is
Caruso.
As Des
That's
all."
Grieux in Massenet's "Manon,"
however, Caruso was himself from the begin-
ning to the very end of the opera. He recreated Des Grieux, and he infused into this
part, both in his singing and acting, a warmth
Carmo and
80
and
the
Art of Singing
found on the operatic

stage.
All opera-goers who heard him sing
Fuyez, douce image or Un rtoe heard these
two gems of Massenet's re-created.
sincerity rarely
In
two creations at the Metroin "La Forza del Destino" and in
his
politan,
"La
last
Juive," both operas especially revived
for Caruso, the vocal artistry
and the dra-
matic utterance impressively revealed a great

singer
still
at the zenith of his powers.
Don Alvaro
in
"La Forza
Caruso sang here for the
As
del Destino," which
first
time on Novem-
moved so profoundly
the late James Gibbons Huneker that he
wrote in the Times the following morning:
"There is one word with which to characterize
Caruso's singing ^glorious. That pianissimo
whisper when lying on the couch in Act III
ber 15, 1918, his vocal art
showed us the master of artistic vocalism.

lovely legato, and of a sweet sonorousness.
He
interpreted the role as
preted, rbbustly.
dier,
He
the ardent lover.
it
should be inter-
was the impetuous
sol-
stirring impersona-
tion."
As
Eleazer in
"La
Juive," Caruso achieved
a great dramatic interpretation
perhaps the
The Conquest
greatest of his
of the
New World
81
We
have
operatic career.
ahready mentioned the painstaking care with
which he studied this role, so that he could

portray the character faithfully and sincerely.
And
His make-up was a marHe did more

than merely depict an old orthodox Jew; he
discovered Eleazer's very soul.
There was
characterization in every gesture and in every
inflection of the voice.
Small wonder that his
impersonation was hailed as a wonderful dramatic and musical achievement. On the day
following the first performance (November
he succeeded.
vel of imaginative conception.
Sun
22, 1919), the musical critic of the
Caruso
"Enrico Caruso, who began

tenor, aerial of tone
passions
fledged
and prone
of operatic heroes,
tenore
paid
deserved tribute:
this richly
robusto,
life
as a lyric
to the youthful
is
now
battling
full
with
the
agonies of fatherhood, the subtleties of political
plot,
French
and the plangent utterances of
recitative.
No one who is familiar
with the achievement of the most popular

singer of this time
that he
met
as Eleazer.
all
would expect
to be told
the requirements of such a role
Nor would any one
of the mil-
82
lion devoted admirers of his voice care.
Therefore he commands the respect and admiration of

as of
all
who regard
more import
operatic creations
in art than their inter-
and again shown him-
preters, for he has again
self a sincere seeker after
genuine dramatic
His Julien, his Renaud in 'Armide,'

his John of Leyden in 'The Prophet'
brought him honor, and his Eleazer in 'La
Juive' will be remembered as one of his highresults.
and
est flights.
"He
conceived the part in earnest study and
he sang and acted with an art as far removed
from that of his more familiar ItalThere was dignity in his declamation and beauty in his cantilena. His chanting in
the second act was a lyric utterance of exquias possible
ian roles.
site character,
while his delivery of the pealing
air of the fourth act
might have excited the
envy of Nourrit himself.
"The
if
revival of
'La Juive' was worth
ruso's successes;
and
if
the opera retains a
hold on the public interest

its
while,
only to add this impersonation to Mr. Ca-
it
will
owe most
of
fortune to the artistic effort of the famous
tenor."

The Conquest
On March
of the
New World
83
Enrico Caruso sang at

a special gala performance at the Metropolitan
fifth
22, 1919,
Opera House,
celebrating the twenty-
year of his career, the proceeds of the
performance going to the Metropolitan Opera
Company Emergency Fund. At this

jubilee celebration the Mayor and
prominent
ruso's
New
artistic
silver
other
Yorkers paid tribute to Caachievements.
By way
tokens of gratitude, Caruso received a
of
testi-
monial of recognition on an illuminated parch-
ment from thirty-five families holding boxes

in the "Golden Horseshoe," a great gold
medal from the management, an American
flag from the City of New York, and numerous gifts from his colleagues.
During eighteen years in all, one might say
up to the very day of his death for he had
arranged with Signor Gatti-Casazza to return

for the season of 1921-1922 only a few days
before he sailed for Italy in
May, 1921
Enrico Caruso was the tenore assoluto of the

Metropolitan Opera House. Though on several occasions legitimate
alarm had been
felt
about the condition of his throat, his supremacy was uncontested to the last, and he died
84
had
as he
lived, the
unchallenged holder of the
leadership he had so deservedly won.
The
full
and
free mastery of so
ferent roles naturally
many
prompted the
dif-
question,
often asked Caruso, as to which he liked best.
He
always denied a preference: "I have no
no
favorite roles," he said, "and I think

artist
The
should have them.
real
who
singer
se-
lects roles of a certain
type and kind, and
wants to sing no others,
is
He
is
not a great
artist.
a specialist."
As has been
the case with
est artists, Caruso,
some of the great-
though he
may
not have
from "stage fright" in the ordinary

sense of the word, was usually intensely nerv-
suffered
ous,
"keyed up," before
his
He
performance.
often spoke of being "scared to death," and

of feeling unable to sing until he had reached
his dressing room and donned his costume.
(Before appearing on the stage he would
vocalize for about five minutes.)
casion he even exclaimed:
I feel as
position,
if
On
"Whenever I
some one were waiting to
to destroy Caruso!
fight to hold
my
one oc-
And
sing
seize
my
I must
oAvn,"
Speaking of a performance of "La Juive"
The Conquest
New World
of the
in Brooklyn, he declared:
85
"The moment I
appeared on the stage and beheld the audience,
among them
Bonci, I realized that I had
and then a miracle happened.
to sing
Some
unseen power seemed to unlock the compart-
ment within me which holds my voice and I

sang. I sang with all the power within me.
You see, we artists must struggle desperately
to get to the top, and once there, we must hold
on with all the strength we have. For once
we slip, the journey down is fast. Yet, once
in the
of
my
proper atmosphere,
and then
it
is
up
to
me
to
voice appears,
make
the most
it."
With
the exception of a few more or less
private engagements, Caruso, contrary to the
usual custom of opera singers, for a long time
refused to appear on the concert stage.
was not
until
May,
It
1917, that he consented to
"try" a few concerts.
The
Cincinnati
Sym-
phony Orchestra was engaged, and concerts

in Cincinnati, Toledo, and Pittsburgh were
triumphantly successful.
Thereafter he
made
concert tours in 1918, 1919, and 1920, visit-
ing a number of American

fall
cities;
and
in the
of 1920 his most extensive tour took him
86
as far west as Denver.
This tour opened in
the Montreal Arena, on September 28, where
he sang to an audience of over seven thousand

people,
and estabhshed what
is
considered the
world's record for concert receipts in a single

night, a total of $28,700.
Despite his great and abiding popularity,
whenever he came before an

audience he gave it his best, Caruso had few
and the
fact that
illusions.
He
knew
that the great public
is
and that the most sincere and beautiful

work of an artist, especially if that artist, like
himself, be placed on a lonely pinnacle of
fame, does not always receive due acknowlfickle,
edgment.
He
never tired of work, however,
and he always attributed his great achievements to his imtiring industry.

Only a few months before his death Caruso
epitomized his
is
own
rules of success: "Success
due to real work along one's natural callWork, work, and stiU more work, makes
ing.
the fine singer.
makes the
Laziness in preparatory work
failure."
Caruso the
Man
Chaptee
CARUSO THE MAN
The
richly
"oflp-stage" personality of Caruso, his
human character with
qualities,
was such
its
as to endear
inherent manly
him
to all
who
came in contact with him. For his musical

and artistic temper went hand in hand with an
accessibility
to
generous
every
emotion
normal capacity for enjoyment in his

family life and in the company of his numer-
natural,
ous friends.
Two
the
first
sons,
Rodolfo and Enrico
of whom
served as a soldier in the Italian
army
Great War ^had been born to

Caruso of his union with Ada Ciachetti, a
dvu-ing the
him in opera at Treviso

and Bologna. This vmion was, however, not
a happy one. In August, 1918, Caruso married Miss Dorothy Park Benjamin, the daughter of a well-known New York lawyer, and
singer associated with
in this marriage
whom
^his
little
daughter Gloria,
he idolized, was born about a year later

89

90
he
found the happiness previously denied
him.
During his eighteen years in this country

Caruso had .become not only thoroughly
Americanized, but a representative and very
popular figure in American life, especially in
the life of New York City.
America had
whole-heartedly accepted him as her own.
Whenever he appeared in public every eye was
fixed on him. Crowds beset him on the streets,
in railway stations, in the lobbies of theaters,
whenever he appeared outside his

rooms in the Hotel Kiiickerbocker, where he
in
fact
^much to his regret
lived until that hostelry
was converted into an ofiice building and he

took up his residence in the Hotel Vanderbilt.
His summers, save when engagements
or the
War
precluded, he usually spent in his
beautiful Villa Bellosguardo, at Lastra-Signa,
a village near Florence.
But
the greater part
of his time was spent in New York, and it was

New York that was most intimately associated
with his public and domestic
life
from the
night of his successful debut, in 1903, at the
Metropolitan Opera House.
By
1919 he had become so thorough a
New
Caruso the
Man
91
Yorker that he accepted with pleasure an honorary appointment as Captain in the
York
New
Police Reserve, bought himself a fine
tailor-made uniform, and proudly displayed

the gold badge of authority on his chest.
He
declared that none of the medals bestowed on
him in the past gave him the thrill his police

badge did, and that he felt irresistibly inclined to go straight over to the Metropolitan
Opera House and arrest some one, any one,
by way of showing his authority.
Notable is the fact that he was as popular
with his colleagues, the other
Opera House,
artists at the
was with the world at

large.
He was, in fact, more than popular
with them ^he was genuinely beloved; and
affection in an institution where artistic bickerings and jealousies, though usually withheld
from the pubhc, are none the less frequent, is
as he
a convincing testimonial to one's qualities as
a human being.
Caruso's position, to be sure,
was a unique one yet it is not always the artist

who stands on the highest rung of the ladder
of fame who is most willing to aid his lesser
;
colleague.
From
solo
singers to the
"supers"
who
Caruso <md the Art of Singing
92
helped carry him in the palanquin in which
he entered in "Aida," and who took care never

to
"dump" him upon
the stage,
all
knew him
as a self-sacrificing, amiable friend, and his
was
young beginners out

In one performance of
"Rigoletto," when a small, delicate Gilda was
appearing for the first time and in her excitement could develop no more than a trembling
greatest joy
of their
to help
difficulties.
soft tone, Caruso, as her partner in the duet,
toned down his
own
lesser tonal fulness
voice to suit the girl's
and thus restored her conadvantage of her mo-
fidence, refusing to take
mentary lack of a bigger volimie of tone.

Incidents of this kind were nimierous in his
career.
The humorous outbreaks in which he was

accustomed to indulge when he received a curand which have
been censured by those who were ignorant of
what really called them forth, were in reality
no more than the expression of his overpowering relief at having once more trivmiphed over,
the initial doubts and artistic nervousness
which preceded his every pubKc appearance.
It was his custom after the Christmas pertain call at the close of
an
act,
Man
Caruso the
93
formance at the Metropolitan to play Santa

Claus, passing out gold pieces from a large
pouch to
all
members of
company and to
th!e stage.
Though
the
every one connected with
agony at the
performance he
ever gave "La Juive" on Christmas Eve of

1920and though
to sing on the
in physical
last
in his efforts
stage he had burst the plaster bands with
which
his chest
had been
tightly wrapped, he
did not forget his old custom, but at the
first
opportunity, sick as he was, began passing out

his
gold pieces as usual.
His generosity was

proved by the estate he
tion to his
appeal
left
unparalleled,
left,
is
small in propor-
immense earnings. No deserving

him cold. He gave, and gave and
gave unweariedly, wherever he
was
as
alleviating misery, aiding
an
felt that
he
artist in his
struggle to
chmb
the heights, or even merely
bringing a
little
happiness into lives ordi-
narily drab
to
put
his
and colorless. He was the first

name, and always for a sizable
sum, to any contribution
him
at the
ways ready
Opera or
list
which reached
elsewhere.
He
was
to sing at a benefit concert for
al-
any
Caruso amd the Art of Singing
94
worthy cause, and was liberal in his services

for patriotic objects during the War.
One night a wigmaker was at work in his
dressing-room at the Opera, and saw Caruso
take a roll of bills from his pocket and throw
it on the table while he changed his costume.
"I wish I had one of those," said the man
wistfully.
"What would you do
with
it if
you had?"
asked the tenor.
"Well," said the wigmaker, "I'd take

wife on a trip to see her mother."
my
"Here's one," said Caruso, as he peeled a
$500
man.
>
from the
bill
His heart was
roll
and handed
as big as his voice.
it
to the
No more
sincere tribute to his personal qualities could
be adduced than that paid him by Edward

Siedle, technical director of the Metropolitan
Opera House Company.
"Speaking for the
people behind the scenes, the electricians, the

scene shifters, the stage hands, property men,
costumers and doormen, he was the embodi-
ment
ness.
of kindness,
.
Even
his kindness.
good humor and
the least of the
As he passed each
friendli-
workmen
felt
one there was
Caruso the
always a salutation
Man
95
commonness, no
just friendly good
^no
of personal dignity
loss
fel-
out
... I could tell you incidents withnumber of cases where Caruso stepped
into
the breach and helped needy persons.
lowship.
... In all the years he was here I can remember no unpleasant incident for which he
was responsible."
If his generous charity might be called the
first of his hobbies, his others were by no
means unworthy of the great artist. For caricature, the drawing of cartoons, he had a
veritable passion.
He drew at his luncheon
table at the Hotel Knickerbocker, limning the
faces of others in the room he sketched behind
;
the scenes at the Metropolitan, or
among
his
friends, or when he was being interviewed; he

had pencil and paper at hand on all occasions.
He prided himself as much on his skill as a
caricaturist as he did on his singing.
And
the collection of his caricatures, published in
1914, shows that he was justified in that pride.

It has been said, indeed, that
had Caruso
given up his operatic career and devoted his
drawing caricatures, he would have become just as great a world figm-e in the other
life to
Caruso mid the Art of Singing
96
art.
To
the close student of Caruso's
work
as
a caricaturist this statement will appear far
For there are few artists

practicing caricature who can equal Caruso,
and still fewer who are his superiors. The refrom extravagant.
markable quality in Caruso's draftsmanship
was
his capacity to
nificant that
it
make every
line so sig-
revealed a specific trait of the
person he was depicting.

There are many
moods expressed in the numerous caricatures
he left, and some of his sketches are bitingly
but as a rule Caruso stressed the
satirical;
broad,
human
greatest
side of his subjects.
number
By
far the
of his drawings concern them-
selves with the comic aspect of frail himianity,
and
in the
Caruso
many humorous
laughed
heartily
at his
as
own
sketches of himself
heartily
frailties as
if
not
more
he laughed at
the frailties of his friends or of contemporary

notables in art and politics or of the anony-
mous subjects that caught his clear eye.

The character sketches Caruso drew of four
Grover
ex-presidents of the United States
Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, William
H.
show how com-
Taft, and
Woodrow Wilson
pletely he
had grasped the
salient traits of
\flp'
As CABUSO
VnSTTED
HiMSBW
Caruso the
Man
97
man; he was both kind and just. His

Kaiser Wilhehn is a masterpiece, and the
each
gruesome iron mask, the very soul of the man

back of it, is truly a stroke of genius. It is
remarkable that whomever he chose to portray
of Spain, Nicholas
^whether Alfonso XIII

II of Russia, Edward
VII
of England, or
Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, or

Hamed Mizza, Shah of Persia Caruso never
even
give us a vivid presentation, ex-
failed to
tremely different as
such
achieved
there
all
these
personalities
Mere draftsmanship could never have
were.
of
feats
was the same keen
character-drawing;
intelligence, the
remarkable understanding of
human
same
nature,
directing the practiced skill of his pencil that
directed his interpretations of operatic roles.
In
his
drawings of
Caruso
humor.
covered
was
lavish
and of his
Opera House,
his friends
colleagues at the Metropolitan
with
his
overbubbling
Signor Gatti-Casazza must have
many an amusing
character,
unknown
to
streak in his
him
before,
dis-
own
when he
gazed on some of the delightful sketches Caruso made of him. Caruso's old and devoted
friend,
Antonio
Scotti,
must frequently have

98
Caruso
Art of Singing
cund the
laughed as he looked at the humorous contortions the great tenor
Caruso
neglect
the
put him
fair
into.
Nor
did
prima donnas of
Madame Farrar, Madame

Madame Alda, Madame Eames
the Metropolitan.
Sembrich,
Caruso was very daring, indeed, when he

closed his eyes to their irresistible charms in
order to record their foibles.
are
all
The
conductors
represented, too, in that remarkable
collection of caricatures.
Mahler, Campanini,
and Toscanini are caught in their most characteristic moments.

Nor did he neglect his
favorite composers.
character
sketches
He made
very striking
Verdi,
Saint-Saens,
of
Charpentier, Leoncavallo, and Mascagni.
Caruso's great
skill in his avocation, then,
was overshadowed only by his greater skill in

American newspapers were
his vocation.
quick, however, to see the value of Caruso's
second
art,
and one editor once offered him
large sums to
But Caruso
draw
exclusively for his paper.
replied: "I
make enough money
singing."
In the summer of 1920 he spent some of his

leisure in modeling a striking head of himself
as Eleazer in "La Juive," and said that it was
Caruso the
the
first
Man
99
time in ten years that he had done
any modeling
in clay.
His
last
previous effort
in this branch of his avocation
had been the
wonderful bronze caricature of himself which

he kept on his piano. Enrico Caruso was
certainly blessed
by more than one
A man of many hobbies,

fo something he pursued
At
it
fairy!
once Caruso took

with enthusiasm.
one time he became interested in rare old
and before much water had flowed

imder bridges he was an ardent collector.
coins,
His
particular
interest
Roman,
Italian,
ancient
coins.
attached
itself
to
and American gold
Within a comparatively
brief period
he had succeeded in amassing a large and

valuable collection, which included many of
old
the rarer American gold pieces
Cali-
fornia issues such as the 1851 California $50
octagonal gold slug, issued to commemorate

the gold craze, and the oblong Kohler California $20 gold piece of 1850.
When
he
silver dollars called "Gloria"
bought the two

and "Metrica," issued in 1897, Caruso was
delighted to find that one of them bore the
name
of his
little
daughter.
Another hobby was composition, or perhaps
100
Carttso
for Caruso made no pretensions to being a

composer ît should be called melodic inven-
tion.
He
was accustomed
to read a great
number of new songs with me, and going over

them we would select such as might seem
worth while studying for one purpose or
another. Sometimes he would invent a melody
himself,
and he had a
real gift for finding a
tuneful air of a lyric character which lent

itself easily
and naturally to a good harmonic
background.
Various of these songs have
been published and have won favor. He also

gave generous encouragement to those of his
friends who composed, and he had sung a song
of my own, "Soltanto a te," which I wrote
for him, a number of times in concert, and
had even made a record of

as yet been issued
before
it
^which has not
his last illness.-
But
the birth of his daughter Gloria cast
all his
other hobbies in the shade, and even his
beloved caricatures held only a secondary in-
The
Caruso after her advent.
would
have
earned
sang
her
cradle songs he
him thousands of dollars on the stage, for like
the artist he was, he sang as well for her at
terest
for
home
as for
any audience at the opera.
fr'*
t3
Caruso the
Some one once

World gave him
income."
States,
101
said of Caruso:
fame, the
This, of course,
The New World,
Man
is
New
"The Old
World an
not exactly true.
United
in particular the
gave him more than anything
else,
something which Caruso warmly appreciated:
gave him sympathy, understanding, aflfection.

It adopted him as one of its national
He
characters; it made him an American.
came to regard the United States as his home,
it
and
it
was
in
New York that he
gave
his hos-
tages to fortune and took his chief joy in the
daughter presented to him by his American

wife. It is perhaps for these reasons, for all
that they are uncommercial, that
Caruso's
European appearances tended, as the years

more and more incidental.
It was not that he loved Europe less, possibly,
but that he loved America more.
passed, to become
Enrico Caruso's illness, apparent recovery, and unexpected death are

but too well known. On the evening of November 30, 1920, while he was singing the
The
role of
details of
Samson
at the Metropolitan, a descend-
ing pillar of the scenes injured his head; at
102
the "Pagliacci" performance of
he severely strained
December
his side in his exit;
8,
on
12, in "L'Elisir d'Amore"

Brooklyn Academy of Music, he bm-st a
minor blood vessel in his throat. He spent
Sunday quietly in bed, and his condition so
improved that he sang in "La Forza del Des-
December
at the
on Monday night,
with wonderful virility and buoyancy of voice.
But a performance of "La Juive" on December 24 was his last and supreme effort.
Following two operations his illness was
diagnosed as pleurisy ^he seemed for a time
to be well on the road to recovery, when, on
February 16, he suffered a serious relapse.
tine" at the Metropolitan
His
son,
Enrico, Jr., attending a military
was summoned to his

bedside, oxygen was administered, and the
last rites of the Roman Church were given
him at midnight. Great throngs crowded
about the bulletin boards; wires and cables
arrived from all parts of the world; and the
President of the United States called up from
Washington on the long distance telephone to
inquire as to his condition. His will to live
triumphed, and by March 1 he was able to
school in Culver, Ind.,
Caruso the
stand a minor operation.
Man
103
In April he could
walk about his room without the aid of a cane,

and on May 28 he sailed for Naples for a complete rest, expecting to return in the fall and
resume his work at the Metropolitan.
week before his death at the Hotel
Vesuvius, on August 2 ^he had been living
quietly in Naples, making short trips, and
taking sun-baths ^he had tried his voice, and
his friends found it held all the golden melody
and sonorous power which had marked it before his illness. He had made a vow in New
York that, if he recovered his voice, he would
imdertake a pilgrimage to the shrine of the
Madonna
of Pompeii, and he
the time to
fulfil his
vow had
his visit to the shrine,
now
felt that
arrived.
After
he imprudently exam-
ined the excavations, and caught a cold which

settled in his stomach.
to attend
The
specialists called
him found that he was
suffering
from
a sulbphrenic abscess accompanied by severe

peritonitis,
and
all their efforts to
save his life
proved unavailing.
The
which
flood
of
tributes
and appreciations
his death called forth in the press of
every land eloquently testified to the imique
Carvso and the Art of Singing
104
place he held in the general estimation.
great artists
who were
his colleagues, his in-
timate friends, the thousands

his glorious gift of
mon
His
The
who had enjoyed
song were united in a com-
was international for all

that New York considered him peculiarly her
own and the whole world mourned an irreparable loss in his passing. On the morning of August 4, a requiem mass was celegrief.
art
brated in the Church of San Francesco di
Paolo in Naples, and in the afternoon his body

was removed in solemn processional. His
obsequies were royal.
Had
he been able to
see through the crystal of his casket, he could
have realized the love and

patriots.
friends in
fidelity of his
com-
The Queen of England and his

New York had supplied the flowers
heaped on the hearse, which was drawn

through the streets by six horses, an aeroplane
escorting
it
in the skies, while cordons of sol-
diers of the Italian
to the cortege,
army paid
military honors
and held back the immense
who crowded the square. Speeches

were made by the Prefect of Naples as the
representative of the King of Italy and the
throngs
Government, and by
others,
and then the
i
an
Caruso the
Man
105
hearse proceeded slowly from the Piazza del

Plebiscito to the temporary resting-place of
the body in the vault of the Canessa family,
pending the finishing of the monument, to be

executed by Cifariello, which wUl complete
own
the great tenor's
Caruso's voice
of
its
period
vault.
authentically
departed,
^has
near approach to
its
the greatest
save for that
original beauty which
is
preserved in the nimierous phonograph records he
made and which
forgotten
as
will not allow
it
many
the voices of so
to be
other
even when
great artists have been forgotten
who heard Caruso himself sing

have passed away. But the lesson of his art
the generations
guiding rules, his exercises, his

own precept and practice for the development
of the singing voice. As one who was for
remains
^his
years his friend and accompanist, one who

knew his generosity and liberality of spirit as
well as his daily routine of voice study and
development, I feel that he would be the first

to commend my present endeavor to place at
the disposal of every student of singing those
lessons which his own study of the art of song
has placed at
my
disposal.
It
would make
106
him happy to know that others might derive

benefit from the results of his own experience,
and that the truths of voice training and voice
development which he learned as the result
of years of hard and intensive work, might
serve to lead others along the paths he himself trod.
The Secret
of Caruso's
Great Breathing Power
Chaptek VI
THE SECRET OF
CARUSO'S GREAT
BREATHING POWER
Cabuso moved the hearts of his myriad
hearers in so direct and compelling a manner
that they accepted his wonderful art as a spontaneous, natural outburst of song, which did
not require a directing intelligence. The vast

multitudes who listened to him were completely carried
away by
that luscious voice,
whose tones seemed to come from another

world; they were overpowered by an utterance that ravished their ears without revealing
the effort and art" involved in
Caruso, like every true
But
it
its
production.
artist, felt intensely.
was the consummate
art with which he
expressed his deep feeling that enabled him

to
stir his
done.
hearers as few singers have ever
For back
was deep
of the deep feeling there
reflection; his
mind was always
full control of his emotions.
Even
in
musicians
often overlooked the great role Caruso's mind
played in the development and perfecting of

109
110
his art, although the fact
is
that his marvelous
was to a great extent the product

of ceaseless and untiring observation and
voice itself
analysis, as well as
of constant search for
means of improving his mastery of the organs

with which nature had endowed him.
There are still a few intimates who remember that Caruso began with a voice which was
by no means the miracle that for more than
a quarter of a century packed the opera
New York, Buenos Aires, Havana,

and Mexico, to say nothing of occasional engagements in London, Berlin, Paris, and elsewhere on the Continent. The miracle to which
we are now referring is the phenomenal vocal
houses of
capacity which even the public that recog-
nized the wide scope of his song art took for
granted.
It cannot be doubted, of course,
by nature with
a remarkable vocal instrument and with a
that Caruso had been provided
powerful pair of bellows; nevertheless
know from our long

artist
his
and
own
we
association with the great
Caruso himself often expressed
conviction of the fact
genius for work which
endowment both
made
^that it
was
his
the utmost of his
as regards the physical or-
Secret of Caruso's Breathing
Power 111
gahs and those native emotional and mental
upon which
drew
so heavily. Work does not mean unguided
labor: nothing could be more ruinous to the
vocal organism. To the genuine artist work
resources
his final artistry
can only mean intelligent direction, painstaking study, and infinite patience. These are
the quintessential elements in any enduring
success.
From
the physiological point of view, the
larynx, the pharynx, the
nasal
passages,
mouth chamber,
together
with
the
the
trachea
and lungs, form the organs of

respiration, and at the same time are called
upon for the production and perfect render(windpipe)
ing of tones, thus constituting the vocal organs. This machinery is to be found in every
himian body, with a conformation more or less

favorable to the production of tone; but into
Caruso's body nature had marvelously intro-
duced an amazingly equal perfection of each

of the vocal organs, with the result that no
human
of
voice has been able to produce tones
greater
richness
and poignancy.
The
diameter of Caruso's larynx as a vocal organ

112
accorded so precisely with the diameter required for
its
functioning as an organ of res-
piration that, while
its
singing function ad-
mirably served the upper ranges of his voice,

the breathing function bestowed
upon him
The
those ample, rich, and powerful tones.

lateral
amplitude of his larynx, by permitting
maximum
dilation of the glottis, accounted
for extraordinary respiratory powers.
Enrico Caruso's unusual vocal mechanism
was
certainly the
medium which enabled him
to achieve his complete mastery of the
diffi-
cult art of singing; without this physical en-
dowment he would not perhaps have

his unrivaled position in the
song.
On
attained
world of pure
the other hand, had Caruso failed
to use these marvelous organs correctly, intelligently,
we can
say unhesitatingly that he
would have gone the way of many another

obscure singer of strong physique blessed with
a remarkable instrument
in the limelight, a
after a brief period
sudden banishment to the
land of disappointed tenors.
A telling point
to recall in this connection
that
is
students of the Scuola Vergine
ruso received his
first serious
among
where
the
Ca-
vocal training
he was known as
il
Power 113
tenore ventOj a .name that
hardly suggests richness of tone production

or grandeur of style.
On
the contrary
gests that Caruso's greatness

to his correct
and
was due
it
as
sug-
much
intelligent use of his vocal
organs as to the actual possession of them.
Because
breath
is
Enrico
Caruso
knew
that
the
the motive power of the voice, for
is
the action of the breath
upon the
it
vocal or-
gans which brings about the production of
and,
tone
therefore, pitch
and musical phras-
ing as well as tone production fundamentally
depend on the breath ^he devoted a great deal

of study and thought to this the groundwork
of his art. It must not be thought, however,
that he speculated about and labored over fantastic theories
nomenal
pel of
work
which promised overnight phe-
results.
work
the
Caruso believed in the gos-
not mere
labor, but intelligent
mainspring of enduring achieve-
ment; and he severely condemned meretricious

nostrums that purport to lead to rapid
He knew
success.
what effort and thought it

had cost him, what unsparing pains and patience, to
full well
master completely the control of
his
114
breath, without which all his other great gifts
or attainments would have been of no avail.
All who are interested in the art of singing
know
the troubles
young
singers
and
those already engaged in concert
often
and opera
work ^meet in their search for a correct

method of breathing. In their wanderings
from one maestro to another they are sometimes told to breathe naturally and the breath
will take care of itself.
They
set to
work
breathing as naturally as nature will allow
them and
find this
"method" excellent for
their daily speech; but once they begin to sing,
a cramped feeling comes
production
is
upon them,
their tone
poor, their phrasing choppy, and
ofttimes they struggle desperately to stick to

pitch.
All these troubles seem to be the remotive power, of a gasping for
sult of lack of
breath.
It
is
evident
that
their
"natural
method" did not help them very considerably.

N'ow what was the secret of Caruso's great
breathing power? What method of breathing
for we have seen that some method for managing the breath is essential did Caruso invoke that he should have enjoyed such ample
Caruso employed (and
reserves of breath?

Power 115
perhaps rediscovered) the method which the

great Italian masters of bel canto had taught:
he drew
and exhaled his breath

in a mode different in no way from the manner always prescribed by the masters of
in, retained,
beautiful singing
We
breathing.
and
diaphragmatic intercostal
use the words diaphragmatic
normal huand costal
intercostal advisedly: in the
man body
the
diaphragmatic
methods of breathing are always used together, the one assisting and supplementing
the other.
During Enrico Caruso's

were many would-be
artistic career there
singers
who
besieged
him
some advice regarding their

voice or their system of singing. I would be
called in to examine them, and hence would
hear many interesting expositions and disserfor an opinion or
tations, in the course of
which Caruso ably
demonstrated that for a singer there can be

only one effective mode of breathing. As a
matter of
fact, all these students
had
pursued a bad system of respiration,
either
in so far
had practiced
as
their system incorrectly, and consequently had
failed to obtain a long and well-regulated air
singing
is
concerned,
or

116
pressure, without which there can be
no good
tone production or vocal mastery.
Caruso always addressed those who sought

the mysterious secret of his breathing power
some such words as these:

"I perform the act of respiration or breathing just as you do, with only two movements,
namely, inspiration and expiration, which
means the drawing in and the letting out of
in
the breath."
Whereupon Caruso, without any

would place
one foot a
his
body
bit in
take a step.
stiffness,
an erect position, with

advance of the other, as if to
(It
is
in
important to note here
body was completely relaxed

no portion of it rigid.) Then he would
slightly contract (draw in) the muscles of the
abdomen and inhale calmly and without haste.
As a result of this deep and slow inspiration
of air, his diaphragm and ribs would expand
and his thorax (chest) rise. At this point of
that his entire
the demonstration Caruso always called the

student's
attention
especially
phragm, explaining that when

position
it
it
to
the
assumed
diathis
constituted the principal agent for
sustaining the colimin of air which could be
Power 117
held in the lungs under the pressure required

for the production of loud or soft tones.
"The second movement is exhalation."

Here Caruso would perform certain vocal
which I reproduce below the one
most frequently used by him.
exercises, of
EXERCISE
.a-^t-j
Caruso would sing aU the above exercise

his second movement, that of expiration, carefully emitting the air inhaled during
the first movement without any straining,
during
but with the
least possible rapidity
in the
volume required for the correct rendering of

this exercise.^ At the end of the exercise, his
thorax, diaphragm, and abdomen returned to
their original positions.
by Caruso had developed the muscles of his diaphragm to such
The
exercise practiced
* Exercise VI (in the chapter on tone production) illustrates

the manner in which Exercise I should be sung.
118
a degree that he was wont to give those students
who came
He
of his power.
closed
fist
to
with
him a httle. demonstration

would have them press a
all their
strength against his
relaxed diaphragm; then suddenly, through a
voluntary contraction of his diaphragm, he
would
violently fling off that pressure of the
fist.
There
is
one other factor, indeed highly im-
portant, which
we must
with
great
Caruso's
stress in connection
power
hreathing
^the
mental factor.
Caruso could inhale slowly

and steadily so ample a breath that he was able
to exhale at very great length, not only be-
cause the physiological process of expiration

is
longer than that of inspiration, but also be-
cause Caruso had succeeded in adding to his

auto-physiological control the volitional control
which comes from the brain.
By
dint of
^though, always withstrain Caruso governed
a vigilant mental effort
out any
physical
the expiratory flow of the breath with such
mastery that not a particle of

out giving up
its
it
escaped with-
necessary equivalent in tone.
Caruso emitted for each musical

phrase, or even for each note, just enough
Besides,
Power 119
breath to produce that phrase or note

sically,
and no more.
The remainder of
made
breath he kept in reserve, which
enchanted hearer feel that the master was

far
from the
mu-
limit of his resources, that he
his
the
still
had
retained ample motive power for whatever the

occasion should require.
ing sign of
all
great art
That is the revealand it is, in a manner
of speech, the bedrock of all great singing.
Therefore, the secret of Caruso's priceless

gift,
his great capacity
for respiration, al-
though partly due to the amazing perfection

of his vocal apparatus, was also, and perhaps
mainly, due to his power of concentration
upon the study of himself and of the natural

means at his disposition. This ability in Caruso ^the power to transform every particle
of breath into tone and the power to control
the breath so that no more of it need be used
for the good production of a note or phrase
than was absolutely essential should be the
goal of every singer. In fact, we believe we
can justly say that without

there can be no great singing,
this
principle
Enrico Caruso strongly advised the student,

in respiration exercises, to practice breathing
120
through the nose and through the mouth at the
same time, although one should depend chiefly

upon inhaling through the nose, because that
is the more spontaneous and the more natural,
as well as the more effective, method. In any
case, the act of inhalation should
be
visible to
a spectator solely through the raising of the

thorax, and not, after the practice of
misguided singers, through the

shoulders.
many
lifting of the
This latter movement the singer
would never be obliged to make were he to

use the intercostal diaphragmatic method of
respiration.
This method, moreover, enabled Caruso to
keep
his organs of respiration sound and

armored them against all weaknesses. At the
same time, thanks to the aid of his mental con-
he was never at a loss to sustain to the

end a lengthy musical phrase, was never vmder
trol,
the necessity of cutting
ing
it
off pitch or
The foregoing
it
short or of finish-
by a forced prolongation.
discussion should be sufficient
must not put

principal dependence on any other type
to demonstrate that the singer

his
of respiration
on,
for instance,
clavicular or the abdominal.
either
the
Whenever one
Power 121
exerts himself violently he breathes violently;

as a result his collar-bone or clavicle
cibly
for-
is
drawn up by the muscles of the neck
in
order to assist the action of the intercostal

muscles, which act on the ribs.
This
the
is
method of breathing known as the clavicular.

It is always a partial respiration; and besides
being used during very violent exertion,
it is
also resorted to in certain diseased states of
Furthermore, in order to succeed
the body.
in realizing its full power, one
must give
his
hands a firm grasp on some fixed object.
That
is
why
unhappy singer who resorts

clavicular method of respiration
the
to the vicious
whenever he can, to lay hold of something solid so violent is the effort he makes.
He is a sad spectacle indeed, his head thrown
seeks,
back or thrust forward, his face flushed, his
whole body
rigid, his outstretched
ging for the breath that
fails to
arms beg-
Imwho is
come.
agine the tone production of a singer
laboring vmder so great a physical strain!
In
such circimastances any artistic rendering of a
musical phrase
is
too
much
to expect: the un-
fortunate performer may, thanks to his sad

plight, arouse the
sympathy of
his hearers;

Caruso amd the Art of Singing
122
he certainly will not move them musically hy

so painful an art.
Whenever Enrico Caruso witnessed the
tor-
on themselves, though
he never failed of sympathy for the victim,
he was unequivocal in his condemnation of the
method. He would exclaim: "Why, the poor
ture such singers
fellow
is
inflict
violating the first principle of art
the concealment of the artist's effort.

doesn't he learn
how
to breathe?
It
Why
is
im-
possible to sing artistically without a thorough
Why
mastery of breath control.

stop
ers
to
and work
think,
don't sing-
intelligently?
They would soon
realize that all great art
the product
reserve,
is
restraint;
without
these, vocal technique is imperfect,
and im-
of
means imperfect art."

The abdominal method of breathing, or the
method that draws most of its force from the
perfect technique
abdominal muscles,
it
is
ineffective,
both because
constitutes a relaxation of the visceral or-
the chief objecand

because the diaphragm receives no sup-
gans, and also
this is
tion
port in the act of expiration.
diaphragm unsupported,
it is
control the emission of the air
With
the
more diflScult to
from the lungs.
Power 123
Furthermore, in relying chiefly on his abdominal muscles for inspiration, the singer
cannot
fill
The aim
breathing
manner
of
air,
lungs to their full capacity.
his
any search for a method of

twofold: first, the most effective
in
is
of getting the lungs completely full
which
is
the motive power of singing;
manner of conthe emission of the air from the lungs
secondly, the most effective

trolling
so that every particle shall be transformed
In both of these processes Enrico

Caruso was able to achieve phenomenal suc-
into tone.
he employed the intercostal diaphragmatic method of respiration, but it must

not be forgotten that to his sound method he
cess because
brought a high degree of mental concentration, which kept his powerful bellows under
complete control.
For
ticed
the control of the breath, Caruso prac-
the
following
rxmning
exercise
the
whole chromatic scale up to C, and sometimes

up to C sharp in one single sustained breath.
124.
EXERCISE
II
These exercises as well as the others which will follow

are also useful for the purpose of increasing the agility and
flexibility of the vocal organs.
Tone Production
Chapter VII
TONE PRODUCTION
I
TONE ATTACK
In
the preceding chapter
we endeavored
to
get at the source of Caruso's great breathing
We observed that, remarkable as was
power.
the vigor of his constitution, the final secret
of his wonderful breath control lay in his intelligent
management of
His
supplied him
his respiration.
nianner of inhalation, to be sure,
with ample motive power; but this reservoir

of power would have
effect
had he
failed to
particle of the outgoing
was
this
been
of
make
indifferent
use of every
column of
perfect control over the
It
air.
emission
of breath, so that no air should be exhaled
improductively, that enabled Caruso to attain

his
unique mastery of tone production.
A
take
good tone production, of

account
There must
of
other
course,
essential
must
elements.
be relaxation, for instance, a com127
128
plete absence of strain of
one
indispensable
any
sort.
the
condition,
But
the
principle
which can never be disregarded without making the tone unsatisfactory, is the rule that
the emission of the singer's breath and the
a,ttack of the
ously.
This
tone must take place simultaneis
the
first secret
round, musical tone.
of a beautiful,
Should the singer allow
any air to escape before he attacks the tone,

then the result will be a breathy sound, rag-
ged and disagreeable.

attack or beginning
Furthermore, once the

is
poor, the rest of the
tone will be harsh and unpleasant, or at best
be veiled or cloudy.
As regards the connection between breathing and tone attack, a great deal has been
it
will
written about the cupa di glotta, coup de

glotte, or stroke of the glottis.
This device
may
be described simply as a clucking sound

produced by the forceful contact of the air
column against the closed vocal chords. In
order to bring such a contact about, the singer
is
requested to act exactly as
utter a slight cough.
of the glottis, and
It
it is
is
if
he were to
the audible stroke
supposed to prevent
the singer from emitting air before the tone
Tone Production
is
129
If by this means the singer does
attacked.
succeed in controlling his breath, so that he

achieves a crisp, decisive attack, he also suc-
ceeds in producing a hard, metallic tone that

cold
and
Not only
repellent.
is
this ex-
plosive tone attack objectionable
on
eesthetic
grounds, but also
run
is
it is
in the long
ous to the vocal organs.

natural method; and
It
is
injuri-
always an im-
all essentially
unnatural
methods, besides producing unnatural sounds,
tend to impair the proper functioning of the

natural organs.
Now, Caruso had a

his ravishing
perfect tone attack.
outpour of song
all
In
the tones,
clean and clear at their inception, continued

mellow and rich, coming forth from his glorious instrument with a warm and captivating
glow. If he made use of this famous stroke
of the glottis, he certainly employed it in a
modified form and in the most moderate manner, taking pains in all cantilena singing to
avoid the unnatural explosive effect which does
much
tone.
to destroy the appealing quality of a
Here again we may say without
hesi-
tance that Caruso obtained his superb results

in
the
matter of tone attack through
his
130
method of intelHe was

study.
and
ligent experimentation
habitual perseverance in the
almost unmercifully
critical
of himself, per-
petually on the watch for possible flaws; nor
was he ever
satisfied
with his work until his
exacting ear had given him
In
his
its
approval.
tone attack Caruso succeeded in co-
ordinating into one act the flying together of
the vocal chords and the emission
of
the
The two movements coincided so prethat there was never any effort, any
breath.
cisely
strain or forcing
back of
this act.
He breathed
with great ease, and he strove to produce his

tones with the same ease.
is
extremely
lies
difficult
It
is
a skiU which
to achieve; but this
way
the road of great singing.
must not be thought that we are attempting to set down rigid rules, drawn from Caruso's art and so codified that they may be
Caruso,
servilely followed by everybody.
there is no doubting, would have been the first
He
to condemn strongly such a procedure.
It
always contended that every individual
is
pro-
vided with a distinct vocal instrument, and

that every instrument
distinct
and
demands and deserves
intelligent care in its cultivation.
Tone Production
The
great tenor was
artist to let himself
much
131
too genuine an
be hampered by the dog-
matic precepts formulated by theorists,

of
whom, unfortunately, know
little
many
of the
He had no use at all for vague

and incomprehensible theories. In fact, so individual a matter did Caruso consider his art
that he would often question the value of any
method that seemed too generally applied.
The singer, like every other artist, must take
for his first and foremost study his own
singer's art.
vehicle of expression
ture has provided

to discover
^the
vocal organs na-
him with
what are
Caruso did exactly
his
this.
and
thus essay
proper vocal resources,
He
studied his vocal
apparatus, his vocal capacity, and his tem-
perament; these he sought to develop to their

At the
full power and utmost perfection.
same time he took infinite care and in this
fact very probably lies the fundamental secret
not to abuse, by any
of Caruso's art
strain or forcing, the gifts nature
sort of
had
be-
stowed on him.
We
know
that Caruso, even in his great
moments, never forced his breath in an effort

to gain more power. It is equally true of his
132
How
tone production.
tive
power of
to turn all of the
pure tone withvocal organs ^that was the
his breath into
out straining his
mo-
problem for Caruso. And here

again he had recourse to his thorough knowledge of his vocal instrimient, a hard won
knowledge which was at once so detailed and
quintessential
so precise that
it
enabled him to achieve a tone
control adequate to render all the gradations,

inflections,
voice
is
and nuances of which the human
capable.
II
TONE FORMATION
On
the subject of the natural
means which
aid and favor a good emission of tone, Caruso
expressed himself as follows:
"For a good production of tone there are

two elements to be considered; the first element is internal, the second external. The
internal element concerns the muscles of the
throat, which act in
sympathy with the
facial
muscles; the external concerns the position
which our body assumes while the tone

emitted.
It
is
is
being
necessary, therefore, through
Tone Production
133
the aid of self -study and the help of a good
singing teacher, to become aware of every
such
physical defect
as contractions of the
muscles of the throat, of the face, or of the
^which
jaw
can hinder the tone from being

emitted in all its fullness and purity. These
rigid muscular contractions bring about a
throaty tone, which lacks support and
is
in-
capable of purity and ampUtude.
"In the second
place,
one must take into
consideration the defects which are external
and consequently
visible.
discomposed
movement of the body, an exaggerated
rais-
ing of the head while singing, or a too studied

position of the chest will always interfere with
the free emission of the tone, especially in a
student whose self-mastery
is
still
limited.
"The singer should apply himself to his

study with great naturalness and relaxation:
this is the sine qua non of beautiful cantilena
singing.
When
must not
disturb the composure of his face,
he
is
exercising his voice he
because every contraction of the face

flected in the throat.
is
re-
A contracted face indi-
cates a lack of composure; whereas
it is
essen-
tial that the singer should bring to his vocal

134i

Unless he
study a complete calmness.
is
how can he hope to control his will?

Moreover, a calm mind facilitates the task of
calm,
completely relaxing the vocal organs."

It
is
evident that in
making these remarks
mind the
practicing of vocalizzi,
Caruso had
in
or vocahzes as they are called in English

exercises or passages to be vocalized.
there
is
And
no more valuable practice for begin-
ners or even for singers already a good
along the road of vocal
art.
By
way
vocalization
meant singing upon vov/els and not upon

words ^whether upon one or more vowels or
upon one or a series of notes, does not matter.
It is only one part of the operation of utteris
ance,
for
does not involve
it
Now, pure
vocalization
is
articulation.
obtained by bring-
ing into play those muscles of the vocal or-
ganism
^which
and no others
are essential
to the production of the vowel at the
Though
being sung.
moment
the action of the unnec-
essary muscles might not destroy the actual
vowel sound,
it
of good tone
tone thus
"veiled."
would destroy the
production
^the
emitted
All
is
usually
this evil the
possibility
quality of the
"throaty"
or
misguided singer
Tone Production
brings
down on
135
head the moment he attempts to gain power by forcing or straining

his
his vocal organs.
This
evil is
by no means
peculiarly characteristic of poor singers; poor
and poor violinists also frequently

attempt to strain and force their resources in
an effort to gain more power than nature has
pianists
For them, however,
put at their disposal.

pernicious procedure
the
not so dangerous they
is
can be corrected by a good master before any

real
harm has been
or their wrists.
It
visited
is
upon
their fingers
not so with the singer.
The vocal organism is too delicate an instrument to endure a great deal of strain or forcing, and the penalty for even a little abuse
of this kind
is
a "cracked" voice.
Caruso, then, did not force his tone production, as tenors
unfortunately are wont to do;
as a consequence he emitted tones that were
always pure and of a harmonious and compelling beauty. So much for his production
of single tones.
sage or on
When
he vocalized on a pasa slow
a series of tones, whether at
or a rapid tempo, he always sought to do
it
with the same ease with which he emitted
one tone.
In progressing from one tone to
136
another he did not change the sound of the
vowel sung or the quality of the production.

At the same time he permitted none of his
breath to escape unproductively, that
tween one tone and the other,
^the
is,
be-
secret of
pure legato singing.
The
factors which enter into the production
of a tone vary according to
tensity
^that
timbre.
Some
is
to
say,
its pitch, its in-
or
volume
its
its
of these factors, of course, the
singer consciously manipulates and controls:
they have to do with such matters as the

blast,
air-
the position of the head and of the
tongue, the shaping of the mouth, and so on.
But
there are other factors
as, notably, the
tension and relaxation of the vocal chords in
the regulation of pitch

into play unconsciously
^which
are brought
and can be guided by
nothing except the singer's tone perception.
By
pitch
is
meant the degree of acuteness
or of graveness in a tone, the degree being
determined by the number of vibrations (per

second) that produce
it;
the greater the
num-
ber of vibrations the higher the pitch of the

tone, the fewer the
number of
vibrations the
Tone Production
lower the pitch of the tone.
137
is
of primal
all
musicians,
It
importance for the singer, as for
that he have a keen perception of pitch.
In-
deed, this faculty, which
is
ferred to as his "ear,"
almost a separate
sense; for
it is
is
in very large
customarily re-
measure innate,
a natural endowment which, like the memory,
can be cultivated but cannot be created where

there
no
is
instinctive foundation
upon which
can be cultivated, however, it

can also be ruined.
Slovenly practice has
blunted the ear of many a student and has
to build.
If
it
rapidly taken from
him whatever natural per-
ception of pitch he
It
is
may
originally have had.
therefore essential that he practice slowly
and with great
care, so that
he
may
give his
special attention to the precision in pitch of
They may be as heavenly as the

himian voice can make them, but let their pitch
his tones.
be faulty and they will be unbearable.
The homogeneous
fixity of Caruso's vocal
tones was truly marvelous.
The
vibrations of
each tone he emitted continued uninterrupted
and unaltered throughout its entire duration

and suffered no perceptible disturbance from
secondary soimds. Caruso possessed a fine
Carmo and
138
ear,
and
when
Art of Singing
his pitch perception
We
keen.
the
was unusually
cannot recall a single occasion
was not absolutely pure.

There were times when, owing to some indisposition, his voice was "off color," when his
tones failed to come forth with their usual
magical beauty of quality; but there was never
his intonation
a time when they were
For
off pitch.
he could,
thanks on his
his precision of intonation
once more, bestow part of his
remarkable breath control, since breathing
is
naturally a great factor in the regulation of
however accurate the ear with which

he began, and however great the assistance
given by his breath control, it was the infinite
pains and care with which Caruso practiced
pitch; but
made him the master of pitch as it made

him the master of the other phases of the vocal
art.
There can be no art without talent, but
it is intelligent, painstaking, and persevering
practice that makes perfect art.
that
EXERCISE
III
Tone Production
139
Caruso at times used the above exercise for

the perfecting of precision of pitch.
It
is
also
excellent for the blending of the vowels
and
the mastery of the breath control.
The
intensity of a tone
energy with which

is
it is
is
produced.
Intensity
the basis of nuance and dynamics in vocal
art; without
it,
singing becomes deadly
notonous and ceases to be an

ingly
to
the power or
it is
mo-
Accord-
art.
of vital importance for the singer
comprehend thoroughly what regulates the
various degrees of intensity in a tone.
again the principal part

tive
power, the column of
by the limgs.
The
is
Here
played by the mo-
air
which
is
supplied
singer can scarcely aspire
to control the intensity of his tone unless he
has learned
by the same
how
to control his breath.
tensity of his tone, he
power.
The
And
sign, in order to develop the in-
must develop
his breath
singer can never escape from the
motor of the vocal artist the breath.

It is at once most interesting and most encouraging to know how gradual was the development of Caruso's vocal organs. His first
serious teacher, Guglielmo Vergine, though
140
Caruso
Art
and, the
of Singing
he recognized that Caruso possessed a fine

instrument, never suspected to what a richness
and power
this voice,
which was then rather
We
thin, could finally be developed.
have
already taken note of the fact that the students of Vergine looked
pupil as a tenore vento
So we must
upon
their fellow
thin,
reedy tenor.
recognize as irresistible the natu-
ral conclusion that Caruso's development, even
though
it
enjoyed the
initial
advantage of the
very exceptional anatomic quahties of his

vocal organs, attained
its
ultimate perfection
through the practice of vocal exercises under

the guidance of a wise system.
Moreover,
it
should be noted that in Caruso's case the de-
velopment of intensity was constant and progressive: starting as a tenore vento, he re-
vealed himself,
first
as a lyric tenor,
and then
and a real one. We say
as a dramatic tenor
a real one because, unlike innumerable singers
who
are possessed
Caruso had the
by the dramatic
ambition,
ability to attain his ambition,
not only through his method of interpretation
but also through the genuine energy and
power of the vocal resources he had
built up.
Tone Production
The
141
following two exercises Caruso used for
developing the intensity of tone production.
EXERCISE IV
EXERCISE V
After pitch and intensity we have to consider, as the third
element in tone production,
Timbre
the matter of timbre.
is
the quality
of the tone produced.
If Buffon was at
all justified in his cele-
brated phrase, that style
is
the
man
himself,
we may say that timbre is the singer himself.

Of vocal artists, in particular, is it true that
the quahty of the tone each makes
quality of the artist; for there
which singers
differ so widely
is
is
the
nothing in
from one an-
other as in the quality of their voices.
At
first
glance this looks surprising.
Other
musicians employ widely varying techniques
142
to
draw
their characteristic tones
instruments which
may
their
be good, bad, or
in-
One would
different in their manufacture.
expect to find
from
violinists, pianists,
or even per-
formers on such standardized instruments as

those of the tympani family producing a
gamut of timbres than

to singers, who make their tones
selves.
Here the basis of tone
greater
are possible
inside themquality, far
from being a matter of skillful or clumsy

manufacture of instrimients out of a profusion of fine or coarse materials, is at bottom
Vocal tone must depend
considerably on the general vocal organism
a physical condition.
with which nature has provided the singer.
The anatomical cause

the voice
is
for varying timbre in
merely the varying adaptation of
the position of the resonance cavities to the

functions of the glottis.
A violin may be a Cremona, a Stradivarius,

or the machine turned, varnish-laden child of
a furniture factory consecrated to nothing
than quantity production; a piano may

be built by artists for the fingers of a master
finer
or assembled
by day
laborers for the instala-
tion of a mechanical player; but
human
beings
Tone Production
are
human
beings,
and throats are
This fact would seem, at
narrower
throats.
glance, to set
first
range of vocal timbres.
limits to the
Yet we know
143
the reverse to be the case.
Voices differ as no hand-made instruments

can.
And
not only
is
there a variety of the
comparatively simple physical instruments nature bestows on singers, but

artistic control
it is
also true that
and wise manipulation of the
vocal resonators can alter the tone quality or

color of a given voice
as to
make
it
by such
fine gradations
almost a series of instruments.
Caruso, for instance, was able to bring those

resonant vocal organs from which issued his
extensive, rich,
and powerful voice
com-
so
pletely under the control of his will that the

slightest modification in the
movement
of his
and cheeks, accompanying the swiftest

transition in the emotions and passions represented, gave him tones of infinite color and
lips
of inexhaustible, of ever-renascent melodious

beauty. This is the way in which the vocal
artist
makes the timbre of
his
vehicle for his musical personality.

is
the voice, but he
is
voice
the
The man
more than the vocal
in-
144
strument he received at birth: he

of all his vocal resources.
We
is
the master
can only speculate as to what another
singer
^less
persevering
intelligent, less self-critical, less
^might
have made of Caruso's
natal equipment: what
we can know beyond
was Caruso's mastery of this

equipment which produced tone colors so
finely wrought, and spread over so wide a
range of delicate nuances, that he was unexcelled, and became unique, in the world of
cavil is that
song.
This
it
is
the real reason
continues to survive, as
the minds of
all
if
why
his voice
in the spirit, within
who heard
it,
although his
physical instrument has been silenced forever.
Ill
REGISTEBS OF
THE VOICE
Speaking generally, the nomenclature employed in the vocal art is so vague as to be

inadequate for exact denotation.
A good part
of the vagueness rises from a certain habit of
naming vocal
divisions
on subjective rather
than objective grounds, or rather, of deter-
mining
class
names by physical sensations
T&ne Production
more or
particularly pertinent
the
We now
namer.
less peculiar to the
approach a problem where
145
this observation is
complex questions
of the registers of the voice.
The
register of a voice
is its
Va-
compass.
and singers have variously divided the vocal compass into sections
rious singing masters
representing, or purporting to represent, the

different
registers
which demand
different
To
physical methods for their execution.
very large degree, however, these systems of
have been theoretical and inexact, for

the reason that nearly all of them have been
division
based on the theorists'
own
physical sensations
Such
without due regard to the actual facts.

arbitrary systems are not redeemed
by the
more or
by vague physiological hypotheses.
that they are always
less
Nevertheless, the question of registers
utmost importance
fact
supported
is
of
to the singer, for, since it
involves the problem of equalizing the voice,
must be intimately connected with tone production. One higTily signifleant fact most of
the theorists, obsessed as they have been by
it
their fanciful notions, have failed to imder-
stand.
Whether
there are two, three,
five,
or
146
seven registers ; whether the artist sings in the
upper range of his vocal

compass; he must needs bear in mind one allimportant principle: his tone production must
lower, middle, or
be sound throughout, and every note he sings
must be
beautiful.
Let the singer take heed
to apply intelligently the principles that
make
for good tone production and the question of

registers will afford
him
little
worry.
Caruso never let the complicated and thankmatter of registers disturb him. He knew
less
that there
^the
was only one
vital goal to strive for
production of beautiful tones.
goal he focused
toward
it
On
this
all his musical intelligence;
he concentrated
all his
mental and
spiritual energy.
It
is
strange indeed that so
many moderns
should have gone astray in this matter of

registers.
The
early Italian singing masters
had already penetrated the subject with admirable insight. Those old masters had the
good sense to keep in plain view the one sig-
nificant object
^beautiful singing.
They
did
not put the cart before the horse by theoiuzing

before they experimented.
They
did not force
arbitrary, preconceived notions on their pu-
Tone Production
On
pils.
147
the contrary, they were guided in
their formulating of vocal principles
achievements of the great vocal
by the
artists of their
time.
The
two
singing masters of the past recognized
registers,
which they described as voce
that
plena and voce finta

feigned
{artificial,
full voice
is
disguised)
voice.
and
These
are the two registers which are at present so
often described as "chest voice"
(or "chest
tones") and "head voice" (or "head tones").
The head
tones are also sometimes referred
to as "falsetto tones."
The
so-called "chest
tones" are often subdivided, for the sake of

convenience, into "lower" and "mediimi" registers.
Any
further classification of registers,
appeal to the theorist, can be of

no practical benefit to the student, and it can
easily confuse him at a time when his whole
whatever
its
attention should be concentrated on tone production,
to
the exclusion of scientific, and
pseudo-scientific divisions of the scale.
If the behavior of the singer's vocal membranes knows any change at all throughout
the entire range of his voice,
when he
it
takes place
passes from the chest register to that
Caruso and the "Art of Sinsfing
148
of the head.
In the
ease of the voice that has
been badly trained, or has not been trained

at
all,
the change in the physical process of
tone production
is
invariably accompanied
a sensation of straining and
larynx and
its
by
of tension in the
The
adjacent parts.
real
one who has had a good schooling,

revealed precisely by the evenness and
singer, the
is
f aciUty
with which he passes from one register
to the other.
Once more the vocal
artist
must
remember that he does not sing with

throat but through
by
that tone
it;
the breath, the vocal motor, as
is
it
his
produced
comes into
contact with the vocal chords; and that the
other
vocal
organs,
acting
as
resonators,
merely vary the quality of the tone.
Careful
due qua non of
beautiful
breath control, the

singing, will help
him considerably over the
thorny road of equalizing his entire vocal

range.
When
the tones are fed and properly sup-
ported by a column of air under complete control; and, furthermore,

is
when due precaution
taken that there be no strain or forcing in
the production; then the voice attains through-
out
its
range a beautiful equality which
all
Tone Production
149
but makes even the theorizing listener forget

the very existence of his precious registers.
In
Caruso had so thorough and

a command of voice, so perfect an
this respect
artistic
equalization
from one extremity
to the other
of his tremendous vocal compass, that all the
problems surrounding the dispute about the
were conspicuous only in their sigYet it must never be

thought that Caruso's apparent ease, the
registers
nificant
absence.
seemingly natural perfection of his produc-
by a short cut, or over no

road at all. The laissez-faire method in voice
culture was anathema to him, and we have
tion,
was arrived
at
long since seen the overwhelming evidence
was led to his shining success in the

vocal art by a guiding intelligence which never
that he
relaxed
its
alertness
throughout
his
long
What, then, was the secret of that

smooth and even production, so suave in its
perfection and so natural in its execution that
the listener was always tempted to think it
miraculous? The best answer is in his own
career.
words.
"The vocal range

would
say,
"must be
of
built
a singer,"
Caruso
up by degrees and
150
with
The purity and
infinite care.
ease of
production in the upper range depend to a

great extent on the manner in which the
lower tones leading up to
are sung.
it
If the
lower tones are produced correctly, and an
even poise
is
maintained in ascending the scale
the higher tones will benefit by the support
by keeping the
throat well openand thus avoid the pinchof the lower ones
especially
ing quahty often present in the highest tones

of a singer's range."
Nor was Caruso
ever an advocate of the
thread-like tone, unsupported
by plenty
of
breath and taken with the so-called "head

voice."
it
It
is
not only cold and colorless, but
Even
destroys equalization.
falsetto
his
were supported
by suflBcient breath, which gave them body
and made them sound like mezza voce tones.
tones, which he seldom used,
Here was another important

the
contribution to
remarkable homogeneity of his
entire
range.
As we have
said in
an
earlier
paragraph,
Caruso's art consisted of far more than his
wonderful
instrument;
his
which he always applied
great
industry,
intelligently,
con-
Tone Production
tributed
its
most vocal
large share to
151
make him
the fore-
And to
no phase
artist of his time.
of his art did he devote more attention than
One
to the equalization of the voice.
of the
means toward attaining the perfection he

sought and achieved in the equalization of the
voice was long practice of the following exercises in vocalizing.
open, with the

oval;
and the
(ah)
should be quite
mouth extended
in
a horizontal
exercise should be
great naturalness and abandon.
sung with
Gradually,
Caruso reached the upper range, the open

vowel A would insensibly merge into the
vowel O, which continued steadily to become
darker in color, or rather to change into the
as
vowel
set
(oo), precisely as
is
here graphically
down:
EXERCISE VI
152
Cariiso
EXERCISE VI
EXERCISE
VI"
EXERCISE
VI'
EXERCISE
VI"
'
EXERCISE
VI*
UJ"
II
Tone Production
EXERCISE
VI'
EXERCISE
VI"^
EXERCISE
VI'
EXERCISE VII
EXERCISE
VII"
153
154
Here we must
direct the attention of the
manner of practicing
these exercises, reminding him that Caruso
said, "with complete abandon of the throat."
The gradual blending of the vowels A, O, U
should therefore take place without any
student to the correct
change in the position of the throat during

the whole time required for their emission.'^
' See
Chapter IX ("Caruso and the Foundation of Vocal
Technique") for further details on the pronunciation of the
vowels.
How
Caruso Practiced
Chapter VIII
HOW CARUSO PRACTICED

When I began to work with Caruso,
the
opulence and splendor of his golden voice,

together with the poignancy of his masterly
art,
had already conquered the vast musical
public in the capitals of Europe, as well as

the great opera audiences in America.
And
yet, despite this prodigious achievement, the
worked more indusever, coveting a greater and

greater command of his instnmaent. In fact,
there was never a moment during his brilUant
career when Caruso complacently sat back
and said, "I am satisfied." Animated by the
spirit of the sincere artist, intent on his ceaseless effort toward a finer and finer perfection,
Caruso had set up standards in vocal art
for himself at least so rigorous that, howworld-renowned
artist
triously than
ever great his

ideal
progressive attainments, his
was always in advance of even
formance.
He felt that the genuine
never attain to perfection in his

157
his per-
artist
own
can
eyes,
Carmo and
158
and that
the
Art of Singing
what
to rest content on
may regard as
perfection
is
his public
to die as an artist.
I dwell on this conviction of Enrico Caruso's,

art,
on
his exacting attitude
because
manner of
ing.
it is
his
own
intimately connected with his
practicing
and
his habits of
Searching and fearless
cording to Caruso,
which the vocal
toward
work-
self-criticism, ac-
an essential principle
must needs accept; it is
is
artist
the mainspring of iminterrupted progress;
ruso went
the
much
important
criticism.
He
"The very
it
Ca-
leads the artist to the genuine bel canto.
further in his emphasis
upon
of
self-
principle
eifective
said:
an artist is revealed in
his ability to detect and understand his shortcomings, and especially in his courage to acknowledge their existence."
No one could have been a severer critic of
Caruso's great art than was Caruso himself.
He worked with tremendous concentration,
and his acute ear was ever to descry the slighttalent of
est flaw in the tone production, in the quality
or the interpretation of a musical passage.
was
well to the details
It
minute attention as
as to the larger problems
this infinite care, this
How
Caruso Practiced
159
which confront the vocal artist, that in due

time made Caruso the complete master of his
instrument and of
In addition to
all its
manifold resources.
his great love for his art,
Caruso brought a magnificent high-mindedness and a deep sense of responsibility to his

profession.
"An
artist, in
won
of the place he has
order to be worthy
for himself in the
world of song," Caruso repeatedly remarked

to me, "must continually strive for a higher
perfection.
If he
is
content with the achieve-
ment of the moment, he either recedes, or he

is
superseded by another artist of more
exalted ideals."
But
to infer that Caruso derived his artistic
from a struggle for place in the field

of song would be to insult the memory of a
great artist. All who had the good fortune
ideals
to be his friends
his art, that
to advance
know
that he deeply loved
he was unsparing in
it.
Not
his
endeavors
that the spirit of the
sportsman was lacking; for
it
was the
sports-
man in Caruso that roused his ambition to hold

the supreme place
among
singers, a position
for which he battled with such untiring energy.
This
is
a very different matter from the ambi-
160
own
tion which covets success for
its
for
That
its
worldly emoluments.
at-any-cost
ambition which
we
is
sake and
the win-
customarily
associate with the professional sportsman, the

spirit
fair
which cultivates pull, which exploits un-
and irrelevant advantages, which
is
not
scrupulous as to the rule of the game, because

its
gaze
is
fixed on rewards instead of
on ex-
on the other
we recognize and applaud in the amateur sportsman, whose motto
is, "May the best man win," and whose ardent
vow is, "By all that I have in me, I mean to
be that man." To such a man unearned success must be as bitter as unrewarded excelcellence.
Caruso's
ambition,
hand, was of the sort
lence.
Accordingly, Caruso was never a victim of

the
mean temper which degrades opponents
in order to enjoy the cheap triimiphs of a
petty rivalry.
It
is
well
known
that he
was
generous in advice and assistance to his fellow-
When
he was singing with an artist

of little vocal power, he would modulate his
sonorous voice that he might not overwhelm
artists.
the less fortunate singer.
during a performance of
On
one occasion,
"La Boheme"
at the

How
Caruso Practiced
161
Metropolitan, Caruso stretched this habitual
The
generosity to an vmprecedented degree.
CoUine of that night was in poor voice and

wished to be replaced by another basso. The
management urged and
finally persuaded him

through in spite of his growing
hoarseness.
By the time he had reached
to
see
it
Vecchia zimarra senti the unhappy basso simply could not sing a note.
Caruso immedi-
ately thrust a cloak over himself

to sing the
and began
famous "Song of the Cloak" with
a good bass quality, to the great astonishment

of the other singers, the conductor,
of the audience
through
who
and those
recognized the great tenor
his disguise.
Caruso
may
have counselled some singers
to acquire methodical habits; or he
may
have
advised others to retire and rise at regular

hours.
more
He may
also
have suggested that
and
and some recreation, to do
beneficial to practice in the morning,
then, after a rest
some work in the afternoon.

all
it is
All
this advice,
and
counsel of a similar nature
Caruso
it whenever it was sought

enough
for the singer with an
was sound
average constitution. In fact, no vocalist can
generally offered
162
do better than lead a

the
fit
tirely
What
of moderation, for
life
condition of his vocal organism
dependent upon
is
en-
his physical well-being.
Caruso had steadily in mind was that
the singer must not let his
manner of
living
overtax the system whence he draws the motive
power for
his singing.
Caruso himself, however, had no fixed hoiws
when he
retired or arose.
It frequently oc-
curred that he got up early the morning
fol-
lowing a night on which he had simg; on the

other hand, there were times
very
when he got up
although he had not sung a note the
late,
previous night.
He
possessed a temperament
which was, for some reason or other, averse

to rigid regularity.
At
all
events, whether
the hours which Caruso reserved for
work and
were or were not as regular as they

should have been, he saw to it that his body
received all the necessary rest and exercise.
That Caruso was always fuU of play is
notorious in fact, it was his almost boyish love
of play which prevented a great many people
sleep
from understanding
only natural that
his real character.
many
It
was
of his pranks, good-
natured as their victims knew them to
be.
How
Caruso Practiced
163
should have been misrepresented by the jealous and the envious and have finally reached
the public in such colors as
spiteful, so that
made them seem
they added their share to the
obstacles which prevented
many who admired
Caruso the singer from xmderstanding Caruso the man. This is one of the disadvan-
a handicap
whose careers bring them
prominently before the pubhc. In Caruso's
case its injustice is evidenced by the imiversal
tages of
familiar
love,
in the lime-light,
life
to
all
almost the idolatry, in which the great
was held by all who had the good luck

know him personally.
singer
to
The
fact
is
that Caruso's sense of himaor
was as wholesome as it was keen. It afforded

him a cheerful and imfailing outlet for his
overbubbling energy, and that the energy he
invested in fun did not merely waste itself
through the safety valves of the moment
tested
by
as these
his
remarkable caricatures.
were tossed
in their penetration
off,
at-
they are so effective
and so trenchant
wit that they will live
is
Lightly
in their
long as evidence that
singing was not the only art to offer Enrico
Caruso a career.
In the whole
series of his
164)
you
caricatures, however,
mean
for anything
will search in vain
or ill-tempered.
They
bite
but they never snarl; and good nature laughs

in every line of them.
The hand
that dashed
was no doubt ready enough in practical jokes, but it was incapable of spite.
So active was Caruso, both mentally and
them
off
that
physically,
he could remain idle for
an instant of the entire day. He

seemed to take an interest in all that went on
about him. The pulse of life was indeed in his
veins! Although he had no precise hours set
aside for his daily vocal work, on days when
he was to sing, however, he would rise early
and carefully prepare himself, vocally and
scarcely
otherwise, for the occasion.
On
Caruso
rising,
first
drank the inevitable
cup of coffee, so dear to all Italians. Then

he proceeded to spray his throat as he laugh-
ingly said, pvlire lo strumento, to cleanse the
instrument
^with
a steam atomizer.
After
thoroughly spraying his throat, he continued
While he was thus getting

his day's work, I would be at the
piano, playing for him the score of the opera
he was to sing that night. As he heard the
with his
toilette.
ready for
How
Caruso Practiced
score again, Caruso
would
hum
165
or whistle the
passages with which he was particularly impressed.

toilette,
When
he had finally completed his
to which he devoted considerable at-
tention, he felt fresh
and vigorous for the
rest
of the day.
It
here
may not be uninteresting to

why Caruso wished me to play
score.
He
set
down
the entire
was not merely the great
tenor,
with a marvelous vocal organism; in his

fashion, he
was
also a great musician.
own
As
consequence, he refused to sacrifice the en-
semble of a musical work by disproportionately featuring
what he himself was to
sing.
Caruso possessed a fine sense of measure and

proportion, which accounts for his greatness
as an ensemble singer.
If he desired to shine
was only by dint of his sterling

an artist. He never failed to
study the complete score of any opera in which
he was to sing; he had to determine for himself at first hand what had been the composer's intention and then thoroughly assimilate the work.
This intimate knowledge of
the scores stood him in good stead; it helped
him considerably in the development of the
individually,
qualities as
it
166
and
careful
intelligent
plan without which he
would sing no role; in large measure it aided

him to make his interpretations expressive and
convincing;
and,
it
it
may
contributed to the authority
almost be said, to the inevitable-
ness of his characterizations.
Caruso frequently commenced the morn-
work by practicing vocalizes for

about ten minutes, and this he usually did
whether or not he had a performance that day.
During those ten minutes his whole bemg was
intent on his work; his concentration was so
ing's vocal
great that nothing seemed to escape his acute

ear.
Since the absolute control of the breath

the basis of
is
pure bel canto, Caruso would be-
gin with his two exercises for breath control,

those reproduced in the chapter on breath-
ing as Exercises I and II

124).
These
shown
in Exercise
vocalizes he
(pages 117 and

sang in the manner
VI, in the chapter on tone
production (page 151), advancing chromatically
up
to
or
ever, should not
sharp.
go beyond
(The
student,
how-
or B.)
For
flat
developing the agility of the voice, Caruso

also practiced Exercises
VII and
VII*, using
How
Caruso Practiced
167
the same vowels as Exercises VI-VI".
Caruso
sang each exercise in full voice, in a single
respiration, and he saw to it that all the air
emitted from the lungs was duly transformed
into tone.
So much for breath
But
control practice.
tone production, and vocal
breath control,
equalization are closely related; the achieve-
ment of
success in one phase of vocal art
is
dependent upon the successful manipulation

of the others.
So Caruso used these exercises

IV and V, in the chapter
as well as Exercises
on tone production (page 141 ) for tonal coloring and quality. The vocalizes for volume or
intensity. Exercises IV and V, he also prac,
ticed in full voice.
Caruso sang the sustained
with
of Exercise
IV
much power;
a penetrating ring; and he held

siderable length of time.
For
it
it
had
for a con-
this sustained
tone work, too, he sometimes practiced Exercise III,
which
is
excellent both for the at-
tainment of accurate pitch and the develop-
ment of
equalization in the vowels.*
There was always method and plan
in what-
Before appearing on the stage, whether at the opera or at

a concert, Caruso usually sang his exercises in the following
order: (1) VI, (2) IV, (3) V, (4) II, (5) Vila.
'
168
ever Caruso did; he never worked
prompted by the
He
his routine.
ideal,
desire to get
He
it.
through with
set before himself
had
and he directed
achieving
listlessly,
an
powers toward
all his
infused into his exercises
made significant, the final product of his labor. Even

when he vocalized, he aimed at much more
the vital spirit that animated, and
than what
is
normally sought by singers,
He
namely, flexibiHty and power.
used the
and intelhgence that

voice for the role he was
vocalizes with such skiU
they prepared his
scheduled to sing that night.
pear in "Rigoletto" or in
Was
"La
he to ap-
Favorita," in
"L'Ehsir d'Amore" or in "La Boheme,"

operas which
demand of the tenor
dexterity
and grace, Caruso would strive to secure,

through modifying the manner of his practicand flexibility suitable
he was scheduled to ap-
ing, the lyric lightness
But if
pear in "Samson et Dalila," in "Pagliacci,"
or in "La Juive," works in which the tenor
to those roles.
roles are primarily dramatic,
ored to
make
his
manner of
his voice with the necessary
Caruso endeav-
vocalizing fortify
power and dra-
matic ring which these roles require.

How
169
Caruso Practiced
We
do not mean, however, to convey the

notion that Caruso was content with the broad
classification of his roles into two groups
lyric and dramatic. He was too subtle a vocal
artist to
be content with so general a group-
ing; he went much further
in his dehneations,
not only dramatically but also vocally.
So
were the shadings Caruso drew from his

ample vocal resources that he seemed to enfine
dow
each of the characters he created with a
and individual quahty of
specific
voice.
For
Rodolfo in "La Boheme"

finding a tonal coloring that differed in
quality from that which he created for the
he succeeded in
Duke
in "Rigoletto."
Likewise, in "Sam-
son et Dalila," the vocal expressiveness and
nuances that he brought to the role of Samson were unlike their parallels for the roles
of Rhadames in "Aida" or Eleazer in "La
Juive."
He attuned his voice,
in a
manner of
speech, to the character of the music which he
was
called
upon
to sing.
Caruso revealed the
In
this
endeavor
vital essence, the
genuine
temper, that makes of the interpreting artist

a creator. With such a goal constantly before
him while he was practicing what other
singers
170
any wonder
reached the utmost height in
consider "mere exercises,"

that he finally
is
it
vocal art?
From among
the details
I have related
about Caruso's procedure in practicing his

vocalizes, the young vocal student must take
remember the all-important fact

that Caruso practiced them with infinite care
and great mental concentration. His hard
work addressed itself not only to retaining the
vocal mastery which he had achieved, but also
and perhaps even more intensely to perfecting what he had accomplished. So the exerchief pains to
cises
which
Caruso
used
themselves excellently to
should
all singers
commend
who wish
to improve their breathing power, their tone
and the tonal quality of their

vocal mechanism. As regards voices of lower
production,
ranges, these vocalizes

suitable
can easily be made
by lowering the
initial notes.
I have said that Caruso usually vocalized

for about ten minutes in the morning, before
he began working on his scores.
The yoimg
vocal student must not think, however, that
he
is
thereby advised to rush through the
vocalizes in the brief period of ten minutes.
How
On
Caruso Practiced
the contrary,
of the utmost impor-
is
it
171
tance that the exercises, which Caruso used

for the purpose of vocalizing, be practiced
with
earnest
and long
attention
patience.
Special care should be bestowed on the tone

attack,
which must be clean and
breathy and ragged.
When
he
clear,
is
never
vocalizing,
young singer must constantly bear in

mind the suggestions offered in the chapters
the
on breathing and tone production. If he cannot do this, it is much better not to practice
the exercises at
all.
For bad
singing
is
ruin-
ous to the voice, whereas silence cannot hurt
and is often, as a matter of

Whatever the student does,
he must never tire his voice by practicing too
the vocal organs,
fact, beneficial.
long at a stretch.
delicate instrument,
The
vocal organism
and
abuse without showing
ill
it
is
will not tolerate
effects.
Before we enter upon the discussion of Ca-
method of practicing his roles, arias,

soags (by old or modern masters), or whatever musical work he happened to be studying
or reviewing, we must take into consideration
at least two of the traits which were invaluable
in his art: his splendid vitality, and the con-
ruso's
172
summate
For
ease with which he sang.
with-
out the possession of these two valuable assets,
and
Caruso could not
most assuredly
would not have worked so unremittingly.

He would have ruined his vocal organism.
At times, he could work as long as two hours
at a stretch without showing the least signs
of fatigue, a phenomenal procedure, indeed,
in a vocal artist.
But Caruso seemed to be
indefatigable, both mentally and physically,
and he frequently ceased working only when
his rendition of the musical text satisfied him
vocally and artistically,
Caruso always sang in fuU voice, and by full
voice is meant the natural power of the vocal
organism.
However, in order to save his
vocal organs, and especially when he was
learning a new role, or studying any other
musical text that was unfamiliar to him, he
sometimes whistled or
hummed
the vocal part
while I played the accompaniment.
A great deal has

of
humming
been said about the value
as a vocal exercise.
It
may
help
certain singers to develop their nasal resonators, the correct
use of which
portant for tonal coloring.
is
extremely im-
On the
other hand,
How
the tones are
if
Caruso Practiced
made
173
too nasal, they become
very disagreeable and worse in effect than the

colorless white tones.
Strictly speaking,
humming
Caruso never considered
as a vocal exercise, but rather as a
He
diversion.
used that form of inarticulate
vocal production either to familiarize himself
with a
voice.
new musical composition or to rest his

When he hummed, he produced a won-
derfully
colored
tone quality
of
ravishing
beauty, a tone resembling the timbre of a fine

violoncello.
So sonorous and
resonant,
so
roimd and velvety, were the tones Caruso

poured out, that they could not have been surpassed in beauty and opulence by an expert
'cellist
playing on an old Italian instrument.
Humming,
if
correctly practiced, however,
will develop the resonance of the voice.
humming
The
of most people sounds like a cater-
waul because the jaw, the
lips,
the tongue, and
the vocal membranes are
all
painfully rigid.
Of
course, the vocal organs should be in the
same position for humming
as for
good tone
production: there should be complete relaxation of the facial muscles, the jaw,
and the
174
tongue, just as they are kept
when
in a state
of repose or while sleeping; the lips are to be
Thus the tone vibrations will

neither be deadened by obstructing muscles
nor forced through the nose by the strain; inlightly united.
stead they will resonate within the nasal cavi-
and make the notes round and beautiful.

Suppose for a moment that Caruso had been
imable to sing without effort or strain. His
ties
singing would not only have lacked the richness and purity of delivery which
it
attained,
but he could never have indulged for any

length of time in his prolonged manner of
study without seriously affecting his voice.
There were times when he refused to
rest, sing-
ing a passage or phrase over and over again,
each time with another vocal modulation or

coloring,
quality
until
that
he got the
satisfied
his
expression
and
exacting musical
taste.
Once Caruso
felt that
he had grasped the
true musical significance of the
work he was
studying, he invoked all his powers to translate that significance into eloquent expression.
In
this proceeding,
during which there
effec-

JETottJ
tively
pains,
Caruso Practiced
175
emerged his infinite capacity to take

Caruso revealed the fact that within his
being vibrated the vital quality of sincerity

the hallmark of the great artist.
Caruso and the Foundation

of Vocal Technique
Chaptek
IX
CARUSO AND THE FOUNDATION OF VOCAL

TECHNIQUE
An
interesting story
is
told of Caffarelli,
wonder singer of the eighteenth century,

whose extraordinary voice and masterly art
enchanted all who heard him just as Caruso
the
captivated the audiences of our time with his

glorious organ
and marvelous
singing.
When
Caffarelli presented himself before Porpora,
the greatest singing master of his time, the
Maestro agreed to teach the gifted young boy

provided he would promise to follow
instructions of his teacher.
Young
all
the
Caffarelli
made
Then Porpora gave
his pupil a sheet of exercises and kept him at
it uninterruptedly.
The story runs that whenever Caffarelli complained, the Maestro reminded him of the promise he had made. At
the end of five or six years Porpora dismissed
his pupil with these words: "Go, my son, I
have nothing more to teach you. You are the
gladly
the promise.
greatest singer in the world."

179
180
Whether
this story is false or true,
of course, take
pora sent forth
before
and he
time
nelli
with a grain of
it
the. greatest
we
salt.
must,
Por-
singers of his
he had produced Farimust thoroughly have under-
Caffarelli
stood the fundamental principles of vocal
He knew
singer
that in order to
it is
become a great
necessary to acquire perfect mas-
tery of the vocal organism; which
complete
art.
command
means a
of the airblast, of tone
production, of pitch, and of the sustained as

well as of the florid style of singing.
In the
vocal music of the eighteenth century the
sus-
tained airs required a highly flexible voice,
and runs an organ

of great agihty. Porpora was well aware of
these facts, for he himself was a prolific comand the
fioriture passages
among many
other works,
at least thirty-six operas which
abound with
poser
who
wrote,
airs of tremendous vocal difficulty.

To his teaching Porpora brought a con-
ception of singing worthy of a great master:

art begins
where technique ends.
This ex-
plains the sheet of exercises before which Caffarelli
was kept hard at work for a
of years.
And when
niraiber
the master said to his
Fowndation of Vocal Technique
181
pupil, "I have nothing more to teach you,"

very likely he was speaking from the point of
view of vocal technique.
According to Por-
pora, the first aim of the singer should be to
overcome
all
mechanical
difficulties,
The
make demands upon
to create
a perfect instrument.
vocalist cannot
safely
his
when
it is
the soul
instrument
All
imperfect or poorly trained.
and
all
the interpretative power in
the world will be of no avail to the bad singer,

for his organ will be incapable of giving artistic
expression to his ideas or his emotions.
This fimdamental truth about the singer's
and
art Caruso learnt early in his career,

therefore, instead of relying
beautiful organ, he
toward making
it
on
his naturally
directed all his efforts
a perfect instrument.
Like
Porpora, Caruso also believed that art begins

only where technique ends, and that the vocal
artist
tion.
must have a thorough technical foundaOnly that can enable him to give ade-
quate expression to his feelings.

greater
To
be
siu-e,
demands were made upon the
re-
sources of the vocalist in the past than are
usually
made
to-day; and this
true of the opera singer.
is
The florid
especially
style,
with
182
practically does not appear
its
runs and
in
modern operas; it is no longer employed

a means of musical expression by the mod-
as
trills,
Nor do
ern composer.
cadenzas or fioriture
passages appear often in modern songs.

aside
from the
But,
fact that the repertory of the
present-day singer must comprise the masterpieces of the past,
that
if
of the
it is
more than ever
he wishes to be ranked as a vocal

first
magnitude,
it is
true
artist
essential that he
have the utmost vocal capacity, including the

flexibility
and
agility of the florid singer, in
order to be able to render perfectly the dra-
matic style in the works of modern composers.

is
a mistaken notion that the latter require
little
vocal technique, that a beautiful voice
is all
that
It
is
necessary.
As
a matter of
the intervals and progressions in
modern com-
positions possess difiiculties that overtax,

in a brief period ruin, voices
fact,
and
which lack the
necessary technical foimdation.
In
cises
setting
down
in this chapter the exer-
with which Caruso used to build up his
vocal technique,
we
are not offering singers a
systematic vocal method.
If this were our
Foundation of Vocal Technique
we
purpose,
more
183
should simply be adding one
numerous
These exer-
collection of solfeggi to the
collections already in existence.

cises are principally
intended for singers
who
wish to perfect their technique and for teachers of singing
who wish
to benefit
by the sug-
gestions of the greatest vocal artist of his
age and one of the greatest of
all time.
No
who practices these exercises must think

a moment that Caruso's vocalizes are re-
singer
for
produced here with any intention that they

be used as a short cut to attaining perfection.
Caruso would have abhorred the idea as downright imposture.

art.
The
There are no short cuts
in
ease or difficulty with which a singer
gradually masters his instrument depends entirely
on
his aptitude or
on the talent which
nature has bestowed on him.

It
is
amazing that singers should think
it
possible in a very short time to achieve per-
fection in the difficult art of singing, whereas

violinists
or pianists take
it
for granted that
they must work for years before they can

hope to gain even a partial conmiand of the
mechanical
difficulties
of the violin or the
184
because singers do not actually
piano.
Is
see the
mechanism of the vocal organs that
it
human
they believe the

effectively without
no
voice can be used
There are
arduous study?
tricks or secrets
whereby the
vocalist can
magically be turned into a great artist over-
Caruso was well aware of this truth,

and he impressed it upon the minds of all
who sought his advice. If Caruso preached
night.
was the gospel of work.

Misguided work, or work in the wrong direcanything at
tion,
all,
it
however, will not only be
ally harmful.
when they
futile,
but actu-
Singers will do well, therefore,
are practicing the exercises which
the great tenor habitually used, to have in
mind Caruso's suggestions on tone production.
For the value which

from these
the singer can derive
vocalizes will be in proportion to
the care with which he practices them.
He
must evoke all the concentration at his command, so that he may give the necessary attention to the position of the body and the
head
both
should be erect but relaxed
^to
the breath control, to the tone attack, and to

the tone production.
Nor must he
forget to
Fovmdation of Vocal Technique
make
185
sure that every tone be perfect in pitch,
for the acquirement of precision in intonation

is
largely the result of careful practice.
A COLLECTION OF EXERCISES
THAT CARUSO USED
EXERCISE
This exercise, which has already been reproduced in the chapter on tone production
(Chapter VII), Caruso used for the purpose
of fixing the intonation and of securing a
steady flow of breath well under his control.
Like
all
the vocalizes which he practiced from
time to time, according to his needs at the
moment,
this
one
may
be effectively employed
for other purposes than those here indicated;
most excellent for the

acquirement of precision in pitch and of sta-
but singers will find

bility in
it
managing the
breath.
It
is
also of
value, of course, as a preparation for sustained
legato singing.
Furthermore,
it is
admirable
as an exercise for the blending of the vowels.
Special care and full value
must be given
to
186
Cartiso
the pronunciation of the vowels, for
roundness or natiu-al beauty

distorted
by unnecessary
in
is
if their
any way
the muscles
effort,
of the throat and the mouth get strained, the

steady flow of the breath
is
disturbed, and, as
a consequence, the purity of the tone cannot

but be destroyed.
Caruso usually practiced
this exercise,
as
well as the others, in fuU voice, though there
were times when he preferred to sing them in

mezza voce; it was all a matter of what object
he had in view ^whether he had to sing, for
example, a lyric or a dramatic
role.
he was scheduled to sing a dramatic

always vocalized in
voice"
is
meant
role,
and by
full voice,
he
"full
his natural vocal capacity.
EXERCISE
In practicing
When
II
this exercise the singer
must
aim to make the vowels homogeneous throughout the different tones: that
is,
while he
is
Foundation
of Vocal Technique
187
progressing from one tone to another, the

vowel sung should retain the same placement
or production and the
same
intensity.
Fur-
thermore, not only must the value of each
vowel remain the same throughout the eight

tones on which it is simg, but all the five vowels
must be
alike in
placement and in intensity.
EXERCISE
III
There can be no beautiful singing without

a perfect tone attack.
If the tone
with sureness and decision,
it
is
not issued
wUl be ragged
and breathy, with a tendency to leave the

The above exercise will aid the singer
to perfect his tone attack and will afford him
pitch.
practice in the various intervals.

cise
may
be sung in all the keys.
EXERCISE IV
This exer-
188
EXERCISE V
EXERCISE VI
EXERCISE VII
EXERCISE
VIII
EXERCISE IX
EXERCISE
,
^ -a^
i^p^^
flt
EXERCISE XI
EXERCISE XII
189
190
EXERCISE XIII
EXERCISE XIV
EXERCISE XV
EXERCISE XVI
Foundation of Focal Technique
EXERCISE XVII
<ak
EXERCISE XVIII
yO/ J
EXERCISE XIX
EXERCISE
XX
191
192
EXERCISE XXI
The preceding
cises
eighteen vocalizes
IV-XXI) Caruso
(Exer-
practiced from time
to time in order to maintain at
its
high level
the remarkable agility and suppleness of his

voice.
He
did not always sing the exercises
consecutively as they are here set down, but

often practiced them as they occurred to him.
As they are reproduced here, the exercises

are for tenors and sopranos; but they can eas-
EXERCISE XXII
%, UJtiJtJrJ'Jr
im i*** iiririr
ir
EXERCISE XXIII
îij>MJiUUMitM:.-A-^
EXERCISE XXIV
crfJk,M,ir,iiliiK,
Jr,Ar,M*.i;ia,i: i*,^!',

ily
and applies to the exof the bookfor voices of lower range.
be modified
ercises
193
this
all
These three exercises Caruso employed to

cultivate flexibility in the jaw, and, although
the rapid repetition of
Do
will
make both
the
tongue and the jaw move easily and with

agility, the singer must not obstruct the free
movement of the two organs by failing to relax them. In this matter, as in all that concerns bel canto, rigidity in any form whatsoever will prevent his attaining the object he
has in view
^beautiful singing.
EXERCISE XXV
EXERCISE XXVI
EXAMPLES OF PORTAMENTO
Jw>/-K-.jM.'
/am.
ft_l nA - .-i-
194
Portamento
is
the carrying of the voice
very smoothly from one tone to another.

is
It
a highly effective and expressive embellish-
ment
in the art of singing
rectly
hand,
and with good

let
when
On
taste.
used cor-
it is
the other
the portamento be used poorly and
and it becomes atrocious to

the musical ear. In gliding from one tone
to the other the singer must beware not to
stop at any of the intervening tones the glide
must be smooth and uninterrupted. Nor
should the singer employ the portamento too
indiscriminately,
frequently, for
it
may
affect the evenness
clean delivery of his legato singing.
and
Caruso
used the portamento with exquisite taste; it

infused life and expressiveness into his phrasing.
By means
of it he often brought out the

very character of the music he was singing.
Sung with Caruso's mastery, this embellishment becomes one of the most stirring we have
in music.
EXERCISE XXVII
rnrirrv/
^^
re
t[[
Foundation of Focal Technique
Messa
di voce (the art of swelling out
195
and
diminishing the volume of a sustained tone in
one breath)
an ornament of song that was

held in high esteem by the great masters of
the past; and it is quite worthy of that esteem,
for it adds color and eloquence to sustained
singing. But if it confers great beauty upon
is
singing, its technique can be mastered only

after long practice
singer
must
and
diligent work.
The
attain a notable perfection in the
production of simple, sustained tones before
he attempts to sing messa di voce; for

device, in order to
be
effective,
this
requires a
highly flexible voice.
There are no secrets for the acquirement

of a beautiful messa di voce; it is fundamen(The
tally a matter of perfect breath control.
singer must ever return to his motive power
Caruso's messa di voce was
^the breath.)
marvelous in
its effects
as in the
last phrase
of the flower song in "Carmen," Carmen, je

faime ^because he had complete command of
his airblast.
Nowadays comparatively few
singers are
able to deliver a beautiful messa di voce, for
the mere reason that they have not acquired
196
the principles of tone mastery.
It
is
pitiful
watch a singer with a flushed face, a strained

neck, and a rigid jaw attempting to sing
to
messa
di voce.
He
to exert pressure
imagines that he has only
on
his vocal organs,
increase in tone will follow.
and an
He is soon disillu-
sioned; his tone not only fails to increase, but
by the tightened muscles that it

There can be
no beautiful messa di voce unless the vocal
so stifled
is
actually decreases in volume.
organs are relaxed
the throat and the mouth

of reposeand the
a
should remain as in
tone
is
state
emitted without strain or effort.
EXERCISE XXVIII
@S@D^
EXERCISE XXIX
jOû aip'.
flutii.
These two
all
exercises,
which
may
be sung in
the keys, the singer will find useful as an
aid toward
flexible.
making the
voice both agile and
Caruso employed them at various

197
times as preparation for legato, and for legato
and staccato, singing. Sometimes

them to warm up the voice.
The foregoing
also he used
collection of exercises throws
considerable light on Caruso's comprehensive
conception of the technique of the singer's
He believed in a thorough foundation
art.
of vocal
technique and was in complete agreement with

the views of the great masters of the past.
He
who
never entertained the notion that a singer

the fortunate possessor of an unusual
is
vocal organ can be prepared in six months
for a
or at the utmost in a year
life
career
in opera or on the concert-stage.
The
insuf-
ficiently
prepared singers, who have not com-
them
pletely mastered their instruments, let
have never so good voices, enjoy but a brief
run of success and disappear as suddenly as
They have never
they have appeared.

learned
how
to use their vocal organs,
in their attempts to
they bring
itable
really
and
be emotional and dramatic
down upon
themselves the inev-
^the
ruin of their voices.
consequence
"No vocal artist ever infused
more dramatic
emotion into song than Caruso; but Caruso's
198
tones,
no matter how impassioned or dramatic,
were so subject to his vocal mastery that they

were never forced or strained and therefore
remained mellow and pure.
rious
voice
Had
not his glo-
been silenced by a premature
no doubt but that Enrico Caruso would have continued for years to come
to pour out his magical music.
death, there
is
In yet another province of the singer's art

His
Caruso was a great master diction.
purity of diction was in the main the result
of the purity with which he emitted his tones.
The art of the singer may be likened to an
extremely delicate mechanism which may be
manipulated effectively if all the component
parts are perfect; with one part imperfect,
however, the entire mechanism must

give satisfactory results.
the part of singers
is
fail to
Faulty diction on
usually caused by de-
fective tone production.
When
the vocal or-
gans are forced into rigid contortions, they

can by no means be expected to possess eloquence of utterance.
Caruso's vowels were open and pure, full
and resonant, because he pronounced them
Fowndation of Vocal Technique

with ease and freedom and
;
dom came from

and
this ease
and
199
free-
the remarkable suppleness
flexibility of his vocal organs.
He
had
no mysterious secrets; while innumerable less

successful singers were seeking far and wide
for tricks that
vowels clearly
would enable them to utter the

and musically, Caruso remained
loyal to the principles of the great masters of

bel canto.
Here
again, as in the other do-
mains of vocal technique, it was patient study,

directed by an alert musical intelhgence and
an
Ca-
artistic sensitiveness, that finally led
ruso not only to the perfect equalization of

the vowels but to the mastery of all the gra-
dations of tonal coloring inherent in them.
Caruso did not

rules
for
the
set
down any hard and
correct
fast
pronunciation of the
except perhaps those principles to
vowels,
which the vocalist must give heed in order to

secure
which
good tone production.
we
bility of
The
exercises
have here reproduced for the

the
jaw
flexi-
will aid the singer in pro-
nouncing the vowels with more roundness and

eloquence, since the rigidity of the
jaw
is
in
great measure responsible for the havoc that

is
made
of their natural beauty.
The jaw
200
should remain relaxed so that
it
will
droop
loosely; in this position, as in the case of the
emission of tones, the
jaw
will not obstruct
the blending or the pure utterance of the
vowels.
Nor
is
there any radical difference in the
imderlying principle for the clear and distinct

envmciation of the consonants; the less effort
the singer exerts, the better will be his artic-
In fact, all the evils of the singer

are wrought upon him by the employment of
ulation.
unnecessary
effort.
was due
and tongue, and
ulation
Caruso's faultless artic-
to the flexibility of his lips
to the fact that he endeav-
ored never to overemphasize the enunciation
An
of the consonants.
excellent exercise for
the flexibility of the tongue and lips (and also

for the distinct enunciation of the r)
tre, tri, tro, tru;
and Bra,
is:
bre, bri, bro,
Tra,
bru
(Italian pronounciation)
The
singer should
remember
that the tight-
ening of the articulating organs by undue

stress will
and
always tend to distort the clarity
distinctness of his diction.
latioii
"The
articu-
of the consonants," said Caruso, "must
be effected in the simplest and most natural
Fovmdation of Vocal Technique
201
way, namely, in accordance with the natural

movements of the motive organs that are
called
upon
to produce them."
This goes to
the very bottom of the question.
It
is
the
intervention and the obstruction of the un-
necessary muscles or organs that destroy the

purity of diction as they destroy the purity
of tone production.
Caruso always aimed high; it was his ambition to become a master in every domain of
vocal technique. All the numerous problems
with which the vocalist
is
confronted are in-
tricately interwoven; indeed, the
mastery of
one depends on the mastery of another.
Ca-
ruso reached the highest pinnacles of vocal art

because, unlike most singers, he endeavored
to
become a master in
all its
provinces.
style and Repertory
Chapter
STYLE AND REPERTORY
What
distinguishes art
that the one
is
from mechanism is
permeated with individuality
whereas the other

force.
is
the vehicle for impersonal
Both a work of
art
may
chanical construction
and a given me-
possess perfection
in execution; yet the mechanical fabric will
leave us cold while the
moves us.
more a work of
emotions
the
strong personality,
effect
on
us.
This
work of
It
art
is
is
art rouses our
further true that
dominated by a
the greater
is
will
be
its
just as true of the in-
terpreting artist as of the poet or of the composer.
Singing that
is
not pervaded with per-
warmth and magnetism; it fails

The personal manner, the personal
sonality lacks
to stir us.
intensity,
which the singer reveals in
his art
conditions his style.
In the vocal art this term style is frequently

employed most indefinitely. It is by no means
unusual to see the expression style applied to
the singer's
method of
singing, as if all styles
205
206
should not be rendered through the
vehicle
^the
artistic
method which
yields
the
same
best
Obviously the singer must
results.
aim to interpret whatever he sings ^whether

it be the works of seventeenth and eighteenth
century
composers
present-day
or
the
musicians
and expertness,
lest
The breath
^with
compositions
the
same
of
skill
he be adjudged incompe-
and the tone production must needs be managed with the same
mastery when one is singing a recent composition as when he is performing an old masterpiece.
Otherwise, from the point of view
tent.
control
of technique, the rendering will be imperfect,
and an imperfect technique means, at the very

best, an immature art.
So it is not with the
method of singing that style is concerned.
'Not can
it
with justice be applied to any ex-
ternal mannerisms of a singer.
An
affecta-
tion,
though paraded with pomp, deceives no
one;
if
all
the insincerity does not revolt us,
it
at
events leaves us cold.
No,
style
is
that vital quality of sincerity
which comes from the inmost recesses of the
That is what the great

Frenchman meant in his brilliant and proartist's
nature.
Juive"
Bas-Rettef of Carvso as Rt.iSazer in "La
Modelled dy Himself
Style and Repertory
found
207
"The style is the man."

(Buffon hit upon a great truth to which we
must ever return.) Whatever characteristics
saying:
the singer's style

will
his
may
disclose,
be convincing only as
real personality.
it
The
his
singing
emanates from
greatness of his
style will be in direct ratio to the greatness
of his personahty: the one cannot be sepa-
rated from the other.
What made
Enrico
Caruso a great master of style was the

zation of whatever he sang
ahty.
He
vitali-
by a great person-
expressed his musical conceptions
and emotions
in all their intensity
and
exactly as he conceived and felt them.

this fidelity to his
imagination that
color,
It
was
emotions and to his creative
made
his art sincere
and be-
stowed distinction and the sense of inevitableness on all his interpretations.
When
Caruso was asked for some
the formation
he repeated
artist
heart."
is
and the development of

Talma's
illuminating
on
style,
remark:
must possess a cold head and a

In other words, the style of a
created by his mental grasp of the
"The
warm
singer
light
significance of his emotions.
It cannot be ac-
quired in any external manner;
it
must emerge

208
from the innermost depths of the singer's being.

Otherwise it will remain insignificant
and unconvincing. That
is
to imitate another's style
matter
how
is
every attempt
ineffective,
is
well the imitation
Imitation
out.
why
may
no
be carried
the very antithesis of style,
and the musical ear can easily detect the one

from the other. The imitation never fails to
ring false, for
it
lacks the vital spark with
a work of art
But what the
singer must chiefly bear in mind anent the
question of style is that music, more perhaps
which a genuine style
make
to
it
than any other
on
similarities.
singer
as
it
is
vitalizes
quiver with
the
art, rests
life.
on contrasts and not
Accordingly, the style of a
more
distinctive
and compelling
reveals with greater emphasis the singer's
unique individuality.
So much for the larger aspects of the

er's style, as
sing-
a manifestation of his intellectual
and emotional constitution. But just as the

style of a composer varies in melody, in harmony, and in rhythm according to the mood
he wishes to express
whether
it
be joy,
sorrow, passion, religious fervor, or banter
style and Repertory
must needs vary
so the singer
order to attune
he
his
style in
to the character of the music
it
Monteverde, Pergolesi, and
to sing,
is
209
Carissimi cannot be sung in the same style as
Verdi, Puccini, and Leoncavallo; nor can the

latter
be interpreted in the same manner as
Wagner, or Debussy. To be worthy

of the name of artist, the singer must so mold
his style as to make it appropriate to the com-
Bizet,
poser
whom
he
is
interpreting, and, further-
more, he must adopt his style so that
it
reveal the character of the particular
will
work
His singing must be faithful

his mood must reflect the
mood of the composer and of the composition.
Caruso was a great interpreter, at his greatest when he was living out upon the stage the
life of the character he was representing. And
he
is
rendering.
to his
mood, but
although
all
that he did bore unmistakably the
impress of his
own
inimitable personality, he
could so fashion, shape, and model his
own
style that each of his diverse interpretations
was
instinct
with individuality.
only compare his
singing
of
One need
ha donna
mobile or the Raconto di Rodolfo with his

singing of Stradella's Pieta^
Signore or of
210
Halevy's Rachel: qtumd du Seigneur
tutelaire
to
grace
la
mention only a few of the many-
superb phonographic records of Caruso's great
art
in order to be convinced not only of the
larger attributes of Caruso's style, which

his art unique, but of its
expression,
moods
its
unusual variety in
flexible representation of his
as they responded to the significance
There
of the music he was singing.

lightness,
dorma
made
is
grace,
and abandon in his rendering of La

and a delicacy of phrasing
e mobile,
which enhances
its
ment and pathos
musical value; the senti-
in the
Baconto
di
Bodolfo
exhibit a very different aspect of his personality,
and the ardor and impassioned eloquence
with which he intones Stradella's fervid plea
and Halevy's dramatic

wide
air
demonstrate the
versatility of his style.
Caruso occupied himself little with considerations of style from an historical point of
view. He was always amused when he heard
people speak of a seventeenth century or an
manner of singing.
he would laughingly
eighteenth century
such
occasions
"Didn't
artists sing
in those
good old days?"
On
say:
with their vocal organs
Yet
it
must not be
Style and Repertory
211
thought that he dismissed the whole question

quite so superficially as the
dicate.
remark would
Caruso could never
resist
in-
an oppor-
timity for his wit.
The
to be
lized
truth
is
that he
was too great an
hampered by the trajnmels of
artist
crystal-
views regarding the interpretation of any
musical work, old or modern.
"The
singer,"
he would say, "must of course respect the

sentiments of the composer.
the composer
ment of the
is
all,
heard through the tempera-
and the singer can only

the ideas and emotions that
singer,
give expression to
the musical
But, after
work arouses
in him.
Should he
endeavor to do otherwise, then the interpretation will lack style
Caruso
may have
and conviction."
taken certain
liberties
which his extraordinary vocal organism and

his powerful pair of bellows permitted, but
he was always prompted to these liberties by
It was
his desire for finer artistic effects.
never caprice, for his utmost endeavor went
into the effort to vitalize all that he sang with
the breath of
life,
to all his singing,
and
this
gave conviction
whether or not he followed
212
servilely the so-called traditional interpretations.
Nothing is so deadly to the art of song as

monotony, and monotony is bound to make its
appearance in the singer's attempt to efface
the emotions which inwardly guide his utter-
What interest, except the historical,

can attach to a traditional rendering that is
ance.
devoid
of the
singer?
If he
that gives
work he
that
new
is
magnetism of the
personal
is
an
artist at all, it is his soul
vitality
and
life to
the musical
interpreting, discovering beauties
may have
escaped the composer himself.
much
Besides, entirely too
is
being said lately
of the composer's intentions, which usually
prove to vary with the taste of the speaker
who propounds them.

tions of a
composer
must not be made
Whatever
may
insipid
the inten-
have been,
and
of nuance, rhythm, and plan.
his
lifeless,
work
devoid
This should be
the prevailing principle in the style of the

vocal artist; and
it
was
this ideal that
Caruso
accepted as his own.
The repertory and
the style of Enrico Ca-
ruso were closely related: his repertory fashioned and developed his style, and his style
Style and Repertory
213
widened the scope of his repertory. But both

his style and his repertory can be traced to one
source
was
this
^the
evolution of his vocal powers.
harmony
in the different
It
domains of
achievement as a singer that bestowed upon Caruso not only his preeminence but also his uncommon endurance.
his artistic
Throughout
Caruso
an aria, or a
song that, in his judgment, was beyond his
vocal capacity or that was unsuited to his vohis
And
cal organism.
that his
power.
was a voice of unusual range and
Nor
did his great dramatic talent af-
He
matter of choosing a
foresaw the inevitable consequences
of indulging in parts that

ing,
role,
this in spite of the fact
fect his decision in the

role.
career
brilliant
never attempted to sing a
lie,
vocally speak-
beyond the singer's abihty
^the
Inin of the voice.
founded on
his
It was
untimely
his firm conviction,
thorough understanding of the
mechanism of the
voice, that the vocal artist
can express his ideas and sentiments adequately in song only

ease,
when he can
sing with
without laboring over technical
difficul-
ties.
For Caruso,
his
song and
his
dramatic art
214
were not merely closely interwoven: they were

Every one of his
forged into one entity.
vocal phrases was developed out of the character represented,
out of the situations in
which that character participated.
And
to
every character Caruso gave a soul, because
Caruso had completely assimilated his nature.

As Canio he was a peasant, a rustic, among
other peasants; as Cavaradossi he was a child
with the soul of a hero; as Eleazer he was a
religious visionary inspired
people.
made
And
by the God of
his
in every characterization Caruso
his voice
play
its
legitimate part in that
perfected imity of portrayal which he had,

first
It
of
is
all,
established as his ideal.
true that he
his voice
was of
was aided by the
fact that
and
male
(a
as captivating softness
rounded fullness in
lyric passages
most dehcate pianisof glow and passion in
voice even in phrases of
was full
dramatic moments, when
simo) as
it
it made his auditors

But this rare vocal flexmaster's own achievement, too.
vibrate with emotion.

ibility
For
was the
his method, based as it was on principles

whose application should be universal ^his
manner of work, the scale and exercise material
Style cmd Repertory
215
he used, his manner of breathing, the

less ease
eflPort-
with which he produced his tones, and
the remarkable coordination of
all
the forma-
which made him the great vocal

was, when all has been said, one of the
tive elements
artist
products of his genius.

ter
is
that Enrico
The sum
of the mat-
Caruso's vocal mastery-
brought lustre and conviction to the impersonations of his wide repertory in about the
same degree that
his
dramatic endowment in-
fused the breath of life not only into his manyoperatic roles but also into the lyric utterance
of his
numerous songs by old and modern mas-
ters.
The sharp
individual coloring, both dra-
matic and vocal, with which Caruso portrayed

all
of his impersonations attested both the as-
tonishing breadth of his observation of life
and the marvelously
versatile skill of his pres-
That his characterizations were as

varied as the numerous roles of his repertory
for no two of them were alike was due not
only to his mastery of singing and his comentation.
of declamation, but also to his study

of make-up. It is a province of the opera
mand
singer's art to
which
little
attention
is
ordi-
216
narily given.
Indeed, the make-up of most
men and women on
the operatic stage
is
so
banal, so devoid of character, that
it is justly;
who
more than
ridiculed
by
all
seek something
beautiful singing at the opera house.
What
would a theater audience think of an actor

whose make-up gave him rather the appearance of a puppet than that of the character
he was endeavoring to present?

opera singers,
and
who
And
yet few
are also supposed to look
act their parts, devote
much
care to their
make-up.
Caruso was as careful about creating the
appropriate make-up for the character he was
impersonating as he was about studying the
appropriate gestures, declamation, and musical expression.
He pondered the mental, emo-
and moral traits of the character as they

were revealed not only in his own lines and
music but throughout the entire opera. If he
foimd that insufficient, he searched elsewhere
în art, in literature, in history.
When he
was preparing the role of Samson, he went
to the Bible for additional enlightenment on
that legendary hero in order that he might
visualize him the more vividly; and, as we have
tional,
Style and Repertory

already
remarked,
217
when he was studying
Eleazer, he sought advice on Jewish customs
from a prominent Yiddish actor of New York.

Once Caruso had formed a vivid mental picture of the character he was to enact, the problem of the make-up solved itself.
In the truest sense of the word Caruso was
a creator of character. In his effort to make
down
to the minutest
all his
impersonations,
detail,
distinctive for their individuality,
he
was in some measure helped by his physique.

Caruso was of mediimi size; and, though the
lines of his face were firmly chiseled, neither
his head nor his features were really very individual in their physiognomy.
It was this
fact which enabled him to throw so great a
measure of physical conviction into his many
impersonations. His face was a mobile mask
which naturally adjusted
its lines
to the char-
was interpreting and reflected its

characteristics and peculiarities in the most
acter he
colorful manner.
If in his portrayal of folk-types, roles such
and Nemerino, he was superb as a

of nature, at the same time roles stamped
the aristocratic hallmark (Edgardo or
as Canio
child
jvith
218
the Duke), heroic roles
(Rhadames or Sam-
son), or romantic roles (Rodolfo or Julien)
were no
less
talent.
In
within the scope of his dramatic

that he ever did on the stage
all
there lived the feeling for the actual, the real.
His rendering of character as well as of song

was impermeate with nature, with power and
truth.
This is sufficiently established by the
fact that Caruso's sweeping, compelling effect in
human
no
strongly in our recollection than
less
character-delineation
present
is
is
the
enchanting beauty of his song.
Anyone who heard him
in the scene of jeal-
ousy in the third act of "Carmen," or at the

close of the third act of "Aida," or when he
concluded the "Ridi Pagliacci
scarcely forget those
moments,
in
.,"
could
which a
primal outcry seemed to spring from the hu-
man
soul at a white heat.
It was a natural
cry, one that came from the soul; and yet
was not the cry of nature.

with the
stilicized
in truth art in
its
Though
it
offered
was
highest manifestations, an
gestures of realism,
it
and subtly controlled, with the

control never in any way in evidence. No, it
was not Caruso's voice alone which made him
art deeply
Style and Repertory
unique
among
219
he was equally
preeminent as an actor and as a creator of
character.
his colleagues;
That
is
what distinguished his mag-
nificent repertory as
And now
it
did his masterly style.
a concluding word on Caruso's
His was a hfe of manifold

and talents, and in whatever walk of
gift to the world.
interests
life
he chose to exhibit
his versatile genius
achieved marked success.
The
gift that
ruso displayed in caricature was in

ficient to
he
Ca-
itself suf-
make him famous; and had he
de-
voted more time to modeling, he undoubtedly
would have attained a distinguished position

in the world of sculpture. But he had chosen
to devote his life to the art of song, and it is
as a great singer that he will be remembered
by future generations.
In selecting the art of song for his career

he must have been guided by the gods; for,
of his manifold talents, it was his supreme
genius as a singer that revealed and combined
all his
greatest qualities.
And
it
is
chiefly
and teachers of the vocal art who

will not only be inspired by his ideals but will
actually benefit from his principles and his
vocalists
great example.

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What is the book about?

What is the book about?

What was Caruso's relationship with the author?

What was Caruso's relationship with the author?

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Cornell University Library.

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the United States on the use of the text.

Coach and Accompanist, 1915-19S1)

WITB TEN PORTRAITS AND FIVE CARICATURES

FaEDEBicx A. Stokes Comfaitt

Printed in the United States of America

was the greatest honor of

Enrico Caruso called

and accompanist. I had

those days I always eagerly awaited Caruso's

arrival in Berlin, not only because

fact, it is dijlficult for

I loved more, Caruso the artist or

During the years

that I spent with Caruso

struggles, and his trivmiphs, as well as about

always spoke very modestly of

phenomenal achievement, but he loved his

For he was much more than a magical voice:

color his tones demonstrate that even his tone

mastery was conditioned by

his directing in-

write this book on Enrico Caruso's art:

the desire to pay

of a friend and a great artist

hope that I could pass on

and, second, the

and producing tones,

it was closely related to

I have dwelt on his

of the recollections he was so fond of telling.

deavored to recall as nearly as possible the

Boyhood and Early Training

of Caruso's Great Breath-

Caruso and the Foundation op Vocal

Style and Repertory

Rodolfo in "La Bohfeme"

Caruso Studying with Maestro Fucito

Bas-Relief of Caruso as Eleazer in

As Caruso Viewed Himself

Signer and Signora Fucito

Other Views of Himself

CARUSO AND THE

displacement caused by this lamentable hap-

not alone confined to the

sphere but literally to the entire civilized world.

We doubt if there are more than a half dozen

the globe to-day whose demise

the universal imagination as has

the passing of the incomparable tenor.

So wrote the late James Gibbons Huneker,

Caruso had won the hearts of thousands of