Civil Law

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)
ANSWERS TO BAR
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
IN
CIVIL LAW
ARRANGED BY TOPIC
(1990
2006)
First Edition - Edited and Arranged by:
July 26, 2005
Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao and

Atty. Alex Andrew P. Icao
(Silliman University College of Law)
Latest Edition Edited and Arranged by:
ROMUALDO L. SEERIS II
Silliman University College of Law
From the ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

by the UP LAW COMPLEX
&
Philippine Association of Law Schools
Page 1 of 119
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phrased, for the authors are just Bar Reviewees who have prepared this work while
reviewing for the Bar Exams under time constraints and within their limited knowledge of the
law. We would like to seek the readers indulgence for a lot of typographical errors in this
work.
The Authors
Page 2 of 119
Table of Contents
GENERAL PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................................................... 10

Civil law vs. Common Law (1997) ................................................................................................................................
10
Effect of Obiter & Dissenting Opinion; SC Decisions (1994).........................................................................................
10
Effectivity of Laws (1990) ............................................................................................................................................
10
Equity follows the Law (2003)......................................................................................................................................
10
Ignorance of the Law vs. Mistake of Fact (1996)...........................................................................................................
11
Inferior Courts Decisions (1994) ..................................................................................................................................
11
Prejudicial Questions (1997)........................................................................................................................................
11
PERSONS................................................................................................................................................................
... 11
Change of Name; Under RA 9048 (2006) ......................................................................................................................
11
Death; Effects; Simultaneous Death (1998)..................................................................................................................
12
12
12
Juridical Capacity vs. Capacity to Act (1996) ...............................................................................................................
12
Juridical Capacity; Natural Persons (1999) ..................................................................................................................
13
Waiver of Rights (2004) ...............................................................................................................................................
13
CONFLICT OF LAWS.............................................................................................................................................
13
Appilicable Laws; laws governing contracts (1992) .....................................................................................................
13
Applicable Laws; Arts 15, 16 & 17 (1998) .....................................................................................................................
13
Applicable Laws; Arts 15, 16, 17 (2002)........................................................................................................................
14
Applicable Laws; Capacity to Act (1998)......................................................................................................................
14
Applicable Laws; Capacity to Buy Land (1995) ............................................................................................................
15
Applicable Laws; Capacity to Contract (1995)..............................................................................................................
15
Applicable Laws; capacity to succeed (1991)...............................................................................................................
15
Applicable Laws; contracts contrary to public policy (1996) ........................................................................................
15
Applicable Laws; Contracts of Carriage (1995) ............................................................................................................
16
Applicable Laws; Labor Contracts (1991) ....................................................................................................................
16
Applicable Laws; laws governing marriages (1992) .....................................................................................................
17
Applicable Laws; laws governing marriages (2003) .....................................................................................................
17
Applicable Laws; Sale of Real Property (1995).............................................................................................................
17
Page 3 of 119
Family Home; Dwelling House (1994) ..........................................................................................................................

24
Family; Constitutional Mandates; Divorce (1991) .........................................................................................................
24
Marriage; Annulment; Effects; Requisites Before Remarriage (1990) ...........................................................................
24
Marriage; Annulment; Grounds (1991).........................................................................................................................
25
Marriage; Annulment; Judicial Declaration (1993)........................................................................................................
25
Marriage; Annulment; Legal Separation; Prescription of Actions (1996) ......................................................................
25
Marriage; Annulment; Proper Party (1990)...................................................................................................................
26
Marriage; Annulment; Proper Party (1995)...................................................................................................................
26
Marriage; Divorce Decree; Void Marriages (1992) ........................................................................................................
26
Marriage; Divorce Decrees; Filiation of Children (2005) ...............................................................................................
26
Marriage; Divorce Decrees; Filipino Spouses becoming Alien (1996)...........................................................................
27
Marriage; Divorce Decrees; Filipino Spouses becoming Alien (1999)...........................................................................
27
Marriage; Donations by Reason of Marriage; Effect of Declaration of Nullity (1996)
..................................................... 28
Marriage; Grounds; Declaration of Nullity: Annulment: Legal Separation: Separation of Property (2003)
..................... 28
Marriage; Grounds; Nullity; Annulment; Legal Separation (1997).................................................................................
29
Marriage; Legal Separation; Declaration of Nullity (2002).............................................................................................
29
Marriage; Legal Separation; Grounds; Prescriptive Period (1994) ................................................................................
29
Marriage; Legal Separation; Mutual guilt (2006) ...........................................................................................................
29
Marriage; Non-Bigamous Marriages (2006) ..................................................................................................................
30
Marriage; Property Relations; Void Marriages (1991) ...................................................................................................
30
Marriage; Psychological Incapacity (1996)...................................................................................................................
30
31
31
Marriage; Requisites (1995) .........................................................................................................................................
31
Marriage; Requisites (1999) .........................................................................................................................................
32
Marriage; Requisites; Marriage License (1996) ............................................................................................................
32
Marriage; Requisites; Marriage License (2002) ............................................................................................................
33
Marriage; Requisites; Solemnizing Officers (1994).......................................................................................................
33
Marriage; Requisites; Void Marriage (1993) .................................................................................................................
33
Marriage; Void Marriages (2004) ..................................................................................................................................
34
Marriage; Void Marriages (2006) ..................................................................................................................................
34
Heirs; Intestate Heirs; Reserva Troncal (1995) .............................................................................................................

44
Heirs; Intestate Heirs; Shares (2003)............................................................................................................................
45
Intestate Succession (1992).........................................................................................................................................
45
45
46
46
46
46
Intestate Succession; Reserva Troncal (1999) .............................................................................................................
47
Legitime (1997)............................................................................................................................................................
47
Legitime; Compulsory Heirs (2003)..............................................................................................................................
47
Legitime; Compulsory Heirs vs. Secondary Compulsory Heirs (2005)..........................................................................
48
Preterition (2001).........................................................................................................................................................
48
Preterition; Compulsory Heir (1999) ............................................................................................................................
48
Proceedings; Intestate Proceedings; Jurisdiction (2004) .............................................................................................
48
Succession; Death; Presumptive Legitime (1991) ........................................................................................................
49
Wills; Codicil; Institution of Heirs; Substitution of Heirs (2002)....................................................................................
49
Wills; Formalities (1990) ..............................................................................................................................................
50
Wills; Holographic Wills; Insertions & Cancellations (1996) .........................................................................................
50
Wills; Holographic Wills; Witnesses (1994)..................................................................................................................
50
Wills; Joint Wills (2000) ...............................................................................................................................................
50
Wills; Probate; Intrinsic Validity (1990) ........................................................................................................................
51
Wills; Probate; Notarial and Holographic Wills (1997) ..................................................................................................
51
Wills; Revocation of Wills; Dependent Relative Revocation (2003)...............................................................................
51
Wills; Testamentary Disposition (2006)........................................................................................................................
52
Wills; Testamentary Intent (1996) ................................................................................................................................
52
DONATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 52
Donation vs. Sale (2003)..............................................................................................................................................
52
Donations; Condition; Capacity to Sue (1996) .............................................................................................................
52
Donations; Conditions; Revocation (1991)...................................................................................................................
53
Page 5 of 119
Easements; Right of Way; Requisites (1996) ...............................................................................................................

63
Ejectment Suit vs. Cancellation of Title (2005) .............................................................................................................
63
Ejectment Suit; Commodatum (2006) ..........................................................................................................................
63
Extra-Judicial Partition; Fraud (1990)...........................................................................................................................
63
Hidden Treasure (1995) ...............................................................................................................................................
64
Hidden Treasures (1997) .............................................................................................................................................
64
Mortgage; Pactum Commissorium (1999) ....................................................................................................................
64
Mortgage; Pactum Commissorium (2001) ....................................................................................................................
65
Mortgage; Right of Redemption vs. Equity of Redemption (1999) ................................................................................
65
Nuisance; Family House; Not Nuisance per se (2006) ..................................................................................................
65
Nuisance; Public Nuisance vs. Private Nuisance (2005)...............................................................................................
65
Ownership; Co-Ownership (1992) ................................................................................................................................
66
Ownership; Co-Ownership; Prescription (2000) ...........................................................................................................
66
Ownership; Co-Ownership; Prescription (2002) ...........................................................................................................
67
Ownership; Co-Ownership; Redemption (1993) ...........................................................................................................
67
67
67
Possession (1998).......................................................................................................................................................
68
Property; Real vs. Personal Property (1995) ................................................................................................................
68
Property; Real vs. Personal Property (1997) ................................................................................................................
68
Sower; Good Faith/ Bad Faith (2000) ...........................................................................................................................
69
Usufruct (1997)............................................................................................................................................................
69
LAND TRANSFER & DEEDS............................................................................................................................... 69
Acquisition of Lands; Citizenship Requirement (2003).................................................................................................
69
Adverse Claims; Notice of Levy (1998) ........................................................................................................................
69
Annotation of Lis Pendens; When Proper (2001)..........................................................................................................
70
Foreshore Lands (2000)...............................................................................................................................................
70
Forgery; Innocent Purchaser; Holder in Bad Faith (2005).............................................................................................
70
Forgery; Innocent Purchaser; Mirror Principle (1991) ..................................................................................................
71
Fraud; Procurement of Patent; Effect (2000) ................................................................................................................
71
Page 6 of 119
Nature of Contracts; Relativity of Contracts (2002) ......................................................................................................

82
Rescission of Contracts; Proper Party (1996) ..............................................................................................................
82
OBLIGATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 83
Aleatory Contracts; Gambling (2004)...........................................................................................................................
83
Conditional Obligations (2000) ....................................................................................................................................
83
Conditional Obligations (2003) ....................................................................................................................................
83
Conditional Obligations; Promise (1997) .....................................................................................................................
84
Conditional Obligations; Resolutory Condition (1999) .................................................................................................
84
Extinguishment; Assignment of Rights (2001) .............................................................................................................
84
Extinguishment; Cause of Action (2004)......................................................................................................................
85
Extinguishment; Compensation (2002) ........................................................................................................................
85
Extinguishment; Compensation vs. Payment (1998) ....................................................................................................
85
Extinguishment; Compensation/Set-Off; Banks (1998) ................................................................................................
85
Extinguishment; Condonation (2000) ..........................................................................................................................
85
Extinguishment; Extraordinary Inflation or Deflation (2001).........................................................................................
86
Extinguishment; Loss (1994) .......................................................................................................................................
86
Extinguishment; Loss; Impossible Service (1993) .......................................................................................................
86
Extinguishment; Novation (1994).................................................................................................................................
87
Extinguishment; Payment (1995) .................................................................................................................................
87
Liability; Lease; Joint Liability (2001) ..........................................................................................................................
87
Liability; Solidary Liability (1998).................................................................................................................................
87
Liability; Solidary Obligation (1992).............................................................................................................................
88
Liability; Solidary Obligation; Mutual Guaranty (2003) .................................................................................................
88
Loss of the thing due; Force Majeure (2000) ................................................................................................................
88
Non-Payment of Amortizations; Subdivision Buyer; When justified (2005)...................................................................
89
Period; Suspensive Period (1991)................................................................................................................................
89
TRUST .........................................................................................................................................................................
89
Express Trust; Prescription (1997) ..............................................................................................................................
89
Implied Trust (1998).....................................................................................................................................................
90
Trust; Implied Resulting Trust (1995)...........................................................................................................................
91
SALES.....................................................................................................................................................................
..... 91
Page 7 of 119
Leasee & Lessor; Rights and Obligations (1990) .........................................................................................................

98
Leasee; Death Thereof; Effects (1997) .........................................................................................................................
98
Option to Buy; Expired (2001)......................................................................................................................................
98
Sublease vs. Assignment of Lease; Rescission of Contract (2005) ..............................................................................
99
Sublease; Delay in Payment of Rentals (1994) .............................................................................................................
99
Sublease; Sublessee; Liability (1999) ........................................................................................................................
100
Sublease; Sublessee; Liability (2000) ........................................................................................................................
100
Sublease; Validity; Assignment of Sublease (1990) ...................................................................................................
100
COMMON CARRIERS..........................................................................................................................................
100
Extraordinary Diligence (2000) ..................................................................................................................................
100
AGENCY ...................................................................................................................................................................
101
Agency (2003) ...........................................................................................................................................................
101
Agency vs. Sale (2000) ..............................................................................................................................................
101
Agency; coupled with an interest (2001) ....................................................................................................................
101
Agency; Guarantee Commission (2004).....................................................................................................................
101
Agency; Real Estate Mortgage (2004) ........................................................................................................................
101
Appointment of Sub-Agent (1999)..............................................................................................................................
102
General Agency vs. Special Agency (1992)................................................................................................................
102
Powers of the Agent (1994)........................................................................................................................................
102
Termination; Effect of Death of Agent (1997) .............................................................................................................
103
PARTNERSHIP ...................................................................................................................................................... 103
Composition of Partnerships; Spouses; Corporations (1994) ....................................................................................
103
Conveyance of a Partners Share Dissolution (1998)..................................................................................................
103
Dissolution of Partnership (1995) ..............................................................................................................................
103
Dissolution of Partnership; Termination (1993)..........................................................................................................
104
Effect of Death of Partner (1997)................................................................................................................................
104
Obligations of a Partner (1992) ..................................................................................................................................
104
Obligations of a Partner; Industrial Partner (2001) .....................................................................................................
104
COMMODATUM & MUTUUM ....................................................................................................................................
104
Commodatum (1993) .................................................................................................................................................
104
Commodatum (2005) .................................................................................................................................................
105
Commodatum vs. Usufruct (1998) .............................................................................................................................
105
Mutuum vs. Commodatum (2004) ..............................................................................................................................
Defense; Due Diligence in Selection (2003)................................................................................................................

112
Filing of Separate Civil Action; Need for Reservation (2003) ......................................................................................
112
Fortuitous Event; Mechanical Defects (2002) .............................................................................................................
112
Liability; Airline Company; Non-Performance of an Obligation (2004)........................................................................
112
Liability; Airline Company; Non-Performance of an Obligation (2005)........................................................................
113
Liability; Employer; Damage caused by Employees (1997) ........................................................................................
113
Liability; owner who was in the vehicle (1996) ...........................................................................................................
114
114
114
Moral Damages & Atty Fees (2002) ............................................................................................................................
114
Moral Damages; Non-Recovery Thereof (2006) ..........................................................................................................
115
Quasi-Delict (1992) ....................................................................................................................................................
Page 9 of 119
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Civil law vs. Common Law (1997)
How would you compare the Civil Law system in its
governance and trend with that of the Common Law
system?
cannot have the force of official precedents. It is as if the

Court were turning aside from the main topic of the case to
collateral subjects: a dissenting opinion affirms or overrules
a claim, right or obligation. It neither disposes nor awards
anything it merely expresses the view of the dissenter. (Civil
Code, Paras]
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
As regards "governance":
3) A decision of a division of the Supreme Court maybe
Governance in Civil Law is codal, statutory and written law.
set aside by the Supreme Court sitting en banc, a Supreme
It is additionally derived from case law. Common law is Court decision may be set aside by a contrary ruling of the
basically derived from case law.
Supreme Court itself or by a corrective legislative act of
Congress, although said laws cannot adversely affect those
favored prior to the Supreme Court decision. [Civil Code,
As regards "trend":
Paras).
Civil law is now tending to rely more and more on decisions
of the courts explaining the laws. Common law is now
codifying laws more and more. So they are now merging
Effectivity of Laws (1990)
towards similar systems.
After a devastating storm causing widespread destruction in
four Central Luzon provinces, the executive and legislative
branches of the government agreed to enact a special law
Additional Answers:
1. COMMON LAW refers to the traditional part of the appropriating P1 billion for purposes of relief and
rehabilitation for the provinces. In view of the urgent nature
law as distinct from legislation; it refers to the universal
part of law as distinct from particular local customs of the legislative enactment, it is provided in its effectivity
clause that it shall take effect upon approval and after
(Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 7).
On the other hand, CIVIL LAW is understood to be completion of publication in the Official Gazette and a
newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines. The law
that branch of law governing the relationship of
was passed by the Congress on July 1, 1990. signed into law
persons in respect of their personal and private
by the President on July 3, 1990, and published in such
interests as distinguished from both public and
newspaper of general circulation on July 7, 1990 and in the
international laws.
Official Gazette on July 10, 1990.
(a) As to the publication of said legislative enactment, is
In common law countries, the traditional responsibility there sufficient observance or compliance with the
has for the most part been with the judges; in civil law requirements for a valid publication? Explain your
answer.
countries, the task is primarily reposed on the
(b) When did the law take effect? Explain your answer.
lawmakers. Contemporary practices, however, so
indicate a trend towards centralizing that function to (c) Can the executive branch start releasing and disbursing
funds appropriated by the said law the day following its
professional groups that may indeed, see the gradual
assimilation in time of both systems. [Vitug, Civil. Law approval? Explain your answer.
and Jurisprudence, p. XX)
2.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In Civil Law, the statutes theoretically take precedence

(a) Yes, there is sufficient compliance. The law itself
over court decisions interpreting them; while in
prescribes the requisites of publication for its effectivity,
Common Law, the court decisions resolving specific and all requisites have been complied with. (Article 2, Civil
cases are regarded as law rather than the statutes Code)
themselves which are, at the start, merely embodiments
(b) The law takes effect upon compliance with all the
of case law. Civil Law is code law or written law, whileconditions for effectivity, and the last condition was
Common Law is case law. Civil Law adopts the
complied with on July 10, 1990. Hence, the" law became
deductive method - from the general to the particular,effective on that date.
while the Common Law uses the inductive approach -(c) No. It was not yet effective when it was approved by
from the particular to the general. Common Law relies
Congress on July 1, 1990 and approved by the President on
on equity. Civil Law anchors itself on the letter of the July 3, 1990. The other requisites for its effectivity were not
law. The civilists are for the judge-proof law even as yet complete at the time.
the Common Law Is judge-made law. Civil Law judges
are merely supposed to apply laws and not interpret
them.
Equity follows the Law (2003)
It is said that equity follows the law What do you
understand by this phrase, and what are its basic
Effect of Obiter & Dissenting Opinion; SC Decisions (1994) implications? 5%
2) What are the binding effects of an obiter dictum and a SUGGESTED ANSWER:
dissenting opinion?
Equity Follows the law means that courts exercising
3) How can a decision of the Supreme Court be set aside?equity jurisdiction are bound by rules of law and have no
arbitrary discretion to disregard them. (Arsenal v IAC, 143
ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS:
2) None. Obiter dictum and opinions are not necessary to SCRA 40 [1986]). Equity is applied only in the absence of
the determination of a case. They are not binding and
Page 10 of 119

but never against statutory law. (Toyota Motor Phil. V CA
1. The civil action involves an issue similar or intimately
related to the issue raised in the criminal action, and
216 SCRA 236 [1992]).
Ignorance of the Law vs. Mistake of Fact (1996)

Is there any difference in their legal effect between
ignorance of the law and ignorance or mistake of fact?
2. the resolution of such issue determines whether or not

the criminal action may proceed.
(c) Consequences
The criminal case must be suspended. Thus, in a criminal
Yes, there is a difference. While ignorance of the law is not
case for damages to one's property, a civil action that
an excuse for not complying with it, ignorance of fact
involves the ownership of said property should first be
eliminates criminal intent as long as there is no negligence
resolved (De Leon vs. Mabanag. 38 Phil. 202)
(Art, NCC). In addition, mistake on a doubtful or difficult
question of law may be the basis of good faith (Art. 526.
NCC). Mistake of fact may, furthermore, vitiate consent in a
contract and make it voidable (Art. 1390. NCC).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
PERSONS
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Change of Name; Under RA 9048 (2006)

Yes. ignorance of the law differs in legal effect from
Zirxthoussous delos Santos filed a petition for change of
Ignorance or mistake of fact. The former does not excuse name
a
with the Office of the Civil Registrar of Mandaluyong
party from the legal consequences of his conduct while the
City under the administrative proceeding provided in
latter does constitute an excuse and is a legal defense. Republic Act No. 9048. He alleged that his first name
sounds ridiculous and is extremely difficult to spell and
pronounce. After complying with the requirements of the
Inferior Courts Decisions (1994)
Are decisions of the Court of Appeals considered laws? law, the Civil Registrar granted his petition and changed his
first name Zirxthoussous to "Jesus." His full name now
reads "Jesus delos Santos."
1)a) No, but decisions of the Court of Appeals may
serve as precedents for inferior courts on points of law not
covered by any Supreme Court decision, and a ruling of the
Jesus delos Santos moved to General Santos City to work in
Court of Appeals may become a doctrine. (Miranda vs..
a multi-national company. There, he fell in love and married
Imperial 77 Phil. 1066).
Mary Grace delos Santos. She requested him to have his
first name changed because his new name "Jesus delos
b) No. Decisions of the Court of Appeals merely have
Santos" is the same name as that of her father who
persuasive, and therefore no mandatory effect. However, a
abandoned her family and became a notorious drug lord.
conclusion or pronouncement which covers a point of lawShe wanted to forget him. Hence, Jesus filed another
still undecided may still serve as judicial guide and it is petition with the Office of the Local Civil Registrar to
possible that the same maybe raised to the status of
change his first name to "Roberto." He claimed that the
doctrine. If after it has been subjected to test in the crucible
change is warranted because it will eradicate all vestiges of
of analysis, the Supreme Court should find that it has merits
the infamy of Mary Grace's father.
and qualities sufficient for its consideration as a rule of
jurisprudence (Civil Code, Paras).
Will the petition for change of name of Jesus delos Santos to
Roberto delos Santos under Republic Act No. 9048 prosper?
Explain. (10%)
Prejudicial Questions (1997)

No, under the law, Jesus may only
In the context that the term is used in Civil Law, state theSUGGESTED ANSWER:
change his name once. In addition, the petition for change
(a) concept, (b) requisites and (c) consequences of a
of name may be denied on the following grounds:
prejudicial question.
(1) Jesus is neither ridiculous, nor tainted with dishonor
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
nor extremely difficult to write or pronounce.
(a) Concept
(2) There is no confusion to be avoided or created with
A prejudicial question is one which must be decided first
the use of the registered first name or nickname of the
before a criminal action may be instituted or may proceed petitioner.
because a decision therein is vital to the judgment in the (3) The petition involves the same entry in the same docucriminal case. In the case of People vs. Adelo Aragon (Lment, which was previously corrected or changed
5930, Feb. 17, 1954), the Supreme Court defined it as one
under this Order [Rules and Regulations Implementing
which arises in a case, the resolution of which question is a RA 9048].
logical antecedent of the issues involved in said case and
the
cognizance of which pertains to another tribunal (Paras, What entries in the Civil Registry may be changed or
corrected without a judicial order? (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:Only clerical or typographical
(b) Requisites
errors and first or nick names may be changed or corrected
1. The prejudicial question must be determinative of the without a judicial order under RA 9048.
case before the court.
2. Jurisdiction to try said question must be lodged in
Clerical or typographical errors refer to mistakes committed
another tribunal.
in the performance of clerical work in writing, copying,
ADDITIONAL ANSWER:
transcribing or typing an entry in the civil register. The
mistake is harmless and innocuous, such as errors in
Page 11 of 119
spelling, visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding,

absolute community amounting to 1 Million Pesos. His
and can be corrected or changed only by reference to other
wife, will, therefore, inherit O.25 Million Pesos and his
existing records. Provided, however, that no correction parents will inherit 0.25 Million Pesos.
must involve the change of nationality, age, status or sex of
When Mrs. Cruz died, she was succeeded by her parents as
the petitioner.
her intestate heirs. They will inherit all of her estate
consisting of her 0.5 Million half share in the absolute
community and her 0.25 Million inheritance from her
husband, or a total of 0.750 Million Pesos.
Death; Effects; Simultaneous Death (1998)
Jaime, who is 65, and his son, Willy, who is 25, died in a
plane crash. There is no proof as to who died first. Jaime'sIn sum, the parents of Mr. Cruz will inherit 250,000 Pesos
only surviving heir is his wife, Julia, who is also Willy's
while the parents of Mrs. Cruz will inherit 750,000 Pesos.
mother. Willy's surviving heirs are his mother, Julia and his
wife, Wilma.
(b)This being a case of succession, in the absence of
1.In the settlement of Jaime's estate, can Wilma
proof as to the time of death of each of the spouses, it is
successfully claim that her late husband, Willy had a
presumed they died at the same time and no transmission of
hereditary share since he was much younger than his father
rights from one to the other is deemed to have taken place.
and, therefore, should be presumed to have survived
Therefore, each of them is deemed to have an estate valued
longer? [3%]
at P500,000,00, or one-half of their conjugal property of
2. Suppose Jaime had a life insurance policy with his wife,
P1 million. Their respective parents will thus inherit the
Julia, and his son, Willy, as the beneficiaries. Can Wilma
entire P1 Million in equal shares, of P500,000.00 per set of
successfully claim that one-half of the proceeds should
parents.
belong to Willy's estate? |2%J
1. No, Wilma cannot successfully claim that Willy had a b) Cristy and her late husband Luis had two children, Rose
hereditary share in his father's estate. Under Art. 43, Civiland Patrick, One summer, her mother-in-law, aged 70, took
Code, two persons "who are called to succeed each other"the two children, then aged 10 and 12, with her on a boat
are presumed to have died at the same time, in the absence
trip to Cebu. Unfortunately, the vessel sank en route, and
of proof as to which of them died first. This presumption of
the bodies of the three were never found. None of the
simultaneous death applies in cases involving the question
survivors ever saw them on the water. On the settlement of
of succession as between the two who died, who in this case
her mother-in-law's estate, Cristy files a claim for a share of
are mutual heirs, being father and son.
her estate on the ground that the same was inherited by her
children from their grandmother in representation of their
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
father, and she inherited the same from them. Will her
2. Yet, Wilma can invoke the presumption of survivorship action prosper? (2%)
and claim that one-half of the proceeds should belong to
Willy's estate, under Sec. 3 (jj) par. 5 Rule 131, Rules of
Court, as the dispute does not involve succession. Under SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, her action will not prosper. Since there was no proof as
this presumption, the person between the ages of 15 and 60
to who died first, all the three are deemed to have died at
years is deemed to have survived one whose age was over
the same time and there was no transmission of rights from
60 at the time of their deaths. The estate of Willy endowed
one to another, applying Article 43 of the New Civil Code.
with juridical personality stands in place and stead of Willy,
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
as beneficiary.
No, her action will not prosper. Under Article 43 of the
New Civil Code, inasmuch as there is no proof as to who
died first, all the three are presumed to have died at the
Mr. and Mrs. Cruz, who are childless, met with a serious same time and there could be no transmission of rights
among them. Her children not having inherited from their
motor vehicle accident with Mr. Cruz at the wheel and Mrs.
grandmother. Cristy has no right to share in her mother-inCruz seated beside him, resulting in the instant death of Mr.
law's estate. She cannot share in her own right as she is not
Cruz. Mrs. Cruz was still alive when help came but she also
a legal heir of her mother-in-law. The survivorship
died on the way to the hospital. The couple acquired
provision of Rule 131 of the Rules of Court does not apply
properties worth One Million (P1 ,000,000.00) Pesos during
their marriage, which are being claimed by the parents ofto the problem. It applies only to those cases where the
both spouses in equal shares. Is the claim of both sets of issue involved is not succession.
parents valid and why? (3%)
(b) Suppose in the preceding question, both Mr. and Mrs.
Cruz were already dead when help came, so that no-body Juridical Capacity vs. Capacity to Act (1996)
could say who died ahead of the other, would your answerDistinguish juridical capacity from capacity to act,
be the same to the question as to who are entitled to the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
properties of the deceased couple? (2%)
JURIDICAL CAPACITY is the fitness to be the subject of
legal relations while CAPACITY TO ACT is the power or
to do acts with legal effect. The former is inherent in every
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) No, the claim of both parents is not valid. When Mr. natural person and is lost only through death while the
latter
Cruz died, he was succeeded by his wife and his parents as
his intestate heirs who will share his estate equally. His is merely acquired and may be lost even before death (Art.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
estate was 0.5 Million pesos which is his half share in the ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;
Page 12 of 119
Juridical capacity, as distinguished from capacity to act: (a)

conditions detrimental to the moral well-being of their
the former is passive while the latter is active, (b) the
children acting in the movies is in violation of the Family
former
Code and Labor laws. Thus, the waiver is invalid and not
is inherent in a person while the latter is merely acquired,binding.
(c)
the former is lost only through death while the latter may be
The Child Labor Law is a mandatory and prohibitory law
lost through death or restricted by causes other than death,
and the rights of the child cannot be waived as it is contrary
to law and public policy.
Juridical Capacity; Natural Persons (1999)
Elated that her sister who had been married for five years
was pregnant for the first time, Alma donated P100,000.00
to the unborn child. Unfortunately, the baby died one hour
after delivery. May Alma recover the P100.000.00 that she
had donated to said baby before it was born considering
Appilicable Laws; laws governing contracts (1992)
that the baby died? Stated otherwise, is the donation valid
X and Y entered into a contract in Australia, whereby it was
and binding? Explain. (5%)
agreed that X would build a commercial building for Y in
the Philippines, and in payment for the construction, Y will
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
transfer and convey his cattle ranch located in the United
The donation is valid and binding, being an act favorable to
the unborn child, but only if the baby had an intra-uterineStates in favor of X.
life of not less than seven months and pro-vided there wasWhat law would govern:
a) The validity of the contract?
due acceptance of the donation by the proper person
representing said child. If the child had less than seven b) The performance of the contract?
months of intra-uterine life, it is not deemed born since it c) The consideration of the contract?
died less than 24 hours following its delivery, in which ease
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the donation never became effective since the donee never
became a person, birth being determinative of personality.(a) The validity of the contract will be governed by
Australian law, because the validity refers to the element of
the making of the contract in this case.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Even if the baby had an intra-uterine life of more than
(Optional Addendum:"... unless the parties agreed to be
seven months and the donation was properly accepted, it
bound by another law".}
would be void for not having conformed with the proper
form. In order to be valid, the donation and acceptance of(b) The performance will be governed by the law of the
personal property exceeding five thousand pesos should be
Philippines where the contract is to be performed.
in writing. (Article 748, par. 3)
CONFLICT OF LAWS
(c) The consideration will be governed by the law of the

United States where the ranch is located.
Waiver of Rights (2004)
B. DON, an American businessman, secured parental
(Optional Addendum: In the foregoing cases, when the
consent for the employment of five minors to play certain
foreign law would apply, the absence of proof of that
foreign law would render Philippine law applicable
roles in two movies he was producing at home in Makati.
under the "eclectic theory".)
They worked at odd hours of the day and night, but always
accompanied by parents or other adults. The producer paid
the children talent fees at rates better than adult wages. Applicable Laws; Arts 15, 16 & 17 (1998)
Juan is a Filipino citizen residing in Tokyo, Japan. State
what laws govern:
But a social worker, DEB, reported to OSWD that these 1. His capacity to contract marriage in Japan, [ 1%]
children often missed going to school. They sometimes 2. His successional rights as regards his deceased Filipino
drank wine, aside from being exposed to drugs. In some
father's property in Texas, U.S.A. [1%]
scenes, they were filmed naked or in revealing costumes. 3.
In The extrinsic validity of the last will and testament
his defense, DON contended all these were part of artistic which Juan executed while sojourning in Switzerland.
freedom and cultural creativity. None of the parents
[2%]
complained, said DON. He also said they signed a contract
4. The intrinsic validity of said will. (1%)
containing a waiver of their right to file any complaint in
any office or tribunal concerning the working conditions of
their children acting in the movies.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. Juan's capacity to contract marriage is governed
by Philippine law - i.e., the Family Code -pursuant to Art.
Is the waiver valid and binding? Why or why not? Explain.15, Civil Code, which provides that our laws relating to,
(5%)
among others, legal capacity of persons are binding upon
citizens of the Philippines even though living abroad.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The waiver is not valid. Although the contracting parties
may establish such stipulations, clauses, terms and
conditions as they may deem convenient, they may not doSUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. By way of exception to the general rule of lex rei sitae
so if such are contrary to law, morals, good customs, public
prescribed by the first paragraph of Art. 16. Civil Code, a
order, or public policy (Article 1306, Civil Code). The
person's successional rights are governed by the national
parents' waiver to file a complaint concerning the working
law
of the decedent (2nd par.. Art. 16). Since Juan's deceased
Page 13 of 119
father was a Filipino citizen, Philippine law governs Juan's

successional rights.
(2). With respect to Felipe the divorce is valid, but with
respect to Felisa it is not. The divorce will not capacitate
Felisa to remarry because she and Felipe were both
ANOTHER ANSWER:
Filipinos
2. Juan's successional rights are governed by Philippine law,
at the time of their marriage. However, in DOJ Opinion
pursuant to Article 1039 and the second paragraph of
Article 16, both of the Civil Code. Article 1039, Civil Code,No. 134 series of 1993, Felisa is allowed to remarry because
the injustice sought to be corrected by Article 26 also
provides that capacity to succeed shall be governed by the
"law of the nation" of the decedent, i.e.. his national law.
Article 16 provides in paragraph two that the amount of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
successional rights, order of succession, and intrinsic
B.The foreigner who executes his will in the
validity
Philippines may observed the formalities described in:
of testamentary succession shall be governed by the
1.The Law of the country of which he is a citizen
"national law" of the decedent who is identified as a Filipino
under Article 817 of the New Civil Code, or
2.the law of the Philippines being the law of the
place of execution under Article 17 of the New Civil Code.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
3.The extrinsic validity of Juan's will is governed by (a)

Swiss law, it being the law where the will was made (Art. SUGGESTED
17.
ANSWER:
1st par. Civil Code), or (b) Philippine law, by implication C.Philippine law will not govern the intrinsic validity
from the provisions of Art. 816, Civil Code, which allows of the will. Article 16 of the New Civil Code provides that
even an alien who is abroad to make a will in conformity intrinsic validity of testamentary provisions shall be
with our Civil Code.
governed by the National Law of the person whose
succession is under consideration. California law will govern
the intrinsic validity of the will.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
4.The intrinsic validity of his will is governed by

Philippine law, it being his national law. (Art. 16, Civil
Code)
Applicable Laws; Capacity to Act (1998)

Francis Albert, a citizen and resident of New Jersey, U.S.A.,
under whose law he was still a minor, being only 20 years of
age, was hired by ABC Corporation of Manila to serve for
Applicable Laws; Arts 15, 16, 17 (2002)
Felipe and Felisa, both Filipino citizens, were married in two years as its chief computer programmer. But after
Malolos, Bulacan on June 1, 1950. In 1960 Felipe went to serving for only four months, he resigned to join XYZ
Corporation, which enticed him by offering more
the United States, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1975. In 1980
they obtained a divorce from Felisa, who was duly notifiedadvantageous terms. His first employer sues him in Manila
for damages arising from the breach of his contract of
of the proceedings. The divorce decree became final under
California Law. Coming back to the Philippines in 1982, employment. He sets up his minority as a defense and asks
for annulment of the contract on that ground. The plaintiff
Felipe married Sagundina, a Filipino Citizen. In 2001, Filipe,
disputes this by alleging that since the contract was
then domiciled in Los Angeles, California, died, leaving one
executed
child by Felisa, and another one by Sagundina. He left a will
which he left his estate to Sagundina and his two childrenin the Philippines under whose law the age of majority is 18
years, he was no longer a minor at the time of perfection of
and nothing to Felisa.
Sagundina files a petition for the probate of Felipes will. the contract.
Felisa questions the intrinsic validity of the will, arguing 1. Will the suit prosper? [3%]
2. Suppose XYZ Corporation is impleaded as a cothat
defendant, what would be the basis of its liability, if any?
her marriage to Felipe subsisted despite the divorce
obtained by Felipe because said divorce is not recognized in
the Philippines. For this reason, she claims that the
properties and that Sagundina has no successional rights.SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. The suit will not prosper under Article 15, Civil Code,
A. Is the divorce secured by Felipe in California
recognizable and valid in the Philippines? How does it New Jersey law governs Francis Albert's capacity to act,
being his personal law from the standpoint of both his
affect Felipes marriage to Felisa? Explain. (2%).
B. What law governs the formalities of the will? Explain. nationality and his domicile. He was, therefore, a minor at
the time he entered into the contract.
(1%)
C. Will Philippine law govern the intrinsic validity of the ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
1. The suit will not prosper. Being a U.S. national, Albert's
capacity to enter into a contract is determined by the law of
the State of which he is a national, under which he to still a
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
minor. This is in connection with Article 15 of the Civil
A.(1.) The divorce secured by Felipe in California is
Code which embodies the said nationality principle of lex
recognizable and valid in the Philippines because he was no
patriae. While this principle intended to apply to Filipino
longer a Filipino at that time he secured it, Aliens may
obtain divorces abroad which may be recognized in the citizens under that provision, the Supreme Court in Recto v.
Philippines provided that they are valid according to theirHarden is of the view that the status or capacity of
foreigners is to be determined on the basis of the same
national law (Van Dorn V. Romillo, Jr., 139 SCRA 139
[1985]; Quita v. Court of Appeals, 300 SCRA 406 [1998]; provision or principle, i.e., by U.S. law in the present
problem.
Llorente v. Court of Appeals, 345 SCRA 595 [2000] ).
Page 14 of 119
persons is governed by the law of his nationality, capacity

Plaintiffs argument does not hold true, because status or concerning transactions involving property is an exception.
Under Article 16 of the NCC the capacity of persons in
capacity is not determined by lex loci contractus but by lex
transactions involving title to property is governed by the
patriae.
law of the country where the property is situated. Since
ANOTHER ANSWER:
the property is in the Philippines, Philippine law governs the
1.Article 17 of the Civil Code provides that the forms
capacity of the seller.
and solemnities of contracts, wills and other public
instruments shall be governed by the laws of the country in
which they are executed.
Applicable Laws; capacity to succeed (1991)
Jacob, a Swiss national, married Lourdes, a Filipina, in
Berne, Switzerland. Three years later, the couple decided to
Since the contract of employment was executed in Manila,
Philippine law should govern. Being over 18 years old andreside in the Philippines. Jacob subsequently acquired
no longer a minor according to Philippine Law, Francis several properties in the Philippines with the money he
inherited from his parents. Forty years later. Jacob died
Albert can be sued. Thus, the suit of ABC Corporation
intestate, and is survived by several legitimate children and
against him for damages will prosper.
duly recognized illegitimate daughter Jane, all residing in
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the
2.XYZ Corporation, having enticed Francis Albert to
Philippines.
break his contract with the plaintiff, may be held liable for
(a) Suppose that Swiss law does not allow illegitimate
damages under Art. 1314, Civil Code.
children to inherit, can Jane, who is a recognized
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
illegitimate
2. The basis of liability of XYZ Corporation would be
child, inherit part of the properties of Jacob under
Article 28 of the Civil Code which states that:
Philippine law?
"Unfair competition in agricultural, commercial, or
(b) Assuming that Jacob executed a will leaving certain
industrial enterprises or in labor through the use of
properties to Jane as her legitime in accordance with the
force, intimidation, deceit, machination or any other
unjust, oppressive or highhanded method shall give rise
to a right of action by the person who thereby suffers SUGGESTED ANSWER:
damage."
A. Yes. As stated in the problem. Swiss law does not allow
ANOTHER ANSWER:
illegitimate children to inherit Hence, Jane cannot inherit
2. No liability arises. The statement of the problem does not
the property of Jacob under Philippine law.
in any way suggest intent, malice, or even knowledge, on
the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
part of XYZ Corporation as to the contractual relations B. The testamentary disposition will not be valid if it would
between Albert and ABC Corporation.
contravene Swill law; otherwise, the disposition would be
valid. Unless the Swiss law is proved, it would be presumed
to be the same as that of Philippine law under the Doctrine
Applicable Laws; Capacity to Buy Land (1995)
3. What law governs the capacity of the Filipino to buy theof
land? Explain your answer and give its legal basis.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Applicable Laws; contracts contrary to public policy (1996)

Philippine law governs the capacity of the Filipino to buy Alma was hired as a domestic helper in Hongkong by the
the land. In addition to the principle of lex rei sitae given Dragon Services, Ltd., through its local agent. She executed
above. Article 15 of the NCC specifically provides that
a standard employment contract designed by the Philippine
Philippine laws relating to legal capacity of persons are Overseas Workers Administration (POEA) for overseas
binding upon citizens of the Philippines no matter where Filipino workers. It provided for her employment for one
they are.
year at a salary of US$1,000.00 a month. It was submitted
to
and approved by the POEA. However, when she arrived in
Applicable Laws; Capacity to Contract (1995)
Hongkong, she was asked to sign another contract by
2. What law governs the capacity of the Japanese to sell the
Dragon Services, Ltd. which reduced her salary to only
land? Explain your answer and give its legal basis.
US$600.00 a month. Having no other choice, Alma signed
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the contract but when she returned to the Philippines, she
Japanese law governs the capacity of the Japanese to sell demanded payment of the salary differential of US$400.00 a
the
month. Both Dragon Services, Ltd. and its local agent
land being his personal law on the basis of an interpretation
claimed that the second contract is valid under the laws of
Hongkong, and therefore binding on Alma.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS;
a) Since capacity to contract is governed by the personal Is their claim correct? Explain.
law of an individual, the Japanese seller's capacity should be
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
governed either by his national law (Japanese law) or by the
Their claim is not correct. A contract is the law between the
law of his domicile, depending upon whether Japan follows
the nationality or domiciliary theory of personal law for itsparties but the law can disregard the contract if it is
contrary
citizens.
to public policy. The provisions of the 1987 Constitution on
the protection of labor and on social justice (Sec. 10. Art II)
b) Philippine law governs the capacity of the Japanese
embody a public policy of the Philippines. Since the
owner in selling the land. While as a general rule capacity of
Page 15 of 119

that public policy, the application shall be disregarded by Court of Appeals (G.R No. 104235, Nov. 10, 1993) the
our Courts. (Cadalin v. POEA. 238 SCRA 762)
Supreme Court applied Philippine law in recovery of

damages for breach of contract of carriage for the reason
a) Their claim is not correct. Assuming that the second that it is the law of the place where the contract was
executed.
contract is binding under Hongkong law, such second
contract is invalid under Philippine law which recognizes as
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
valid only the first contract. Since the case is being litigated
If the violation of the contract was attended with bad faith,
in the Philippines, the Philippine Court as the forum will there is a ground to recover moral damages. But since there
not enforce any foreign claim obnoxious to the forum's was a federal regulation which was the basis of the act
public policy. There is a strong public policy enshrined in complained of, the airline cannot be in bad faith. Hence,
our Constitution on the protection of labor.Therefore,
only actual damages can be recovered. The same is true
the second contract shall be disregarded and the first
with
contract will be enforced. (Cadalin v. POEA, 238 SCRA 762).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS;
Applicable Laws; Labor Contracts (1991)

A. The Japan Air Lines (JAL), a foreigner corporation
b) No, their claim is not correct. The second contract
executed in Hongkong, partakes of the nature of a waiverlicensed to do business in the Philippines, executed in
Manila a contract of employment with Maritess Guapa
that is contrary to Philippine law and the public policy
under which the latter was hired as a stewardess on the
governing Filipino overseas workers. Art. 17, provides
aircraft flying the Manila-Japan-Manila route. The contrast
that our prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts, or
their property or which have for their object public order,specifically provides that (1) the duration of the contract
shall be two (2) years, (2) notwithstanding the above
public policy and good customs shall not be rendered
duration, JAL may terminate the agreement at any time by
ineffective by laws or conventions agreed upon in a foreign
giving her notice in writing ten (10) days in advance, and (3)
country. Besides, Alma's consent to the second contract was
vitiated by undue influence, being virtually helpless and the contract shall be construed as governed under and by
the laws of Japan and only the court in Tokyo, Japan shall
under financial distress in a foreign country, as indicated by
the given fact that she signed because she had no choice.have the jurisdiction to consider any matter arising from or
Therefore, the defendants claim that the contract is valid relating to the contract.
under Hongkong law should be rejected since under the
DOCTRINE OF PROCESSUAL PRESUMPTION a
foreign law is deemed similar or identical to Philippine law
JAL dismissed Maritess on the fourth month of her
in the absence of proof to the contrary, and such is not
employment without giving her due notice. Maritess then
mentioned in the problem as having been adduced.
filed a complaint with the Labor Arbiter for reinstatement,
backwages and damages. The lawyer of JAL contends that
neither the Labor Arbiter nor any other agency or court in
the Philippines has jurisdiction over the case in view of the
Applicable Laws; Contracts of Carriage (1995)
above provision (3) of the contract which Maritess
On 8 December 1991 Vanessa purchased from the Manila
voluntarily signed. The contract is the law between her and
office of Euro-Aire an airline ticket for its Flight No. 710
JAL.
from Dallas to Chicago on 16 January 1992. Her flight
Decide the issue.
reservation was confirmed. On her scheduled departure
Vanessa checked in on time at the Dallas airport. However,
at the check-in counter she discovered that she was
B. Where under a State's own conflicts rule that domestic
waitlisted with some other passengers because of
law of another State should apply, may the courts of the
intentional
overbooking, a Euro-Aire policy and practice. Euro-Alre former nevertheless refuse to apply the latter? If so, under
what circumstance?
admitted that Vanessa was not advised of such policy when
she purchased her plane ticket. Vanessa was only able to fly
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
two days later by taking another airline.
A, Labor Legislations are generally intended as expressions
Vanessa sued Euro-Aire in Manila for breach of contract of public policy on employer-employee relations. The
contract therefore, between Japan Air Lines (JAL) and
and damages. Euro-Aire claimed that it cannot be held liable
Maritess may apply only to the extent that its provisions are
for damages because its practice of overbooking passengers
not inconsistent with Philippine labor laws intended
was allowed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
Vanessa on the other hand contended that assuming that particularly to protect employees.
the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations allowed Intentional
overbooking, the airline company cannot invoke the U.S.
Code on the ground that the ticket was purchased in
Manila,
hence, Philippine law should apply, under which Vanessa
can recover damages for breach of contract of carriage.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Under the circumstances, the dismissal of Maritess without

complying with Philippine Labor law would be invalid and
any stipulation in the contract to the contrary is considered
void. Since the law of the forum in this case is the
Philippine law the issues should-be resolved in accordance
with Philippine law.
Vanessa can recover damages under Philippine law for

breach of contract of carriage, Philippine law should govern
B. The third paragraph of Art. 17 of the Civil Code provides
as the law of the place where the plane tickets were bought
that:
and the contract of carriage was executed. In Zalamea v.
Page 16 of 119
"Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or

Maris then returned to the Philippines and in a civil
property, and those which have for their object public ceremony celebrated in Cebu City according to the
order, public policy and good customs shall not be
formalities of Philippine law, she married her former
rendered ineffective by laws or judgments promulgated,
classmate Vincent likewise a Filipino citizen.
or by determinations or conventions agreed upon in a a) Was the marriage of Maris and Johnson valid when
foreign country."
celebrated? Is their marriage still validly existing now?
Reasons.
Accordingly, a state's own conflict of laws rule may,

exceptionally be inapplicable, given public policy
considerations by the law of the forum.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) The marriage of Mans and Johnson was valid when

celebrated because all marriages solemnized outside the
Philippines (Tokyo) in accordance with the laws in force in
the country where they are solemnized (Japan), and valid
there as such, are also valid in the Philippines.
Going into the specific provisions of the contract in

question, I would rule as follows:
1. The duration of the contract is not opposed to
Philippine law and it can therefore be valid as
Their marriage no longer validly subsists, because it has
stipulated;
been dissolved by the absolute divorce validly obtained by
2. The second provision to the effect that
Johnson which capacitated Maris to remarry (Art. 26.
notwithstanding duration, Japan Air Lines (JAL) may Family Code).
terminate her employment is invalid, being inconsistent
with our Labor laws;
3. That the contract shall be construed as governed underApplicable Laws; laws governing marriages (2003)
and by the laws of Japan and only the courts of Tokyo, Gene and Jane, Filipino, met and got married in England
while both were taking up post-graduate courses there. A
Japan shall have jurisdiction, is invalid as clearly
opposed to the aforecited third paragraph of Arts. 17 few years after their graduation, they decided to annul their
marriage. Jane filed an action to annul her marriage to
and 1700 of the Civil Code, which provides:
"Art. 1700. The relations between capital and labor Gene in England on the ground of latters sterility, a ground
are not merely contractual. They are so impressed for annulment of marriage in England. The English court
with public interest that labor contracts must yield decreed the marriage annulled.Returning to the
Philippines, Gene asked you whether or not he would be
to the common good. Therefore, such contracts
free to marry his former girlfriend. What would your legal
are subject to the special laws on labor unions,
collective bargaining, strikes and lockouts, closed advice be? 5%
shop, wages, working conditions, hours of labor
and similar subjects."
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Gene is not free to marry his former girlfriend. His

marriage to Jane is valid according to the forms and
solemnities of British law, is valid here (Article 17, 1st par.,
NCC). However, since Gene and Jane are still Filipinos
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;
although living in England, the dissolution of their marriage
A. When a contract has a foreign element such as in the is still governed by Philippine law (Article 15, NCC). Since,
factual setting stated in the problem where one of the
sterility is not one of the grounds for the annulment of a
parties is a foreign corporation, the contract can be
marriage under Article 45 of the Family Code, the
sustained as valid particularly the stipulation expressing annulment of Genes marriage to Jane on that ground is not
that
valid in the Philippines (Article 17, NCC)
the contract is governed by the laws of the foreign country.
Given this generally accepted principle of international law,
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the contract between Maritess and JAL is valid and it should
Yes, Gene is free to marry his girlfriend because his
marriage was validly annulled in England. The issue of
whether or not a marriage is voidable, including the
Applicable Laws; laws governing marriages (1992)
grounds
In 1989, Maris, a Filipino citizen, married her boss Johnson,
therefore, is governed by the law of the place where the
an American citizen, in Tokyo in a wedding ceremony
marriage was solemnized (lex loci celebrationis). Hence,
celebrated according to Japanese laws. One year later,
even if sterility is not a ground to annul the marriage under
Johnson returned to his native Nevada, and he validly
the Philippine law, the marriage is nevertheless voidable
obtained in that state an absolute divorce from his wife because sterility makes the marriage voidable under English
Maris.
law. Therefore, annulment of the marriage in England is
After Maris received the final judgment of divorce, she
married her childhood sweetheart Pedro, also a Filipino Applicable Laws; Sale of Real Property (1995)
citizen, in a religious ceremony in Cebu City, celebrated While in Afghanistan, a Japanese by the name of Sato sold
according to the formalities of Philippine law. Pedro later to Ramoncito, a Filipino, a parcel of land situated in the
left for the United States and became naturalized as an Philippines which Sato inherited from his Filipino mother.
1. What law governs the formality in the execution of the
American citizen. Maris followed Pedro to the United
States, and after a serious quarrel, Maris filed a suit and contract of sale? Explain your answer and give its legal
obtained a divorce decree issued by the court in the statebasis.
of
Maryland.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 17 of 119
Under Art. 16 par. 1, NCC, real property is subject to the 3. The distribution of the personal properties in Germany
law of the country where it is situated. Since the propertyshall
is be governed by French law. The legal basis is Art. 16,
situated in the Philippines, Philippine law applies. The rule
NCC).
of lex rei sitae in Article 16 prevails over lex loci contractu
in Article 17 of the NCC.
Applicable Laws; Wills executed abroad (1993)
A, a Filipino, executed a will in Kuwait while there as a
Afghanistan law governs the formal requirements of the contract worker. Assume that under the laws of Kuwait, it is
enough that the testator affix his signature to the presence
contract since the execution is in Afghanistan. Art. 17 of the
of two witnesses and that the will need not be
Civil Code provides that the forms and solemnities of
acknowledged before a notary public.
contracts, wills, and other public instruments shall be
May the will be probated in the Philippines?
governed by the laws of the country in which they are
executed. However, if the contract was executed before the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
diplomatic or consular officials of the Republic of the
Yes. Under Articles 815 and 17 of the Civil Code, the
Philippines in Afghanistan, Philippine law shall apply.
formality of the execution of a will is governed by the law of
the place of execution. If the will was executed with the
formalities prescribed by the laws of Kuwait and valid there
Applicable Laws; Succession; Intestate & Testamentary
as such, the will is valid and may be probated in the
(2001)
Alex was born a Filipino but was a naturalized Canadian Philippines.
citizen at the time of his death on December 25, 1998. HeDefinition; Cognovit; Borrowing Statute; Characterization
(1994)
left behind a last will and testament in which he bequeathed
In Private International Law (Conflict of Laws) what is:
all his properties, real and personal, in the Philippines to his
1} Cognovit?
acknowledged illegitimate Fillpina daughter and nothing to
2) A borrowing statute?
his two legitimate Filipino sons. The sons sought the
3) Characterization?
annulment of the last will and testament on the ground that
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
it deprived them of their legitimes but the daughter was

able
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
to prove that there were no compulsory heirs or legitimes1) a) COGNOVIT is a confession of judgment whereby a
portion of the complaint is confessed by the defendant who
under Canadian law. Who should prevail? Why? (5%)
denies the rest thereof (Philippine law Dictionary, 3rd Ed.)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(Ocampo v. Florenciano, L-M 13553, 2/23/50).
The daughter should prevail because Article 16 of the New
Civil Code provides that intestate and testamentary
succession shall be governed by the national law of the
person whose succession is under consideration.
b) COGNOVIT is a "statement of confession"

Oftentimes, it is referred to as a "power of attorney" or
simply as a "power", it is the written authority of the debtor
and his direction to the clerk of the district court, or justice
of the peace to enter judgment against the debtor as stated
therein. (Words and Phrases, vol. 7, pp. 115-166).
Applicable Laws; Sucession of Aliens (1995)

Michelle, the French daughter of Penreich, a German
national, died in Spain leaving real properties in the
Philippines as well as valuable personal properties in
Germany.
c) COGNOVIT is a plea in an action which acknowledges
1. What law determines who shall succeed the deceased?
that the defendant did undertake and promise as the
Explain your answer and give its legal basis.
plaintiff in its declaration has alleged, and that it cannot
2. What law regulates the distribution of the real properties
deny that it owes and unjustly detains from the plaintiff the
in the Philippines? Explain your answer and give its legal
sum claimed by him in his declaration, and consents that
basis.
judgment be entered against the defendant for a certain
3.What law governs the distribution of the personal
sum. [Words and Phrases, vol. 7, pp. 115-166).
properties in Germany? Explain your answer and give its
legal basis.
d)COGNOVIT is a note authorizing a lawyer for
confession of judgment by defendant.
Assuming that the estate of the decedent is being settled in
the Philippines)
2) "BORROWING STATUTE" - Laws of the state or
1. The national law of the decedent (French law) shall
jurisdiction used by another state in deciding conflicts
govern in determining who will succeed to his estate. Thequestioned involved in the choice of law (Black's Law
legal basis is Art. 16 par. 2, NCC.
Dictionary, 5th ed. 1979).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
French law shall govern the distribution of his real

3) a) "CHARACTERIZATION" is otherwise called
properties in the Philippines except when the real property
"classification" or "qualification." It is the process of
is land which may be transmitted to a foreigner only by assigning a disputed question to its correct legal category
hereditary succession.
(Private International Law, Salonga).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. The distribution of the real properties in the Philippines

b) "CHARACTERIZATION" is a process in determining
shall be governed by French law. The legal basis is Art. 16,
under what category a certain set of facts or rules fall.
NCC).
(Paras, Conflict of Laws, p. 94. 1984 ed.)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 18 of 119
Definition; forum non-conveniens; long-arm statute (1994)nationality theory, and the issue involved is which of the
1) What is the doctrine of Forum non conveniens?
laws of the two countries should apply to determine the
2) What is a "long arm statute"?
order of succession, the amount of successional rights, or,
the intrinsic validity of testamentary provisions. Such issue
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
is not involved in this case.
1) a) FORUM NON CONVENIENS is a principle in
Private International Law that where the ends of justice ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
strongly indicate that the controversy may be more suitably
Yes. "Renvoi" - which means "referring back" is relevant
tried elsewhere, then jurisdiction should be declined and because here, we are applying U.S. law to Mario, being
the
already its citizen, although the formalities of the second
parties relegated to relief to be sought in another forum. marriage will be governed by Philippine law under the
principle of lex loci celebrationis.
b) Where in a broad sense the ends of justice strongly
indicate that the controversy may be more suitably tried Domiciliary theory vs. Nationality Theory (2004)
elsewhere, then jurisdiction should be declined and the Distinguish briefly but clearly between: Domiciliary theory
parties relegated to relief to be sought in another forum. and nationality theory of personal law. (5%)
(Handbook on Private International Law, Aruego).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
DOMICILIARY THEORY posits that the personal status

and rights of a person are governed by the law of his
c) FORUM NON CONVENIENS means simply that a
domicile or the place of his habitual residence. The
court may resist imposition upon its jurisdiction even when
jurisdiction is authorized by the letter of a general venue NATIONALITY THEORY, on the other hand, postulates
that it is the law of the person's nationality that governs
statute. (Salonga. Private International Law. p, 51. 1967 ed.)
such status and rights
d) Forum non conveniens is a doctrine whereby a court of
Forum Non Conveniens & Lex Loci Contractus (2002)
law having full Jurisdiction over a case brought in a proper
Felipe is a Filipino citizen. When he went to Sydney for
venue or district declines to determine the case on its
vacation, he met a former business associate, who proposed
merits
to him a transaction which took him to Moscow. Felipe
because Justice would be better served by the trial over the
brokered a contract between Sydney Coals Corp. (Coals), an
Australian firm, and Moscow Energy Corp. (Energy), a
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Russian firm, for Coals to supply coal to Energy on a
(2} a) LONG ARM STATUTE is a legislative act which
monthly basis for three years. Both these firms were not
provides for personal jurisdiction, via substituted service doing,
or
and still do not do, business in the Philippines. Felipe
process, over persons or corporations which are nonshuttled between Sydney and Moscow to close the contract.
residents of the state and which voluntarily go into the He also executed in Sydney a commission contract with
state,
Coals and in Moscow with Energy, under which contracts
directly or by agent or communicate with persons in the he was guaranteed commissions by both firms based on a
state for limited purposes, inactions which concern claimspercentage of deliveries for the three-year period, payable
relating to performance or execution of those purposes in
Sydney and in Moscow, respectively, through deposits in
accounts that he opened in the two cities. Both firms paid
b) Long arm statute refers simply to authorized substituted
Felipe his commission for four months, after which they
service.
stopped paying him. Felipe learned from his contacts, who
are residents of Sydney and Moscow, that the two firms
Divorce; effect of divorce granted to former Filipinos;
talked to each other and decided to cut him off. He now
Renvoi Doctrine (1997)
files suit in Manila against both Coals and Energy for
In 1977, Mario and Clara, both Filipino citizens, were
specific performance.
married in the Philippines. Three years later, they went toA. Define or explain the principle of lex loci contractus.
the United States of America and established their
(2%)
residence
B. Define or explain the rule of forum non conveniens
in San Francisco, California. In 1987, the couple applied for, (3%)
and were granted, U.S. citizenship. In 1989, Mario, claiming
C. Should the Philippine court assume jurisdiction over
to have been abandoned by Clara, was able to secure a
decree of divorce in Reno, Nevada, U.S.A.
In 1990, Mario returned to the Philippines and married SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A.LEX LOCI CONTRACTUS may be understood
Juana who knew well Mario's past life.
in two senses, as follows:
(a) Is the marriage between Mario and Juana valid?
(1) It is the law of the place where contracts, wills, and
(b) Would the renvoi doctrine have any relevance to the
other public instruments are executed and governs their
case?
forms and solemnities, pursuant to the first
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
paragraph, Article 17 of the New Civil Code; or
(a) Yes, because Phil law recognizes the divorce between
(2) It is the proper law of the contract; e.i., the system
Mario and Clara as valid.
of law intended to govern the entire contract, including
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
its essential requisites, indicating the law of the place
(b) No, The renvoi doctrine is relevant in cases where one with which the contract has its closest connection or
country applies the domiciliary theory and the other the
Page 19 of 119
where the main elements of the contract converge. Ascountry of which they are citizens. Since their marriage is
illustrated by Zalamea v. Court of Appeals (228 SCRA 23 valid under Hong Kong law, it shall be valid and respected
[1993]), it is the law of the place where the airline ticket
in the Philippines.
was issued, where the passengers are nationals and
residents of, and where the defendant airline company
Naturalization (2003)
maintained its office.
Miss Universe, from Finland, came to the Philippines on a
tourist visa. While in this country, she fell in love with and
married a Filipino doctor. Her tourist visa having been
expired and after the maximum extension allowed therefore,
A.Under the doctrine of lex loci contractus, as a
the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID) is
general rule, the law of the place where a contract is made
presently demanding that she immediately leave the country
or entered into governs with respect to its nature and
but she refuses to do so, claiming that she is already a
validity, obligation and interpretation. This has been said to
be the rule even though the place where the contract wasFilipino Citizen by her marriage to a Filipino citizen. Can
the BID still order the deportation of Miss Universe?
made is different from the place where it is to be
performed, and particularly so, if the place of the making Explain. 5%
and the place of performance are the same (United Airline v.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
CA, G.R. No. 124110, April 20, 2001).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the BID can order the deportation of Miss Universe.

The marriage of an alien woman to a Filipino does not
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
automatically make her a Filipino Citizen. She must first
B.FORUM NON CONVENIENS means that a
prove in an appropriate proceeding that she does not have
court has discretionary authority to decline jurisdiction over
any disqualification for Philippine citizenship. (Yung Uan
a cause of action when it is of the view that the action may
Chu v. Republic of the Philippines, 158 SCRA 593 [1988]).
be justly and effectively adjudicated elsewhere.
Since Miss Universe is still a foreigner, despite her marriage
to a Filipino doctor, she can be deported upon expiry of her
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
allowable stay in the Philippines.
C. No, the Philippine courts cannot acquire jurisdiction
ANOTHER SUGGESTED ANSWER:
over the case of Felipe. Firstly, under the rule of forum non
conveniens, the Philippine court is not a convenient forumNo, the Bureau of Immigration cannot order her
deportation. An alien woman marrying a Filipino, nativeas all the incidents of the case occurred outside the
born or naturalized, becomes ipso facto a Filipino if she is
Philippines. Neither are both Coals and Energy doing
business inside the Philippines. Secondly, the contracts not disqualified to be a citizen of the Philippines (Mo Ya
Lim v Commission of Immigration, 41 SCRA 292 [1971]), (Sec
were
not perfected in the Philippines. Under the principle of lex4, Naturalization Law). All that she has to do is prove in
loci contractus, the law of the place where the contract isthe deportation proceeding the fact of her marriage and
made shall apply. Lastly, the Philippine court has no power
that
to determine the facts surrounding the execution of said ANOTHER SUGGESTED ANSWER:
contracts. And even if a proper decision could be reached,It depends. If she is disqualified to be a Filipino citizen, she
such would have no biding effect on Coals and Energy as may be deported. If she is not disqualified to be a Filipino
the court was not able to acquire jurisdiction over the said
citizen, she may not be deported. An alien woman who
marries a Filipino citizen becomes one. The marriage of
Miss Universe to the Filipino doctor did not automatically
14[2000])
make her a Filipino citizen. She still has to prove that she is
not disqualified to become a citizen.
Nationality Theory (2004)
PH and LV are HK Chinese. Their parents are now
Filipino citizens who live in Manila. While still students in
Theory; significant relationships theory (1994)
MNS State, they got married although they are first cousins.
Able, a corporation domiciled in State A, but, doing
It appears that both in HK and in MNS State first cousins
business in the Philippines, hired Eric, a Filipino engineer,
could marry legally.
for its project in State B. In the contract of employment
executed by the parties in State B, it was stipulated that the
They plan to reside and set up business in the Philippines.contract could be terminated at the company's will, which
is allowed in State B. When Eric was summarily
But they have been informed, however, that the marriage stipulation
of
dismissed by Able, he sued Able for damages in the
first cousins here is considered void from the beginning by
reason of public policy. They are in a dilemma. They dontPhilippines.
Will the Philippine court apply the contractual stipulation?
want to break Philippine law, much less their marriage vow.
They seek your advice on whether their civil status will be
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
adversely affected by Philippine domestic law? What is your
a)Using the "SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS
advice? (5%)
THEORY", there are contacts significant to the Philippines.
Among these are that the place of business is the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
My advise is as follows: The civil status of' PH and LV willPhilippines, the employee concerned is a Filipino and the
not be adversely affected by Philippine law because they are
suit was filed in the Philippines, thereby justifying the
nationals of Hong Kong and not Filipino citizens.Being
application of Philippine law. In the American Airlines case
foreigners, their status, conditions and legal capacity in the
the Court held that when what is involved is
Philippines are governed by the law of Hong Kong, the PARAMOUNT STATE INTEREST such as the
Page 20 of 119
protection of the rights of Filipino laborers, the court can natural mother as her middle name. The Court has ruled
disregard choice of forum and choice of law. Therefore the
that there is no law prohibiting an illegitimate child adopted
Philippine Court should not apply the stipulation in
by her natural father to use, as middle name, her mother's
question.
surname. What is not prohibited is allowed. After all, the
use of the maternal name as the middle name is in accord
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
with Filipino culture and customs and adoption is intended
b) No, lex fori should be applied because the suit is filed in
for the benefit of the adopted [In re: Adoption of Stephanie
Philippine courts and Eric was hired in the Philippines. The
Philippine Constitution affords full protection to labor andNathy Astorga Garcia, G.R. No. 148311, March 31, 2005;
the stipulation as to summary dismissal runs counter to our
Rabuya, The Law on Persons and Family Relations, p. 613].
fundamental and statutory laws.
Inter-Country Adoption; Formalities (2005)
Torts; Prescriptive Period (2004)
Hans Berber, a German national, and his Filipino wife,
In a class suit for damages, plaintiffs claimed they suffered
injuries from torture during martial law. The suit was filedRhoda, are permanent residents of Canada. They desire so
upon President EMs arrival on exile in HI, a U.S. state. much to adopt Magno, an 8-year old orphaned boy and a
The court in HI awarded plaintiffs the equivalent of P100 baptismal godson of Rhoda. Since the accidental death of
billion under the U.S. law on alien tort claims. On appeal, Magno's parents in 2004, he has been staying with his aunt
who, however, could hardly afford to feed her own family.
EMs Estate raised the issue of prescription. It argued that
Unfortunately, Hans and Rhoda cannot come to the
since said U.S. law is silent on the matter, the court should
apply: (1) HIs law setting a two-year limitation on tort Philippines to adopt Magno although they possess all the
claims; or (2) the Philippine law which appears to requirequalifications as adoptive parents.
that claims for personal injury arising from martial law be
brought within one year.
Is there a possibility for them to adopt Magno? How
should they go about it? (5%)

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Plaintiffs countered that provisions of the most analogousYes, it is possible for Hans and Rhoda to adopt Magno.
federal statute, the Torture Victims Protection Act, shouldRepublic Act No. 8043 or the Inter-Country Adoption Act,
be applied. It sets ten years as the period for prescription.allows aliens or Filipinos permanently residing abroad to
Moreover, they argued that equity could toll the statute ofapply for inter-country adoption of a Filipino child. The law
however requires that only legally free child, or one who has
limitations. For it appeared that EM had procured
Constitutional amendments granting himself and those been voluntarily or involuntarily committed to the DSWD
acting under his direction immunity from suit during his or any of its accredited agencies, may be subject of intercountry adoption. The law further requires that aside from
tenure.
possessing all the qualifications, the adoptive parents must
come from a country where the Philippines has diplomatic
relations and that the government maintains a similarly
In this case, has prescription set in or not? Considering the
differences in the cited laws, which prescriptive period accredited agency and that adoption is allowed under the
national law of the alien. Moreover, it must be further
should be applied: one year under Philippine law, two years
shown that all possibilities for a domestic adoption have
under HIs law, ten years under U.S. federal law, or none of
been exhausted and the inter-country adoption is best for
the above? Explain. (5%)
the interest of the child.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The US Court will apply US law, the law of the Jorum, in

determining the applicable prescriptive period. While US
law is silent on this matter, the US Court will not apply Hans and Rhoda have to file an application to adopt
Philippine law in determining the prescriptive period. It isMagno, either with the Regional Trial Court having
generally affirmed as a principle in private international law
jurisdiction over Magno or with the Inter-Country
that procedural law is one of the exceptionsto the
Adoption Board in Canada. Hans and Rhoda will then
application of foreign law by the forum. Since prescriptionundergo a trial custody for six (6) months from the time of
is a matter of procedural law even in Philippine
placement. It is only after the lapse of the trial custody that
jurisprudence, (Codaltn v. POEA/ JVLRC/Broum and
the decree of adoption can be issued.
Root International, 238 SCRA 721 [1994]), the US Court
will apply either HI or Federal law in determining the
applicable prescriptive period and not Philippine law. TheParental Authority; Rescission of Adoption (1994)
Restatement of American law affirms this principle.
In 1975, Carol begot a daughter Bing, out of wedlock.
When Bing was ten years old, Carol gave her consent for
Bing's legal adoption by Norma and Manuel, which was
granted by the court in 1990. In 1991, Carol learned that
Norma and Manuel were engaged in a call-girl-ring that
catered to tourists. Some of the girls lived with Norma and
Manuel. Carol got Bing back, who in the first place wanted
Adoption; Use of Surname of her Natural Mother (2006) to return to her natural mother.
May an illegitimate child, upon adoption by her natural
1) Who has a better right to the custody of Bing, Carol or
father, use the surname of her natural mother as the middle Norma?
name? (2.5%)
2) Aside from taking physical custody of Bing, what legal
Yes, an illegitimate child, upon
actions can Carol take to protect Bing?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
adoption by her natural father, can use the surname of her
Page 21 of 119
ADOPTION
sister. Thus, under the above-cited provision, Eva is

1) a) It depends on whether or not Bing was at least 18 qualified to adopt Vicky.
years old at the time Carol asserts the prerogative to take
custody of Bing. If she was at least 18 years old, then she b)
is Would your answer be the same if they sought to
no longer under parental authority and neither Carol nor
adopt Eva's illegitimate daughter? Explain. (2%)
Norma can assert the prerogative to take custody. However,
if she was less than 18 years old, then Norma has a betterSUGGESTED ANSWER:
My answer will still be the same. Paragraph 3(a) of Article
right since the adoption by Norma of Bing terminates the
184 of the Family Code does not make any distinction. The
parental authority of Carol over Bing.
provision states that an alien who is a former Filipino
citizen is qualified to adopt a relative by consanguinity.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b) The natural mother, Carol, should have the better right in

light of the principle that the child's welfare is the
c) Supposing that they filed the petition to adopt
paramount consideration in custody rights. Obviously,
Vicky in the year 2000, will your answer be the same?
Bing's continued stay in her adopting parents' house, where
Explain. (2%)
interaction with the call girls is inevitable, would be
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
detrimental to her moral and spiritual development. This Yes, my answer will still be the same. Under Sec. 7(b), Art.
could be the reason for Bing's expressed desire to return III
to of the New Domestic Adoption Act, an alien who
her natural mother. It should be noted, however, that Bingpossesses all the qualifications of a Filipino national who is
is no longer a minor, being 19 years of age now. It is
qualified to adopt may already adopt provided that his
doubtfu1 that a court can still resolve the question of
country has diplomatic relations with the Philippines, that
custody over one who is sui juris and not otherwise
he has been living in the Philippines for at least three (3)
incapacitated.
continuous years prior to the filing of the application for
adoption and maintains such residence until the adoption
decree is entered, that he has been certified by his
2) a) On the assumption that Bing is still a minor or
diplomatic or consular office or any appropriate
otherwise incapacitated, Carol may petition the proper government agency that he has the legal capacity to adopt
court
in
for resolution or rescission of the decree of adoption on the
his country, and that his government allows the adoptee to
ground that the adopting parents have exposed, or are
exposing, the child to corrupt influence, tantamount to
giving her corrupting orders or examples. She can also ask
for the revesting in her of parental authority over Bing. If Qualification of Adopter; Applicable Law (2001)
However, Bing is already 19 years of age and therefore noA German couple filed a petition for adoption of a minor
longer a minor, it is not Carol but Bing herself who can Filipino child with the Regional Trial Court of Makati under
petition the court for judicial rescission of the adoption, the provisions of the Child and Youth Welfare Code which
provided she can show a ground for disinheritance of an allowed aliens to adopt. Before the petition could be heard,
the Family Code, which repealed the Child and Youth
Welfare Code, came into effect. Consequently, the Solicitor
General filed a motion to dismiss the petition, on the
b) Carol may file an action to deprive Norma of parental ground that the Family Code prohibits aliens from adopting.
authority under Article 231 of the Family Code or file an If you were the judge, how will you rule on the motion?
action for the rescission of the adoption under Article 191(5%)
in relation to Article 231 (2) of the Family Code.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The motion to dismiss the petition for adoption should be

Qualification of Adopter (2005)
In 1984, Eva, a Filipina, went to work as a nurse in the denied. The law that should govern the action is the law in
force at the time of filing of the petition. At that time, it was
USA. There, she met and fell in love with Paul, an American
the Child and Youth Welfare Code that was in effect, not
citizen, and they got married in 1985. Eva acquired
American citizenship in 1987. During their sojourn in the the Family Code. Petitioners have already acquired a vested
right on their qualification to adopt which cannot be taken
Philippines in 1990, they filed a joint petition for the
away by the Family Code. (Republic v. Miller G.R. No.
adoption of Vicky, a 7-year old daughter of Eva's sister. The
government, through the Office of the Solicitor General,
125932, April 21, 1999, citing Republic v. Court of Appeals,
opposed the petition on the ground that the petitioners, 205 SCRA 356)
being both foreigners, are disqualified to adopt Vicky.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The motion has to be granted. The new law shall govern

their qualification to adopt and under the new law, the
German couple is disqualified from adopting. They cannot
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
claim that they have already acquired a vested right
The government's position is untenable. Under paragraphbecause
3,
Article 184 of the Family Code, an alien, as a general ruleadoption is not a right but a mere privilege. No one acquires
cannot adopt. However, an alien who is a former Filipino
If the examinee based his answer on the current law, RA
citizen and who seeks to adopt a relative by consanguinity[Note:
is
8552, his
qualified to adopt, (par. 3[a], Art. 184, Family Code)
a) Is the government's opposition tenable? Explain.

(2%)
answer should be considered correct. This question is based on
In the given problem, Eva, a naturalized American citizenQualifications of Adopter (2000)

would like to adopt Vicky, a 7-year old daughter of her
Page 22 of 119
Sometime in 1990, Sarah, born a Filipino but by then a under Sec. 7(b) of RA8552. The Supreme Court has held in
naturalized American citizen, and her American husband several cases that when husband and wife are required to
Tom, filed a petition in the Regional Trial Court of Makati,adopt jointly, each one of them must be qualified to adopt
for the adoption of the minor child of her sister, a Filipina.in his or her own right (Republic v. Toledano, 233 SCRA 9
Can the petition be granted? (5%)
(1994). However, the American husband must comply with
the requirements of the law including the residency
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
requirement of three (3) years. Otherwise, the adoption will
(per dondee) It depends. Rules on Adoption effective
not be allowed.
August 22, 2002 provides the following;
SEC. 4. Who may adopt. The following may adopt:
Any Filipino Citizen
Successional Rights of Adopted Child (2004)
a. of legal age,
A Filipino couple, Mr. and Mrs. BM, Jr., decided to adopt
b. in possession of full civil capacity and legal rights,
YV, an orphan from St. Claires orphanage in New York
c. of good moral character,
d. has not been convicted of any crime involving moral City. They loved and treated her like a legitimate child for
they have none of their very own. However, BM, Jr., died
turpitude;
in an accident at sea, followed to the grave a year later by
e. who is emotionally and psychologically capable of caring
his
for children,
sick father, BM, Sr. Each left a sizable estate consisting of
f. at least sixteen (16) years older than the adoptee,
bank deposits, lands and buildings in Manila. May the
g. and who is in a position to support and care for his
adopted child, YV, inherit from BM, Jr.? May she also
children in keeping with the means of the family.
The requirement of a 16-year difference between the inherit from BM, Sr.? Is there a difference? Why? Explain.
age of the adopter and adoptee may be waived when the (5%)
adopter is the biological parent of the adoptee or is the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
spouse of the adoptees parent;
YV can inherit from BM, Jr. The succession to the estate of
BM, Jr. is governed by Philippine law because he was a

Filipino when he died (Article 16, Civil Code). Under
Any Alien possessing the same qualifications as above- Article 1039 of the Civil Code, the capacity of the heir to
stated
succeed is governed by the national law of the decedent and
for Filipino nationals: Provided,
not by the national law of the heir. Hence, whether or not
a) That his country has diplomatic relations with the
YV can inherit from BM, Jr. is determined by Philippine
Republic of the Philippines,
b) that he has been living in the Philippines for at least law. Under Philippine law, the adopted inherits from the
adopter as a legitimate child of the adopter.
three (3) continuous years prior to the filing of the
petition for adoption and maintains such residence until
the adoption decree is entered,
c) that he has been certified by his diplomatic or consularYV, however, cannot inherit, in his own right, from the
office or any appropriate government agency to have the
father of the adopter, BM, Sr., because he is not a legal heir
legal capacity to adopt in his country,
of BM, Sr. The legal fiction of adoption exists only between
d) and that his government allows the adoptee to enter his
the adopted and the adopter. (Teotico v. Del Val 13 SCRA
406 [1965]). Neither may he inherit from BM, Sr. by
representing BM, Jr. because in representation, the
Provided, further, That the requirements on residency and

representative must be a legal heir not only of the person he
certification of the aliens qualification to adopt in his
is representing but also of the decedent from whom the
country
represented was supposed to inherit (Article 973, Civil
may be waived for the following:
a) a former Filipino citizen who seeks to adopt a relative Code).
within the fourth (4th) degree of consanguinity or
affinity; or
b) one who seeks to adopt the legitimate child of his
Filipino spouse; or
c) one who is married to a Filipino citizen and seeks to
adopt jointly with his spouse a relative within the fourth
Emancipation (1993)
(4th) degree of consanguinity or affinity of the Filipino
FAMILY CODE
Julio and Lea, both 18 years old, were sweethearts. At a

party at the house of a mutual friend. Lea met Jake, also 18
years old, who showed interest in her. Lea seemed to
Qualifications of Adopter (2003)
Lina, a former Filipina who became an American citizen entertain Jake because she danced with him many times. In
shortly after her marriage to an American husband, woulda fit of jealousy, Julio shot Jake with his father's 38 caliber
like to adopt in the Philippines, jointly with her husband, revolver which, before going to the party he was able to get
one of her minor brothers. Assuming that all the requiredfrom the unlocked drawer inside his father's bedroom. Jake
died as a result of the lone gunshot wound he sustained. His
consents have been obtained, could the contemplated joint
parents sued Julio's parents for damages arising from quasiadoption in the Philippine prosper? Explain.
delict. At the time of the incident, Julio was 18 years old
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
living with his parents. Julio's parents moved to dismiss the
Yes, Lina and her American husband can jointly adopt a complaint against them claiming that since Julio was
minor brother of Lina because she and her husband are already
both qualified to adopt. Lina, as a former Filipino citizen, of majority age, they were no longer liable for his acts.
can adopt her minor brother under Sec. 7(b)(i) of RA 85521) Should the motion to dismiss be granted? Why?
(Domestic Adoption Act of 1998), or under Art. 184 (3)(1) 2) What is the liability of Julio's parents to Jake's parents?
of the Family Code. The alien husband can now adopt
Explain your answer.
Page 23 of 119
Family; Constitutional Mandates; Divorce (1991)

1) No, the Motion to Dismiss should not be granted.
A. How does the 1987 Constitution strengthen the family
Article 236 of the Family Code as amended by Republic Act
as an Institution?
6809, provides in the third paragraph that "nothing in thisB. Do the Constitutional policy on the family and the
Code shall be construed to derogate from the duty or
provision that marriage is the foundation of the family and
responsibility of parents and guardians for children and shall be protected by the State bar Congress from enacting
wards below twenty-one years of age mentioned in the a
second and third paragraphs of Article 2180 of the Civil law allowing divorce in the Philippines?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Code".
2) The liability of Julio's parents to Jake's parents arises A. Sec, 2, Article II of the Constitution provides that: The
State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect
from quasi-delict (Arts. 2176 and 2180 Civil Code)
and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social
and shall cover specifically the following:
institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and
a) P50,000.00 for the death of the son;
the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and
b) such amount as would correspond to lost earning
primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth
capacity; and
for civic efficiency and the development of moral character
c) moral damages.
shall receive the support of the Government.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Family Code; Retroactive Application; Vested Rights (2000)Section I, Article XV, further provides that: The State
On April 15, 1980, Rene and Angelina were married to each
recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the
other without a marriage settlement. In 1985, they acquired
nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and
a parcel of land in Quezon City. On June 1, 1990, when
actively promote its total development.
Angelina was away in Baguio, Rene sold the said lot to
(Note: The Committee recommends that a citation of
Marcelo. Is the sale void or voidable? (2%)
either one of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The sale is void. Since the sale was executed in 1990, the B, No, the Constitutional policy, as well as the supporting
provision, does not amount to a prohibition to Congress to
Family Code is the law applicable. Under Article 124 of the
enact a law on divorce. The Constitution only meant to help
FC, the sale of a conjugal property by a spouse without the
the marriage endure, to "strengthen its solidarity and
consent of the other is void.
actively promote its total development."
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The sale is voidable. The provisions of the Family Code ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
B. Yes. Congress is barred from enacting a law allowing
may apply retroactively but only if such application will not
divorce, since Section 2 of Article XV provides: "Sec. 2.
impair vested rights. When Rene and Angelina got married
Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the
in 1980, the law that governed their property relations was
the New Civil Code. Under the NCC, as interpreted by thefoundation of the family and shall be protected by the
State." Since marriage is "Inviolable", it cannot be dissolved
Supreme Court in Heirs of Felipe v. Aldon, 100 SCRA 628
by an absolute divorce.
and reiterated in Heirs of Ayuste v. Malabonga, G.R No,
118784, 2 September 1999, the sale executed by the husband
without the consent of the wife is voidable. The husband Marriage; Annulment; Effects; Requisites Before
has already acquired a vested right on the voidable natureRemarriage (1990)
The marriage of H and W was annulled by the competent
of
dispositions made without the consent of the wife. Hence,court. Upon finality of the judgment of nullity. H began
Article 124 of the Family Code which makes the sale void looking for his prospective second mate. He fell in love
with a sexy woman S who wanted to be married as soon as
possible, i.e., after a few months of courtship. As a young
Family Home; Dwelling House (1994)
lawyer, you were consulted by H,
In 1991, Victor established judicially out of conjugal
(a) How soon can H be joined in lawful wedlock to his
property, a family home in Manila worth P200.000.00 andgirlfriend S? Under existing laws, are there certain
extrajudicially a second family home in Tagaytay worth requisites
P50.000.00. Victor leased the family home in Manila to a that must be complied with before he can remarry? What
foreigner. Victor and his family transferred to another house
advice would you give H?
of his in Pasig.
(b) Suppose that children were born from the union of H
Can the two family homes be the subject of execution on aand W, what would be the status of said children? Explain
judgment against Victor's wife for non-payment of the
your answer.
purchase in 1992 of household appliances?
(c) If the subsequent marriage of H to S was
contracted before compliance with the statutory condition
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
for its validity, what are the rights of the children of the first
The two (2) so-called family homes can be the subject of marriage (i.e., of H and W) and of the children of the
execution. Neither of the abodes are considered family subsequent marriage (of H and S)?
homes because for purposes of availing the benefits under
the Family Code, there can only be one (1) family home
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
which is defined as the "dwelling house" where the husband
(a) H, or either spouse for that matter, can marry again after
and the wife and their family actually "reside" and the land
complying with the provisions of Article 52 of the Family
on which it is situated. (Arts. 152 and 161, Family Code) Code, namely, there must be a partition and distribution, of
the properties of the spouses, and the delivery of the
Page 24 of 119
children's presumptive legitimes which should be recorded

sexually-transmissible disease, found to be serious and
in the appropriate civil registry and registries of property.appears
H
incurable. Two (2) years after their marriage, which
should be so advised.
took place on 10 October 1988, Bethel discovered that her
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER: for (a)
husband James has a sexually-transmissible disease which
The following are the requisites prescribed by law and I he
advice to H is to comply with them, namely:
contracted even prior to their marriage although James did
1) If either spouse contracted the marriage in bad faith, not know it himself until he was examined two [2) years
his or her share of the net profits of the community
later when a child was already born to them. Bethel sues
property : or conjugal partnership property shall be James for annulment of their marriage. James opposes the
forfeited in favor of the common children or, if there annulment on the ground that he did not even know that he
are none, the children of the guilty spouse by a
had such a disease so that there was no fraud or bad faith
previous marriage or, in default of children, the
on his part. Decide.
innocent spouse;
B. Suppose that both parties at the time of their marriage
2) Donations by reason of marriage shall remain valid
were similarly afflicted with sexually-transmissible diseases,
except that if the donee contracted the marriage in bad
serious and incurable, and both knew of their respective
faith, such donations made to said donee are revoked infirmities, can Bethel or James sue for annulment of their
by operation of law;
3) The spouse who contracted the subsequent marriage in
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
bad faith shall be disqualified to inherit from the
innocent spouse by testate and intestate succession; A. The marriage can be annulled, because good faith is not
4) If both spouses of the subsequent marriage acted in a defense when the ground is based upon sexuallytransmissible disease on the part of either party.
bad faith all donations by reason of marriage and
testamentary dispositions made by one in favor of the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
B. Yes, the marriage can still be annulled because the fact
other are revoked by operation of law.
that both of them are afflicted with sexually-transmissible
5) The judgment of annulment of the marriage, the
diseases does not efface or nullity the ground.
partition and distribution of the properties of the
spouses, and the delivery of the children's presumptiveAlternative Answer:
legitimes shall be recorded in the appropriate civil
B. No, the marriage can no longer be annulled, because the
registry and registers of property, (Articles 53. 52, 43. fact that both were afflicted and that both knew of their
44. Family Code).
respective infirmities constitutes a waiver of that ground.
Marriage; Annulment; Judicial Declaration (1993)
Maria and Luis, both Filipinos, were married by a Catholic
priest in Lourdes Church, Quezon City in 1976, Luis was
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
drunk on the day of his wedding. In fact, he slumped at the
(b) The children born from the union of H and W would bealtar soon after the ceremony. After marriage, Luis never
legitimate children if conceived or born before the decreehad
of a steady job because he was drunk most of the time.
annulment of the marriage (under Art. 45 of the Family Finally, he could not get employed at all because of
Code) has become final and executory (Art. 54, Family
drunkenness. Hence, it was Maria who had to earn a living
Code}.
to support herself and her child begotten with Luis. In 1986,
Maria filed a petition in the church matrimonial court in
Quezon City to annul her marriage with Luis on the ground
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(c) The children of the first marriage shall be considered of psychological incapacity to comply with his marital
obligation. Her petition was granted by the church
legitimate children if conceived or born before the
Judgment of annulment of the marriage of H and W has matrimonial court.
become final and executory. Children conceived or born of1) Can Maria now get married legally to another man
Philippine laws after her marriage to Luis was
the subsequent marriage shall likewise be legitimate evenunder
if
annulled by the church matrimonial court? Explain.
the marriage of H and S be null and void for failure to
2) What must Maria do to enable her to get married
comply with the requisites of Article 52 of the Family Code
lawfully to another man under Philippine laws?
(Article 53, Family Code).
As legitimate children, they have the following rights;
a) To bear the surnames of the father and the mother
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
in conformity with the provisions of the Civil
1) No, Maria cannot validly contract a subsequent marriage
Code on Surnames;
without a court declaration of nullity of the first marriage.
b) To receive support from their parents, their
ascendants, and in proper cases, their brothers andThe law does not recognize the church declaration of nullity
of a marriage.
sisters, in conformity with the provisions of this
Code on Support; and
c) To be entitled to the legitime and other
2) To enable Maria to get married lawfully to another man.
successional rights granted to them by the Civil
she must obtain a judicial declaration of nullity of the prior
Code (Article 174, Family Code).
marriage under Article 36 Family Code.
Marriage; Annulment; Legal Separation; Prescription of
Actions (1996)
Marriage; Annulment; Grounds (1991)
2) Bert and Baby were married to each other on December
One of the grounds for annulment of marriage is that either
23, 1988. Six months later, she discovered that he was a
party, at the time of their marriage was afflicted with a
Page 25 of 119
drug addict. Efforts to have him rehabilitated were

unsuccessful.
Can Baby ask for annulment of marriage, or legal
separation? Explain.
In 1989, Maris, a Filipino citizen, married her boss Johnson,

an American citizen, in Tokyo in a wedding ceremony
celebrated according to Japanese laws. One year later,
Johnson returned to his native Nevada, and he validly
obtained in that state an absolute divorce from his wife
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Baby cannot ask for annulment of her marriage or forMaris.
legal separation because both these actions had already After Maris received the final judgment of divorce, she
married her childhood sweetheart Pedro, also a Filipino
prescribed.
While concealment of drug addiction existing at citizen, in a religious ceremony in Cebu City, celebrated
according to the formalities of Philippine law. Pedro later
the time of marriage constitutes fraud under Art. 46 of the
left for the United States and became naturalized as an
FC which makes the marriage voidable under Art. 45 of the
FC, the action must, however, be brought within 5 years American citizen. Maris followed Pedro to the United
from the discovery thereof under Article 47(3), FC, Since States, and after a serious quarrel, Marts filed a suit and
the drug addiction of Bert was discovered by Baby in Juneobtained a divorce decree issued by the court in the state of
1989, the action had already prescribed in June of 1994. Maryland.
Although drug addiction is a ground for legal separation Maris then returned to the Philippines and in a civil
under Art. 55(5) and Art. 57 of the FC requires that the ceremony celebrated in Cebu City according to the
formalities of Philippine law, she married her former
action must be brought within 5 years from the occurrence
of the cause. Since Bert had been a drug addict from the classmate Vincent likewise a Filipino citizen.
b)Was the marriage of Maris and Pedro valid when
time of the celebration of the marriage, the action for legal
celebrated? Is their marriage still valid existing now?
separation must have been brought not later than 23
Reasons.
December 1993. Hence, Baby cannot, now, bring the action
c) Was the marriage of Marts and Vincent valid when
for legal separation.
celebrated? Is their marriage still validly existing now?
Reasons.
d) At this point in time, who is the lawful husband of
Marts? Reasons.
Marriage; Annulment; Proper Party (1990)
D and G, age 20 and 19, respectively, and both single,
eloped and got married to each other without parental
consent in the case of G, a teenaged student of an exclusive
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
college for girls. Three years later, her parents wanted to (b) The marriage of Maris and Pedro was valid when
seek judicial annulment on that ground. You were consulted
celebrated because the divorce validly obtained by Johnson
and asked to prepare the proper complaint. What advice in Manila capacitated Maris to marry Pedro. The marriage
would you give G's parents? Explain your answer.
of
Maris and Pedro is still validly existing, because the
G himself should file the complaint under Article 45 of themarriage
Family Code, and no longer the parents because G is
already 22 years of age.
(c) The marriage of Maris and Vincent is void ab initio
because it is a bigamous marriage contracted by Maris
during the subsistence of her marriage with Pedro (Art 25
Marriage; Annulment; Proper Party (1995)
Yvette was found to be positive for HIV virus, considered and 41, Family Code).
The marriage of Maris and Vincent does not validly exist
sexually transmissible, serious and incurable. Her boyfriend
Joseph was aware of her condition and yet married her. because Article 26 does not apply. Pedro was not a
After two (2) years of cohabiting with Yvette, and in his foreigner at the time of his marriage with marts and the
belief that she would probably never be able to bear him adivorce abroad (in Maryland) was initiated and obtained not
healthy child, Joseph now wants to have his marriage withby the alien spouse, but by the Filipino spouse. Hence, the
Yvette annulled. Yvette opposes the suit contending that Maryland divorce did not capacitate Marts to marry
Vincent.
Joseph is estopped from seeking annulment of their
marriage since he knew even before their marriage that she
was afflicted with HIV virus.
Can the action of Joseph for annulment of his marriage with
(d) At this point in time, Pedro is still the lawful husband of
Yvette prosper? Discuss fully.
Maris because their valid marriage has not been dissolved
by
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Joseph knew that Yvette was HIV positive at the time Marriage; Divorce Decrees; Filiation of Children (2005)
of the marriage. He is, therefore, not an injured party. TheIn 1985, Sonny and Lulu, both Filipino citizens, were
FC gives the right to annul the marriage only to an injured
married in the Philippines. In 1987, they separated, and
party. [Art. 47 (5), FC]
Sonny went to Canada, where he obtained a divorce in the
same year. He then married another Filipina, Auring, in
The action for annulment can prosper because the
Canada on January 1,1988. They had two sons, James and
prescriptive period of five (5) years has not yet lapsed. [Art.
John. In 1990, after failing to hear from Sonny, Lulu
45 (6), FC].
married Tirso, by whom she had a daughter, Verna. In 1991,
Sonny visited the Philippines where he succumbed to heart
attack..
Marriage; Divorce Decree; Void Marriages (1992)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 26 of 119
a) Discuss the effect of the divorce obtained by Sonny Flor and Virgillo were married to each other in Roxas City
in 198O. In 1984, Flor was offered a teaching Job in
and Lulu in Canada. (2%)
Canada, which she accepted. In 1989, she applied for and

was granted Canadian citizenship. The following year, she
The divorce is not valid. Philippine law does not provide for
sued for divorce from Virgilio in a Canadian court. After
absolute divorce. Philippine courts cannot grant it. A
was served with summons, the Canadian court tried
marriage between two (2) Filipinos cannot be dissolved byVirgilio
a
divorce obtained abroad. (Garcia v. Redo, G.R. No. 138322, the case and decreed the divorce. Shortly thereafter, Flor
October 2, 2001). Philippine laws apply to Sonny and Lulu.married a Canadian.
Under Article 15 of the New Civil Code, laws relating to Can Virgilio marry again in the Philippines? Explain.
family rights and duties, status, and capacity of persons are
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
binding upon citizens of the Philippines wherever they may
be. Thus, the marriage of Sonny and Lulu is still valid andNo, Virgilio cannot validly remarry. His case is not covered
by Article 26 of the Family Code, For said Article to be
subsisting.
applicable, the spouse who filed for divorce must be a
foreigner at the time of the marriage. Since both of them
b) Explain the status of the marriage between Sonny were Filipinos at the time of the marriage, the divorce
obtained by Flor did not capacitate Virgilio to remarry. The
and Auring. (2%)
fact that Flor was already an alien at the time she obtained
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the divorce does not give Virgilio the capacity to remarry
Since the decree of divorce obtained by Lulu and Sony in
under Philippine Law.
Canada is not recognized here in the Philippines, the
marriage between Sonny and Auring is void. (Art. 35,
Family Code) Any marriage subsequently contracted during
a) Yes, Virgilio can validly remarry. Art. 26 of the FC,
the lifetime of the first spouse shall be illegal and void, merely States the alien spouse without taking into
subject only to the exception in the cases of absence or consideration his or her nationality at the time of the
where the prior marriage was dissolved or annulled. (Ninalmarriage. While his case is not covered by the letter of
v. Bayadog, G.R. No. 133778, March 14, 2000) The marriage Article 26 FC, it is, however, covered by the spirit of said
of Sonny and Auring does not fall within the exception. Article, the injustice to the Filipino spouse sought to be
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
c)Explain the status of the marriage between Lulu

and Tirso. (2%)
cured by said Article is present in this case. (Department of

Justice Opinion No. 134 Series of 1993).
b)Although the marriage originally involved Filipino

The marriage of Lulu and Tirso is also void. Mere absencecitizens, it eventually became a marriage between an alien
of the spouse does not give rise to a right of the present and a Filipino after Flor became a Canadian citizen. Thus,
spouse to remarry. Article 41 of the Family Code providesthe divorce decree was one obtained by an alien spouse
for a valid bigamous marriage only where a spouse has been
married to a Filipino. Although nothing is said about
absent for four consecutive years before the second
whether such divorce did capacitate Flor to remarry, that
marriage and the present spouse had a well-founded belief
fact may as well be assumed since the problem states that
that the absent spouse is already dead. (Republic v. Nolasco,
she married a Canadian shortly after obtaining the divorce.
G.R. No. 94053, March 17, 1993)
Hence, Virgillo can marry again under Philippine law,
pursuant to Art. 26. FC which applies because Flor was
already an alien at the time of the divorce.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
d) Explain the respective filiation of James, John and

Verna. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Marriage; Divorce Decrees; Filipino Spouses becoming

James, John and Verna are illegitimate children since theirAlien (1999)
parents are not validly married. Under Article 165 of the Ben and Eva were both Filipino citizens at the time of their
Family Code, children conceived and born outside a valid marriage in 1967, When their marriage turned sour, Ben
marriage are illegitimate, unless otherwise provided in this
went to a small country in Europe, got himself naturalized
Code.
there, and then divorced Eva in accordance with the law of
that country, Later, he returned to the Philippines with his
new wife.
e)Who are the heirs of Sonny? Explain. (2%)
Eva now wants to know what action or actions she can file
Suggested answer:
against Ben. She also wants to know if she can likewise
Sonny's heirs include James, John, and Lulu. Article 887 of
marry again. What advice can you give her? {5%)
the Civil Code provides that the compulsory heirs of the
deceased are among others, his widow and his illegitimate
children. The widow referred to in Article 887 is the legalSUGGESTED ANSWER:
Considering that Art. 26(2nd par.) contemplates a divorce
wife of the deceased. Lulu is still a compulsory heir of
between a foreigner and a Filipino, who had such respective
Sonny because the divorce obtained by Sonny in Canada
nationalities at the time of their marriage, the divorce in
cannot be recognized in the Philippines. The legitime of
Europe will not capacitate the Filipino wife to remarry. The
each illegitimate child shall consist of one-half of the
advice we can give her is either to file a petition for legal
legitime of a legitimate child. (Art. 176, Family Code)
separation, on the ground of sexual infidelity and of
contracting a bigamous marriage abroad, or to file a petition
to dissolve the conjugal partnership or absolute community
Marriage; Divorce Decrees; Filipino Spouses becoming
of property as the case maybe.
Alien (1996)
Page 27 of 119
the marriage, the conclusion is that Digna's father may

Eva may file an action for legal separation on the groundsrevoke the donation and get back the car.
of sexual infidelity of her husband and the contracting by
her husband of a bigamous marriage abroad.
Marriage; Grounds; Declaration of Nullity: Annulment:
Legal Separation: Separation of Property (2003)
Which of the following remedies, i.e., (a) declaration of
She may remarry. While a strict interpretation of Article 26
of the Family Code would capacitate a Filipino spouse to nullity of marriage, (b) annulment of marriage, (c) legal
separation, and/or (d) separation of property, can an
remarry only when the other spouse was a foreigner at the
aggrieved spouse avail himself/herself oftime of the marriage, the DOJ has issued an opinion
(Opinion 134 s. of 1993) that the same injustice sought to (i)If the wife discovers after the marriage that her
be cured by Article 26 is present in the case of spouses who husband has AIDS.
(ii) If the wife goes (to) abroad to work as a nurse and
were both Filipino at the time of the marriage but one
became an alien subsequently. Said injustice is the anomaly refuses to come home after the expiration of her
three-year contract there.
of Eva remaining married to her husband who is no longer
(iii) If the husband discovers after the marriage that his
married to her. Hence, said Opinion makes Article 26
wife has been a prostitute before they got married.
applicable to her case and the divorce obtained abroad by
(iv) If the husband has a serious affair with his secretary
her former Filipino husband would capacitate her to
and refuses to stop notwithstanding advice from
remarry. To contract a subsequent marriage, all she needs
relatives and friends.
to
(v) If the husband beats up his wife every time he
do is present to the civil registrar the decree of divorce
comes home drunk. 5%
when she applies for a marriage license under Article 13 of
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Marriage; Donations by Reason of Marriage; Effect of

(i)Since AIDS is a serious and incurable sexuallyDeclaration of Nullity (1996)
transmissible disease, the wife may file an action for
1) On the occasion of Digna's marriage to George, her
annulment of the marriage on this ground whether such fact
father gave her a donation propter nuptias of a car.
was concealed or not from the wife, provided that the
Subsequently, the marriage was annulled because of the disease was present at the time of the marriage. The
psychological immaturity of George.
marriage is voidable even though the husband was not
May Digna's father revoke the donation and get back the aware that he had the disease at the time of marriage.
car? Explain.
(ii)If the wife refuses to come home for three (3)
No, Digna's father may not revoke the donation because months from the expiration of her contract, she is
Digna was not in bad faith, applying Art. 86(3) of the
presumed to have abandoned the husband and he may file
Family Code.
an action for judicial separation of property. If the refusal
continues for more than one year from the expiration of her
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
a) Yes, the donation is revocable. Since the ground for thecontract, the husband may file the action for legal
annulment of the marriage is the psychological immaturity
separation under Art. 55 (10) of the Family Code on the
of George, the judgment was in the nature of a declaration
ground of abandonment of petitioner by respondent
of nullity under Art. 36 of the FC and, therefore, the
without justifiable cause for more than one year. The wife is
donation may be revoked under Art. 86( 1) of the FC for deemed to have abandoned the husband when she leaves
the reason that the marriage has been judicially declared the conjugal dwelling without any intention of returning
void ab initio.
(Article 101, FC). The intention not to return cannot be
presumed during the 30year period of her contract.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
b) No, the donation cannot be revoked. The law provides

that a donation by reason of marriage may be revoked by
the donor if among other cases, the marriage is judicially (iii)If the husband discovers after the marriage that his
declared void ab initio [par. (1) Art. 86. Family Code], or wife was a prostitute before they got married, he has no
when the marriage is annulled and the donee acted in badremedy. No misrepresentation or deceit as to character,
faith [par. (3), Id.]. Since the problem states that the
health, rank, fortune or chastity shall constitute fraud as
marriage was annulled and there is no intimation of bad legal ground for an action for the annulment of marriage
faith on the part of the donee Digna, the conclusion is that(Article 46 FC).
the donor cannot revoke the donation.
(iv)The wife may file an action for legal separation.
c) Yes, the donation can be revoked. The ground used in The husbands sexual infidelity is a ground for legal
9Article 55, FC). She may also file an action for
dissolving the marriage was the psychological immaturityseparation
of
George, which is not a ground for annulment of marriage.judicial separation of property for failure of her husband to
comply with his martial duty of fidelity (Article 135 (4), 101,
If this term is equated with psychological incapacity as used
FC).
in Art. 36 of the Family Code, then it is a ground for
declaration of nullity of the marriage. Consequently, par. (1)
of Art. 86, FC, is the applicable law. Since Art. 86 of the FC
makes no qualification as to who furnished the ground or (v)The wife may file an action for legal separation on
the ground of repeated physical violence on her person
who was in bad faith in connection with the nullification of
(Article 55 (1), FC). She may also file an action for judicial
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 28 of 119
separation of property for failure of the husband to complySaudi Arabia to work. There, after being converted into
with his marital duty of mutual respect (Article 135 (4), Islam, Ariel married Mystica, Rosa learned of the second
Article 101, FC). She may also file an action for declaration
marriage of Ariel on January 1, 1992 when Ariel returned to
of nullity of the marriage if the husbands behavior
the Philippines with Mystica. Rosa filed an action for legal
constitute psychological incapacity existing at the time ofseparation on February 5, 1994,
the celebration of marriage.
1) Does Rosa have legal grounds to ask for legal separation?
2) Has the action prescribed?
Marriage; Grounds; Nullity; Annulment; Legal Separation SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1) a) Yes, the abandonment of Rosa by Ariel for more than
(1997)
one (1) year is a ground for legal separation unless upon
Under what conditions, respectively, may drug addiction be
returning to the Philippines, Rosa agrees to cohabit with
a ground, if at all, (a) for a declaration of nullity of
Ariel which is allowed under the Muslim Code. In this case,
marriage,
(b) for an annulment of the marriage contract, and (c) for there is condonation.
b) Yes. The contracting of a subsequent bigamous marriage
legal separation between the spouses?
whether in the Philippines or abroad is a ground for legal
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Declaration of nullity of marriage:
separation under Article 55(7) of the Family Code. Whether
1) The drug addiction must amount to psychological
the second marriage is valid or not, Ariel having converted
incapacity to comply with the essential obligations into Islam, is immaterial.
of marriage;
2) It must be antecedent (existing at the time of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
marriage), grave and incurable:
2) No.Under Article 57 of the Family Code, the
3) The case must be filed before August 1, 1998.
aggrieved spouse must file the action within five (5) years
Because if they got married before August 3, 1998, from the occurrence of the cause. The subsequent marriage
it must be filed before August 1, 1998.
of Ariel could not have occurred earlier than 1990, the time
he went to Saudi Arabia. Hence, Rosa has until 1995 to
bring the action under the Family Code.
(b) Annulment of the Marriage Contract:
1) The drug addiction must be concealed;
Marriage; Legal Separation; Mutual guilt (2006)
2) It must exist at the time of marriage;
Saul, a married man, had an adulterous relation with Tessie.
3) There should be no cohabitation with full
In one of the trysts, Saul's wife, Cecile, caught them in
knowledge of the drug addiction;
flagrante. Armed with a gun, Cecile shot Saul in a fit of
4) The case is filed within five (5) years from
extreme jealousy, nearly killing him. Four (4) years after the
discovery.
incident, Saul filed an action for legal separation against
Cecile on the ground that she attempted to kill him.
(c) Legal Separation;
1) There should be no condonation or consent to the (1) If you were Saul's counsel, how will you argue his
case? (2.5%)
drug addiction;
2) The action must be filed within five (5) years from SUGGESTED ANSWER:
As the counsel of Saul, I will argue that an attempt by the
the occurrence of the cause.
3) Drug addiction arises during the marriage and not wife against the life of the husband is one of the grounds
enumerated by the Family Code for legal separation and
at the time of marriage.
there is no need for criminal conviction for the ground to
be invoked (Art. 55, par. 9, Family Code).
Marriage; Legal Separation; Declaration of Nullity (2002)
If drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, lesbianism or
(2) If you were the lawyer of Cecile, what will be your
homosexuality should occur only during the marriage,
defense? (2.5%)
would this constitute grounds for a declaration of nullity or
for legal separation, or would they render the marriage SUGGESTED ANSWER:
As the counsel of Cecile, I will invoke the adultery of Saul.
voidable? (1%).
Mutual guilt is a ground for the dismissal of an action for
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
legal separation (Art. 56, par. 4, Family Code). The rule is
In accordance with law, if drug addiction, habitual
anchored on a well-established principle that one must
alcoholism, lesbianism or homosexuality should occur onlycome to court with clean hands.
during the marriage, they:
a) Will not constitute as ground for declaration of nullity
(3) If you were the judge, how will you decide the
(Art. 36, Family Code);
b) Will constitute as grounds for legal separation (Art. 56,case? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
FC) and
c) will not constitute as grounds to render the marriage If I were the judge, I will dismiss the action on the ground
of mutual guilt of the parties. The Philippine Constitution
voidable (Art.45and 46, FC)
protects marriage as an inviolable social institution (Art.
XV, Sec. 2, 1987 Constitution). An action for legal
Marriage; Legal Separation; Grounds; Prescriptive Period separation involves public interest and no such decree
should be issued if any legal obstacle thereto appears on
(1994)
record. This is in line with the policy that in case of doubt,
Rosa and Ariel were married in the Catholic Church of
Tarlac, Tarlac on January 5. 1988. In 1990, Ariel went to
Page 29 of 119
the court shall uphold the validity and sanctity of marriage

the preceding Article, only the properties acquired by both
of the parties through their actual joint contribution of
(Brown v. Yambao, G.R. No. L-10699, October 18, 1957).
money, property, or industry shall be owned by them in
common in proportion to their respective contributions. In
Marriage; Non-Bigamous Marriages (2006)
the absence, of proof to the contrary, their contributions
Marvin, a Filipino, and Shelley, an American, both residents
of California, decided to get married in their local parish. and corresponding shares are presumed to be equal. The
Two years after their marriage, Shelley obtained a divorcesame rule and presumption shall apply to joint deposits of
money and evidences of credit.
in
California. While in Boracay, Marvin met Manel, a Filipina,
who was vacationing there. Marvin fell in love with her.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
After a brief courtship and complying with all the
C.It should be distinguished when the property was
requirements, they got married in Hongkong to avoid
acquired.
publicity, it being Marvin's second marriage. Is his marriage
If it was acquired before Mary's death, the estate
to Manel valid? Explain. (5%)
of Mary is entitled to 1/2 of the share of James.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
If it was acquired after Mary's death, there will
Yes. The marriage will not fall under Art. 35(4) of the
be no share at all for the estate of Mary.
Family Code on bigamous marriages, provided that Shelley
obtained an absolute divorce, capacitating her to remarry
under her national law. Consequently, the marriage between
Marriage; Psychological Incapacity (1996)
Marvin and Manel may be valid as long as it was solemnized
On April 15, 1983, Jose, an engineer, and Marina, a nurse,
and valid in accordance with the laws of Hongkong [Art. 26,
were married to each other in a civil ceremony in Boac.
paragraphs 1 and 2, Family Code].
Marinduque. Six months after their marriage, Jose was
employed in an oil refinery in Saudi Arabia for a period of
three years. When he returned to the Philippines, Marina
Marriage; Property Relations; Void Marriages (1991)
In June 1985, James married Mary. In September 1988, hewas no longer living in their house, but in Zamboanga City,
working in a hospital. He asked her to come home, but she
also married Ophelia with whom he begot two (2) children,
A and B. In July 1989, Mary died. In July 1990, he marriedrefused to do so, unless he agreed not to work overseas
Shirley and abandoned Ophelia, During their union. Jamesanymore because she cannot stand living alone. He could
and Ophelia acquired a residential lot worth P300,000.00.not agree as in fact, he had signed another three year
contract. When he returned in 1989, he could not locate
Marina anymore. In 1992, Jose filed an action served by
Ophelia sues James for bigamy and prays that his marriage
publication in a newspaper of general circulation. Marina
with Shirley be declared null and void. James, on the other
did not file any answer, a possible collusion between the
hand, claims that since his marriage to Ophelia was
parties was ruled out by the Public Prosecutor. Trial was
contracted during the existence of his marriage with Mary,
conducted and Marina neither appeared nor presented
the former is not binding upon him, the same being void ab
evidence in her favor.
initio he further claims that his marriage to Shirley is valid
If you were the judge, will you grant the annulment.
and binding as he was already legally capacitated at the Explain.
time
he married her.
a) Is the contention of James correct?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b) What property Relations governed the union of James As judge, I will not grant the annulment. The facts do not
and Ophelia?
show any taint of personality disorder on the part of the
c) Is the estate of Mary entitled to a share in the
wife Marina so as to lend substance to her husband's
averment of psychological incapacity within the meaning of
Art 36 of the Family Code. In Santos vs. CA (240 SCRA 20),
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A. Yes. His marriage to Ophelia is void ab initio because ofthis particular ground for nullity of marriage was held to be
limited only to the most serious cases of personality
his subsisting prior marriage to Mary. His marriage to
disorders (clearly demonstrative of utter sensitivity or
Shirley, after Mary's death, is valid and binding.
inability to give meaning and significance to the marriage.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Marina's refusal to come home to her husband unless he
A. No. The contention of James is not correct.
not to work overseas, far from being indicative of an
Art. 40, Family Code, provides that the "absolute nullity ofagreed
a
insensitivity
to the meaning of marriage, or of a personality
previous marriage may be invoked for purposes of
disorder, actually shows a sensitive awareness on her part
remarriage on the basis solely of a final judgment declaring
of
such previous marriage void." It can be said, therefore, that
the marriage of James to Shirley is void since his previousthe marital duty to live together as husband and wife. Mere
marriage to Ophelia, although itself void, had not yet beenrefusal to rejoin her husband when he did not accept the
condition imposed by her does not furnish any basis for
judicially declared void,
concluding that she was suffering from psychological
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
A. No. The contention of James is not correct. He

cannot set up as a defense his own criminal act or
wrongdoingSUGGESTED ANSWER:
Mere intention to live apart does not fall under Art. 36, FC.
Furthermore, there is no proof that the alleged
psychological incapacity existed at the time of the marriage.
B. The provisions of Art 148 of the Family Code, shall

govern: Art. 148. In cases of cohabitation not falling under
Page 30 of 119

ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Gemma filed a petition for the declaration of nullity of herNone of them are necessarily psychologically incapacitated.
Being a nagger, etc. are at best only physical manifestations
marriage with Arnell on the ground of psychological
indicative of psychological incapacity. More than just
incapacity. She alleged that after 2 months of their
showing the manifestations of incapacity, the petitioner
marriage,
must show that the respondent is incapacitated to comply
Arnell showed signs of disinterest in her, neglected her and
went abroad. He returned to the Philippines after 3 years with the essential marital obligations of marriage and that it
but did not even get in touch with her. Worse, they met is also essential that he must be shown to be incapable of
doing so due to some psychological, not physical illness
several times in social functions but he snubbed her. When
she got sick, he did not visit her even if he knew of her
(Republic v. Quintero-Hamano, G.R. No. 149498, May 20,
confinement in the hospital. Meanwhile, Arnell met an
accident which disabled him from reporting for work and 2004).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
earning a living to support himself.
A congenital sexual pervert may be psychologically
Will Gemma's suit prosper? Explain. (5%)
incapaciSUGGESTED ANSWER:
tated if his perversion incapacitates him from discharging
No, Gemma's suit will not prosper. Even if taken as true, his marital obligations. For instance, if his perversion is of
the grounds, singly or collectively, do not constitute
such a nature as to preclude any normal sexual activity with
"psychological incapacity." In Santos v. CA, G.R. No. 112019,
January 4, 1995, the Supreme Court clearly explained that
Marriage; Requisites (1995)
"psychological incapacity must be characterized by (a)
Isidro and Irma, Filipinos, both 18 years of age, were
gravity, (b) juridical antecedence, and (c) incurability"
passengers of Flight No. 317 of Oriental Airlines. The plane
(Ferraris v. Ferraris, G.R. No. 162368, July 17, 2006; Choa v.
they boarded was of Philippine registry. While en route
Choa, G.R. No. 143376, November 26, 2002). The illness
from Manila to Greece some passengers hijacked the plane,
must be shown as downright incapacity or inability to
held the chief pilot hostage at the cockpit and ordered him
perform one's marital obligations, not a mere refusal,
to fly instead to Libya. During the hijacking Isidro suffered
neglect, difficulty or much less, ill will. Moreover, as ruledain
heart attack and was on the verge of death. Since Irma
Republic v. Molina, GR No. 108763, February 13, 1997, it is was
essential that the husband is capable of meeting his marital
already eight months pregnant by Isidro, she pleaded to the
responsibilities due to psychological and not physical illness
hijackers to allow the assistant pilot to solemnize her
(Antonio v. Reyes, G.R. No. 155800, March 10, 2006; Republic marriage with Isidro. Soon after the marriage, Isidro
expired. As the plane landed in Libya Irma gave birth.
v. Quintero-Hamano, G.R. No. 149498, May 20, 2004).
However, the baby died a few minutes after complete
Furthermore, the condition complained of did not exist at
delivery.
the time of the celebration of marriage.
Back in the Philippines Irma immediately filed a claim for
inheritance. The parents of Isidro opposed her claim
contending that the marriage between her and Isidro was
Article 36 of the Family Code provides that a marriage
void ab initio on the following grounds: (a) they had not
contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration,
given their consent to the marriage of their son; (b) there
was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the
was no marriage license; (c) the solemnizing officer had no
essential marital obligations of marriage, shall be void. authority to perform the marriage; and, (d) the solemnizing
Choose the spouse listed below who is psychologically
officer did not file an affidavit of marriage with the proper
incapacitated. Explain. (2.5%)
civil registrar.
a) Nagger
1. Resolve each of the contentions ([a] to [d]) raised by the
b) Gay or Lesbian
c) Congenital sexual pervert
d) Gambler
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
e) Alcoholic
1. (a) The fact that the parents of Isidro and of Irma did
SUGGESTED ANSWER: The best answers are B and C. To
not give their consent to the marriage did not make the
be sure, the existence and concealment of these conditions
marriage void ab initio. The marriage is merely voidable
at the inception of marriage renders the marriage contract
voidable (Art. 46, Family Code). They may serve as indiciaunder Art 45 of the FC.
of psychological incapacity, depending on the degree and
severity of the disorder (Santos v. CA, G.R. No. 112019, Jan. (b) Absence of marriage license did not make the marriage
4, 1995). Hence, if the condition of homosexuality,
void ab initio. Since the marriage was solemnized in articulo
lesbianism or sexual perversion, existing at the inception mortis,
of
it was exempt from the license requirement under
the marriage, is of such a degree as to prevent any form of
Art. 31 of the FC.
sexual intimacy, any of them may qualify as a ground for
psychological incapacity. The law provides that the husband
and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love,(c) On the assumption that the assistant pilot was acting for
respect and fidelity (Art. 68, Family Code). The mandate isand in behalf of the airplane chief who was under disability,
actually the spontaneous, mutual affection between the and by reason of the extraordinary and exceptional
spouses. In the natural order it is sexual intimacy which circumstances of the case [ie. hostage situation), the
brings the spouses wholeness and oneness (Chi Ming Tsoi marriage was solemnized by an authorized officer under
Art. 7 (3) and Art. 31. of the FC.
v. CA, G.R. No. 119190, January 16,1997).
Page 31 of 119
(d) Failure of the solemnizing officer to file the affidavit ofALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
marriage did not affect the validity of the marriage. It is If the two Filipinos believed in good faith that the Notary
merely an irregularity which may subject the solemnizingPublic is authorized to solemnize marriage, then the
marriage is valid.
officer to sanctions.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Considering that the solemnizing officer has no authority SUGGESTED

to
ANSWER:
(e) Under the Local Government Code, a town mayor may
perform the marriage because under Art. 7 the law
authorizes only the airplane chief, the marriage is void, validly solemnize a marriage but said law is silent as to the
territorial limits for the exercise by a town mayor of such
hence, a, c, and d are immaterial.
authority.However, by analogy, with the authority of
members of the Judiciary to solemnize a marriage, it would
Marriage; Requisites (1999)
seem that the mayor did not have the requisite authority to
What is the status of the following marriages and why? solemnize a marriage outside of his territorial jurisdiction.
(a) A marriage between two 19-year olds without parentalHence, the marriage is void, unless it was contracted with
consent, (2%)
either or both parties believing in good faith that the mayor
(b) A marriage between two 21-year olds without parentalhad the legal authority to solemnize this particular marriage
advice. (2%)
(Art 35, par 2 Family Code).
(c) A marriage between two Filipino first cousins in
Spain where such marriage is valid. (2%)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
(d) A marriage between two Filipinos in Hongkong
The marriage is valid. Under the Local Government Code,
before a notary public. (2%)
the authority of a mayor to solemnize marriages is not
(e) A marriage solemnized by a town mayor three towns
restricted within his municipality implying that he has the
away from his jurisdiction, (2%)
authority even outside the territory thereof. Hence, the
marriage he solemnized outside his municipality is valid.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
And even assuming that his authority is restricted within his
(a) The marriage is voidable. The consent of the parties tomunicipality, such marriage will nevertheless, be valid
the marriage was defective. Being below 21 years old, thebecause solemnizing the marriage outside said municipality
consent of the parties is not full without the consent of their
is a mere irregularity applying by analogy the case of
parents. The consent of the parents of the parties to the Navarro v Domagtoy, 259 Scra 129. In this case, the Supreme
marriage is indispensable for its validity.
Court held that the celebration by a judge of a marriage
outside the jurisdiction of his court is a mere irregularity
that did not affect the validity of the marriage
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) Between 21-year olds, the marriage is valid despite notwithstanding Article 7 of the Family Code which
the absence of parental advice, because such absence is provides that an incumbent member of the judiciary is
merely an irregularity affecting a formal requisite i.e., theauthorized to solemnize marriages only within the courts
jurisdiction.
marriage license and does not affect the validity of the
marriage itself. This is without prejudice to the civil,
criminal, or administrative liability of the party responsible
therefor.
Marriage; Requisites; Marriage License (1996)
On Valentine's Day 1996, Ellas and Fely, both single and 25
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
years of age, went to the city hall where they sought out a
(c)By reason of public policy, the marriage between
fixer to help them obtain a quickie marriage. For a fee, the
Filipino first cousins is void [Art. 38, par. (1), Family Code],
fixer produced an ante-dated marriage license for them,
and the fact that it is considered a valid marriage in a
Issued by the Civil Registrar of a small remote municipality.
foreign
He then brought them to a licensed minister in a restaurant
country in this case, Spain does not validate it, being anbehind the city hall, and the latter solemnized their
exception to the general rule in Art. 96 of said Code whichmarriage
accords validity to all marriage solemnized outside the right there and then.
1)Is their marriage valid, void or voidable? Explain.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER
The marriage it void. Under Article 96 of the Family Code,SUGGESTED ANSWER:

The marriage is valid. The irregularity in the issuance of a
a marriage valid where celebrated is valid in the Philippines
except those marriages enumerated in said Article which valid license does not adversely affect the validity of the
marriage. The marriage license is valid because it was in
marriages will remain void even though valid where
solemnized. The marriage between first cousins is one of fact
those marriages enumerated therein, hence, it is void even
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
It depends. If both or one of the parties was a member of
though valid in Spain where it was celebrated.
the religious sect of the solemnizing officer, the marriage is
valid. If none of the parties is a member of the sect and
By reason of Art. 15 in relation to Article 38 of the Civil both of them were aware of the fact, the marriage is void.
Code, which applies to Filipinos wherever they are, the They cannot claim good faith in believing that the
marriage is void.
solemnizing officer was authorized because the scope of the
authority of the solemnizing officer is a matter of law. If,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(d) It depends. If the marriage before the notary public is however, one of the parties believed in good faith that the
valid under Hongkong Law, the marriage is valid in the other was a member of the sect, then the marriage is valid
Philippines. Otherwise, the marriage that is invalid in
Hongkong will be invalid in the Philippines.
Page 32 of 119
under Article 35 (2), FC. In that case, the party in good faith
This is different from the case of Ninl V. Bayadog, (328
is acting under a mistake of fact, not a mistake of law,
SCRA 122 [2000]). In the said case, the situation occurred
during the Relations of the new Civil Code where Article 76
thereof clearly provides that during the five-year
2) Would your answer be the same if it should turn out that
cohabitation, the parties must be unmarried. This is not so
the marriage license was spurious? Explain.
anymore in the Family Code. The Change in the Family
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Code is significant. If the second marriage occurred before
No, the answer would not be the same. The marriage would
the effectivity of the Family Code, the answer would that be
be void because of the absence of a formal requisite. In
that the marriage is void.
such a case, there was actually no valid marriage license.
Marriage; Requisites; Marriage License (2002)
B. Does Sotero have the personality to seek the declaration
On May 1, 1978 Facundo married Petra, by whom he had of
a nullity of the marriage, especially now that Facundo is
son Sotero. Petra died on July 1, 1996, while Facundo diedalready deceased? Explain. (3%)
on January 1, 2002. Before his demise, Facundo had
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
married, on July 1, 2002, Quercia. Having lived together as
B. A void marriage may be questioned by any interested
husband and wife since July 1, 1990, Facundo and Querciaparty in any proceeding where the resolution of the issue is
did not secure a marriage license but executed the requisite
material. Being a compulsory heir, Soterro has the
affidavit for the purpose.
personality to question the validity of the marriage of
To ensure that his inheritance rights are not adversely
Facundo and Quercia. Otherwise, his participation in the
affected by his father second marriage, Sotero now bringsestate
a
on Facundo would be affected. (Ninl V. Bayadog,
suit to seek a declaration of the nullity of the marriage of
Facundo and Quercia, grounded on the absence of a valid328 SCRA 122 [2000] ).
marriage license. Quercia contends that there was no need
for a marriage license in view for her having lived
Marriage; Requisites; Solemnizing Officers (1994)
continuously with Facundo for five years before their
1} The complete publication of the Family Code was made
marriage and that has Sotero has no legal personality to on August 4, 1987. On September 4, 1987, Junior Cruz and
seek
Gemma Reyes were married before a municipal mayor. Was
a declaration of nullity of the marriage since Facundo is now
the marriage valid?
deceased.
2) Suppose the couple got married on September 1, 1994 at
A.Is the marriage of Facundo and Quercia valid,
the Manila Hotel before the Philippine Consul General to
Hongkong, who was on vacation in Manila. The couple
executed an affidavit consenting to the celebration of the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
marriage at the Manila Hotel. Is the marriage valid?
A.The marriage with Quercia is void. The exemption
from the requirement of a marriage license under Art, 34,SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Family Code, requires that the man and woman must have1) a) Yes, the marriage is valid. The Family Code took
lived together as husband and wife for at least five years effect on August 3, 1988. At the time of the marriage on
and
September 4, 1987, municipal mayors were empowered to
without any legal impediment to marry each other duringsolemnize marriage under the Civil Code of 1950.
those five years. The cohabitation of Facundo and Quercia
for six years from 1990 to July 1, 1996 when Petra died was
2) a) The marriage is not valid. Consuls and vice-consuls
one with a legal impediment hence, not in compliance with
the requirement of law. On other hand, the cohabitation are empowered to solemnize marriages between Philippine
citizens abroad in the consular office of the foreign country
thereafter until the marriage on July 1, 2000, although free
to which they were assigned and have no power to
from legal impediment, did not meet the 5-year cohabitation
solemnize marriage on Philippine soil.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The marriage of Facundo and Quercia is VALID. The

b) A Philippine consul is authorized by law to solemnize
second marriage was solemnized on July 1, 2000, when the
marriages abroad between Filipino citizens. He has no
Family code was already affective. The family code took authority to solemnize a marriage in the Philippines.
effect on August 3, 1988. Under the Family Code, no
Consequently, the marriage in question is void, unless either
marriage license is required if the parties have been
or both of the contracting parties believed in good faith that
cohabiting for the period of five years and there is no legal
the consul general had authority to solemnize their
impediment. There must no legal impediment ONLY AT
marriage
THE TIME OF THE SOLEMNIZATION OF THE
MARRIAGE, and not the whole five years period. This is
Marriage; Requisites; Void Marriage (1993)
clearly the intent of the code framers (see Minutes of the A and B, both 18 years old, were sweethearts studying in
150th joint Civil Code of the Family Law Committees held on Manila. On August 3, 1988, while in first year college, they
August 9, 1986). Also, in Manzano V. Sanchez, AM NO. MT
eloped. They stayed in the house of a mutual friend in town
00-129, March 8, 2001, the Supreme Court said that, as one
X, where they were able to obtain a marriage license. On
of the requisites for the exception to apply, there must be August 30, 1988, their marriage was solemnized by the
town
no legal impediment at the time of the marriage. The
mayor of X in his office. Thereafter, they returned to Manila
Supreme Court did not say that the legal impediment must
and continued to live separately in their respective boarding
exist all throughout the five-year period.
houses, concealing from their parents, who were living in
the province what they had done. In 1992, after graduation
Page 33 of 119
from college, A and B decided to break their relation and Philippine Law, his marriage to Anne is void because of a
parted ways. Both went home to their respective towns toprior existing marriage which was not dissolved by the
live and work.
divorce decreed in Oslo. Divorce obtained abroad by a
1) Was the marriage of A and B solemnized on August 30,Filipino is not recognized.
1988 by the town mayor of X in his office a valid marriage?
If Boni was no longer a Filipino citizen, the divorce is valid.
2) Can either or both of them contract marriage with
Hence, his marriage to Anne is valid if celebrated in
another person without committing bigamy? Explain your
accordance with the law of the place where it was
answer.
celebrated. Since the marriage was celebrated aboard a
vessel of Norwegian registry, Norwegian law applies. If the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Ship Captain has authority to solemnize the marriage
1) The marriage of A and B is void because the solemnizing
aboard
officer had no legal authority to solemnize the marriage. But
his ship, the marriage is valid and shall be recognized in the
if either or both parties believed in good faith that the
solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so, the
marriage is voidable because the marriage between the
As to the second question, if Boni is still a Filipino, Anne
parties, both below 21 years of age, was solemnized without
can file an action for declaration of nullity of her marriage
the consent of the parents. (Art. 35, par. (2) and Art. 45 par.
to him.
(1), Family Code)
Marriage; Void Marriages (2006)
2) Either or both of the parties cannot contract marriage in
Gigi and Ric, Catholics, got married when they were 18
the Philippines with another person without committing years old. Their marriage was solemnized on August 2, 1989
bigamy, unless there is compliance with the requirementsby
of Ric's uncle, a Baptist Minister, in Calamba, Laguna. He
Article 52 Family Code, namely: there must be a judgmentoverlooked the fact that his license to solemnize marriage
of annulment or absolute nullity of the marriage, partitionexpired the month before and that the parties do not belong
and distribution of the properties of the spouses and the to his congregation. After 5 years of married life and
delivery of their children's presumptive legitimes, which blessed
shall be recorded in the appropriate Civil Registry and
with 2 children, the spouses developed irreconcilable
Registry of Property, otherwise the same shall not affect differences, so they parted ways.
third persons and the subsequent marriage shall be null and
While separated, Ric fell in love with Juliet, a 16 year-old
void. (Arts. 52 and 53. Family Code)
sophomore in a local college and a Seventh-Day Adventist.
They decided to get married with the consent of Juliet's
parents. She presented to him a birth certificate showing
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
2) Yes, they can. The subsequent marriage contracted by she
one of the parties will not give rise to bigamy even in the is 18 years old. Ric never doubted her age much less the
absence of a court declaration of nullity of the first
authenticity of her birth certificate. They got married in a
marriage. The subsistence of a prior valid marriage is an
indispensable element of the crime of bigamy. The prior
(1) What is the status of the marriage between Gigi
court declaration of nullity of the first marriage is required
by the Family Code only for the purpose of the validity of and Ric valid, voidable or void? Explain. (2.5%)
the subsequent marriage, not as an element of the crime of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:Even if the Minister's license
bigamy.
expired, the marriage is valid if either or both Gigi and Ric
believed in good faith that he had the legal authority to
solemnize marriage. While the authority of the solemnizing
Marriage; Void Marriages (2004)
officer is a formal requisite of marriage, and at least one of
A. BONI and ANNE met while working overseas. They
the parties must belong to the solemnizing officer's church,
became sweethearts and got engaged to be married on New
the law provides that the good faith of the parties cures the
Years Eve aboard a cruise ship in the Caribbean. They defect in the lack of authority of the solemnizing officer
took the proper license to marry in New York City, where
there is a Filipino consulate. But as planned the wedding (Art. 35 par. 2, Family Code; Sempio-Diy, p. 34; Rabuya, The
ceremony was officiated by the captain of the Norwegian-Law on Persons and Family Relations, p. 208).
registered vessel in a private suite among selected friends.
The absence of parental consent despite their having
married at the age of 18 is deemed cured by their continued
cohabitation beyond the age of 21. At this point, their
Back in Manila, Anne discovered that Boni had been
marriage is valid (See Art. 45, Family Code).
married in Bacolod City 5 years earlier but divorced in Oslo
only last year. His first wife was also a Filipina but now
based in Sweden. Boni himself is a resident of Norway
(2) What is the status of the marriage between Ric
where he and Anne plan to live permanently.
and Juliet valid, voidable or void? (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER: The

marriage between Juliet and Ric
Anne retains your services to advise her on whether her is void. First of all, the marriage is a bigamous marriage not
marriage to Boni is valid under Philippine law? Is there falling under Article 41 [Art. 35(4)Family Code], A
anything else she should do under the circumstances? (5%)
subsisting marriage constitutes a legal impediment to remarriage. Secondly, Juliet is below eighteen years of age.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The marriage is void even if consented to by her parents
If Boni is still a Filipino citizen, his legal capacity is
governed by Philippine Law (Art. 15 Civil Code). Under
Page 34 of 119
[Art. 35(1), Family Code]. The fact that Ric was not awareUnder Article 213 of the Family Code, no child under 7
of her real age is immaterial.
years of age shall be separated from the mother unless the
court finds compelling reasons to order otherwise.
(3) Suppose Ric himself procured the falsified birth

certificate to persuade Juliet to marry him despite her
minority and assured her that everything is in order.
He did not divulge to her his prior marriage with Gigi.
What action, if any, can Juliet take against him?
Explain. (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:Juliet
(1) Explain the rationale of this provision. (2.5%)

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The rationale of the 2nd paragraph of Article 213 of the

Family Code is to avoid the tragedy of a mother who sees
her baby torn away from her. It is said that the maternal
affection and care during the early years of the child are
generally needed by the child more than paternal care
can file an action for the

(Hontiveros v. IAC, G.R. No. 64982, October 23, 1984;
declaration of nullity of the marriage on the ground that he
willfully caused loss or injury to her in a manner that is Tolentino, Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil
Code, Volume One, pp. 718-719). The general rule is that a
contrary to morals, good customs and public policy [Art. 21,
New Civil Code]. She may also bring criminal actions for child below 7 years old shall not be separated from his
seduction, falsification, illegal marriage and bigamy against
mother due to his basic need for her loving care (Espiritu v.
Ric.
C.A., G.R. No. 115640, March 15,1995).
(2) Give at least 3 examples of "compelling reasons"

(4) If you were the counsel for Gigi, what action/s will
which justify the taking away from the mother's
you take to enforce and protect her interests? Explain.
custody of her child under 7 years of age. (2.5%)
(2.5%)
I would
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
file an action to declare the

marriage between Juliet and Ric null and void ab initio and
for Ric's share in the co-ownership of that marriage to be
forfeited in favor and considered part of the absolute
community in the marriage between Gigi and Ric [Arts. 148
& 147, Family Code]. I would also file an action for
damages against Ric on the grounds that his acts constitute
an abuse of right and they are contrary to law and morals,
causing damages to Gigi (See Arts 19, 20, 21, New Civil
Code).
a.
The mother is insane (Sempio-Diy, Handbook on

the Family Code of the Philippines, pp. 296-297);
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
The mother is sick with a disease that is communicable and might endanger the health and life
of the child;
The mother has been maltreating the child;
The mother is engaged in prostitution;
The mother is engaged in adulterous relationship;
The mother is a drug addict;
The mother is a habitual drunk or an alcoholic;
The mother is in jail or serving sentence.
Marriage; Void Marriages; Psychological Incapacity (2002) Parental Authority; Special Parental Authority; Liability of
A.Give a brief definition or explanation of the term
Teachers (2003)
psychological incapacity as a ground for the declarationIfofduring class hours, while the teacher was chatting with
nullity of a marriage. (2%)
other teachers in the school corridor, a 7 year old male pupil
B.If existing at the inception of marriage, would the
stabs the eye of another boy with a ball pen during a fight,
state of being of unsound mind or the concealment of drug
causing permanent blindness to the victim, who could be
addiction, habitual alcoholism, homosexuality or lesbianism
liable for damages for the boys injury: the teacher, the
be considered indicia of psychological incapacity? Explain.
school authorities, or the guilty boys parents? Explain.
(2%).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The school, its administrators, and teachers have special

A. PSYCHOLOGICAL INCAPACITY is a mental
parental authority and responsibility over the minor child
disorder of the most serious type showing the incapabilitywhile under their supervision, instruction or custody (Article
of one or both spouses to comply the essential marital
218, FC). They are principally and solidarily liable for the
obligations of love, respect, cohabitation, mutual help anddamages caused by the acts or omissions of the
support, trust and commitment. It must be characterized unemancipated
by
minor unless they exercised the proper
Juridical antecedence, gravity and incurability and its rootdiligence required under the circumstances (Article 219,
causes must be clinically identified or examined. (Santos v.FC). In the problem, the TEACHER and the SCHOOL
AUTHORITIES are liable for the blindness of the victim,
CA, 240 SCRA 20 [1995]).
because the student who cause it was under their special
parental authority and they were negligent. They were
B. In the case of Santos v. Court of Appeals, 240 SCRA 20
negligent because they were chatting in the corridor during
(1995), the Supreme Court held that being of unsound mind,
the class period when the stabbing incident occurred. The
drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, lesbianism or
incident could have been prevented had the teacher been
homosexuality may be indicia of psychological incapacity, inside the classroom at that time. The guilty boys
depending on the degree of severity of the disorder.
PARENTS are subsidiarily liable under Article 219 of the
However, the concealment of drug addiction, habitual
Family Code.
alcoholism, lesbianism or homosexuality is a ground of
annulment of marriage.
Parental Authority; Child under 7 years of age (2006)
Parental Authority; Substitute vs. Special (2004)
Page 35 of 119
Distinguish briefly but clearly between: Substitute parental

sperm. After a series of test, Andy's sperm was medically
authority and special parental authority.
introduced into Beth's ovary. She became pregnant and 9
months later, gave birth to a baby boy, named Alvin.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In substitute parental authority, the parents lose their
(1) Who is the Father of Alvin? Explain. (2.5%)
parental authority in favor of the substitute who acquires SUGGESTED
it
ANSWER:
to the exclusion of the parents.
Andy is the biological father of Alvin being the source of
the sperm. Andy is the legal father of Alvin because there
was neither consent nor ratification to the artificial
In special parental authority, the parents or anyone
insemination. Under the law, children conceived by artificial
exercising parental authority does not lose parental
authority. Those who are charged with special parental insemination are legitimate children of the spouses,
provided, that both of them authorized or ratified the
authority exercise such authority only during the time that
insemination in a written instrument executed and signed
the child is in their custody or supervision.
by
both of them before the birth of the child (Art. 164, Family
Substitute parental authority displaces parental authority
while special parental authority concurs with parental
authority.
(2) What are the requirements, if any, in order for Ed
to establish his paternity over Alvin. (2.5%)

Paternity & Filiation (1999)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The following are the requirements for Ed to establish his
(a) Two (2) months after the death of her husband who was
shot by unknown criminal elements on his way home frompaternity over Alvin:
a.The artificial insemination has been authorized or
office, Rose married her childhood boyfriend, and seven (7)
ratified by the spouses in a written instrument
months after said marriage, she delivered a baby. In the
absence of any evidence from Rose as to who is her child's executed and signed by them before the birth of the
father, what status does the law give to said child? Explain. child; and
b.The written instrument is recorded in the civil registry
(2%)
together with the birth certificate of the child (Art.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
164, 2nd paragraph, Family Code).
(a) The child is legitimate of the second marriage under
Article 168(2) of the Family Code which provides that a
"child born after one hundred eighty days following the Paternity & Filiation; Common-Law Union (2004)
celebration of the subsequent marriage is considered to A. RN and DM, without any impediment to marry each
have been conceived during such marriage, even though it
other, had been living together without benefit of church
be born within three hundred days after the termination of
blessings. Their common-law union resulted in the birth of
the former marriage."
ZMN. Two years later, they got married in a civil
ceremony. Could ZMN be legitimated? Reason. (5%)
Paternity & Filiation; Proofs (1999)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) Nestor is the illegitimate son of Dr. Perez. When Dr. ZMN was legitimated by the subsequent marriage of RN
Perez died, Nestor intervened in the settlement of his
and DM because at the time he was conceived, RN and DM
father's estate, claiming that he is the illegitimate son of could have validly married each other. Under the Family
said
Code children conceived and born outside of wedlock of
deceased, but the legitimate family of Dr. Perez is denyingparents who, at the time of the former's conception, were
Nestor's claim. What evidence or evidences should Nestornot disqualified by any impediment to marry each other are
present so that he may receive his rightful share in his legitimated by the subsequent marriage of the parents.
father's estate? (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b)To be able to inherit, the illegitimate filiation of

Paternity & Filiation; Proofs; Limitations; Adopted Child
Nestor must have been admitted by his father in any of the
(1995)
following:
Abraham died intestate on 7 January 1994 survived by his
(1) the record of birth appearing in the civil register,
son Braulio. Abraham's older son Carlos died on 14
(2) a final judgment,
February 1990.
(3) a public document signed by the father, or
Danilo who claims to be an adulterous child of Carlos
(4) a private handwritten document signed by the lather intervenes in the proceedings for the settlement of the
(Article 17S in relation to Article 172 of the Family
estate of Abraham in representation of Carlos. Danilo was
Code).
legally adopted on 17 March 1970 by Carlos with the
consent of the " latter's wife.
1. Under the Family Code, how may an illegitimate filiation
Paternity & Filiation; Artificial Insemination; Formalities
be proved? Explain.
(2006)
2. As lawyer for Danilo, do you have to prove Danilo's
Ed and Beth have been married for 20 years without
illegitimate filiation? Explain.
children. Desirous to have a baby, they consulted Dr. Jun 3. Can Danilo inherit from Abraham in representation of
Canlas, a , prominent medical specialist on human fertility.
his father Carlos? Explain.
He advised Beth to undergo artificial insemination. It was
found that Eds sperm count was inadequate to induce
pregnancy Hence, the couple looked for a willing donor. SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Andy the brother of Ed, readily consented to donate his 1. Under Art. 172 in relation to Art. 173 andArt. 175 of the
FC, the filiation of illegitimate children may be established
Page 36 of 119
in the same way and by the same evidence as legitimate recognition of an illegitimate child can be brought at any
children. Art. 172 provides that the filiation of legitimate time during the lifetime of the child. However, if the action
children is established by any of the following: (1) the
is based on "open and continuous possession of the status
record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final
of an illegitimate child, the same can be filed during the
Judgment; or (2) an admission of legitimate filiation in a lifetime of the putative father."
public document or a private handwritten instrument and
signed by the parent concerned. In the absence of the
foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be provedIn the present case, the action for compulsory recognition
was filed by Joey's mother, Dina, on May 16,1994, after the
by: (1) the open and continuous possession of the status of
a legitimate child; or (2) any other means allowed by the death of Steve, the putative father. The action will prosper if
Joey can present his birth certificate that bears the
Rules of Court and special laws.
signature
of his putative father. However, the facts clearly state that
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. No. Since Danilo has already been adopted by Carlos, the birth certificate of Joey did not indicate the father's
name. A birth certificate not signed by the alleged father
he ceased to be an illegitimate child. An adopted child
be taken as a record of birth to prove recognition of
acquires all the rights of a legitimate child under Art, 189cannot
of
the child, nor can said birth certificate be taken as a
the FC.
recognition in a public instrument. (Reyes v. Court of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Appeals, G.R. No. 39537, March 19, 1985) Consequently, the
3. No, he cannot. Danilo cannot represent Carlos as the
latter's adopted child in the inheritance of Abraham because
adoption did not make Danilo a legitimate grandchild of
b)Are the defenses set up by Tintin tenable?
Abraham. Adoption is personal between Carlos and Danilo.
Explain. (2%)
He cannot also represent Carlos as the latter's illegitimate
child because in such case he is barred by Art. 992 of the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the defenses of Tintin are tenable. In Tayag v. Court of
NCC from inheriting from his illegitimate grandfather
Appeals (G.R. No. 95229, June 9,1992), a complaint to
Abraham.
compel recognition of an illegitimate child was brought
before effectivity of the Family Code by the mother of a
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
An adopted child's successional rights do not include the minor child based on "open and continuous possession of
right to represent his deceased adopter in the inheritancethe
of status of an illegitimate child." The Supreme Court held
the latter's legitimate parent, in view of Art. 973 which that the right of action of the minor child has been vested
provides that in order that representation may take place,by the filing of the complaint in court under the regime of
the representative must himself be capable of succeedingthe Civil Code and prior to the effectivity of the Family
the decedent. Adoption by itself did not render Danilo an Code. The ruling in Tayag v. Court of Appeals finds no
heir of the adopter's legitimate parent. Neither does his application in the instant case. Although the child was born
being a grandchild of Abraham render him an heir of the before the effectivity of the Family Code, the complaint was
after its effectivity. Hence, Article 175 of the Family
latter because as an illegitimate child of Carlos, who was filed
a
Code should apply and not Article 285 of the Civil Code.
legitimate child of Abraham, Danilo is incapable of
succeeding Abraham under Art. 992 of the Code.
c) Supposing that Joey died during the pendency of
Paternity & Filiation; Recognition of illegitimate Child (2005)

the action, should the action be dismissed? Explain.
Steve was married to Linda, with whom he had a daughter,
(2%)
Tintin. Steve fathered a son with Dina, his secretary of 20
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
years, whom Dina named Joey, born on September 20,
If Joey died during the pendency of the action, the action
1981. Joey's birth certificate did not indicate the father's
should still be dismissed because the right of Joey or his
name. Steve died on August 13, 1993, while Linda died on
heirs to file the action has already prescribed. (Art. 175,
December 3, 1993, leaving their legitimate daughter, Tintin,
Family Code)
as sole heir. On May 16, 1994, Dina filed a case on behalf of
Joey, praying that the latter be declared an acknowledged
illegitimate son of Steve and that Joey be given his share in
Paternity & Filiation; Rights of Legitimate Children (1990)
Steve's estate, which is now being solely held by Tintin. B and G (college students, both single and not disqualified
Tintin put up the defense that an action for recognition to marry each other) had a romantic affair, G was seven
shall only be filed during the lifetime of the presumed
months in the family way as of the graduation of B. Right
parents and that the exceptions under Article 285 of the after graduation B went home to Cebu City. Unknown to
Civil Code do not apply to him since the said article has G, B had a commitment to C (his childhood sweetheart) to
been repealed by the Family Code. In any case, accordingmarry
to
her after getting his college degree. Two weeks after
Tintin, Joey's birth certificate does not show that Steve is B
his
marriage in Cebu City, G gave birth to a son E in Metro
father.
Manila.
After ten years of married life in Cebu, B became a widower
by the sudden death of C in a plane crash. Out of the union
a) Does Joey have a cause of action against Tintin for of B and C, two children, X and Y were born. Unknown to
recognition and partition? Explain. (2%)
C while on weekend trips to Manila during the last 5 years
of their marriage, B invariably visited G and lived at her
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Joey does not have a cause of action against Tintin forresidence and as a result of which, they renewed their
recognition and partition. Under Article 175 of the Familyrelationship. A baby girl F was born to B and G two years
Code, as a general rule, an action for compulsory
Page 37 of 119
before the death of C. Bringing his family later to Manila, Paulita

B
left the conjugal home because of the excessive
finally married G. Recently. G died.
drinking of her husband, Alberto. Paulita, out of her own
What are the rights of B's four children: X and Y of his first
endeavor, was able to buy a parcel of land which she was
marriage; and E and F, his children with G? Explain your able to register under her name with the addendum
answer.
"widow." She also acquired stocks in a listed corporation
registered in her name. Paulita sold the parcel of land to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
who first examined the original of the transfer
Under the facts stated, X and Y are legitimate children of Rafael,
B
certificate of title.
and C. E is the legitimate children of B and G. E is the
1) Has Alberto the right to share in the shares of stock
legitimated child of B&G. F is the illegitimate child of B and
acquired by Paulita?
C. As legitimate children of B and C, X and Y have the
2) Can Alberto recover the land from Rafael?
following rights:
1) To bear the surnames of the father and the mother, in
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
conformity with the provisions of the Civil Code on
1. a) Yes. The Family Code provides that all property
Surnames;
acquired during the marriage, whether the acquisition
2) To receive support from their parents, their ascendants,
appears to have been made, contracted or registered in the
and in proper cases, their brothers and sisters, inconformity with the provisions of the Family Code on name of one or both spouses, is presumed to be absolute
community property unless the contrary is proved.
Support; and
3) To be entitled to the legitime and other successional
rights granted to them by the Civil Code. (Article 174,b) Yes. The shares are presumed to be absolute community
Family Code).
property having been acquired during the marriage despite
the fact that those shares were registered only in her name.
Alberto's right to claim his share will only arise, however, at
dissolution.
E is the legitimated child of B and G. Under Art. 177 of the
Family Code, only children conceived and born outside of
wedlock of parents who, at the time of the conception of c) The presumption is still that the shares of stock are
the former, were not disqualified by any impediment to owned in common. Hence, they will form part of the
marry each other may be legitimated. E will have the same
absolute community or the conjugal partnership depending
rights as X and Y.
on what the property Relations is.
d) Since Paulita acquired the shares of stock by onerous
F is the illegitimate child of B and G. F has the right to use
title during the marriage, these are part of the conjugal or
the surname of G, her mother, and is entitled to support as
absolute community property, as the case maybe (depending
well as the legitime consisting of 1/2 of that of each of X, Y
on whether the marriage was celebrated prior to. or after,
and E. (Article 176, Family Code)
the effectivity of the Family Code). Her physical separation
from her husband did not dissolve the community of
Presumptive Legitime (1999)
property. Hence, the husband has a right to share in the
What do you understand by "presumptive legitime", in what
shares of stock.
case or cases must the parent deliver such legitime to the
children, and what are the legal effects in each case if the
parent fails to do so? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2) a) Under a community of property, whether absolute or

PRESUMPTIVE LEGITIME is not defined in the law. Its relative, the disposition of property belonging to such
definition must have been taken from Act 2710, the Old community is void if done by just one spouse without the
Divorce Law, which required the delivery to the legitimateconsent of the other or authority of the proper court.
However, the land was registered in the name of Paulita as
children of "the equivalent of what would have been due to
"widow". Hence, the buyer has the right to rely upon what
them as their legal portion if said spouse had died intestate
appears in the record of the Register of Deeds and should,
immediately after the dissolution of the community of
consequently, be protected. Alberto cannot recover the land
property." As used in the Family Code, presumptive
legitime is understood as the equivalent of the legitimate from Rafael but would have the right of recourse against his
children's legitimes assuming that the spouses had died wife
immediately after the dissolution of the community of
property.
b) The parcel of land is absolute community property
having been acquired during the marriage and through
Presumptive legitime is required to be delivered to the Paulita's industry despite the registration being only in the
name of Paulita. The land being community property, its
common children of the spouses when the marriage is
annulled or declared void ab initio and possibly, when thesale to Rafael without the consent of Alberto is void.
However, since the land is registered in the name of Paulita
conjugal partnership or absolute community is dissolved as
in the case of legal separation. Failure of the parents to as widow, there is nothing in the title which would raise a
suspicion for Rafael to make inquiry. He, therefore, is an
deliver the presumptive legitime will make their subsequent
innocent purchaser for value from whom the land may no
marriage null and void under Article 53 of the Family Code.
longer be recovered.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Property Relations; Absolute Community (1994)
Page 38 of 119
c) No. Rafael is an innocent purchaser in good faith who, 1. Since Bob and Sofia got married In 1970, then the law
upon relying on the correctness of the certificate of title, that governs is the New Civil Code (Persons), in which case,
acquires rights which are to be protected by the courts. the property relations that should be applied as regards the
property of the spouses is the system of relative community
Under the established principles of land registration law, or conjugal partnership of gains (Article 119, Civil Code).
By conjugal partnership of gains, the husband and the wife
the
place in a common fund the fruits of their separate property
presumption is that the transferee of registered land is not
and the income from their work or Industry (Article 142,
aware of any defect in the title of the property he
Civil Code). In this instance, the lot inherited by Bob in
purchased.
1975 is his own separate property, he having acquired the
(See Tojonera v. Court of Appeals, 103 SCRA 467). Moreover,
the person dealing with registered land may safely rely onsame by lucrative title (par. 2, Art. 148, Civil Code).
the correctness of its certificate of title and the law will inHowever, the house constructed from his own savings in
1981 during the subsistence of his marriage with Issa is
no way oblige him to go behind the certificate to determine
the condition of the property. [Director of Lands v. Abache, conjugal property and not exclusive property in accordance
with the principle of "reverse accession" provided for in
et al. 73 Phil. 606). No strong considerations of public policy
Art. 158, Civil Code.
have been presented which would lead the Court to reverse
the established and sound doctrine that the buyer in good
faith of a registered parcel of land does not have to look ANOTHER ANSWER:
beyond the Torrens Title and search for any hidden defect1.Sofia, being her deceased son's legal heir concurring
with his surviving spouse (Arts. 985, 986 and 997, Civil
Code), may rightfully claim that the house and lot are not
SCRA 271)
conjugal but belong to the hereditary estate of Bob. The
value of the land being more than the cost of the
d) The parcel of land is absolute community property
improvement (Art. 120, Family Code).
having been acquired during the marriage and through
Paulita's industry despite registration only in the name of
Paulita. The land being community property, its sale to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Rafael without the consent of Alberto is void.
2. Yes, the answer would still be the same. Since Bob and
Issa contracted their marriage way back in 1970, then the
property relations that will govern is still the relative
Property Relations; Ante Nuptial Agreement (1995)
community or conjugal partnership of gains (Article 119,
Suppose Tirso and Tessie were married on 2 August 1988
Civil Code). It will not matter if Bob died before or after
without executing any ante nuptial agreement. One year
August 3. 1988 (effectivity date of the Family Code], what
after their marriage, Tirso while supervising the clearing of
matters is the date when the marriage was contracted. As
Tessie's inherited land upon the latter's request,
Bob and Issa contracted their marriage way back in 1970.
accidentally
the property relation that governs them is still the conjugal
found the treasure not in the new river bed but on the
partnership of gains. (Art. 158, Civil Code)
property of Tessie. To whom shall the treasure belong?
Explain.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ANOTHER ANSWER:
Since Tirso and Tessie were married before the effectivity2.If

of Bob died be fore August 3, 1988. which is the date
the Family Code, their property relation is governed by the Family Code took effect, the answer will not be the
conjugal partnership of gains. Under Art. 54 of the Civil same. Art. 158. Civil Code, would then apply. The land
would then be deemed conjugal, along with the house, since
Code, the share of the hidden treasure which the law
conjugal funds were used in constructing it. The husband's
awards
estate would be entitled to a reimbursement of the value of
to the finder or the proprietor belongs to the conjugal
the land from conjugal partnership funds.
partnership of gains. The one-half share pertaining to Tessie
as owner of the land, and the one-half share pertaining to
Tirso as finder of the treasure, belong to the conjugal
Property Relations; Marriage Settlement; Conjugal
Partnership of Gains (2005)
Gabby and Mila got married at Lourdes Church in Quezon
Property Relations; Conjugal Partnership of Gains (1998)
City on July 10, 1990. Prior thereto, they executed a
In 1970, Bob and Issa got married without executing a
marriage settlement whereby they agreed on the regime of
marriage settlement. In 1975, Bob inherited from his father
conjugal partnership of gains. The marriage settlement was
a residential lot upon which, in 1981, he constructed a tworegistered in the Register of Deeds of Manila, where Mila is
room bungalow with savings from his own earnings. At that
a resident. In 1992, they jointly acquired a residential house
time, the lot was worth P800.000.00 while the house, when
and lot, as well as a condominium unit in Makati. In 1995,
finished cost P600,000.00. In 1989 Bob died, survived only
they decided to change their property relations to the
by his wife, Issa and his mother, Sofia. Assuming that the
regime of complete separation of property. Mila consented,
relative values of both assets remained at the same
as she was then engaged in a lucrative business. The
proportion:
spouses
1. State whether Sofia can rightfully claim that the house
then signed a private document dissolving their conjugal
and lot are not conjugal but exclusive property of her
partnership and agreeing on a complete separation of
deceased son. [3%]
property.
2.Will your answer be the same if Bob died before
August 3, 1988? [2%]
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 39 of 119
Thereafter, Gabby acquired a mansion in Baguio City, andBar

a Candidates Patricio Mahigugmaon and Rowena Amor
5-hectare agricultural land in Oriental Mindoro, which hedecided to marry each other before the last day of the 1991
registered exclusively in his name.
Bar Examinations. They agreed to execute a Marriage
In the year 2000, Mila's business venture failed, and her Settlement. Rowena herself prepared the document in her
creditors sued her for P10,000,000.00. After obtaining a own handwriting. They agreed on the following: (1) a
favorable judgment, the creditors sought to execute on the
conjugal partnership of gains; (2) each donates to the other
spouses' house and lot and condominium unit, as well as fifty percent (50%) of his/her present property, (3) Rowena
Gabby's mansion and agricultural land.
shall administer the conjugal partnership property; and (4)
neither may bring an action for the annulment or
a)Discuss the status of the first and the amended
declaration of nullity of their marriage. Both signed the
marriage settlements. (2%)
agreement in the presence of two (2) witnesses. They did
not, however, acknowledge it before a notary public.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The marriage settlement between Gabby and Mila adopting
A. As to form, is the Marriage Settlement valid? May it be
the regime of conjugal partnership of gains still subsists. It registered in the registry of property? If not, what steps
is
must be taken to make it registerable?
not dissolved by the mere agreement of the spouses during
B. Are the stipulations valid?
the marriage. It is clear from Article 134 of the Family Code
C. If the Marriage Settlement is valid as to form and the
that in the absence of an express declaration in the
above stipulations are likewise valid, does it now follow
marriage
that said Marriage Settlement is valid and enforceable?
settlement, the separation of property between the spouses
b) Discuss the effects of the said settlements on the

properties acquired by the spouses. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A. Yes, it is valid as to form because it is in writing.

No, it cannot be registered in the registry of property
because it is not a public document. To make it registerable,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The regime of conjugal partnership of gains governs the it must be reformed and has to be notarized.
properties acquired by the spouses. All the properties
acquired by the spouses after the marriage belong to the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
conjugal partnership. Under Article 116 of the Family Code,
B. Stipulations (1) and (3) are valid because they are not
even if Gabby registered the mansion and 5-hectare
contrary to law.Stipulation (4) is void because it is
agricultural land exclusively in his name, still they are
contrary to law. Stipulation (2) is valid up to 1/5 of their
presumed to be conjugal properties, unless the contrary isrespective present properties but void as to the excess (Art
proved.
84, Family Code).
c)What properties may be held answerable for

Mila's obligations? Explain. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
C. No. on September 15, 1991, the marriage settlement is

not yet valid and enforceable until the celebration of the
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
marriage, to take place before the last day of the 1991 bar
Since all the properties are conjugal, they can be held
Examinations.
answerable for Mila's obligation if the obligation redounded
to the benefit of the family. (Art. 121 [3], Family Code)
Property Relations; Marriage Settlements (1995)
However, the burden of proof lies with the creditor
claiming against the properties. (Ayala Investment v. Court On 10 September 1988 Kevin, a 26-year old businessman,
married Karla, a winsome lass of 18.Without the
of Appeals, G.R. No. 118305, February 12,1998, reiterated in
knowledge of their parents or legal guardians, Kevin and
Homeowners Savings & Loan Bank v. Dailo, G.R. No.
Karla entered into an ante-nuptial contract the day before
153802, March 11, 2005)
their marriage stipulating that conjugal partnership of gains
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
shall govern their marriage. At the time of their marriage
Except for the residential house which is the family home,
Kevin's estate was worth 50 Million while Karla's was
all other properties of Gabby and Mila may be held
valued at 2 Million.
answerable for Mila's obligation. Since the said properties
A month after their marriage Kevin died in a freak
are conjugal in nature, they can be held liable for debts and
helicopter accident. He left no will, no debts, no obligations.
obligations contracted during the marriage to the extent
Surviving Kevin, aside from Karla, are his only relatives: his
that
brother Luis and first cousin Lilia.
the family was benefited or where the debts were
1) What property Relations governed the marriage of
contracted
Kevin and Karla? Explain.
2) Determine the value of the estate of Kevin,
3) Who are Kevin's heirs?
A family home is a dwelling place of a person and his
4) How much is each of Kevin's heirs entitled to
family. It confers upon a family the right to enjoy such
inherit?
property, which must remain with the person constituting it
as a family home and his heirs. It cannot be seized by
creditors except in special cases. (Taneo, Jr. v. Court of
Appeals, G.R. No. 108532, March 9, 1999)
Property Relations; Marriage Settlements (1991)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. Since the marriage settlement was entered into without

the consent and without the participation of the parents
(they did not sign the document), the marriage settlement is
invalid applying Art. 78, F.C. which provides that a minor
Page 40 of 119
who according to law may contract marriage may also enter

together, Rico was a salaried employee and Mabel kept
into marriage settlements but they shall be valid only if the
house for Rico and did full-time household chores for him.
person who may give consent to the marriage are made During their cohabitation, a parcel of coconut land was
parties to the agreement. (Karla was still a minor at the acquired by Rico from his savings.
time
the marriage settlement was executed in September 1988
After living together for one (1) year, Rico and Mabel
because the law, R.A. 6809, reducing the age of majority to
separated. Rico then met and married Letty, a single woman
18 years took effect on 18 December 1989). The marriage
twenty-six (26) years of age. During the marriage of Rico
settlement being void, the property Relations governing the
and Letty, Letty bought a mango orchard out of her own
marriage is, therefore,absolute community of property,
personal earnings.
a)Who would own the riceland, and what property
Relations governs the ownership? Explain.
2. All the properties which Kevin and Karla owned at the b) Who would own the coconut land, and what property
time of marriage became community property which shallRelations governs the ownership? Explain.
be divided equally between them at dissolution. Since Kevin
c)Who would own the mango orchard, and what
owned 50 Million and Karla. 2 Million, at the time of the property Relations governs the ownership? Explain.
marriage, 52 Million constituted their community property.
Upon the death of Kevin, the community was dissolved and
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
half of the 52 Million or 26 Million is his share in the
(a) Rico and Cora are the co-owners of the riceland. The
community. This 26 Million therefore is his estate.
Relations is that of co-ownership (Art. 147, Family Code,
first paragraph).
3. Karla and Luis are the Intestate heirs of Kevin.
(Optional Addendum: However, after Rico's marriage to

Letty,
the half interest of Rico in the riceland will then become
4.They are entitled to share the estate equally under

Article 1001 of the NCC. Therefore. Karla gets 13 Million
(b) Rico is the exclusive owner of the coconut land. The
and Luis gets 13 Million.
Relations is a sole/single proprietorship (Art. 148. Family
Code, first paragraph is applicable, and not Art. 147 Family
Property Relations; Obligations; Benefit of the Family
Code).
(2000)
(Optional Addendum: However, after Rico's marriage to
As finance officer of K and Co., Victorino arranged a loan
Letty,
of P5 Million from PNB for the corporation. However, he
the coconut land of Rico will then become absolute
was required by the bank to sign a Continuing Surety
Agreement to secure the repayment of the loan. The
corporation failed to pay the loan, and the bank obtained (c)
a Rico and Letty are the co-owners. The Relations is the
judgment against it and Victorino, jointly and severally. ToAbsolute Community of Property (Arts, 75,90and9l, Family
enforce the judgment, the sheriff levied on a farm owned Code).
by
the conjugal partnership of Victorino and his wife Elsa. Is
the levy proper or not? (3%)
Property Relations; Unions without Marriage (1997)
Luis and Rizza, both 26 years of age and single, live
exclusively with each other as husband and wife without the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The levy is not proper there being no showing that the
benefit of marriage, Luis is gainfully employed, Rizza is not
surety agreement executed by the husband redounded to employed, stays at home, and takes charge of the household
the
chores.
benefit of the family. An obligation contracted by the
After living together for a little over twenty years, Luis was
husband alone is chargeable against the conjugal
able to save from his salary earnings during that period the
partnership
amount of P200,000.00 presently deposited in a bank. A
only when it was contracted for the benefit of the family. house and lot worth P500,000.00 was recently purchased
When the obligation was contracted on behalf of the family
for
business the law presumes that such obligation will redound
the same amount by the couple. Of the P500.000.00 used by
to the benefit of the family. However, when the obligation the common-law spouses to purchase the property,
was to guarantee the debt of a third party, as in the
P200.000.00 had come from the sale of palay harvested
problem, the obligation is presumed for the benefit of the from the hacienda owned by Luis and P300,000.00 from the
third party, not the family. Hence, for the obligation underrentals of a building belonging to Rizza. In fine, the sum of
the surety agreement to be chargeable against the
P500.000.00 had been part of the fruits received during the
period of cohabitation from their separate property, a car
worth P100.000.00. being used by the common-law
(Ayala Investment v. Ching, 286 SCRA 272)
spouses, was donated Just months ago to Rizza by her
parents.
Luis and Rizza now decide to terminate their cohabitation,
In 1989, Rico, then a widower forty (40) years of age,
and they ask you to give them your legal advice on the
cohabited with Cora, a widow thirty (30) years of age. While
following:
living together, they acquired from their combined earnings
(a) How, under the law should the bank deposit of
a parcel of riceland.
P200,000.00 the house and lot valued at P500.000.00 and
After Rico and Cora separated, Rico lived together with
Mabel, a maiden sixteen (16) years of age. While living
Page 41 of 119
(b) What would your answer be (to the above question) had
a) Who will be entitled to the house and lot? (3%)
Luis and Rizza been living together all the time, ie., since SUGGESTED ANSWER:
twenty years ago, under a valid marriage?
Tony and Susan are entitled to the house and lot as coowners in equal shares. Under Article 147 of the Family
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
when a man and a woman who are capacitated to
a) Art. 147 of the Family Code provides in part that when Code,
a
marry each other lived exclusively with each other as
man and a woman who are capacitated to marry each other,
husband and wife, the property acquired during their
live exclusively with each other as husband and wife without
the benefit of marriage or under a void marriage, their cohabitation are presumed to have been obtained by their
joint efforts, work or industry and shall be owned by them
wages and salaries shall be owned by them in equal shares
and the property acquired by both of them through their in equal shares. This is true even though the efforts of one
of them consisted merely in his or her care and maintenance
work or industry shall be governed by the rules of coof the family and of the household.
ownership.
In the absence of proof to the contrary, properties acquired
while they lived together shall be presumed to have been
b) Would it make any difference if Tony could not marry
obtained by their Joint efforts, worker Industry, and shall be
Susan because he was previously married to Alice from
owned by them in equal shares. A party who did not
whom he is legally separated? (2%)
participate in the acquisition by the other party of any
property shall be deemed to have contributed jointly in the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
acquisition thereof if the former's efforts consisted in the Yes, it would make a difference. Under Article 148 of the
care and maintenance of the family and of the household. Family Code, when the parties to the cohabitation could not
Thus:
marry each other because of an impediment, only those
1)the wages and salaries of Luis in the amount of
properties acquired by both of them through their actual
P200,000.00 shall be divided equally between Luis and joint contribution of money, property, or Industry shall be
Rizza.
owned by them in common in proportion to their
2) the house and lot valued at P500.000.00 having been respective contributions. The efforts of one of the parties in
acquired by both of them through work or industry shall be
maintaining the family and household are not considered
divided between them in proportion to their respective adequate contribution in the acquisition of the properties.
contribution, in consonance with the rules on co-ownership.
Hence, Luis gets 2\5 while Rizza gets 3\5 of P500.000.00.
3) the car worth P100,000.00 shall be exclusively owned by
Since Susan did not contribute to the acquisition of the
Rizza, the same having been donated to her by her parents.
house and lot, she has no share therein. If Tony cohabited
with Susan after his legal separation from Alice, the house
and lot is his exclusive property. If he cohabited with Susan
before his legal separation from Alice, the house and lot
belongs to his community or partnership with Alice.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) The property relations between Luis and Rizza, their

marriage having been celebrated 20 years ago (under the
Civil Code) shall be governed by the conjugal partnership of
gains, under which the husband and wife place in a
common fund the proceeds, products, fruits and income
Amount of Successional Rights (2004)
from their separate properties and those acquired by either
Mr. XT and Mrs. YT have been married for 20 years.
or both spouses through their efforts or by chance, and
Suppose the wife, YT, died childless, survived only by her
upon dissolution of the marriage or of the partnership, the
husband, XT. What would be the share of XT from her
net gains or benefits obtained by either or both spouse shall
estate as inheritance? Why? Explain. (5%)
be divided equally between them (Art. 142. Civil Code).
Thus:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1) The salary of Luis deposited in the bank in the amount Under the Civil Code, the widow or widower is a legal and
compulsory heir of the deceased spouse. If the widow is the
of P200.000.00 and the house and lot valued at P500,000.00
only surviving heir, there being no legitimate ascendants,
shall be divided equally between Luis and Rizza.
2) However, the car worth P100.000,00 donated to Rizza descendants, brothers, and sisters, nephews and nieces, she
gets the entire estate.
by her parents shall be considered to her own paraphernal
property, having been acquired by lucrative title (par. 2, Art.
148, Civil Code).
Barrier between illegitimate & legitimate relatives (1993)
A is the acknowledged natural child of B who died when A
was already 22 years old. When B's full blood brother, C,
died he (C) was survived by his widow and four children of
his other brother D. Claiming that he is entitled to inherit
For five years since 1989, Tony, a bank Vice-president, and
from his father's brother C. A brought suit to obtain his
Susan, an entertainer, lived together as husband and wife
share in the estate of C.
without the benefit of marriage although they were
Will his action prosper?
capacitated to many each other. Since Tony's salary was
more than enough for their needs, Susan stopped workingSUGGESTED ANSWER:
and merely "kept house". During that period, Tony was able
No, the action of A will not prosper. On the premise that B,
to buy a lot and house in a plush subdivision. However, C and D are legitimate brothers, as an illegitimate child of
after five years, Tony and Susan decided to separate.
B,
A cannot inherit in intestacy from C who is a legitimate
SUCCESSION
Page 42 of 119
legitimate relatives of C (i.e. the children of D as C's

How will you rule on Jorge's opposition to the probate of
legitimate nephews inheriting as collateral relatives) can Maria's will. If you were the Judge?
inherit in intestacy. (Arts. 992, 1001, 1OO5 and 975, Civil SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Code)
As Judge, I shall rule as follows: Jorge's opposition should
be sustained in part and denied in part. Jorge's omission as
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
of Maria is not preterition of a compulsory heir in
The action of A will not prosper. Being an illegitimate, he spouse
is
barred by Article 992 of the Civil Code from inheriting ab the direct line. Hence, Art. 854 of the Civil Code does not
apply, and the institution of Miguela as heir is valid, but only
intestato from the legitimate relatives of his father.
to the extent of the free portion of one-half. Jorge is still
entitled to one-half of the estate as his legitime. (Art. 1001,
Barrier between illegitimate & legitimate relatives (1996) Civil Code)
Cristina the illegitimate daughter of Jose and Maria, died
intestate, without any descendant or ascendant. Her
valuable
a) As Judge, I shall rule as follows: Jorge's opposition should
estate is being claimed by Ana, the legitimate daughter ofbe sustained in part and denied in part. This is a case of
Jose, and Eduardo, the legitimate son of Maria.
ineffective disinheritance under Art, 918 of the Civil Code,
Is either, both, or neither of them entitled to inherit?
because the omission of the compulsory heir Jorge by Maria
Explain.
was intentional. Consequently, the institution of Miguela as
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
heir is void only insofar as the legitime of Jorge is
Neither Ana nor Eduardo is entitled to inherit of ab
prejudiced. Accordingly, Jorge is entitled to his legitime of
intestato from Cristina. Both are legitimate relatives of
one-half of the estate, and Miguela gets the other half.
Cristina's illegitimate parents and therefore they fall under
the prohibition prescribed by Art. 992, NCC (Manuel v.
Ferrer, 242 SCRA 477; Diaz v. Court of Appeals, 182 SCRA
427).
b) As Judge, I shall rule as follows: Jorge's opposition

should be sustained.This is a case of preterition under
Article 854 Civil Code, the result of the omission of Jorge as
compulsory heir having the same right equivalent to a
Collation (1993)
Joaquin Reyes bought from Julio Cruz a residential lot of legitimate child "in the direct line" is that total intestacy will
300 square meters in Quezon City for which Joaquin paid arise, and Jorge will inherit the entire estate.
Julio the amount of P300,000.00, When the deed was about
to be prepared Joaquin told Julio that it be drawn in the
name of Joaquina Roxas, his acknowledged natural child. c) As Judge, I shall rule as follows: the opposition should
be denied since it is predicated upon causes not recognized
Thus, the deed was so prepared and executed by Julio.
by law as grounds for disallowance of a wll, to wit:
Joaquina then built a house on the lot where she, her
1. that the will was made without his knowledge;
husband and children resided. Upon Joaquin's death, his
2. that the will was made without his consent; and
legitimate children sought to recover possession and
ownership of the lot, claiming that Joaquina Roxas was but 3. that it has the effect of depriving him of his
legitime, which is a ground that goes into the
a trustee of their father.
intrinsic validity of the will and need not be
Will the action against Joaquina Roxas prosper?
resolved during the probate proceedings.
However, the opposition may be entertained for,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the purpose of securing to the husband his right to
Yes, because there is a presumed donation in favor of
the legitime on the theory that the will constitutes
Joaquina under Art. 1448 of the Civil Code (De los Santos
an ineffective disinheritance under Art. 918 of the
v. Reyes, 27 January 1992, 206 SCRA 437). However, the
Civil Code,
donation should be collated to the hereditary estate and the
legitime of the other heirs should be preserved.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
d) As Judge, I shall rule as follows: Jorge is entitled to

Yes, the action against Joaquina Roxas will prosper, but only
receive his legitime from the estate of his wife. He was not
to the extent of the aliquot hereditary rights of the
disinherited in the will even assuming that he gave ground
legitimate children as heirs. Joaquina will be entitled to
for disinheritance, hence, he is still entitled to his legitime.
retain her own share as an illegitimate child, (Arts. 1440
Jorge, however, cannot receive anything from the free
and
portion.He cannot claim preterition as he is not a
compulsory heir in the direct line. There being no
preterition, the institution of the sister was valid and the
Disinheritance vs. Preterition (1993)
only right of Jorge is to claim his legitime.
Maria, to spite her husband Jorge, whom she suspected was
having an affair with another woman, executed a will,
unknown to him, bequeathing all the properties she
Disinheritance; Ineffective (1999)
inherited from her parents, to her sister Miguela. Upon her
death, the will was presented for probate. Jorge opposed Mr. Palma, widower, has three daughters D, D-l and D-2.
He executes a Will disinheriting D because she married a
probate of the will on the ground that the will was executed
by his wife without his knowledge, much less consent, andman he did not like, and instituting daughters D-1 and D-2
that it deprived him of his legitime. After all, he had givenas his heirs to his entire estate of P 1,000,000.00, Upon Mr,
Palma's death, how should his estate be divided? Explain.
her no cause for disinheritance, added Jorge in his
(5%)
opposition.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 43 of 119
This is a case of ineffective disinheritance because marrying

1028 for being in consideration of her adulterous relation
a man that the father did not approve of is not a ground for
with the testator. She is, therefore, disqualified to receive
disinheriting D. Therefore, the institution of D-l and D-2 the legacy. Ernie will receive the legacy in his favor because
shall be annulled insofar as it prejudices the legitime of D,it is not inofficious. The institution of Baldo, which applies
and the institution of D-l and D-2 shall only apply on the only to the free portion, will be respected. In sum, the estate
free portion in the amount of P500,000.00. Therefore, D, of Lamberto shall be distributed as follows:
D-l and D-2 will get their legitimes of P500.000.00 divided
into three equal parts and D-l and D-2 will get a reduced
Legitime
Legacy Institution
TOTAL
testamentary disposition of P250,000.00 each. Hence, theHeir
shares will be:
Baldo 500,000
200.000
700,000
DP166,666.66
Elvira 250,000
250,000
D-lP166,666.66 + P250.000.00
Ernie 50,000
50,000
D-2P166,666.66 + P250,000.00
TOTAL 750,000
50,000
200,000
1,000,000
ANOTHER ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Disinheritance; Ineffective; Preterition (2000)

Same answer as the first Alternative Answer except as to
In his last will and testament, Lamberto 1) disinherits his distribution. Justice Jurado solved this problem differently.
daughter Wilma because "she is disrespectful towards meIn his opinion, the legitime of the heir who was disinherited
and raises her voice talking to me", 2) omits entirely his is distributed among the other compulsory heirs in
spouse Elvira, 3) leaves a legacy of P100,000.00 to his
proportion to their respective legitimes, while his share in
mistress Rosa and P50,000.00 to his driver Ernie and 4) the intestate portion. If any, is distributed among the other
institutes his son Baldo as his sole heir. How will you
legal heirs by accretion under Article 1018 of the NCC in
distribute his estate of P1,000,000.00? (5%)
proportion to their respective intestate shares. In sum the
distribution shall be as follows:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The disinheritance of Wilma was ineffective because the

ground relied upon by the testator does not constitute
Heir
maltreatment under Article 919(6) of the New Civil Code.
Hence, the testamentary provisions in the will shall be
annulled but only to the extent that her legitime was
Baldo
impaired.
Wilma
Elvira
preteritionErnie
Legitime Distribution
of Wilmas Legacy InstitutionTOTAL
Legitime
250,0000
(250.000)
250,000
125,000
125.000
200,000
575,000
375.000
50.000
50,000
The total omission of Elvira does not constitute
because she is not a compulsory heir in the direct line. Only
250,000 50,000 200,000 1,000,000
compulsory heirs in the direct line may be the subject of TOTAL 500,000
preterition. Not having been preterited, she will be entitled
Heirs; Intestate Heirs; Reserva Troncal (1995)
only to her legitime.
Isidro and Irma, Filipinos, both 18 years of age, were
passengers of Flight No. 317 of Oriental Airlines. The plane
The legacy in favor of Rosa is void under Article 1028 for they boarded was of Philippine registry. While en route
being in consideration of her adulterous relation with the from Manila to Greece some passengers hijacked the plane,
testator. She is, therefore, disqualified to receive the legacy
held the chief pilot hostage at the cockpit and ordered him
of 100,000 pesos. The legacy of 50,000 pesos in favor of to fly instead to Libya. During the hijacking Isidro suffered
Ernie is not inofficious not having exceeded the free
a heart attack and was on the verge of death. Since Irma
portion. Hence, he shall be entitled to receive it.
was
already eight months pregnant by Isidro, she pleaded to the
hijackers to allow the assistant pilot to solemnize her
The institution of Baldo, which applies only to the free
marriage with Isidro. Soon after the marriage, Isidro
portion, shall be respected. In sum, the estate of Lamberto
expired. As the plane landed in Libya Irma gave birth.
will be distributed as follows:
However, the baby died a few minutes after complete
delivery.
Back in the Philippines Irma Immediately filed a claim for
Baldo----------------- 450,000
inheritance. The parents of Isidro opposed her claim
Wilma--------------- 250,000
contending that the marriage between her and Isidro was
Elvira----------------- 250,000
void ab initio on the following grounds: (a) they had not
Ernie-----------------50,000
given their consent to the marriage of their son; (b) there
1,000,000
was no marriage license; (c) the solemnizing officer had no
authority to perform the marriage; and, (d) the solemnizing
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
officer did not file an affidavit of marriage with the proper
The disinheritance of Wilma was effective because
civil registrar.
disrespect of, and raising of voice to, her father constitute2. Does Irma have any successional rights at all? Discuss
maltreatment under Article 919(6) of the New Civil Code.
She is, therefore, not entitled to inherit anything. Her
inheritance will go to the other legal heirs. The total
omission of Elvira is not preterition because she is not a SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. Irma succeeded to the estate of Isidro as his surviving
compulsory heir in the direct line. She will receive only her
legitime. The legacy in favor of Rosa is void under Article spouse to the estate of her legitimate child. When Isidro
Page 44 of 119

C=l/2
(c) X = 1/2 by representation of Bdied, he was succeeded
by
Y = 1/4
his surviving wife Irma, and his

byparents
representation
of C
legitimate unborn child. They
between them, the child excluding the
of Isidro.
An
unborn child is considered born for all purposes favorable(d) X - 1/3 in his own right Y- 1/3 in his own right 2 - 1/3
in his own right
to it provided it is born later. The child was considered born
because, having an intra-uterine life of more than seven
months, it lived for a few minutes after its complete
Article 977 of the Civil Code provides that heirs who
delivery. It was legitimate because it was born within the repudiate their share cannot be represented.
valid marriage of the parents. Succession is favorable to it.
When the child died, Irma inherited the share of the child.
Intestate Succession (1997)
However, the share of the child in the hands of Irma is
"T" died intestate on 1 September 1997.He was survived by
subject to reserva troncal for the benefit of the relatives of
M (his mother), W (his widow), A and B (his legitimate
the child within the third degree of consanguinity and who
children), C (his grandson, being the legitimate son of B), D
belong to the line of Isidro.
(his other grandson, being the son of E who was a
legitimate son of, and who predeceased, "T"), and F (his
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
grandson, being the son of G, a legitimate son who
If the marriage is void. Irma has no successional rights with
repudiated the inheritance from "T"). His distributable net
respect to Isidro but she would have successional rights estate is P120.000.00.
with respect to the child.
How should this amount be shared in intestacy among the
surviving heirs?
Heirs; Intestate Heirs; Shares (2003)
Luis was survived by two legitimate children, two
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
illegitimate children, his parents, and two brothers. He left
The legal heirs are A, B, D, and W. C is excluded by B who
an estate of P1 million. Luis died intestate. Who are his is still alive. D inherits in representation of E who
intestate heirs, and how much is the share of each in his predeceased. F is excluded because of the repudiation of G,
estate?
the predecessor. M is excluded by the legitimate children of
T. The answer may be premised on two theories: the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Theory of Exclusion and the Theory of Concurrence.
The intestate heirs are the two (2) legitimate children and
the two (2) illegitimate children. In intestacy the estate of
the decedent is divided among the legitimate and
Under the Theory of Exclusion the legitimes of the heirs
illegitimate
are accorded them and the free portion will be given
children such that the share of each illegitimate child is one
exclusively to the legitimate descendants. Hence under the
- half the share of each legitimate child.
Exclusion Theory:
Their share are :
A will get P20.000.00. and P 13.333.33 (1/3 of the free
For each legitimate child P333,333.33
(Article 983, New Civil Code; Article 176, Family Code)
portion)
B will get P 20,000.00. and P13. 333.33 (1/3 of the free
W, the widow is limited to the legitime of P20.000.00

F had three (3) legitimate children: A, B, and C. B has oneUnder the Theory of Concurrence. In addition to their
(1) legitimate child X. C has two (2) legitimate children: Ylegitimes, the heirs of A, B, D and W will be given equal
shares in the free portions:
and Z.
A: P20.000.00 plus P10.000.00 (1 /4 of the free portion)
F and A rode together in a car and perished together at the
same time in a vehicular accident, F and A died, each of B: P20,000.00 plus P10.000.00 (l/4 of the free portlon)
C: P20,000.00 plus P10.000.00 (1/4 of the free portion)
them leaving substantial estates in intestacy.
W: P20,000.00 plus P10,000.00 (l/4 of the free portion)
a) Who are the intestate heirs of F? What are their
Alternative Answer: Shares in Intestacy
respective fractional shares?
T - decedentEstate: P120.000.00
b) Who are the intestate heirs of A? What are their
Survived by:
respective fractional shares?
c) If B and C both predeceased F, who are Fs intestate
heirs? What are their respective fractional shares? DoM - Mother............................None
they inherit in their own right or by representation? W - Widow.............................P 30,000.00
A - Son.................................P 30,000.00
d) If B and C both repudiated their shares in the estate B - Son.................................P30.000.00
C - Grandson (son of B).............None
of F who are F's intestate heirs? What are their
respective fractional shares? Do they inherit in their D - Grandson (son of E who predeceased T)................P
30,000.00
own right or by representation? Explain your answer,
F - Grandson (son of G who repudiated the Inheritance
Explanation:
a) The mother (M) cannot inherit from T because under
Art. 985 the ascendants shall inherit in default of
(a) B = 1/2
legitimate children and descendants of the deceased.
(b) B = 1/2
Z = 1/4 by representation of CC= 1/2
b) The widow's share is P30.000.00 because under Art,
Article 982 of the Civil Code provides that grandchildren 996 it states that if the widow or widower and
legitimate children or descendants are left, the surviving
inherit by right of representation.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 45 of 119
c)
d)
e)
spouse has in the succession the same share as that of

be set aside as Mario's conjugal share from the community
each of the children,
property. The other half, amounting to one million pesos, is
C has no share because his father is still alive hence her conjugal share (net estate), and should be distributed to
succession by representation shall not apply (Art. 975).
her intestate heirs. Applying the above provision of law,
D inherits P30.000 which is the share of his father E Michelle and Jorelle, Tessie's nieces, are entitled to one-half
who predeceased T by virtue of Art. 981 on the right of
of her conjugal share worth one million pesos, or 500,000
representation.
pesos, while the other one-half amounting to P500,000 will
F has no share because his father G repudiated the go to Mario, Tessie's surviving spouse. Michelle and Jorelle
inheritance. Under Article 977 heirs who repudiate are then entitled to P250,000 pesos each as their hereditary
their share may not be represented.
share.

Enrique died, leaving a net hereditary estate of P1.2 million.
Mr. and Mrs. Cruz, who are childless, met with a serious
He is survived by his widow, three legitimate children, two
motor vehicle accident with Mr. Cruz at the wheel and Mrs.
legitimate grandchildren sired by a legitimate child who Cruz seated beside him, resulting in the instant death of Mr.
predeceased him, and two recognized illegitimate children.
Cruz. Mrs. Cruz was still alive when help came but she also
Distribute the estate in intestacy. [5%]
died on the way to the hospital. The couple acquired
properties worth One Million (P1,000,000.00) Pesos during
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
their marriage, which are being claimed by the parents of
Under the theory of Concurrence, the shares are as follows:
both spouses in equal shares. Is the claim of both sets of
A (legitimate child) = P200,000
parents valid and why? (3%)
B (legitimate child) = P200,000
C (legitimate child) = P200,000
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
D (legitimate child) = O (predeceased]
(a) No, the claim of both parents is not valid. When Mr.
Cruz died, he was succeeded by his wife and his parents as
E (legitimate child of D) = P100,000 - by right of representation
his intestate heirs who will share his estate equally. His
F (legitimate child of D) = P100,000 - by right of representation
G (illegitimate child) = P100,000 - 1/2 share of the legitimateestate was 0.5 Million pesos which is his half share in the
child
absolute community amounting to 1 Million Pesos. His
H (illegitimate child) = P100,000 - 1/2 share of the legitimatewife, will, therefore, inherit O.25 Million Pesos and his
parents will inherit 0.25 Million Pesos.
Under the theory of Exclusion the free portion (P300,000)
is distributed only among the legitimate children and is
When Mrs. Cruz died, she was succeeded by her parents as
given to them in addition to their legitime. All other
her intestate heirs. They will inherit all of her estate
Intestate heirs are entitled only to their respective
consisting of her 0.5 Million half share in the absolute
legitimes.
community and her 0.25 Million inheritance from her
Legitime Free Portion
Total
husband, or a total of 0.750 Million Pesos.
ANOTHER ANSWER:
A [legitimate child)P150.000 +
B {legitimate child)P150.000 +
C (legitimate child)P150.000 +
D (legitimate child)0
E (legitimate child of D) P 75,000 +
F (legitimate child of D)P 75.000 +
G (illegitimate child)P 75.000
H (illegitimate child)P 75.000
W (Widow)P150,000
P 75,000
P150.000
P 75.000
0
P35.500
P 37.500
0
0
0
- P225.000
- P225.000
- P225.000
0
- P112,500
- P112,500
-P 75,500
- P 75,500
-P150.000
In sum, the parents of Mr. Cruz will inherit 250,000 Pesos

while the parents of Mrs. Cruz will inherit 750,000 Pesos.

Eugenio died without issue, leaving several parcels of land
in Bataan. He was survived by Antonio, his legitimate
brother; Martina, the only daughter of his predeceased
sister
Mercedes; and five legitimate children of Joaquin, another
Tessie died survived by her husband Mario, and two nieces,
predeceased brother. Shortly after Eugenio's death, Antonio
Michelle and Jorelle, who are the legitimate children of analso died, leaving three legitimate children. Subsequently,
elder sister who had predeceased her. The only property she
Martina, the children of Joaquin and the children of
left behind was a house and lot worth two million pesos, Antonio executed an extrajudicial settlement of the estate of
which Tessie and her husband had acquired with the use of
Eugenio, dividing it among themselves. The succeeding
Mario's savings from his income as a doctor. How much ofyear, a petition to annul the extrajudicial settlement was
the property or its value, if any, may Michelle and Jorelle filed
claim as their hereditary shares? [5%]
by Antero, an illegitimate son of Antonio, who claims he is
entitled to share in the estate of Eugenio. The defendants
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that Antero is
Article 1001 of the Civil Code provides, "Should brothers barred by Article 992 of the Civil Code from inheriting
and sisters or their children survive with the widow or
widower, the latter shall be entitled to one-half of the
inheritance and the brothers and sisters or their children SUGGESTED
to
ANSWER:
The motion to dismiss should be granted. Article 992 does
the other half."
Tessie's gross estate consists of a house and lot acquired not apply. Antero is not claiming any inheritance from
Eugenio. He is claiming his share in the inheritance of his
during her marriage, making it part of the community
father consisting of his father's share in the inheritance of
property. Thus, one-half of the said property would have to
Page 46 of 119

Eugenio (Dela Merced v. Dela Merced, Gr No. 126707, 25
5M inherited by Mrs. Luna from Mr. Luna will be inherited
February 1999).
from her by her parents.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
It depends. If Antero was not acknowledged by Antonio,

the motion to dismiss should be granted because Antero
not a legal heir of Antonio. If Antero was acknowledged,
the motion should be denied because Article 992 is not
applicable. This is because Antero is claiming his
inheritance
However, if the child had intra-uterine life of less than 7

is
months, half of the estate of Mr. Luna, or 5M, will be
inherited by the widow (Mrs. Luna), while the other half, or
5M, will be inherited by the parents of Mr. Luna. Upon the
death of Mrs. Luna, her estate of 5M will be inherited by her
own parents.
Intestate Succession; Reserva Troncal (1999)

Legitime (1997)
Mr. Luna died, leaving an estate of Ten Million (P1
"X", the decedent, was survived by W (his widow). A (his
0,000,000.00) Pesos. His widow gave birth to a child four son), B (a granddaughter, being the daughter of A) and C
months after Mr, Luna's death, but the child died five hours
and D (the two acknowledged illegitimate children of the
after birth. Two days after the child's death, the widow of decedent). "X" died this year (1997) leaving a net estate of
Mr. Luna also died because she had suffered from difficultP180,000.00. All were willing to succeed, except A who
childbirth. The estate of Mr. Luna is now being claimed byrepudiated the inheritance from his father, and they seek
his parents, and the parents of his widow. Who is entitled your
to legal advice on how much each can expect to receive
Mr. Luna'a estate and why? (5%)
as their respective shares in the distribution of the estate.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Give your answer.
Half of the estate of Mr. Luna will go to the parents of Mrs.

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Luna as their inheritance from Mrs. Luna, while the otherThe heirs are B, W, C and D. A inherits nothing because of
half will be inherited by the parents of Mr. Luna as the his renunciation. B inherits a legitime of P90.000.00 as the
reservatarios of the reserved property inherited by Mrs. nearest and only legitimate descendant, inheriting in his
Luna from her child.
own
right not by representation because of A's renunciation. W
gets a legitime equivalent to one-half (1 / 2) that of B
When Mr. Luna died, his heirs were his wife and the unborn
child. The unborn child inherited because the inheritanceamounting to P45.000. C and D each gets a legitime
equivalent to one-half (1/2) that of B amounting to
was favorable to it and it was born alive later though it lived
P45.000.00 each. But since the total exceeds the entire
only for five hours. Mrs. Luna inherited half of the 10
Million estate while the unborn child inherited the other estate, their legitimes would have to be reduced
half. When the child died, it was survived by its mother, corresponding to P22.500.00 each (Art. 895. CC). The total
Mrs. Luna. As the only heir, Mrs. Luna inherited, by
operation of law, the estate of the child consisting of its 5 ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Million inheritance from Mr. Luna. In the hands of Mrs. INTESTATE SUCCESSION
Luna, what she inherited from her child was subject to ESTATE: P180,000.00
reserva troncal for the benefit of the relatives of the childW- (widow gets 1/2 share)P90.000.00 (Art. 998)
A- (son who repudiated his inheritance)None Art. 977)
within the third degree of consanguinity and who belong to
the family of Mr. Luna, the line where the property came B - (Granddaughter)None
C - (Acknowledged illegitimate child)P45.000.00 (Art.998)
from.
D - (Acknowledged illegitimate child)P45,000.00 (Art. 998)
The acknowledged illegitimate child gets 1/2 of the share of
each
When Mrs. Luna died, she was survived by her parents as

her only heirs. Her parents will inherit her estate consisting
Legitime; Compulsory Heirs (2003)
of the 5 Million she inherited from Mr. Luna. The other 5
Luis was survived by two legitimate children, two
Million she inherited from her child will be delivered to the
illegitimate children, his parents, and two brothers. He left
parents of Mr. Luna as beneficiaries of the reserved
an estate of P1 million. Who are the compulsory heirs of
property.
Luis, how much is the legitime of each, and how much is
the free portion of his estate, if any?
In sum, 5 Million Pesos of Mr. Luna's estate will go to the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
parents of Mrs. Luna, while the other 5 Million Pesos will The compulsory heirs are the two legitimate children and
go to the parents of Mr. Luna as reservatarios.
the two illegitimate children. The parents are excluded by
the legitimate children, while the brothers are not
If the child had an intra-uterine life of not less than 7
compulsory heirs at all.
months, it inherited from the father. In which case, the Their respective legitimate are:
estate of 10M will be divided equally between the child and
a) The legitime of the two (2) legitimate children is one
the widow as legal heirs. Upon the death of the child, its
half (1/2) of the estate (P500,000.00) to be divided
share of 5M shall go by operation of law to the mother,
between them equally, or P250,000.00 each.
which shall be subject to reserva troncal. Under Art. 891, b) The legitimate of each illegitimate child is one-half
the reserva is in favor of relatives belonging to the paternal (1/2) the legitime of each legitimate child or
line and who are within 3 degrees from the child. The
P125,000.00.
parents of Mr, Luna are entitled to the reserved portion
which is 5M as they are 2 degrees related from child. The
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 47 of 119
c)
Since the total legitime of the compulsory heirs is

legitime of the legitimate children and it follows that the
P750,000.00, the balance of P250,000.00 is the free legitime of one legitimate child is P100,000. The legitime,
portion.
therefore, of the oldest son is P100,000. However, since the
donation given him was P100,000, he has already received
in full his legitime and he will not receive anything anymore
Legitime; Compulsory Heirs vs. Secondary Compulsory
from the decedent. The remaining P900,000, therefore,
Heirs (2005)
shall
Emil, the testator, has three legitimate children, Tom, Henry
go to the four younger children by institution in the will, to
and Warlito; a wife named Adette; parents named Pepe and
Pilar; an illegitimate child, Ramon; brother, Mark; and a
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
sister, Nanette. Since his wife Adette is well-off, he wants Assuming
to
that the donation is valid as to form and
leave to his illegitimate child as much of his estate as he can
substance, Juan cannot invoke preterition because he
legally do. His estate has an aggregate net amount of
actually had received a donation inter vivos from the
Pl,200,000.00, and all the above-named relatives are still testatrix (III Tolentino 188,1992 ed.). He would only have a
living. Emil now comes to you for advice in making a will. right to a completion of his legitime under Art. 906 of the
How will you distribute his estate according to his wishesCivil Code. The estate should be divided equally among the
without violating the law on testamentary succession? (5%)
five children who will each receive P225,000.00 because the
total hereditary estate, after collating the donation to Juan
(Art. 1061, CC), would be P1 million. In the actual
P600,000.00 legitime to be divided equally between Tom,
distribution of the net estate, Juan gets nothing while his
Henry and Warlito as the legitimate children. Each will besiblings will get P225,000.00 each.
entitled to P200,000.00. (Art. 888, Civil Code)
P100,000.00 -- share of Ramon the illegitimate child.
Equivalent to 1/2 of the share of each legitimate child. (Art.
Preterition; Compulsory Heir (1999)
176, Family Code)
(a) Mr, Cruz, widower, has three legitimate children, A, B
P200,000.00 Adette the wife. Her share is equivalent toand C. He executed a Will instituting as his heirs to his
the share of one legitimate child. (Art. 892, par. 2, Civil estate of One Million (P1,000,000.00) Pesos his two
Code)
children A and B, and his friend F. Upon his death, how
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
should Mr. Cruz's estate be divided? Explain. (3%)

Pepe and Pilar, the parents are only secondary compulsory
heirs and they cannot inherit if the primary compulsory (b)In the preceding question, suppose Mr. Cruz
heirs (legitimate children) are alive. (Art. 887, par. 2, Civilinstituted his two children A and B as his heirs in his Will,
Code)
but gave a legacy of P 100,000.00 to his friend F. How
should the estate of Mr, Cruz be divided upon his death?
Explain, (2%)
Brother Mark and sister Nanette are not compulsory heirs
since they are not included in the enumeration under Article
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Assuming that the institution of A, B and F were to the
887 of the Civil Code.
entire estate, there was preterition of C since C is a
compulsory heir in the direct line. The preterition will result
The remaining balance of P300,000.00 is the free portion
in the total annulment of the institution of heirs. Therefore,
which can be given to the illegitimate child Ramon as an
the institution of A, B and F will be set aside and Mr. Cuz's
instituted heir. (Art. 914, Civil Code) If so given by the
estate will be divided, as in intestacy, equally among A, B
decedent, Ramon would receive a total of P400,000.00.
and C as follows: A - P333,333.33; B - P333.333.33; and C P333,333.33.
Preterition (2001)
Because her eldest son Juan had been pestering her for
capital to start a business, Josefa gave him P100,000. Five(b) On the same assumption as letter (a), there was
preterition of C. Therefore, the institution of A and B is
years later, Josefa died, leaving a last will and testament in
which she instituted only her four younger children as herannulled but the legacy of P100.000.00 to F shall be
sole heirs. At the time of her death, her only properly left respected for not being inofficious. Therefore, the
was P900,000.00 in a bank. Juan opposed the will on the remainder of P900.000.00 will be divided equally among A,
B and C.
ground of preterition. How should Josefa's estate be divided
among her heirs? State briefly the reason(s) for your
answer.
Proceedings; Intestate Proceedings; Jurisdiction (2004)
(5%)
In his lifetime, a Pakistani citizen, ADIL, married three
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
times under Pakistani law. When he died an old widower,
There was no preterition of the oldest son because the
testatrix donated 100,000 pesos to him. This donation is he left behind six children, two sisters, three homes, and an
estate worth at least 30 million pesos in the Philippines. He
considered an advance on the son's inheritance. There being
was born in Lahore but last resided in Cebu City, where he
no preterition, the institutions in the will shall be respected
had a mansion and where two of his youngest children now
but the legitime of the oldest son has to be completed if he
live and work. Two of his oldest children are farmers in
received less.
Sulu, while the two middle-aged children are employees in
Zamboanga City. Finding that the deceased left no will, the
After collating the donation of P100.000 to the remaining youngest son wanted to file intestate proceedings before the
property of P900,000, the estate of the testatrix is
Regional Trial Court of Cebu City. Two other siblings
P1,000,000. Of this amount, one-half or P500,000, is the
Page 48 of 119
objected, arguing that it should be in Jolo before a Shariamother, in favor of another sister, with their mother not
court since his lands are in Sulu. But Adils sisters in
only giving her authority thereto but even signing said
Pakistan want the proceedings held in Lahore before a deeds, there is a valid partition inter vivos between the
Pakistani court.
mother and her children which cannot be revoked by the
Which court has jurisdiction and is the proper venue for the
mother. Said deeds of sale are not contracts entered into
intestate proceedings? The law of which country shall
with respect to future inheritance.
govern succession to his estate? (5%)
"It would be unjust for the mother to revoke the sales to a
In so far as the properties of the decedent located in the son and to execute a simulated sale in favor of a daughter
Philippines are concerned, they are governed by Philippine
who already benefited by the partition."
law (Article 16, Civil Code). Under Philippine law, the
proper venue for the settlement of the estate is the domicile
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
of the decedent at the time of his death. Since the decedent
C. Yes, under Arts. 51 and 52 of the New Family Code. In
last resided in Cebu City, that is the proper venue for the case of legal separation, annulment of marriage, declaration
intestate settlement of his estate.
of nullity of marriage and the automatic termination of a
subsequent marriage by the reappearance of the absent
spouse, the common or community property of the spouses
However, the successional rights to the estate of ADIL areshall be dissolved and liquidated.
governed by Pakistani law, his national law, under Article 16
of the Civil Code.
Art, 51. In said partition, the value of the presumptive
legitimes of all common children, computed as of the date
Succession; Death; Presumptive Legitime (1991)
a) For purposes of succession, when is death deemed to of the final judgment of the trial court, shall be delivered in
cash, property or sound securities, unless the parties, by
occur or take place?
b) May succession be conferred by contracts or acts intermutual agreement, judicially approved, had already
provided
vivos? Illustrate.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
c) Is there any law which allows the delivery to

compulsory heirs of their presumptive legitimes duringThe children of their guardian, or the trustee of their
the lifetime of their parents? If so, in what instances? property, may ask for the enforcement of the judgment.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The delivery of the presumptive legitimes herein prescribed

A. Death as a fact is deemed to occur when it actually
shall in no way prejudice the ultimate successional rights of
takes place. Death is presumed to take place in the
circumstances under Arts. 390-391 of the Civil Code. The the children accruing upon the death of either or both of
the parents; but the value of the properties already received
time of death is presumed to be at the expiration of the 10under the decree of annulment or absolute nullity shall be
year period as prescribed by Article 390 and at the moment
considered as advances on their legitime.
of disappearance under Article 391.
B. Under Art. 84 of the Family Code amending Art 130 of Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity
of the marriage, the partition and distribution of the
the Civil Code, contractual succession is no longer possible
properties of the spouses, and the delivery of the children's
since the law now requires that donations of future property
presumptive legitimes shall be recorded in the appropriate
be governed by the provisions on the testamentary
civil registry and registries of property; otherwise, the same
succession and formalities of wills.
shall not affect third persons.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
B. In the case of Coronado vs.CA(l91 SCRA81), it was ruled

that no property passes under a will without its being
Wills; Codicil; Institution of Heirs; Substitution of Heirs
probated, but may under Article 1058 of the Civil Code of(2002)
1898, be sustained as a partition by an act inter vivos
By virtue of a Codicil appended to his will, Theodore
devised to Divino a tract of sugar land, with the obligation
on the part of Divino or his heirs to deliver to Betina a
specified volume of sugar per harvest during Betinas
And in the case of Chavez vs, IAC 1191 SCRA211), it was
ruled that while the law prohibits contracts upon future lifetime. It is also stated in the Codicil that in the event the
obligation is not fulfilled, Betina should immediately seize
inheritance, the partition by the parent, as provided in Art.
1080 is a case expressly authorized by law. A person has the property from Divino or latters heirs and turn it over to
Theodores compulsory heirs. Divino failed to fulfill the
two
obligation under the Codicil. Betina brings suit against
options in making a partition of his estate: either by an act
Divino for the reversion of the tract of land.
inter vivos or by will. If the partition is by will, it is
a) Distinguish between modal institution and substation
imperative that such partition must be executed in
accordance with the provisions of the law on wills; if by an of heirs. (3%)
act inter vivos, such partition may even be oral or written,b) Distinguish between simple and fideicommissary
and need not be in the form of a will, provided the legitime substitution of heirs. (2%)
c) Does Betina have a cause of action against Divino?
Explain (5%)
[Many-Oy vs. CA 144SCRA33).
"Where several sisters execute deeds of sale over their 1 /6

undivided share of the paraphernal property of their
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 49 of 119
A.A MODAL INSTITUTION is the institution of

an heir made for a certain purpose or cause (Arts. 871 and
b. In the case of a foreigner, his national law shall govern
882, NCC). SUBSTITUTION is the appointment of
substantive validity whether he executes his will in the
another heir so that he may enter into the inheritance in Philippines or in a foreign country.
default of the heir originality instituted. (Art. 857, NCC).
Wills; Holographic Wills; Insertions & Cancellations (1996)
Vanessa died on April 14, 1980, leaving behind a
B.In a SIMPLE SUBSTITUTION of heirs, the
testator designates one or more persons to substitute the holographic will which is entirely written, dated and signed
in her own handwriting. However, it contains insertions and
heirs instituted in case such heir or heirs should die before
cancellations which are not authenticated by her signature.
him, or should not wish or should be incapacitated to
For this reason, the probate of Vanessa's will was opposed
accept the inheritance. In a FIDEICOMMISSARY
by her relatives who stood to inherit by her intestacy.
SUBSTITUTION, the testator institutes a first heir and
charges him to preserve and transmit the whole or part ofMay Vanessa's holographic will be probated? Explain.
the inheritance to a second heir. In a simple substitution,
only one heir inherits. In a fideicommissary substitution, SUGGESTED ANSWER:
both the first and second heirs inherit. (Art. 859 and 869, Yes, the will as originally written may be probated. The
insertions and alterations were void since they were not
NCC)
authenticated by the full signature of Vanessa, under Art.
814, NCC. The original will, however, remains valid because
a holographic will is not invalidated by the unauthenticated
C.Betina has a cause of action against Divino. This is
insertions or alterations (Ajero v. CA, 236 SCRA 468].
a case of a testamentary disposition subject to a mode and
the will itself provides for the consequence if the mode is ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
It depends. As a rule, a holographic will is not adversely
not complied with. To enforce the mode, the will itself gives
affected by Insertions or cancellations which were not
Betina the right to compel the return of the property to the
heirs of Theodore. (Rabadilla v. Conscoluella, 334 SCRA 522 authenticated by the full signature of the testator (Ajero v.
CA, 236 SCRA 468). However, when the insertion or
[2000] GR 113725, 29 June 2000).
cancellation amounts to revocation of the will, Art.814 of
the NCC does not apply but Art. 830. NCC. Art. 830 of the
Wills; Formalities (1990)
NCC does not require the testator to authenticate his
(1) If a will is executed by a testator who is a Filipino
cancellation for the effectivity of a revocation effected
citizen, what law will govern if the will is executed in the through such cancellation (Kalaw v. Relova, 132 SCRA 237).
Philippines? What law will govern if the will is executed inIn the Kalaw case, the original holographic will designated
another country? Explain your answers.
only one heir as the only substantial provision which was
altered by substituting the original heir with another heir.
Hence, if the unauthenticated cancellation amounted to a
(2) If a will is executed by a foreigner, for instance, a
revocation of the will, the will may not be probated because
Japanese, residing in the Philippines, what law will govern if
it had already been revoked.
the will is executed in the Philippines? And what law will
govern if the will is executed in Japan, or some other
country, for instance, the U.S.A.? Explain your answers.
Wills; Holographic Wills; Witnesses (1994)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(1) a. If the testator who is a Filipino citizen executes his On his deathbed, Vicente was executing a will. In the room
were Carissa, Carmela, Comelio and Atty. Cimpo, a notary
will in the Philippines, Philippine law will govern the
public. Suddenly, there was a street brawl which caught
formalities.
Comelio's attention, prompting him to look out the
b. If said Filipino testator executes his will in another
window. Cornelio did not see Vicente sign a will. Is the will
country, the law of the country where he maybe or
valid?
Philippine law will govern the formalities. (Article 815, Civil
Code}
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
a) Yes, The will is valid. The law does not require a witness
to actually see the testator sign the will. It is sufficient if
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the witness could have seen the act of signing had he
(2) a. If the testator is a foreigner residing in the Philippines
and he executes his will in the Philippines, the law of the chosen to do so by casting his eyes to the proper direction.
country of which he is a citizen or Philippine law will
govern the formalities.
b) Yes, the will is valid. Applying the "test of position",
although Comelio did not actually see Vicente sign the will,
b. If the testator is a foreigner and executes his will in a Cornelio was in the proper position to see Vicente sign if
Cornelio so wished.
foreign country, the law of his place of residence or the law
of the country of which he is a citizen or the law of the
place of execution, or Philippine law will govern the
Wills; Joint Wills (2000)
formalities (Articles 17. 816. 817. Civil Code).
Manuel, a Filipino, and his American wife Eleanor, executed
a Joint Will in Boston, Massachusetts when they were
residing in said city. The law of Massachusetts allows the
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL ANSWERS:
execution of joint wills. Shortly thereafter, Eleanor died.
a. In the case of a Filipino citizen, Philippine law shall
govern substantive validity whether he executes his will inCan the said Will be probated in the Philippines for the
settlement of her estate? (3%)
the Philippines or in a foreign country.
Page 50 of 119

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the will may be probated in the Philippines insofar asWills; Probate; Notarial and Holographic Wills (1997)
the estate of Eleanor is concerned. While the Civil Code Johnny, with no known living relatives, executed a notarial
prohibits the execution of Joint wills here and abroad, such
will giving all his estate to his sweetheart. One day, he had a
prohibition applies only to Filipinos. Hence, the joint will serious altercation with his sweetheart. A few days later, he
which is valid where executed is valid in the Philippines but
was introduced to a charming lady who later became a dear
only with respect to Eleanor. Under Article 819, it is void friend. Soon after, he executed a holographic will expressly
with respect to Manuel whose joint will remains void in the
revoking the notarial will and so designating his new friend
Philippines despite being valid where executed.
as sole heir. One day when he was clearing up his desk,
Johnny mistakenly burned, along with other papers, the only
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
copy of his holographic will. His business associate,
The will cannot be probated in the Philippines, even though
Eduardo knew well the contents of the will which was
valid where executed, because it is prohibited under Article
shown to him by Johnny the day it was executed. A few
818 of the Civil Code and declared void under Article 819,
days after the burning incident, Johnny died. Both wills
The prohibition should apply even to the American wife
were sought to be probated in two separate petitions.
because the Joint will is offensive to public policy.
Will either or both petitions prosper?
Moreover, it is a single juridical act which cannot be valid as
to one testator and void as to the other.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The probate of the notarial will will prosper. The

Wills; Probate; Intrinsic Validity (1990)
holographic will cannot be admitted to probate because a
H died leaving a last will and testament wherein it is stated
holographic will can only be probated upon evidence of the
that he was legally married to W by whom he had two
will itself unless there is a photographic copy. But since the
legitimate children A and B. H devised to his said forced holographic will was lost and there was no other copy, it
heirs the entire estate except the free portion which he gave
cannot be probated and therefore the notarial will will be
to X who was living with him at the time of his death.
admitted to probate because there is no revoking will.
ADDITIONAL ANSWERS:
In said will he explained that he had been estranged from1. In the case of Gan vs. Yap (104 Phil 509), the execution
his wife W for more than 20 years and he has been living and the contents of a lost or destroyed holographic will may
not be proved by the bare testimony of witnesses who have
with X as man and wife since his separation from his
seen or read such will. The will itself must be presented
legitimate family.
otherwise it shall produce no effect. The law regards the
document itself as material proof of authenticity. Moreover,
In the probate proceedings, X asked for the issuance of
in order that a will may be revoked by a subsequent will, it
letters testamentary in accordance with the will wherein
is
she
necessary that the latter will be valid and executed with the
is named sole executor. This was opposed by W and her
formalities required for the making of a will. The latter
children.
should possess all the requisites of a valid will whether it be
(a) Should the will be admitted in said probate proceedings?
ordinary or a holographic will, and should be probated in
(b) Is the said devise to X valid?
order that the revocatory clause thereof may produce effect.
(c) Was it proper for the trial court to consider the intrinsic
In the case at bar, since the holographic will itself cannot be
presented, it cannot therefore be probated. Since it cannot
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Yes, the will may be probated if executed according tobe probated, it cannot revoke the notarial will previously
the formalities prescribed by law.
(b) The institution giving X the free portion is not valid, 2. On the basis of the Rules of Court, Rule 76, Sec. 6,
because the prohibitions under Art. 739 of the Civil Code provides that no will shall be proved as a lost or destroyed
on donations also apply to testamentary dispositions
will unless its provisions are clearly and distinctly proved by
(Article 1028, Civil Code), Among donations which are
at least two (2) credible witnesses. Hence, if we abide
considered void are those made between persons who were
strictly
guilty of adultery or concubinage at the time of the
by the two-witness rule to prove a lost or destroyed will, the
donation.
holographic will which Johnny allegedly mistakenly burned,
cannot be probated, since there is only one witness,
Eduardo, who can be called to testify as to the existence of
(c) As a general rule, the will should be admitted in probate
the will. If the holographic will, which purportedly, revoked
proceedings if all the necessary requirements for its
the earlier notarial will cannot be proved because of the
extrinsic
absence of the required witness, then the petition for the
validity have been met and the court should not consider
the intrinsic validity of the provisions of said will. However,
the exception arises when the will in effect contains only
Wills; Revocation of Wills; Dependent Relative Revocation
one testamentary disposition. In effect, the only
testamentary disposition under the will is the giving of the(2003)
Mr. Reyes executed a will completely valid as to form. A
free portion to X, since legitimes are provided by law.
week later, however, he executed another will which
Hence, the trial court may consider the intrinsic validity of
expressly revoked his first will, which he tore his first will to
23445, June 23, 1966, 17 SCRA; Nepomuceno v. CA, L-62952, pieces. Upon the death of Mr. Reyes, his second will was
presented for probate by his heirs, but it was denied
9 October 1985. 139 SCRA 206).
probate
Page 51 of 119
due to formal defects. Assuming that a copy of the first will

excluded by a legitimate son of the decedent [Art. 887, New
is available, may it now be admitted to probate and given Civil Code]. This follows the principle that the descendants
effect? Why?
exclude the ascendants from inheritance.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the first will may be admitted to probate and given

effect. When the testator tore first will, he was under the Wills; Testamentary Intent (1996)
mistaken belief that the second will was perfectly valid and
Alfonso, a bachelor without any descendant or ascendant,
he would not have destroyed the first will had he known wrote a last will and testament in which he devised." all the
that the second will is not valid. The revocation by
properties of which I may be possessed at the time of my
destruction therefore is dependent on the validity of the death" to his favorite brother Manuel. At the time he wrote
second will. Since it turned out that the second will was the will, he owned only one parcel of land. But by the time
invalid, the tearing of the first will did not produce the
he died, he owned twenty parcels of land. His other
effect of revocation. This is known as the doctrine of
brothers and sisters insist that his will should pass only the
dependent relative revocation (Molo v. Molo, 90 Phil 37.)
parcel of land he owned at the time it was written, and did
not cover his properties acquired, which should be by
intestate succession. Manuel claims otherwise.
No, the first will cannot be admitted to probate. While it isWho is correct? Explain.
true that the first will was successfully revoked by the
second will because the second will was later denied
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
probate, the first will was, nevertheless, revoked when the
Manuel is correct because under Art. 793, NCC, property
testator destroyed it after executing the second invalid will.
acquired after the making of a will shall only pass thereby,
(Diaz v. De Leon, 43 Phil 413 [1922]).
as
if the testator had possessed it at the time of making the
will, should it expressly appear by the will that such was his
Wills; Testamentary Disposition (2006)
intention. Since Alfonso's intention to devise all properties
Don died after executing a Last Will and Testament leaving
his estate valued at P12 Million to his common-law wife he owned at the time of his death expressly appears on the
Roshelle. He is survived by his brother Ronie and his half-will, then all the 20 parcels of land are included in the
sister Michelle.
(1) Was Don's testamentary disposition of his estate in

accordance with the law on succession? Whether you agree
or not, explain your answer. Explain.
DONATION
Donation vs. Sale (2003)

Don's testamentary disposition
a) May a person sell something that does not belong to
of his estate is in accordance with the law on succession.
him? Explain.
Don has no compulsory heirs not having ascendants,
b) May a person donate something that does not belong
descendants nor a spouse [Art. 887, New Civil Code].
to him? Explain. 5%
Brothers and sisters are not compulsory heirs. Thus, he can
bequeath his entire estate to anyone who is not otherwiseSUGGESTED ANSWER:
incapacitated to inherit from him. A common-law wife is (a)Yes, a person may sell something which does not
not incapacitated under the law, as Don is not married to belong to him. For the sale to be valid, the law does not
require the seller to be the owner of the property at the
anyone.
time
of the sale. (Article 1434, NCC). If the seller cannot transfer
(2) If Don failed to execute a will during his lifetime, as his
ownership over the thing sold at the time of delivery
lawyer, how will you distribute his estate? Explain. (2.5%)
because he was not the owner thereof, he shall be liable for
breach of contact.
After paying the legal obligations of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the estate, I will give Ronie, as full-blood brother of Don, (b)As a general rule, a person cannot donate
2/3 of the net estate, twice the share of Michelle, the half-something which he cannot dispose of at the time of the
sister who shall receive 1/3. Roshelle will not receive
anything as she is not a legal heir [Art. 1006 New Civil
Code].
Donations; Condition; Capacity to Sue (1996)
Sometime in 1955, Tomas donated a parcel of land to his
stepdaughter Irene, subject to the condition that she may
(3)Assuming he died intestate survived by his brother
not sell, transfer or cede the same for twenty years. Shortly
Ronie, his half-sister Michelle, and his legitimate son Jayson,
thereafter, he died. In 1965, because she needed money for
how will you distribute his estate? Explain. (2.5%)
medical expenses, Irene sold the land to Conrado. The
Jayson will be entitled to the entire
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
following year, Irene died, leaving as her sole heir a son by
P12 Million as the brother and sister will be excluded by athe name of Armando. When Armando learned that the
legitimate son of the decedent. This follows the principle of
land which he expected to inherit had been sold by Irene to
proximity, where "the nearer excludes the farther."
Conrado, he filed an action against the latter for annulment
of the sale, on the ground that it violated the restriction
(4) Assuming further he died intestate, survived by his father imposed by Tomas. Conrado filed a motion to dismiss, on
Juan, his brother Ronie, his half-sister Michelle, and his
the ground that Armando did not have the legal capacity to
legitimate son Jayson, how will you distribute his estate?
sue.
Explain. (2.5%)
If you were the Judge, how will you rule on this motion to
dismiss? Explain.
Jayson will still be entitled to the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
entire P12 Million as the father, brother and sister will be
Page 52 of 119
Yes,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
property to Ferdinand who then sued to recover the land

As judge, I will grant the motion to dismiss. Armando has from the city government.
no personality to bring the action for annulment of the sale
Will the suit prosper?
to Conrado. Only an aggrieved party to the contract may
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
bring the action for annulment thereof (Art. 1397. NCC). Ferdinand has no right to recover the land. It is true that
While Armando is heir and successor-in-interest of his
the
mother (Art. 1311, NCC), he [standing in place of his
donation was revocable because of breach of the
mother) has no personality to annul the contract. Both areconditions. But until and unless the donation was revoked,
not aggrieved parties on account of their own violation of it remained valid. Hence, Spouses Michael and Linda had no
the condition of, or restriction on, their ownership imposed
right to sell the land to Ferdinand. One cannot give what he
by the donation. Only the donor or his heirs would have the
does not have. What the donors should have done first was
personality to bring an action to revoke a donation for
to have the donation annulled or revoked. And after that
violation of a condition thereof or a restriction thereon. was done, they could validly have disposed of the land in
(Garrido u. CA, 236 SCRA 450). Consequently, while the
donor or his heirs were not parties to the sale, they have the
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
right to annul the contract of sale because their rights areA. Until the contract of donation has been resolved or
prejudiced by one of the contracting parties thereof [DBP rescinded
v.
under Article 1191 of the Civil Code or revoked
CA, 96 SCRA 342; Teves vs. PHHC. 23 SCRA 114]. Since
under Art. 764 of the Civil Code, the donation stands
Armando is neither the donor nor heir of the donor, he haseffective and valid. Accordingly, the sale made by the
no personality to bring the action for annulment.
donor to Ferdinand cannot be said to have conveyed title to
Ferdinand, who, thereby, has no cause of action for
recovery of the land acting for and in his behalf.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
As judge, I will grant the motion to dismiss. Compliance

with a condition imposed by a donor gives rise to an action
B. The donation is onerous, And being onerous, what
to revoke the donation under Art. 764, NCC. However, theapplies is the law on contracts, and not the law on donation
right of action belongs to the donor. Is transmissible to his(De Luna us. Abrigo, 81 SCRA 150). Accordingly, the
heirs, and may be exercised against the donee's heirs. Since
prescriptive period for the filing of such an action would be
Armando is an heir of the donee, not of the donor, he has the ordinary prescriptive period for contacts which may
no legal capacity to sue for revocation of the donation.
either be six or ten depending upon whether it is verbal or
Although he is not seeking such revocation but an
written. The filing of the case five years later is within the
annulment of the sale which his mother, the donee, had prescriptive period and, therefore, the action can prosper,
executed in violation of the condition imposed by the
Alternative Answer:
donor, an action for annulment of a contract may be
brought only by those who are principally or subsidiarily The law on donation lays down a special prescriptive period
obliged thereby (Art. 1397, NCC). As an exception to the in the case of breach of condition, which is four years from
non-compliance thereof (Article 764 Civil Code). Since the
rule, it has been held that a person not so obliged may
nevertheless ask for annulment if he is prejudiced in his action has prescribed, the suit will not prosper,
rights regarding one of the contracting parties (DBP us. CA.
96 SCRA 342 and other cases) and can show the detriment Donations; Effect; illegal & immoral conditions (1997)
which would result to him from the contract in which he Are the effects of illegal and immoral conditions on simple
had no intervention, (Teves vs. PHHC, 23 SCRA 1141).
donations the same as those effects that would follow when
such conditions are imposed on donations con causa
onerosa?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Such detriment or prejudice cannot be shown by Armando.
No, they don't have the same effect. Illegal or impossible
As a forced heir, Armando's interest in the property was, at
conditions in simple and remuneratory donations shall be
best, a mere expectancy. The sale of the land by his mother
did not impair any vested right. The fact remains that the considered as not imposed. Hence the donation is valid.
premature sale made by his mother (premature because The donation will be considered as simple or pure. The
condition or mode is merely an accessory disposition, and
only
its nullity does not affect the donation, unless it clearly
half of the period of the ban had elapsed) was not voidable
at all, none of the vices of consent under Art. 139 of the appears that the donor would not have made the donation
NCC being present. Hence, the motion to dismiss should without the mode or condition.
Donations con causa onerosa is governed by law on

Donations; Conditions; Revocation (1991)
obligations and contracts, under which an impossible or
Spouses Michael and Linda donated a 3-hectare residential
land to the City of Baguio on the condition that the city Illicit condition annuls the obligation dependent upon the
condition where the condition is positive and suspensive. If
government would build thereon a public park with a
boxing arena, the construction of which shall commence the impossible or illicit condition is negative, it is simply
within six (6) months from the date the parties ratify the considered as not written, and the obligation is converted
into a pure and simple one. However, in order that an illegal
donation. The donee accepted the donation and the title to
condition may annul a contract, the impossibility must exist
the property was transferred in its name. Five years elapsed
at the time of the creation of the obligation; a supervening
but the public park with the boxing arena was never started.
Considering the failure of the donee to comply with the impossibility does not affect the existence of the obligation.
condition of the donation, the donor-spouses sold the
ADDITIONAL ANSWER:
Page 53 of 119
No. In simple or pure donation, only the illegal or

irrevocable, the latter is revocable. In the problem given, all
impossible condition is considered not written but the
the clauses or conditions mentioned in the deed of
donation remains valid and becomes free from conditions.donation, except one, are consistent with the rule of
The condition or mode being a mere accessory disposition.
irrevocability and would have sustained the view that the
Its nullity does not affect the donation unless it clearly
donation is inter vivos and therefore valid. The lone
appears that the donor would not have made the donationexception is the clause which reserves the donor's right to
without the mode or condition. On the other hand, onerous
sell the property at any time before his death. Such a
donation is governed by the rules on contracts. Under
reservation has been held to render the donation revocable
Article 1183, Impossible or illegal conditions shall annul the
and, therefore, becomes a donation mortis causa (Puig vs.
obligation which depends upon them. In these cases, bothPenqflorida, 15 SCRA 276, at p. 286). That the right was not
the obligation and the condition are void.
exercised is immaterial; its reservation was an implied
recognition of the donor's power to nullify the donation
anytime he wished to do so. Consequently, it should have
been embodied in a last will and testament. The suit for
Donations; Formalities; Mortis Causa (1990)
B donated to M a parcel of land in 1980. B made the deednullity will thus prosper.
of donation, entitled Donation Inter Vivos, in a public
instrument and M accepted the donation in the same
document. It was provided in the deed that the land
Donations; Inter Vivos; Acceptance (1993)
donated shall be immediately delivered to M and that M On January 21, 1986, A executed a deed of donation inter
shall have the right to enjoy the fruits fully. The deed alsovivos of a parcel of land to Dr. B who had earlier
provided that B was reserving the right to dispose of said constructed thereon a building in which researches on the
land during his (Bs) lifetime, and that M shall not registerdreaded disease AIDS were being conducted. The deed,
the deed of donation until after Bs death. Upon Bs death,acknowledged before a notary public, was handed over by A
W, Bs widow and sole heir, filed an action for the recoveryto Dr. B who received it. A few days after, A flew to Davao
of the donated land, contending that the donation made by
City. Unfortunately, the airplane he was riding crashed on
B is a donation mortis causa and not a donation inter vivos.
landing killing him. Two days after the unfortunate accident.
Will said action prosper? Explain your answer.
Dr. B, upon advice of a lawyer, executed a deed
acknowledged before a notary public accepting the
donation.
Yes, the action will prosper. The donation is a donation Is the donation effective? Explain your answer.
mortis causa because the reservation is to dispose of all the
property donated and, therefore, the donation is revocable
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
at will. Accordingly, the donation requires the execution ofNo,
a the donation is not effective. The law requires that the
valid will, either notarial or holographic (Arts 755, 728 separate acceptance of the donee of an immovable must be
NCC).
done in a public document during the lifetime of the donor
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(Art. 746 & 749, Civil Code) In this case, B executed the
deed of acceptance before a notary public after the donor
Donations; Formalities; Mortis Causa (1998)
Ernesto donated in a public instrument a parcel of land tohad already died.
Demetrio, who accepted it in the same document. It is there
declared that the donation shall take effect immediately, Donations; Perfection (1998)
with the donee having the right to take possession of the On July 27, 1997, Pedro mailed in Manila a letter to his
land and receive its fruits but not to dispose of the land brother, Jose, a resident of Ilollo City, offering to donate a
while Ernesto is alive as well as for ten years following hisvintage sports car which the latter had long been wanting to
death. Moreover, Ernesto also reserved in the same deed buy
his from the former. On August 5, 1997, Jose called Pedro
right to sell the property should he decide to dispose of it by
at cellular phone to thank him for his generosity and to
any time - a right which he did not exercise at all. After his
inform him that he was sending by mail his letter of
death, Ernesto's heirs seasonably brought an action to
acceptance. Pedro never received that letter because it was
recover the property, alleging that the donation was void as
never mailed. On August 14, 1997, Pedro received a
it did not comply with the formalities of a will. Will the suit
telegram from Iloilo informing him that Jose had been
prosper? [5%]
killed in a road accident the day before (August 13, 1997)
1. Is there a perfected donation? [2%]
2. Will your answer be the same if Jose did mail his
Yes, the suit will prosper as the donation did not comply acceptance letter but it was received by Pedro in Manila
with the formalities of a will. In this instance, the fact thatdays after Jose's death? [3%]
the donor did not intend to transfer ownership or
possession of the donated property to the donee until the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
donor's death, would result in a donation mortis causa and
1. None. There is no perfected donation. Under Article 748
in this kind of disposition, the formalities of a will should be
of the Civil Code, the donation of a movable may be made
complied with, otherwise, the donation is void. In this
orally or in writing. If the value of the personal property
Instance, donation mortis causa embodied only in a publicdonated exceeds five thousand pesos, the donation and the
instrument without the formalities of a will could not haveacceptance shall be made in writing. Assuming that the
transferred ownership of disputed property to another. value of the thing donated, a vintage sports car, exceeds
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
P5,000.00 then the donation and the acceptance must be in

writing. In this instance, the acceptance of Jose was not in
One of the essential distinctions between a donation inter
writing, therefore, the donation is void. Upon the other
vivos and a donation mortis causa is that while the former is
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 54 of 119
hand, assuming that the sports car costs less than

P5,000.00
then the donation maybe oral, but still, the simultaneous
delivery of the car is needed and there being none, the
Code which requires the donation and the acceptance

thereof to be in a public instrument in order to be valid.
The acceptance not being in a public instrument, the part
which is not onerous is void and Rosa may recover it from
Amanda.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. Yes, the answer is the same. If Jose's mail containing his

Donations; Unregistered; Effects; Non-Compliance;
acceptance of the donation was received by Pedro after the
Resolutory Condition (2006)
former's death, then the donation is still void because under
Spouses Alfredo and Racquel were active members of a
Article 734 of the Civil Code, the donation is perfected thereligious congregation. They donated a parcel of land in
moment the donor knows of the acceptance by the donee.favor of that congregation in a duly notarized Deed of
The death of Jose before Pedro could receive the
Donation, subject to the condition that the Minister shall
acceptance indicates that the donation was never perfected.
construct thereon a place of worship within 1 year from the
Under Article 746 acceptance must be made during the acceptance of the donation. In an affidavit he executed on
lifetime of both the donor and the donee.
behalf of the congregation, the Minister accepted the
donation. The Deed of Donation was not registered with
the Registry of Deeds.
Donations; Requisites; Immovable Property

Anastacia purchased a house and lot on installments at a
housing project in Quezon City. Subsequently, she was
However, instead of constructing a place of worship, the
employed in California and a year later, she executed a deed
Minister constructed a bungalow on the property he used as
of donation, duly authenticated by the Philippine Consulate
in Los Angeles, California, donating the house and lot to his residence. Disappointed with the Minister, the spouses
revoked the donation and demanded that he vacate the
her friend Amanda. The latter brought the deed of donation
to the owner of the project and discovered that Anastacia premises immediately. But the Minister refused to leave,
claiming that aside from using the bungalow as his
left unpaid installments and real estate taxes. Amanda paid
residence, he is also using it as a place for worship on
these so that the donation in her favor can be registered in
the project owner's office. Two months later, Anastacia special occasions. Under the circumstances, can Alfredo
died, leaving her mother Rosa as her sole heir. Rosa filed an
and Racquel evict the Minister and recover possession
action to annul the donation on the ground that Amanda
of the property?
did not give her consent in the deed of donation or in a
If you were the couple's counsel, what action you take
separate public instrument. Amanda replied that the
to protect the interest of your clients? (5%)
donation was an onerous one because she had to pay
unpaid installments and taxes; hence her acceptance mayALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Yes, Alfredo and Racquel can bring an action for ejectment
be
against the Minister for recovery of possession of the
property evict the Minister and recover possession of the
property. An action for annulment of the donation,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Rosa is correct because the donation is void. The propertyreconveyance and damages should be filed to protect the
donated was an immovable. For such donation to be valid,interests of my client. The donation is an onerous donation
Article 749 of the New Civil Code requires both the
and therefore shall be governed by the rules on contracts.
donation and the acceptance to be in a public instrument.Because there was no fulfillment or compliance with the
There being no showing that Amanda's acceptance was condition which is resolutory in character, the donation may
made in a public instrument, the donation is void. The
now be revoked and all rights which the donee may have
contention that the donation is onerous and, therefore, need
acquired under it shall be deemed lost and extinguished
not comply with Article 749 for validity is without merit.
The donation is not onerous because it did not impose on (Central Philippine University, G.R. No. 112127, July 17,1995).
Amanda the obligation to pay the balance on the purchaseALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
price or the arrears in real estate taxes. Amanda took it No, an action for ejectment will not prosper. I would advice
upon
Alfredo and Racquel that the Minister, by constructing a
herself to pay those amounts voluntarily. For a donation tostructure which also serves as a place of worship, has
be onerous, the burden must be imposed by the donor on pursued the objective of the donation. His taking up
the donee. In the problem, there is no such burden imposed
residence in the bungalow may be regarded as a casual
by the donor on the donee. The donation not being
breach and will not warrant revocation of the donation.
Similarily, therefore, an action for revocation of the
donation will be denied (C. J. Yulo & Sons, Inc. v. Roman
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Neither Rosa nor Amanda is correct. The donation is

Catholic Bishop, G.R. No. 133705, March 31, 2005; Heirs
onerous only as to the portion of the property
ofRozendo Sevilla v. De Leon, G.R. No. 149570, March 12,
corresponding to the value of the installments and taxes 2004).
paid by Amanda.
The portion in excess thereof is not onerous. The onerousDonations; Validity; Effectivity; for Unborn Child (1999)
portion is governed by the rules on contracts which do notElated that her sister who had been married for five years
was pregnant for the first time, Alma donated P100,000.00
require the acceptance by the donee to be in any form. The
onerous part, therefore, is valid. The portion which is not to the unborn child. Unfortunately, the baby died one hour
onerous must comply with Article 749 of the New Civil after delivery. May Alma recover the P100.000.00 that she
Page 55 of 119
had donated to said baby before it was born considering not been fixed in the Deed of Donation, the donee is not
that the baby died? Stated otherwise, is the donation validyet default in his obligation until the period is fixed by order
and binding? Explain. (5%)
of the court under Article 1197 of the New Civil Code.
Since the period has not been fixed as yet, the donee is not
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
yet default, and therefore the donor has no cause of action
The donation is valid and binding, being an act favorable to
the unborn child, but only if the baby had an intra-uterineto revoke the donation. (Dissenting opinion of Davide, CJ,
life of not less than seven months and provided there wasCentral Philippine University v. Court of Appeals, 246 SCRA
due acceptance of the donation by the proper person
511 [1995])
representing said child. If the child had less than seven
months of intra-uterine life, it is not deemed born since it
died less than 24 hours following its delivery, in which ease
the donation never became effective since the donee never
became a person, birth being determinative of personality.
Accretion; Alluvion (2001)
For many years, the Rio Grande river deposited soil along
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
its bank, beside the titled land of Jose. In time, such deposit
Even if the baby had an intra-uterine life of more than
seven months and the donation was properly accepted, it reached an area of one thousand square meters. With the
would be void for not having conformed with the proper permission of Jose, Vicente cultivated the said area. Ten
form. In order to be valid, the donation and acceptance ofyears later, a big flood occurred in the river and transferred
the 1000 square meters to the opposite bank, beside the
personal property exceeding five thousand pesos should be
land of Agustin. The land transferred is now contested by
in writing. (Article 748, par. 3)
Jose and Agustin as riparian owners and by Vicente who
claims ownership by prescription. Who should prevail,?
Donations; with Resolutory Condition (2003)
Why? (5%)
In 1950, Dr. Alba donated a parcel of land to Central
University on condition that the latter must establish a SUGGESTED ANSWER:
medical college on the land to be named after him. In the Jose should prevail. The disputed area, which is an alluvion,
year 2000, the heirs of Dr. Alba filed an action to annul the
belongs by right of accretion to Jose, the riparian owner
donation and for the reconveyance of the property donated
(Art. 457 CC). When, as given in the problem, the very
to them for the failure, after 50 years, of the University tosame area" was "transferred" by flood waters to the
established on the property a medical school named afteropposite bank, it became an avulsion and ownership thereof
their father. The University opposed the action on the
is retained by Jose who has two years to remove it (Art. 459,
ground of prescription and also because it had not used the
CC). Vicente's claim based on prescription is baseless since
property for some purpose other than that stated in the his possession was by mere tolerance of Jose and, therefore,
donation. Should the opposition of the University to the did not adversely affect Jose's possession and ownership
action of Dr. Albas heirs be sustained? Explain.
(Art. 537, CC). Inasmuch as his possession is merely that of
a holder, he cannot acquire the disputed area by
prescription.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The donation may be revoked. The non-established of the
medical college on the donated property was a resolutory
condition imposed on the donation by the donor. AlthoughAccretion; Avulsion (2003)
the Deed of Donation did not fix the time for the
Andres is a riparian owner of a parcel of registered land.
established of the medical college, the failure of the donee
His
to establish the medical college after fifty (50) years fromland, however, has gradually diminished in area due to the
the making of the donation should be considered as
current of the river, while the registered land of Mario on
occurrence of the resolutory condition, and the donation the opposite bank has gradually increased in area by 200may now be revoked. While the general rule is that in case
square meters.
the period is not fixed in the agreement of the parties, the(a)Who has the better right over the 200-square
period must be fixed first by the court before the obligation
meter area that has been added to Marios registered land,
may be demanded, the period of fifty (50) years was moreMario or Andres?
than enough time for the donee to comply with the
(b)May a third person acquire said 200-square meter
condition. Hence, in this case, there is no more need for the
land by prescription?
court to fix the period because such procedure with the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
condition. (Central Philippine University v. CA. 246 SCRA
a. Mario has a better right over the 200 square meters
PROPERTY
increase in area by reason of accretion, applying Article 457

of the New Civil Code, which provides that to the owners
of lands adjoining the banks of rivers belong the accretion
which they gradually received from the effects of the
The donation may not as yet revoked. The establishment of
current of the waters.
a medical college is not a resolutory or suspensive condition
Andres cannot claim that the increase in Marios
but a charge, obligation, or a mode. The nonland is his own, because such is an accretion and not result
compliance with the charge or mode will give the donor the
right to revoke the donation within four (4) years from theof the sudden detachment of a known portion of his land
and its attachment to Marios land, a process called
time the charge was supposed to have been complied with,
avulsion. He can no longer claim ownership of the
or to enforce the charge by specific performance within ten
portion of his registered land which was gradually and
(10) years from the time the cause of action accrued.
naturally eroded due to the current of the river, because he
Inasmuch as the time to established the medical college has
511).
Page 56 of 119
had lost it by operation of law. That portion of the land has

reasonable rent, if the owner of the land does not choose to
become part of the public domain.
appropriate the building after proper indemnity. The parties
shall agree upon the terms of the lease and in case of
disagreement, the court fix the terms thereof.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b. Yes, a third party may acquire by prescription the 200
square meters, increase in area, because it is not included
Builder; Good Faith vs. Bad Faith (1999)
in
(a)Because of confusion as to the boundaries of the
the Torrens Title of the riparian owner. Hence, this does
adjoining lots that they bought from the same subdivision
not involve the imprescriptibility conferred by Section 47,
company, X constructed a house on the adjoining lot of Y
P.D. No. 1529. The fact that the riparian land is registered
in the honest belief that it is the land that he bought from
does not automatically make the accretion thereto a
the subdivision company. What are the respective rights of
X and Y with respect to X's house? (3%)
CA, 194 SCRA 607 (1991).
Builder; Good Faith (1992)
A owns a parcel of residential land worth P500,000.00
unknown to A, a residential house costing P 100,000.00 is(b) Suppose X was in good faith but Y knew that X was
constructing on his (Y's) land but simply kept quiet about it,
built on the entire parcel by B who claims ownership of the
thinking perhaps that he could get X's house later. What are
land. Answer all the following questions based on the
the respective rights of the parties over X's house in this
premise that B is a builder in good faith and A is a
case? (2%)
landowner in good faith.
a) May A acquire the house built by B? If so, how?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b) If the land increased in value to P500,000.00 by reason(a) The rights of Y, as owner of the lot, and of X, as builder
of the building of the house thereon, what amount
of a house thereon, are governed by Art. 448 of the Civil
should be paid by A in order to acquire the house fromCode which grants to Y the right to choose between two
B?
remedies: (a) appropriate the house by indemnifying X for
c) Assuming that the cost of the house was P90,000.00 its value plus whatever necessary expenses the latter may
and not P100,000.00, may A require B to buy the land?have incurred for the preservation of the land, or (b)
d) If B voluntarily buys the land as desired by A, under compel X to buy the land if the price of the land is not
what circumstances may A nevertheless be entitled to considerably more than the value of the house. If it is, then
have the house removed?
X cannot be obliged to buy the land but he shall pay
e) In what situation may a "forced lease" arise between A reasonable rent, and in case of disagreement, the court
and B. and what terms and conditions would govern shall
the lease?
Give reasons for your answers.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) Since the lot owner Y is deemed to be in bad faith (Art

453), X as the party in good faith may (a) remove the house
(a) Yes, A may acquire the house build by B by paying
and demand indemnification for damages suffered by him,
indemnity to B. Article 448 of the Civil Code provides thator (b) demand payment of the value of the house plus
the owner of the land on which anything has been built, reparation for damages (Art 447, in relation to Art 454). Y
sown or planted in good faith, shall have the right to
continues as owner of the lot and becomes, under the
appropriate as his own the works, sowing or planting, after
second option, owner of the house as well, after he pays the
payment of the indemnity provided for in Articles 546 andsums demanded.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Builder; Good Faith vs. Bad Faith (2000)

(b) A should pay B the sum of P50,000. Article 548 of the In good faith, Pedro constructed a five-door commercial
Civil Code provides that useful expenses shall be refundedbuilding on the land of Pablo who was also in good faith.
to the possessor in good faith with the right of retention, When Pablo discovered the construction, he opted to
the person who has defeated him in the possession havingappropriate the building by paying Pedro the cost thereof.
the option of refunding the amount of the expenses or of However, Pedro insists that he should be paid the current
paying the increase in value which the thing may have
market value of the building, which was much higher
acquired by reason thereof. The increase in value amounts
because of inflation.
to P50,000.00.
1) Who is correct Pedro or Pablo?(1%)
2) In the meantime that Pedro is not yet paid, who is
entitled to the rentals of the building, Pedro or Pablo? (1%)
(c) Yes, A may require B to buy the land. Article 448 of the
Civil Code provides that the owner of the land on which
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
anything has been built in good faith shall have the right to
Pablo is correct. Under Article 448 of the New Civil Code
oblige the one who built to pay the price of the land if its in relation to Article 546, the builder in good faith is entitled
value is not considerably more than that of the building, to a refund of the necessary and useful expenses incurred
(d) If B agrees to buy land but fails to pay, A can have the by
house removed ( Depra vs. Dumlao, 136 SCRA 475).
him, or the increase in value which the land may have
acquired by reason of the improvement, at the option of the
landowner. The builder is entitled to a refund of the
(e) Article 448 of the Civil Code provides that the builder
expenses he incurred, and not to the market value of the
cannot be obliged to buy the land if its value is considerably
more than that of the building. In such case, he shall pay
Page 57 of 119

The case of Pecson v. CA, 244 SCRA 407, is not applicable tosquare meters. Jose claims that Mike is a builder in bad
the problem. In the Pecson case, the builder was the owner
faith
of the land who later lost the property at a public sale duebecause he should know the boundaries of his lot, and
to
demands that the portion of the house which encroached
non-payment of taxes. The Court ruled that Article 448 on his land should be destroyed or removed. Mike replies
does not apply to the case where the owner of the land is that he is a builder in good faith and offers to buy the land
the builder but who later lost the land; not being applicable,
occupied by the building instead.
the indemnity that should be paid to the buyer must be the
1) Is Mike a builder in good faith or bad faith? Why? (3%)
fair market value of the building and not just the cost of
construction thereof. The Court opined in that case that toSUGGESTED ANSWER:
do otherwise would unjustly enrich the new owner of the 1) Yes, Mike is a builder in good faith. There is no showing
that when he built his house, he knew that a portion thereof
encroached on Jose's lot. Unless one is versed in the science
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Pedro is correct. In Pecson vs. CA, it was held that Articleof surveying, he cannot determine the precise boundaries or
546 of the New Civil Code does not specifically state how location of his property by merely examining his title. In the
the value of useful improvements should be determined inabsence of contrary proof, the law presumes that the
fixing the amount of indemnity that the owner of the land encroachment was done in good faith [Technogas Phils, v.
should pay to the builder in good faith. Since the objectiveCA, 268 SCRA 5, 15 (1997)].
of the law is to adjust the rights of the parties in such
manner as "to administer complete justice to both of them
2} None of the preferences shall be followed. The
in such a way as neither one nor the other may enrich
preference of Mike cannot prevail because under Article
himself of that which does not belong to him", the Court
448
ruled that the basis of reimbursement should be the fair
of the Civil Code, it is the owner of the land who has the
market value of the building.
option or choice, not the builder. On the other hand, the
option belongs to Jose, he cannot demand that the portion
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
of the house encroaching on his land be destroyed or
2) Pablo is entitled to the rentals of the building. As the
removed because this is not one of the options given by law
owner of the land, Pablo is also the owner of the building
to the owner of the land. The owner may choose between
being an accession thereto. However, Pedro who is entitled
the appropriation of what was built after payment of
to retain the building is also entitled to retain the rentals.
indemnity, or to compel the builder to pay for the land if
He, however, shall apply the rentals to the indemnity
the value of the land is not considerably more than that of
payable to him after deducting reasonable cost of repair and
the building. Otherwise, the builder shall pay rent for the
maintenance.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Pablo is entitled to the rentals. Pedro became a possessor1)Mike

in
cannot be considered a builder in good faith
bad faith from the time he learned that the land belongs to
because he built his house without first determining the
Pablo. As such, he loses his right to the building, includingcorners and boundaries of his lot to make sure that his
the fruits thereof, except the right of retention.
construction was within the perimeter of his property. He
could have done this with the help of a geodetic engineer as
an ordinary prudent and reasonable man would do under
Builder; Good Faith vs. Bad Faith; Accession (2000)
the circumstances.
a) Demetrio knew that a piece of land bordering the beach
belonged to Ernesto. However, since the latter was studying
in Europe and no one was taking care of the land, Demetrio
2) Jose's preference should be followed. He may have the
occupied the same and constructed thereon nipa sheds with
building removed at the expense of Mike, appropriate the
tables and benches which he rented out to people who want
building as his own, oblige Mike to buy the land and ask for
to have a picnic by the beach. When Ernesto returned, hedamages in addition to any of the three options. (Articles
demanded the return of the land. Demetrio agreed to do so
449, 450, 451, CC)
after he has removed the nipa sheds. Ernesto refused to let
Demetrio remove the nipa sheds on the ground that these
already belonged to him by right of accession. Who is
Chattel Mortgage vs. Pledge (1999)
correct? (3%)
Distinguish a contract of chattel mortgage from a contract
of pledge. (2%)
Ernesto is correct, Demetrio is a builder in bad faith
In a contract of CHATTEL MORTGAGE possession
because he knew beforehand that the land belonged to belongs to the creditor, while in a contract of PLEDGE
Ernesto, under Article 449 of the New Civil Code, one who
possession belongs to the debtor.
builds on the land of another loses what is built without
right to indemnity. Ernesto becomes the owner of the nipa
A chattel mortgage is a formal contract while a pledge is a
sheds by right of accession. Hence, Ernesto is well within
real contract.
his right in refusing to allow the removal of the nipa sheds.
A contract of chattel mortgage must be recorded in a public
instrument to bind third persons while a contract of pledge
Builder; Good Faith vs. Bad Faith; Presumption (2001)
must be in a public instrument containing description of the
Mike built a house on his lot in Pasay City. Two years later,
a survey disclosed that a portion of the building actually thing pledged and the date thereof to bind third persons.
stood on the neighboring land of Jose, to the extent of 40
Page 58 of 119
Chattel Mortgage; Immovables (1994)

foreclosure sale, foreclosed the mortgage and acquired Xs
Vini constructed a building on a parcel of land he leased house and lot. Learning of the proceedings conducted by
from Andrea. He chattel mortgaged the land to Felicia. the bank, Z is now demanding that the bank reconvey to
When he could not pay Felicia. Felicia initiated foreclosure
him Xs house or pay Xs loan to him plus interests. Is Zs
proceedings. Vini claimed that the building he had
demand against the bank valid and sustainable? Why? 5%
constructed on the leased land cannot be validly foreclosed
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
because the building was, by law, an immovable.
No, Zs demand is not valid. A building is immovable or
Is Vini correct?
real property whether it is erected by the owner of the land,
by a usufructuary, or by a lessee. It may be treated as a
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
a) The Chattel Mortgage is void and cannot be foreclosed movable by the parties to chattel mortgage but such is
because the building is an immovable and cannot be an binding only between them and not on third parties
(Evangelista v. Alto Surety Col, inc. 103 Phil. 401 [1958]). In
object of a chattel mortgage.
this case, since the bank is not a party to the chattel
mortgage, it is not bound by it, as far as the Bank is
b) It depends. If the building was intended and is built of concerned, the chattel mortgage, does not exist. Moreover,
light materials, the chattel mortgage may be considered as
the chattel mortgage does not exist. Moreover, the chattel
valid as between the parties and it may be considered in mortgage is void because it was not registered. Assuming
respect to them as movable property, since it can be
that it is valid, it does not bind the Bank because it was not
removed from one place to another. But if the building is of
annotated on the title of the land mortgaged to the bank. Z
strong material and is not capable of being removed or cannot demand that the Bank pay him the loan Z extended
transferred without being destroyed, the chattel mortgage
to X, because the Bank was not privy to such loan
is
transaction.
c) If it was the land which Vini chattel mortgaged, such ANOTHER SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Zs demand against the bank is not valid. His demand
mortgage would be void, or at least unenforceable, since he
that the bank reconvey to him Xs house presupposes that
was not the owner of the land.
If what was mortgaged as a chattel is the building, he has a real right over the house. All that Z has is a
right against X for damages for breach of the
the chattel mortgage is valid as between the parties only, personal
on
grounds of estoppel which would preclude the mortgagor contract of loan.
from assailing the contract on the ground that its subjectmatter is an immovable. Therefore Vini's defense is
The treatment of a house, even if built on rented land, as
untenable, and Felicia can foreclose the mortgage over the
movable property is void insofar as third persons, such as
building, observing, however, the procedure prescribed for
the bank, are concerned. On the other hand, the Bank
the execution of sale of a judgment debtor's immovable
already had a real right over the house and lot when the
under Rule 39, Rules of Court, specifically, that the notice
mortgage was annotated at the back of the Torrens title.
of auction sale should be published in a newspaper of
The bank later became the owner in the foreclosure sale. Z
general circulation.
cannot ask the bank to pay for Xs loan plus interest. There
is no privity of contract between Z and the bank.
d) The problem that Vini mortgaged the land by way of a ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The answer hinges on whether or not the bank is an
chattel mortgage is untenable. Land can only be the subject
innocent mortgagee in good faith or a mortgagee in bad
matter of a real estate mortgage and only an absolute owner
of real property may mortgage a parcel of land. (Article faith. In the former case, Zs demand is not valid. In the
2085 (2) Civil Code). Hence, there can be no foreclosure. latter case, Zs demand against the bank is valid and
sustainable.
But on the assumption that what was mortgaged by way of
Under the Torrens system of land registration, every person
chattel mortgage was the building on leased land, then the
dealing with registered land may rely on the correctness of
parties are treating the building as chattel. A building that
the certificate of title and the law will not in any way oblige
is
not merely superimposed on the ground is an immovable to him to look behind or beyond the certificate in order to
determine the condition of the title. He is not bound by
property and a chattel mortgage on said building is legally
void but the parties cannot be allowed to disavow their anything not annotated or reflected in the certificate. If he
contract on account of estoppel by deed. However, if thirdproceeds to buy the land or accept it as a collateral relying
parties are involved such chattel mortgage is void and hason the certificate, he is considered a buyer or a mortgagee
in
good faith. On this ground, the Bank acquires a clean title
Chattel Mortgage; Immovables (2003)
X constructed a house on a lot which he was leasing from
Y. Later, X executed a chattel mortgage over said house inHowever, a bank is not an ordinary mortgagee. Unlike
favor of Z as security for a loan obtained from the latter. private individuals, a bank is expected to exercise greater
care and prudence in its dealings. The ascertainment of the
Still later, X acquired ownership of the land where his house
condition of a property offered as collateral for a loan must
was constructed, after which he mortgaged both house and
land in favor of a bank, which mortgage was annotated onbe a standard and indispensable part of its operation. The
the Torrens Certificate of Title. When X failed to pay his bank should have conducted further inquiry regarding the
house standing on the land considering that it was already
loan to the bank, the latter, being the highest bidder at the
Page 59 of 119
standing there before X acquired the title to the land. Thewas then valued only at P1 Million. Lawrence was declared
bank cannot be considered as a mortgagee in good faith. On
insolvent.
this ground, Zs demand against the Bank is valid and
sustainable.
Assuming that the aircraft was sold for Pl Million, give the
order of preference of the creditors of Lawrence and
distribute the amount of P1 Million.
Chattel Mortgage; Possession (1993)
A, about to leave the country on a foreign assignment,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
entrusted to B his brand new car and its certificate of
Assuming that the aircraft was sold for P1 Million, there is
registration. Falsifying A's signature. B sold A's car to C for
no order of preference. The P1 Million will all go to the
P200,000.00. C then registered the car in his name. To bank as a chattel mortgagee because a chattel mortgage
complete the needed amount, C borrowed P100.000.00 under Art. 2241 (4) NCC defeats Art. 2244 (12) and (14}.
from the savings and loan association in his office,
Art. 2241 (3) and (5) are not applicable because the aircraft
constituting a chattel mortgage on the car. For failure of C
is no longer in the possession of the creditor.
to pay the amount owed, the savings and loan association
filed in the RTC a complaint for collection with application
Easement vs. Usufruct (1995)
for issuance of a writ of replevin to obtain possession of the
vehicle so that the chattel mortgage could be foreclosed. 1. What is easement? Distinguish easement from usufruct.
2. Can there be (a) an easement over a usufruct? (b) a
The RTC issued the writ of replevin. The car was then
seized from C and sold by the sheriff at public auction at usufruct over an easement? (c) an easement over another
easement? Explain.
which the savings and loan association was the lone bidder.
Accordingly, the car was sold to it. A few days later, A
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
arrived from his foreign assignment. Learning of what
1. An EASEMENT or servitude is an encumbrance
happened to his car, A sought to recover possession and imposed upon an immovable for the benefit of another
ownership of it from the savings and loan association.
immovable belonging to a different owner. (Art. 613, NCC)
Can A recover his car from the savings and loan
association? Explain your answer.
USUFRUCT gives a right to enjoy the property of another
with the obligation of preserving its form and substance,
unless the title constituting it or the law otherwise provides.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(Art. 562, NCC).
Under the prevailing rulings of the Supreme Court, A can
recover the car from the Savings and Loan Association
provided he pays the price at which the Association bought
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the car at a public auction. Under that doctrine, there hasEasement is an encumbrance imposed upon an immovable
for the benefit of another immovable belonging to a
been an unlawful deprivation by B of A of his car and,
therefore, A can recover it from any person in possession different owner in which case it is called real or predial
easement, or for the benefit of a community or group of
thereof. But since it was bought at a public auction in good
persons in which case it is known as a personal easement.
faith by the Savings and Loan Association, he must
reimburse the Association at the price for which the car was
bought.
The distinctions between usufruct and easement are:
a) Usufruct includes all uses of the property and for all
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
purposes, including jus fruendi. Easement is limited to
Yes, A can recover his car from the Savings and Loan
Association. In a Chattel Mortgage, the mortgagor must be a specific use.
the absolute owner of the thing mortgaged. Furthermore,b) Usufruct may be constituted on immovable or movable
property. Easement may be constituted only on an
the person constituting the mortgage must have the free
disposal of the property, and in the absence thereof, must immovable property.
be legally authorized for the purpose. In the case at bar, c) Easement is not extinguished by the death of the
these essential requisites did not apply to the mortgagor B, owner of the dominant estate while usufruct is
extinguished by the death of the usufructuary unless a
hence the Chattel Mortgage was not valid.
contrary intention appears.
d) An easement contemplates two (2) estates belonging to
two (2) different owners; a usufruct contemplates only
Chattel Mortgage; Preference of Creditors (1995)
Lawrence, a retired air force captain, decided to go into the one property (real or personal) whereby the
usufructuary uses and enjoys the property as well as its
air transport business. He purchased an aircraft in cash
fruits, while another owns the naked title during the
except for an outstanding balance of P500,000.00. He
incurred an indebtedness of P300,000.00 for repairs with anperiod of the usufruct.
e) A usufruct may be alienated separately from the
aircraft repair company. He also borrowed P1 Million from
property to which it attaches, while an easement cannot
a bank for additional capital and constituted a chattel
be alienated separately from the property to which it
mortgage on the aircraft to secure the loan.
attaches.
While on a test flight the aircraft crashed causing physical
injuries to a third party who was awarded damages of
P200,000.00.
NOTE: It is recommended by the Committee

that
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Lawrence's insurance claim for damage to the aircraft was

denied thus leaving him nothing else but the aircraft which
Page 60 of 119
2. (a) There can be no easement over a usufruct. Since anthere is a degree of regularity to indicate continuity of
easement may be constituted only on a corporeal
possession and that if coupled with an apparent sign, such
immovable property, no easement may be constituted on aeasement of way may be acquired by prescription.
usufruct which is not a corporeal right
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
(b) There can be no usufruct over an easement. While a Yes, Ernie could close the pathway on his land. Don has
usufruct maybe created over a right, such right must havenot acquired an easement of right of way either by
an
agreement or by judicial grant. Neither did the buyers.
existence of its own independent of the property. A
Thus,
servitude cannot be the object of a usufruct because it hasestablishment of a road or unlawful use of the land of Ernie
no existence independent of the property to which It
would constitute an invasion of possessory rights of the
owner, which under Article 429 of the Civil Code may be
repelled or prevented. Ernie has the right to exclude any
There cannot be a usufruct over an easement since an
person from the enjoyment and disposal of the land. This is
easement presupposes two (2) tenements belonging to
different persons and the right attaches to the tenement and
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
not to the owner. While a usufruct gives the usufructuary Yes,
a
Ernie may close the pathway, subject however, to the
right to use, right to enjoy, right to the fruits, and right torights of the lot buyers. Since there is no access to the
possess, an easement gives only a limited use of the servient
public road, this results in the creation of a legal easement.
estate.
The lot buyers have the right to demand that Ernie grant
However, a usufruct can be constituted over a
them a right of way. In turn, they have the obligation to pay
property that has in its favor an easement or one burdened
the value of the portion used as a right of way, plus
with servitude. The usufructuary will exercise the easement
damages.
during the period of usufruct.
c)What are the rights of the lot buyers, if any?

Explain. (2%)
(c) There can be no easement over another easement for the
same reason as in (a). An easement, although it is a real SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Prior to the grant of an easement, the buyers of the
right
dominant estate have no other right than to compel grant of
over an immovable, is not a corporeal right. There is a
Roman maxim which says that: There can be no servitudeeasement of right of way.
Since the properties of the buyers are surrounded by other
immovables and has no adequate outlet to a public highway
Easement; Effects; Discontinuous Easements; Permissive and the isolation is not due to their acts, buyers may
Use (2005)
demand an easement of a right of way provided proper
Don was the owner of an agricultural land with no access indemnity
to
is paid and the right of way demanded is the
a public road. He had been passing through the land of shortest and least prejudicial to Ernie. (Villanueva v.
Ernie with the latter's acquiescence for over 20 years.
Subsequently, Don subdivided his property into 20
Velasco, G.R. No. 130845, November 27, 2000).
residential lots and sold them to different persons. Ernie
blocked the pathway and refused to let the buyers pass Easement; Nuisance; Abatement (2002)
through his land.
Lauro owns an agricultural land planted mostly with fruit
trees. Hernando owns an adjacent land devoted to his
a) Did Don acquire an easement of right of way?
piggery business, which is two (2) meters higher in
Explain. (2%)
elevation. Although Hernando has constructed a waste
disposal lagoon for his piggery, it is inadequate to contain
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
No, Don did not acquire an easement of right of way. An the waste water containing pig manure, and it often
easement of right of way is discontinuous in nature it isoverflows and inundates Lauros plantation. This has
exercised only if a man passes over somebody's land. Under
increased the acidity of the soil in the plantation, causing
Article 622 of the Civil Code, discontinuous easements, the
whether apparent or not, may only be acquired by virtue of
trees to wither and die. Lauro sues for damages caused to
a title. The Supreme Court, in Abellana, Sr. v. Court of
his plantation. Hernando invokes his right to the benefit of
Appeals (G.R. No. 97039, April 24, 1992), ruled that an
a natural easement in favor of his higher estate, which
easement of right of way being discontinuous in nature is imposes upon the lower estate of Lauro the obligation to
not acquirable by prescription.
receive the waters descending from the higher estate. Is
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Further, possession of the easement by Don is only
Hernando is wrong. It is true that Lauros land is burdened
permissive, tolerated or with the acquiescence of Ernie. It is
with the natural easement to accept or receive the water
settled in the case of Cuaycong v. Benedicto (G.R. No. 9989,
which naturally and without interruption of man descends
March 13, 1918) that a permissive use of a road over the land
from a higher estate to a lower estate. However, Hernando
of another, no matter how long continued, will not create
has constructed a waste disposal lagoon for his piggery and
an easement of way by prescription.
it is this waste water that flows downward to Lauros land.
Hernando has, thus, interrupted the flow of water and has
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Yes, Don acquired an easement of right of way. An
created and is maintaining a nuisance. Under Act. 697 NCC,
easement that is continuous and apparent can be acquired
abatement of a nuisance does not preclude recovery of
by prescription and title. According to Professor Tolentino,
damages by Lauro even for the past existence of a nuisance.
an easement of right of way may have a continuous nature if
Page 61 of 119
The claim for damages may also be premised in Art. 2191to time. As Tomas' business grows, the need for use of
(4) NCC.
modern conveyances requires widening of the easement.
ANOTHER ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Easements; Classification (1998)

Distinguish between:
1. Continuous and discontinuous easements; |2%]
2. Apparent and non-apparent easements; and [2%]
3. Positive and negative easements. [1%]
Easements; Right of Way (2000)

The coconut farm of Federico is surrounded by the lands of
Romulo. Federico seeks a right of way through a portion of
the land of Romulo to bring his coconut products to the
market. He has chosen a point where he will pass through a
housing project of Romulo. The latter wants him to pass
another way which is one kilometer longer. Who should
prevail? (5%)
Hernando is not correct. Article 637 of the New Civil Code

The facts show that the need for a wider right of way arose
provides that the owner of the higher estate cannot makefrom the increased production owing to the acquisition by
works which will increase the burden on the servient estate.
Tomas of an additional area. Under Art. 626 of the Civil
(Remman Enterprises, Inc. v. CA, 330 SCRA 145 [2000]). The Code, the easement can be used only for the immovable
owner of the higher estate may be compelled to pay
originally contemplated. Hence, the increase in width is
damages to the owner of the lower estate.
justified and should have been granted.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1.CONTINUOUS EASEMENTS are those the use of

which is or may be incessant, without the intervention of
any act of man, while DISCONTINUOUS EASEMENTS
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
are those which are used at intervals and depend upon the
Romulo will prevail. Under Article 650 of the New Civil
acts of man. (Art. 615, Civil Code)
Code, the easement of right of way shall be established at
the point least prejudicial to the servient estate and where
the distance from the dominant estate to a public highway is
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the shortest. In case of conflict, the criterion of least
2. APPARENT EASEMENTS are those which are made
known and are continually kept in view by external signs prejudice prevails
over the criterion of shortest distance. Since the route
that reveal the use and enjoyment of the same, while NONchosen by
APPARENT EASEMENTS are those which show no
Federico will prejudice the housing project of Romulo,
external indication of their existence. (Art. 615, Civil Code)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Easements; Right of Way; Inseparability (2001)

3.POSITIVE EASEMENTS are those which impose
Emma bought a parcel of land from Equitable-PCI Bank,
upon the owner of the servient estate the obligation of
which acquired the same from Felisa, the original owner.
allowing something to be done or of doing it himself, while
Thereafter, Emma discovered that Felisa had granted a right
NEGATIVE EASEMENTS are those which prohibit the
of way over the land in favor of the land of Georgina,
owner of the servient estate from doing something which
which had no outlet to a public highway, but the easement
he could lawfully do if the easement did not exist. (Art. 615.
was not annotated when the servient estate was registered
Civil Code)
under the Torrens system. Emma then filed a complaint for
cancellation of the right of way, on the ground that it had
been extinguished by such failure to annotate. How would
Easements; Right of Way (1993)
Tomas Encarnacion's 3,000 square meter parcel of land, you decide the controversy? (5%)
where he has a plant nursery, is located just behind Aniceta
Magsino's two hectare parcel land. To enable Tomas to SUGGESTED ANSWER:
have access to the highway, Aniceta agreed to grant him aThe complaint for cancellation of easement of right of way
road right of way a meter wide through which he could must fail. The failure to annotate the easement upon the
pass. Through the years Tomas' business flourished whichtitle of the servient estate is not among the grounds for
extinguishing an easement under Art. 631 of the Civil Code.
enabled him to buy another portion which enlarged the area
of his plant nursery. But he was still landlocked. He could Under Article 617, easements are inseparable from the
not bring in and out of his plant nursery a jeep or deliveryestate to which they actively or passively belong. Once it
panel much less a truck that he needed to transport his attaches, it can only be extinguished under Art. 631, and
they exist even if they are not stated or annotated as an
seedlings. He now asked Aniceta to grant him a wider
on the Torrens title of the servient estate. (II
portion of her property, the price of which he was willing encumbrance
to
Tolentino 326, 1987 ed.)
pay, to enable him to construct a road to have access to his
plant nursery. Aniceta refused claiming that she had already
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
allowed him a previous road right of way.
Is Tomas entitled to the easement he now demands from Under Section 44, PD No. 1529, every registered owner
receiving a certificate of title pursuant to a decree of
Aniceta?
registration, and every subsequent innocent purchaser for
value, shall hold the same free from all encumbrances
except those noted on said certificate. This rule, however,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Art. 651 of the Civil Code provides that the width of the admits of exceptions.
easement must be sufficient to meet the needs of the
dominant estate, and may accordingly change from time to
Under Act 496, as amended by Act No. 2011, and Section 4,
time. It is the need of the dominant estate which determines
the width of the passage. These needs may vary from timeAct 3621, an easement if not registered shall remain and
shall be held to pass with the land until cutoff or
Page 62 of 119
extinguished by the registration of the servient estate.

consistent with this rule, where the distance to the street or
However, this provision has been suppressed in Section 44,
highway is shortest.
PD No. 1529. In other words, the registration of the
servient estate did not operate to cut-off or extinguish the2) Is David entitled to a right of way in this case? Why or
right of way. Therefore, the complaint for the cancellationwhy not?
of the right of way should be dismissed.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, David is not entitled to the right of way being claimed.

The isolation of his subdivision was due to his own act or
Easements; Right of Way; Requisites (1996)
omission because he did not develop into an access road the
David is the owner of the subdivision in Sta. Rosa, Laguna,
without an access to the highway. When he applied for a rice field which he was supposed to purchase according to
his own representation when he applied for a license to
license to establish the subdivision, David represented that
he will purchase a rice field located between his land and establish the subdivision (Floro us. Llenado, 244 SCRA713).
the
highway, and develop it into an access road. But. when the
Ejectment Suit vs. Cancellation of Title (2005)
license was already granted, he did not bother to buy the
In an ejectment case filed by Don against Cesar, can the
rice field, which remains unutilized until the present.
latter ask for the cancellation of Don's title considering that
Instead, he chose to connect his subdivision with the
he (Cesar) is the rightful owner of the lot? Explain. (2%)
neighboring subdivision of Nestor, which has an access to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the highway. Nestor allowed him to do this, pending
negotiations on the compensation to be paid. When they Cesar cannot ask for the cancellation of Don's title even if
he is the rightful owner of the lot. In an action for
failed to arrive at an agreement, Nestor built a wall across
ejectment, the only issue involved is one of possession de
the road connecting with David's subdivision. David filed a
facto, the purpose of which is merely to protect the owner
complaint in court, for the establishment of an easement of
right of way through the subdivision of Nestor which he from any physical encroachment from without. The title of
claims to be the most adequate and practical outlet to thethe land or its ownership is not involved, for if a person is
in actual possession thereof, he is entitled to be maintained
highway.
and respected in it even against the owner himself. (Garcia
1) What are the requisites for the establishment of a
v. Anas, G.R. No. L-20617, May 31, 1965)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Art, 649, NCC. The owner, or any person who by virtue of Since the case filed by Don against Cesar is an ejectment
a real right may cultivate or use any immovable which is case, the latter cannot ask for the cancellation of Don's title.
He has to file the proper action where the issue of
surrounded by other immovables pertaining to other
over the property can be raised.
persons and without adequate outlet to a public highway, ownership
is
entitled to demand a right of way through the neighboring
estates, after payment of the property indemnity.
Ejectment Suit; Commodatum (2006)
Alberto and Janine migrated to the United States of
America, leaving behind their 4 children, one of whom is
Should this easement be established in such a manner that
Manny. They own a duplex apartment and allowed Manny
its use may be continuous for all the needs of the dominant
to live in one of the units. While in the United States,
estate, establishing a permanent passage, the indemnity
Alberto died. His widow and all his children executed an
shall
Extrajudicial Settlement of Alberto's estate wherein the 2consist of the value of the land occupied and the amount of
door apartment was assigned by all the children to their
mother, Janine. Subsequently, she sold the property to
George. The latter required Manny to sign a prepared Lease
In case the right of way is limited to the necessary passage
for the cultivation of the estate surrounded by others and Contract so that he and his family could continue occupying
for the gathering of its crops through the servient estate the unit. Manny refused to sign the contract alleging that
his
without a permanent way, the indemnity shall consist in the
parents allowed him and his family to continue occupying
payment of the damage cause by such encumbrance.
the premises.
If you were George's counsel, what legal steps will you

This easement is not compulsory if the isolation of the
take? Explain. (5%)
immovable is due to the proprietor's own acts. (564a).
The easement of right of way shall be established at the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
If I were George's counsel, I would first demand that
point least prejudicial to the servient estate, and insofar as
Manny vacate the apartment. If Manny refuses, I will file an
consistent with this rule, where the distance from the
dominant estate to a public highway may be the shortest ejectment suit. When Manny was allowed by his parents to
occupy the premises, without compensation, the contract of
(Art. 650, NCC: Vda. de Baltazar v. CA. 245 SCRA 333}
commodatum was created. Upon the death of the father,
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the contract was extinguished as it is a purely personal
The requisites for a compulsory easement of right of way contract. As the new owner of the apartment George is
are: (a) the dominant estate is surrounded by other
entitled to exercise his right of possession over the same.
immovables and is without an adequate outlet to a public
street or highway; (b) proper indemnity must be paid; (c)
the
Extra-Judicial Partition; Fraud (1990)
isolation must not be due to the acts of the owner of the X was the owner of a 10,000 square meter property. X
dominant estate; and (d) the right of way claimed is at a married Y and out of their union. A, B and C were born.
Page 63 of 119
After the death of Y, X married Z and they begot as

share allotted by law to the finder since the phrase "by
children, D, E and F. After the death of X, the children of chance" means "by accident", meaning an unexpected
the first and second marriages executed an extrajudicial discovery. The liberal view, however, would sustain Tim's
partition of the aforestated property on May 1, 1970. D, Eright to the allocated share interpreting the phrase in
and F were given a one thousand square meter portion ofquestion as meaning "by a stroke of good fortune", which
the property. They were minors at the time of the execution
does not rule out deliberate or intentional search. It is
of the document. D was 17 years old, E was 14 and F was submitted that the liberal view should prevail since in
12; and they were made to believe by A, B and C that unless
practical reality, hidden treasure is hardly ever found
they sign the document they will not get any share. Z waswithout conscious effort to find it, and the strict view would
not present then. In January 1974, D, E and F filed an
tend to render the codal provision in question illusory.
action in court to nullify the suit alleging they discovered
the
fraud only in 1973.
Hidden Treasures (1997)
(a) Can the minority of D, E and F be a basis to nullify theMarcelino, a treasure hunter as just a hobby, has found a
partition? Explain your answer.
map which appears to indicate the location of hidden
treasure. He has an idea of the land where the treasure
might possibly be found. Upon inquiry, Marcelino learns
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
that the owner of the land, Leopoldo, is a permanent
(a) Yes, minority can be a basis to nullify the partition
resident of Canada, Nobody, however, could give him
because D, E and F were not properly represented by their
Leopoldo's exact address. Ultimately, anyway, he enters the
parents or guardians at the time they contracted the extraland and conducts a search. He succeeds.
judicial partition. (Articles 1327. 1391, Civil Code).
(b) In the case of fraud, when through insidious words or Leopoldo learning of Marcelino's "find", seeks to recover
machinations of one party the other is induced to enter into
the treasure from Marcelino but the latter is not willing to
the contract without which he would not have agreed to, part with it. Failing to reach an agreement, Leopoldo sues
the action still prosper because under Art, 1391 of the Civil
Marcelino for the recovery of the property. Marcelino
Code, in case of fraud, the action for annulment may be contests the action.
brought within four years from the discovery of the fraud.How would you decide the case?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
I would decide in favor of Marcelino since he is considered

a finder by chance of the hidden treasure, hence, he is
Hidden Treasure (1995)
Tim came into possession of an old map showing where a entitled to one-half (1/2) of the hidden treasure. While
purported cache of gold bullion was hidden. Without any Marcelino may have had the intention to look for the
hidden treasure, still he is a finder by chance since it is
authority from the government Tim conducted a relentless
search and finally found the treasure buried in a new riverenough that he tried to look for it. By chance in the law
bed formerly part of a parcel of land owned by spouses does not mean sheer luck such that the finder should have
Tirso and Tessie. The old river which used to cut through no intention at all to look for the treasure. By chance means
the land of spouses Ursula and Urbito changed its course good luck, implying that one who intentionally looks for the
treasure is embraced in the provision. The reason is that it
through natural causes.
is
To whom shall the treasure belong? Explain.
extremely difficult to find hidden treasure without looking
for it deliberately.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The treasure was found in a property of public dominion, Marcelino is not a trespasser since there is no prohibition
the new river bed. Since Tim did not have authority from for him to enter the premises, hence, he is entitled to half of
the government and, therefore, was a trespasser, he is not
entitled to the one-half share allotted to a finder of hidden
treasure. All of it will go to the State. In addition, under 1. Marcelino did not find the treasure by chance because
Art. 438 of the NCC in order that the finder be entitled tohe had a map, he knew the location of the hidden treasure
the 1/2 share, the treasure must be found by chance, thatand
is he intentionally looked for the treasure, hence, he is not
by sheer luck. In this case, since Tim found the treasure not
entitled to any part of the treasure.
by chance but because he relentlessly searched for it, he is
not entitled to any share in the hidden treasure.
2. Marcelino appears to be a trespasser and although there
may be a question of whether he found it by chance or not,
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
as he has found the hidden treasure by means of a treasure
The law grants a one-half share to a finder of hidden
treasure provided he is not a trespasser and the finding ismap, he will not be entitled to a finder's share. The hidden
treasure shall belong to the owner.
by
chance. It is submitted that Tim is not a trespasser despite
his not getting authority from the government, because the
new river bed where he found the treasure is property for3. The main rule is that hidden treasure belongs to the
owner of the land, building or other property on which it is
public use (Art. 420 NCC), to which the public has
legitimate access. The question, therefore, boils down to found. If it is found by chance by a third person and he is
not a trespasser, he is entitled to one-half (1/2). If he is a
whether or not the finding was by chance in view of the fact
trespasser, he loses everything.
that Tim "conducted a relentless search" before finding the
treasure. The strict or literal view holds that deliberate or
Mortgage; Pactum Commissorium (1999)
Page 64 of 119
(a)
(b)
X borrowed money from Y and gave a piece of land Are the right of redemption and the equity of redemption
as security by way of mortgage. It was expressly
given by law to a mortgagor the same? Explain. (2%)
agreed between the parties in the mortgage contractSUGGESTED ANSWER:
that upon nonpayment of the debt on time by X, the The equity of redemption is different from the right of
mortgaged land would already belong to Y. If X
redemption. EQUITY OF REDEMPTION is the right of
defaulted in paying, would Y now become the ownerthe mortgagor after judgment in a judicial foreclosure to
of the mortgaged land? Why? (3%)
redeem the property by paying to the court the amount of
the judgment debt before the sale or confirmation of the
sale. On the other hand, RIGHT OF REDEMPTION is
Suppose in the preceding question, the agreement the right of the mortgagor to redeem the property sold at an
between X and Y was that if X failed to pay the
extra-judicial foreclosure by paying to the buyer in the
mortgage debt on time, the debt shall be paid with the
foreclosure sale the amount paid by the buyer within one
land mortgaged by X to Y. Would your answer be theyear from such sale.
same as in the preceding question? Explain. (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) No, Y would not become the owner of the land. The Nuisance; Family House; Not Nuisance per se (2006)
stipulation is in the nature of pactum commissorium which
A drug lord and his family reside in a small bungalow where
is prohibited by law. The property should be sold at publicthey sell shabu and other prohibited drugs. When the police
auction and the proceeds thereof applied to the
found the illegal trade, they immediately demolished the
indebtedness. Any excess shall be given to the mortgagor.house because according to them, it was a nuisance per se
that should be abated. Can this demolition be sustained?
Explain. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(d) No, the answer would not be the same. This is a valid SUGGESTED ANSWER:
stipulation and does not constitute pactum commissorium.No, the demolition cannot be sustained. The house is not a
In pactum commissorium, the acquisition is automatic
nuisance per se or at law as it is not an act, occupation, or
without need of any further action. In the instant problemstructure which is a nuisance at all times and under any
another act is required to be performed, namely, the
circumstances, regardless of location or surroundings. A
conveyance of the property as payment (dacion en pago). nuisance per se is a nuisance in and of itself, without regard
to circumstances [Tolentino, p. 695, citing Wheeler v. River
Falls Power Co., 215 Ala. 655, 111 So. 907].
Mortgage; Pactum Commissorium (2001)
To secure a loan obtained from a rural bank, Purita assigned
her leasehold rights over a stall in the public market in Nuisance; Public Nuisance vs. Private Nuisance (2005)
favor
State with reason whether each of the following is a
of the bank. The deed of assignment provides that in casenuisance, and if so, give its classification, whether public or
of default in the payment of the loan, the bank shall have private: Article 694 of the Civil Code defines nuisance as
the right to sell Purita's rights over the market stall as herany act, omission, establishment, business, condition or
attorney-in-fact, and to apply the proceeds to the paymentproperty, or anything else which injures or endangers the
of the loan.
health or safety of others, or annoys or offends the senses,
1) Was the assignment of leasehold rights a mortgage or aor shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality or
cession? Why? (3%)
obstructs or interferes with the free passage of any public
2) Assuming the assignment to be a mortgage, does the highway or street or any body of water or hinders or impairs
provision giving the bank the power to sell Purita's
the use of property.
rights constitute pactum commissorium or not? Why?
(2%)
It is a public nuisance if it affects a community or

1)The assignment was a mortgage, not a cession, of the neighborhood or any considerable number of persons. It is
leasehold rights. A cession would have transferred
a direct encroachment upon public rights or property which
ownership to the bank. However, the grant of authority toresults injuriously to the public. It is a private nuisance, if it
the bank to sell the leasehold rights in case of default is affects only a person or small number of persons. It violates
proof that no such ownership was transferred and that a only private rights.
mere encumbrance was constituted. There would have been
a) A squatter's hut (1%)
no need for such authority had there been a cession.
If constructed on public streets or riverbeds, it is a public
nuisance because it obstructs the free use by the public of
said places. (City of Manila v. Garcia, G.R. No. L-26053,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2)No, the clause in question is not a pactum
February 21,1967) If constructed on private land, it is a
commissorium. It is pactum commissorium when default inprivate nuisance because it hinders or impairs the use of the
the
property by the owner.
payment of the loan automatically vests ownership of the
encumbered
property in the bank. In the problem given, the bank does b) A swimming pool (1%)
This is not a nuisance in the absence of any unusual
not
condition or artificial feature other than the mere water. In
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Hidalgo Enterprises v. Balandan (G.R. No. L-3422, June 13,
Mortgage; Right of Redemption vs. Equity of Redemption 1952), the Supreme Court ruled that a swimming pool is but
(1999)
Page 65 of 119
a duplication of nature thus, could not be considered as(b)

a The mortgage shall not bind the 1/3 right and interest
nuisance.
of A and shall be deemed to cover only the rights and
interests of B and C in the house and lot. The mortgage
shall be limited to the portion (2/3) which may be allotted
c) A house of prostitution (1%)
to B and C in the partition (Art. 493, Civil Code).
Irrespective of its location and how its business is
conducted, it is a nuisance since it defies, shocks and
disregards decency and morality. It is a public nuisance
because of its injury to the public.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(c) B's sole decision to build the concrete fence is not

binding upon A and C. Expenses to improve the thing
d) A noisy or dangerous factory in a private land (1%) owned in common must be decided upon by a majority of
the co-owners who represent the controlling interest (Arts.
If the noise injuriously affects the health and comfort of
489 and 492. Civil Code).
ordinary people in the vicinity to an unreasonable extent, it
is a nuisance. It is a public nuisance because there is a
tendency to annoy the public. (Velasco v. Manila Electric
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(d) C's sole decision to build the grotto is not binding upon
Co., G.R. No. L-18390, August 6, 1971)
A and B who cannot be required to contribute to the
expenses for the embellishment of the thing owned in
e) Uncollected garbage (1%)
common if not decided upon by the majority of the coIt will become a nuisance if it substantially impairs the owners who represent the controlling interest (Arts. 489
comfort and enjoyment of the adjacent occupants. The
and
annoyance and the smell must be substantial as to interfere
sensibly with the use and enjoyment by persons of ordinary
sensibilities. It is a public nuisance because of its injury toSUGGESTED ANSWER:
the public.
(e) The sale to X shall not bind the 1/3 share of B and shall
be deemed to cover only the 2/3 share of A and C in the
land (Art. 493, Civil Code). B shall have the right to redeem
Ownership; Co-Ownership (1992)
the 2/3 share sold to X by A and C since X is a third person
A, B and C are the co-owners in equal shares of a residential
(Art. 1620, Civil Code).
house and lot. During their co-ownership, the following acts
were respectively done by the co-owners:
1) A undertook the repair of the foundation of the house, Ownership; Co-Ownership; Prescription (2000)
In 1955, Ramon and his sister Rosario inherited a parcel of
then tilting to one side, to prevent the house from
land in Albay from their parents. Since Rosario was
collapsing.
2) B and C mortgaged the house and lot to secure a loan. gainfully
3) B engaged a contractor to build a concrete fence all employed in Manila, she left Ramon alone to possess and
cultivate the land. However, Ramon never shared the
around the lot.
harvest with Rosario and was even able to sell one-half of
4) C built a beautiful grotto in the garden.
the land in 1985 by claiming to be the sole heir of his
5) A and C sold the land to X for a very good price.
parents. Having reached retirement age in 1990 Rosario
returned to the province and upon learning what had
transpired, demanded that the remaining half of the land be
(a) Is A's sole decision to repair the foundation of
given to her as her share. Ramon opposed, asserting that he
the house binding on B and C? May A require B
has already acquired ownership of the land by prescription,
and C to contribute their 2/3 share of the
and that Rosario is barred by laches from demanding
expense? Reasons.
partition and reconveyance. Decide the conflicting claims.
(b) What is the legal effect of the mortgage contract
executed by B and C? Reasons.
(c) Is B's sole decision to build the fence binding
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
upon A and C? May B require A and C to
Ramon is wrong on both counts: prescription and laches.
contribute their 2/ 3 share of the expense?
His possession as co-owner did not give rise to acquisitive
Reasons.
prescription. Possession by a co-owner is deemed not
(d) Is C's sole decision to build the grotto binding adverse to the other co-owners but is, on the contrary,
upon A and B? May C require A and B to
deemed beneficial to them (Pongon v. GA, 166 SCRA 375).
contribute their 2/ 3 share of the expense?
Ramon's possession will become adverse only when he has
Reasons.
repudiated the co-ownership and such repudiation was
(e) What are the legal effects of the contract of sale made known to Rosario. Assuming that the sale in 1985
executed by A. C and X? Reasons.
where Ramon claimed he was the sole heir of his parents
amounted to a repudiation of the co-ownership, the
prescriptive period began to run only from that time. Not
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
more than 30 years having lapsed since then, the claim of
(a) Yes. A's sole decision to repair the foundation is
Rosario has not as yet prescribed. The claim of laches is not
binding upon B and C. B and C must contribute 2/3 of the
also meritorious. Until the repudiation of the co-ownership
expense. Each co-owner has the right to compel the other
was made known to the other co-owners, no right has been
co-owners to contribute to the expense of preservation of
violated for the said co-owners to vindicate. Mere delay in
the thing (the house) owned in common in proportion to
vindicating the right, standing alone, does not constitute
their respective interests (Arts. 485 and 488, Civil Code).
laches.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 66 of 119
thereof and offering to reimburse B for whatever he had

Ramon has acquired the land by acquisitive prescription, paid in purchasing the property from the bank.
and because of laches on the part of Rosario. Ramon's
In brief, how will you answer the complaint of C and D, if
possession of the land was adverse because he asserted sole
you were engaged by D as his counsel?
ownership thereof and never shared the harvest therefrom.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
His adverse possession having been continuous and
As counsel of B, I shall answer the complaint as follows:
uninterrupted for more than 30 years, Ramon has acquired
When B bought the property, it was not by a right of
the land by prescription. Rosario is also guilty of laches not
redemption since the period therefore had already expired.
having asserted her right to the harvest for more than 40 Hence, B bought the property in an independent
years.
unconditional sale. C and D are not co-owners with B of
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the property. Therefore, the suit of C and D cannot

prosper.
Ownership; Co-Ownership; Prescription (2002)

Senen and Peter are brothers. Senen migrated to Canada ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
early while still a teenager. Peter stayed in Bulacan to take
As counsel of B, I shall answer the complaint as follows:
care of their widowed mother and continued to work on the
From the facts described, it would appear that the
Family farm even after her death. Returning to the country
Certificate of sale has not been registered. The one-year
some thirty years after he had left, Senen seeks a partition
period of redemption begins to run from registration. In
of
this case, it has not yet even commenced. Under the Rules
the farm to get his share as the only co-heir of Peter. Peterof Court, the property may be released by the Judgment
interposes his opposition, contending that acquisitive
debtor or his successor in interest. (Sec. 29, Rule 27). It has
prescription has already set in and that estoppel lies to bar
been held that this includes a joint owner. (Ref. Magno
the action for partition, citing his continuous possession of
the property for at least 10 years, for almost 30 years in vs.Ciola, 61 Phil. 80).
fact. It is undisputed that Peter has never openly claimed
Ownership; Co-Ownership; Redemption (2000)
sole ownership of the property. If he ever had the intention
Ambrosio died, leaving his three daughters, Belen, Rosario
to do so, Senen was completely ignorant of it. Will Senens
and Sylvia a hacienda which was mortgaged to the
Philippine National Bank due to the failure of the daughters
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
to pay the bank, the latter foreclosed the mortgage and the
Senens action will prosper. Article 494 of the New Civil
hacienda was sold to it as the highest bidder. Six months
Code provides that no prescription shall run in favor of a
later, Sylvia won the grand prize at the lotto and used part
co-owner or co-heir against his co-owners or co-heirs so
of it to redeem the hacienda from the bank. Thereafter, she
long as he expressly or impliedly recognizes the cotook possession of the hacienda and refused to share its
ownership nor notified Senen of his having repudiated the
fruits with her sisters, contending that it was owned
same.
exclusively by her, having bought it from the bank with her
own money. Is she correct or not? (3%)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Senens action will prosper. This is a case of implied trust.
(Art 1441, NCC) For purposes of prescription under the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
concept of an owner (Art. 540, NCC). There is no such
Sylvia is not correct. The 3 daughters are the co-owners of
concept here. Peter was a co-owner, he never claimed solethe hacienda being the only heirs of Ambrosio. When the
ownership of the property. He is therefore estopped underproperty was foreclosed, the right of redemption belongs
Art. 1431, NCC.
also to the 3 daughters. When Sylvia redeemed the entire
property before the lapse of the redemption period, she also
exercised the right of redemption of her co-owners on their
Ownership; Co-Ownership; Redemption (1993)
behalf. As such she is holding the shares of her two sisters
In 1937, A obtained a loan of P20,000.00 from the National
in the property, and all the fruits corresponding thereto, in
City Bank of New York, an American-owned bank doing trust for them. Redemption by one co-owner inures to the
business in the Philippines. To guarantee payment of his benefit of all (Adille v. CA.157 SCRA 455). Sylvia, however, is
obligation, A constituted a real estate mortgage on his 30-entitled to be reimbursed the shares of her two sisters in
hectare parcel of agricultural land. In 1939, before he could
the
pay his obligation. A died intestate leaving three children. B,
a son by a first marriage, and C and D, daughters by a
second marriage. In 1940, the bank foreclosed the mortgage
for non-payment of the principal obligation. As the only Ownership; Co-Ownership; Redemption (2002)
Antonio, Bart, and Carlos are brothers. They purchased
bidder at the extrajudicial foreclosure sale, the bank bought
the property and was later issued a certificate of sale. Thefrom their parents specific portions of a parcel of land as
evidenced by three separates deeds of sale, each deed
war supervened in 1941 without the bank having been able
referring to a particular lot in meter and bounds. When the
to obtain actual possession of the property which remained
deeds were presented for registration, the Register of
with A's three children who appropriated for themselves the
income from it. In 1948, B bought the property from the Deeds
bank using the money he received as back pay from the U.could not issue separate certificates of Title had to be
S. Government, and utilized the same in agribusiness. In issued, therefore, in the names of three brothers as coowners of the entire property. The situation has not
1960, as B's business flourished, C and D sued B for
partition and accounting of the income of the property, changed up to now, but each of the brothers has been
claiming that as heirs of their father they were co-ownersreceiving rentals exclusively from the lot actually purchased
by him. Antonio sells his lot to a third person, with notice
to his brothers. To enable the buyer to secure a new title in
Page 67 of 119
his name, the deed of sale was made to refer to undividedSalvador, a timber concessionaire, built on his lot a
interest in the property of the seller (Antonio), with the warehouse where he processes and stores his timber for
metes and bounds of the lot sold being stated. Bart and shipment. Adjoining the warehouse is a furniture factory
Carlos reacted by signifying their exercise of their right ofowned by NARRAMIX of which Salvador is a majority
redemption as co owners. Antonio in his behalf and in
stockholder. NARRAMIX leased space in the warehouse
behalf of his buyer, contends that they are no longer co- where it placed its furniture-making machinery.
owners, although the title covering the property has
1. How would you classify the furniture-making machinery
remained in their names as such.
as property under the Civil Code? Explain.
May Bart and Carlos still redeem the lot sold by Antonio? 2.Suppose the lease contract between Salvador and
Explain. (5%)
NARRAMIX stipulates that at the end of the lease the
machinery shall become the property of the lessor, will your
answer be the same? Explain.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, they may not redeem because there was no Coownership among Antonio, Bart, and Carlos to start with. SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Their parents already partitioned the land in selling
1. The furniture-making machinery is movable property
separate
because it was not installedby theowner of the
tenement. To become immovable under Art. 415 (5) of the
v. Court of Appeals, (342 SCRA 653 [2000]).
NCC, the machinery must be installed by the owner of the
tenement.
Possession (1998)
Using a falsified manager's check, Justine, as the buyer, was
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
able to take delivery of a second hand car which she had It depends on the circumstances of the case. If the
just bought from United Car Sales Inc. The sale was
machinery was attached in a fixed manner, in such a way
registered with the Land Transportation Office. A week that it cannot be separated from the tenement without
later, the seller learned that the check had been dishonored,
breaking the material or causing deterioration thereof, it is
but by that time, Justine was nowhere to be seen. It turned
immovable property [Art. 415 (3), NCC]. However, if the
out that Justine had sold the car to Jerico, the present
machinery can be transported from place to place without
possessor who knew nothing about the falsified check. In impairment
a
of the tenement to which they were fixed, then
suit by United Car Sales, Inc. against Jerico for recovery of
it is movable property. [Art. 416 (4), NCC]
the car, plaintiff alleges it had been unlawfully deprived of
its property through fraud and should, consequently, be
allowed to recover it without having to reimburse the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. It is immovable property. When there is a provision in
defendant for the price the latter had paid. Should the suit
the lease contract making the lessor, at the end of the lease,
prosper? [5%]
owner of the machinery installed by the lessee, the said
machinery is considered to have been installed by the lessor
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
through the lessee who acted merely as his agent. Having
The suit should prosper as to the recovery of the car.
been installed by the owner of the tenement, the machinery
However, since Jerico was not guilty of any fraud and
became immovable .under Art. 415 of the NCC. (Davao
appears to be an innocent purchaser for value, he should be
reimbursed for the price he paid. This is without prejudiceSawmill v. Castillo 61 Phil. 709)
to United Car Sales, Inc. right of action against Justine. As
between two innocent parties, the party causing the injury
Property; Real vs. Personal Property (1997)
should suffer the loss. Therefore, United Car Sales, Inc. Pedro is the registered owner of a parcel of land situated in
should suffer the loss.
Malolos, Bulacan. In 1973, he mortgaged the land to the
Philippine National Bank (PNB) to secure a loan of
P100.000.00. For Pedro's failure to pay the loan, the PNB
Yes, the suit will prosper because the criminal act of estafa
foreclosed on the mortgage in 1980, and the land was sold
should be deemed to come within the meaning of unlawful
at public auction to PNB for being the highest bidder. PNB
deprivation under Art. 559, Civil Code, as without it
secured title thereto in 1987.
plaintiff would not have parted with the possession of its
car.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
In the meanwhile, Pedro, who was still in possession of the

No, the suit will not prosper. The sale is valid and Jerico island,
a
constructed a warehouse on the property. In 1988, the
buyer in good faith.
PNB sold the land to Pablo, the Deed of Sale was amended
in 1989 to include the warehouse.
ANOTHER ANSWER:
Under the law on Sales, when the thing sold is delivered by
the seller to the buyer without reservation of ownership, the
Pedro, claiming ownership of the warehouse, files a
ownership is transferred to the buyer. Therefore in the suit
complaint to annul the amended Deed of Sale before the
of United Car Sales, Inc. against Jerico for the recovery of
Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, where he resides,
the car, the plaintiff should not be allowed to recover the
against both the PNB and Pablo. The PNB filed a motion
car without reimbursing the defendant for the price that the
to dismiss the complaint for improper venue contending
latter paid. (EDCA Publishing and Distributing Corp. vs.
that the warehouse is real property under Article 415(1) of
the Civil Code and therefore the action should have instead
Santos, 184 SCRA 614, April 26, 1990)
been filed in Malolos, Bulacan. Pedro claims otherwise. The
question arose as to whether the warehouse should be
Property; Real vs. Personal Property (1995)
considered as real or as personal property.
ANOTHER ANSWER:
Page 68 of 119
If consulted, what would your legal advice be?
latter vacate the premises and deliver the same to the

former. Petronila refused to vacate the place on the ground
The warehouse which is a construction adhered to the soilthat
is the usufruct in her favor would expire only on 1 June
an immovable by nature under Art. 415 (1) and the proper1998 when Manuel would have reached his 30th birthday
and that the death of Manuel before his 30th birthday did
venue of any case to recover ownership of the same, which
not extinguish the usufruct.
is what the purpose of the complaint to annul the amended
Deed of Sale amounts to, should be the place where the Whose contention should be accepted?
property is located, or the RTC of Bulacan.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Petronila's contention is correct. Under Article 606 of the

1. Buildings are always immovable property, and even in Civil Code, a usufruct granted for the time that may elapse
the instances where the parties to a contract seem to have
before a third person reaches a certain age shall subsist for
dealt with it separate and apart from the land on which it the number of years specified even if the third person
stood in no wise does it change its character as immovable
should die unless there is an express stipulation in the
property. A building is an immovable even if not erected by
contract that states otherwise. In the case at bar, there is no
the owner of the land. The only criterion is union or
express stipulation that the consideration for the usufruct is
incorporation with the soil. (Ladera vs. Hodges (CA) 48
the existence of Petronila's son. Thus, the general rule and
not the exception should apply in this case.
ADDITIONAL ANSWERS:
O.G. 4374) (Reyes and Puno, Outline of Philippine Civil Law,

Vol. 2. p.7)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
This is a usufruct which is clearly intended for the benefit of

2.The warehouse built by Pedro on the mortgaged
Manuel until he reaches 30 yrs. of age with Petronila
property is real property within the context of Article 415serving
of
the New Civil Code, although it was built by Pedro after the
only as a conduit, holding the property in trust for his
foreclosure sale without the knowledge and consent of thebenefit. The death of Manuel at the age of 26 therefore,
new owner which makes him a builder in bad faith, this
does not alter the character of the warehouse as a real
property by incorporation. It is a structure which cannot be
removed without causing injury to the land. So, my advice
to Pedro is to file the case with the RTC of Bulacan, the
situs of the property,
LAND TRANSFER &

DEEDS
(Note: If the examinee does not mention that the

structure was
Acquisition of Lands; Citizenship Requirement (2003)

In 1970, the spouses Juan and Juana de la Cruz, then
Filipinos, bought the parcel of unregistered land in the
Sower; Good Faith/ Bad Faith (2000)
Philippines on which they built a house which became their
Felix cultivated a parcel of land and planted it to sugar residence. In 1986, they migrated to Canada and became
cane,
Canadian citizens.
believing it to be his own. When the crop was eight months
Thereafter, in 1990, they applied, opposed by the Republic,
old, and harvestable after two more months, a resurvey offor the registration of the aforesaid land in their names.
the land showed that it really belonged to Fred. What are Should the application of the spouses de la Cruz be granted
the options available to Fred? (2%)
over the Republics opposition? Why? 5%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
As to the pending crops planted by Felix in good faith, Fred

has the option of allowing Felix to continue the cultivationSUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the application should be granted. As a rule, the
and to harvest the crops, or to continue the cultivation and
Constitution prohibits aliens from owning private lands in
harvest the crops himself. In the latter option, however,
the Philippines. This rule, however, does not apply to the
Felix shall have the right to a part of the expenses of
spouses Juan and Juana de la Cruz because at the time they
cultivation and to a part of the net harvest, both in
acquired ownership over the land, albeit imperfect, they
proportion to the time of possession. (Art. 545 NCC),
were still Filipino citizens. The application for registration is
a mere confirmation of the imperfect title which the
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
spouses have already acquired before they became
Since sugarcane is not a perennial crop. Felix is considered
Canadian
a
sower in good faith. Being so, Art. 448 applies. The options
available to Fred are: (a) to appropriate the crop after
Adverse Claims; Notice of Levy (1998)
paying
Section 70 of Presidential Decree No. 1529, concerning
adverse claims on registered land, provides a 30-day period
Usufruct (1997)
of effectivity of an adverse claim, counted from the date of
On 1 January 1980, Minerva, the owner of a building,
its registration. Suppose a notice of adverse claim based
granted Petronila a usufruct over the property until 01 June
upon a contract to sell was registered on March 1, 1997 at
1998 when Manuel, a son of Petronila, would have reached
the instance of the BUYER, but on June 1, 1997, or after
his 30th birthday. Manuel, however, died on 1 June 1990 the lapse of the 30-day period, a notice of levy on execution
when he was only 26 years old.
in favor of a JUDGMENT CREDITOR was also registered
to enforce a final judgment for money against the registered
owner. Then, on June 15, 1997 there having been no formal
Minerva notified Petronila that the usufruct had been
cancellation of his notice of adverse claim, the BUYER pays
extinguished by the death of Manuel and demanded that the
Page 69 of 119
to the seller-owner the agreed purchase price in full and residential, commercial, industrial, or similar productive
registers the corresponding deed of sale. Because the
purposes, and only by lease when not needed by the
annotation of the notice of levy is carried over to the new government for public service.
title in his name, the BUYER brings an action against the
JUDGMENT CREDITOR to cancel such annotation, but (2) If the land is suited or actually used for fishpond or
the latter claims that his lien is superior because it was aquaculture purposes, it comes under the Jurisdiction of the
annotated after the adverse claim of the BUYER had ipso Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and can
facto ceased to be effective. Will the suit prosper? [5%] only be acquired by lease. (P.D. 705)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The suit will prosper. While an adverse claim duly annotated

(3) Free Patent is a mode of concession under Section 41,
at the back of a title under Section 7O of P.D. 1529 is goodChapter VII of the Public Land Act, which is applicable
only for 30 days, cancellation thereof is still necessary to only for agricultural lands.
render it ineffective, otherwise, the inscription thereof will
remain annotated as a lien on the property. While the life of
adverse claim is 3O days under P.D. 1529, it continuous to(4) The certificate of the district forester that the land is
already "alienable and disposable" simply means that the
be effective until it is canceled by formal petition filed with
land is no longer needed for forest purposes, but the Bureau
the Register of Deeds.
of Lands could no longer dispose of it by free patent
because it is already covered by a lease contract between
BFAR and Regina. That contract must be respected.
The cancellation of the notice of levy is justified under
Section 108 of P.D. 1529 considering that the levy on
execution can not be enforced against the buyer whose (5) The free patent of Jorge is highly irregular and void ab
adverse claim against the registered owner was recordedinitio, not only because the Bureau has no statutory
ahead of the notice of levy on execution.
authority to issue a free patent over a foreshore area, but
also because of the false statements made in his sworn
application that he has occupied and cultivated the land
Annotation of Lis Pendens; When Proper (2001)
since July 4, 1945, as required by the free patent law. Under
Mario sold his house and lot to Carmen for P1 million
payable in five (5) equal annual installments. The sale wasSection 91 of the Public Land Act, any patent concession or
registered and title was issued in Carmen's name. Carmentitle obtained thru false representation is void ab initio. In
cases of this nature, it is the government that shall institute
failed to pay the last three installments and Mario filed an.
action for collection, damages and attorneys fees against annulment proceedings considering that the suit carries
her. Upon filing of the complaint, he caused a notice of liswith
it a prayer for the reversion of the land to the state.
pendens to be annotated on Carmen's title. Is the notice of
However, Regina is a party in interest and the case will
lis pendens proper or not? Why? (5%)
prosper because she has a lease contract for the same land
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The notice of lis pendens is not proper for the reason that
the case filed by Mario against Carmen is only for collection,
Forgery; Innocent Purchaser; Holder in Bad Faith (2005)
damages, and attorney's fees.
Rod, the owner of an FX taxi, found in his vehicle an
envelope containing TCT No. 65432 over a lot registered in
Annotation of a lis pendens can only be done in cases
Cesar's name. Posing as Cesar, Rod forged Cesar's signature
involving recovery of possession of real property, or to
on a Deed of Sale in Rod's favor. Rod registered the said
quiet title or to remove cloud thereon, or for partition or document with the Register of Deeds, and obtained a new
any other proceeding affecting title to the land or the use title
or in his name. After a year, he sold the lot to Don, a
occupation thereof. The action filed by Mario does not fallbuyer in good faith and for value, who also registered the lot
on anyone of these.
in his name.
a)
Did Rod acquire title to the land? Explain. (2%)
Foreshore Lands (2000)

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Regina has been leasing foreshore land from the Bureau of
No, Rod did not acquire title to the land. The inscription in
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for the past 15 years. the registry, to be effective, must be made in good faith.
Recently, she learned that Jorge was able to obtain a free The defense of indefeasibility of a Torrens Title does not
patent from the Bureau of Agriculture, covering the sameextend to a transferee who takes the certificate of title with
land, on the basis of a certification by the District Forester
notice of a flaw. A holder in bad faith of a certificate of title
that the same is already "alienable and disposable".
is not entitled to the protection of the law, for the law
Moreover, Jorge had already registered the patent with the
cannot be used as a shield for frauds. (Samonte v. Court of
Register of Deeds of the province, and he was issued an
Original Certificate of Title for the same. Regina filed an Appeals, G.R. No. 104223, July 12, 2001)
action for annulment of Jorge's title on the ground that it
was obtained fraudulently. Will the action prosper? (2%) In the case at bar, Rod only forged Cesar's signature on the
-Deed of Sale. It is very apparent that there was bad faith on
the part of Rod from the very beginning. As such, he is not
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
An action for the annulment of Jorge's Original Certificateentitled to the protection of the Land Registration Act.
of Title will prosper on the following grounds:
b)Discuss the rights of Don, if any, over the
(1) Under Chapter IX of C .A, No. 141, otherwise known
property. (2%)
as the Public Land Act, foreshore lands are disposable for
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 70 of 119
It is a well-known rule in this jurisdiction that persons

dealing with registered land have the legal right to rely onThe mortgage to Desiderio should be cancelled without
the face of the Torrens Certificate of Title and to dispenseprejudice to his right to go after Catalino and/or the
with the need to inquire further, except when the party government for compensation from the assurance fund.
concerned has actual knowledge of facts and circumstances
that would impel a reasonably cautious man to make such
Fraud; Procurement of Patent; Effect (2000)
inquiry. (Naawan Community Rural Bank v. Court of
In 1979, Nestor applied for and was granted a Free Patent
over a parcel of agricultural land with an area of 30
Appeals, G.R. No. 128573, January 13, 2003)
hectares,
in General Santos City. He presented the Free
In the given problem, the property was already registeredlocated
in
Patent
to
the Register of Deeds, and he was issued a
the name of Rod when he bought the same from the latter.
corresponding Original Certificate of Title (OCT) No. 375,
Thus, Don could be considered as a buyer in good faith and
Subsequently, Nestor sold the land to Eddie. The deed of
for value. However, since Rod did not actually sell any
sale was submitted to the Register of Deeds and on the
property to him, Don has no right to retain ownership over
basis thereof, OCT No, 375 was cancelled and Transfer
the property. He has only the right to recover the purchase
Certificate of Title (TCT) No. 4576 was issued in the name
price plus damages.
of Eddie. In 1986, the Director of Lands filed a complaint
for annulment of OCT No, 375 and TCT No. 4576 on the
ground that Nestor obtained the Free Patent through fraud.
Forgery; Innocent Purchaser; Mirror Principle (1991)
Bruce is the registered owner, of a parcel of land with a Eddie filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that he was
building thereon and is in peaceful possession thereof. Hean innocent purchaser for value and in good faith and as
such, he has acquired a title to the property which is valid,
pays the real estate taxes and collects the rentals therefrom.
Later, Catalino, the only brother of Bruce, filed a petition
where he, misrepresenting to be the attorney-in-fact of
Bruce and falsely alleging that the certificate of title was SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The motion of Nestor to dismiss the complaint for
lost,
annulment of O.C.T. No. 375 and T.C.T. No. 4576 should
succeeded in obtaining a second owner's duplicate copy of
be denied for the following reasons:
the title and then had the same transferred in his name
1) Eddie cannot claim protection as an innocent
through a simulated deed of sale in his favor. Catalino then
purchaser for value nor can he interpose the defense of
mortgaged the property to Desiderio who had the mortgage
indefeasibility of his title, because his TCT is rooted on
annotated on the title. Upon learning of the fraudulent
a void title. Under Section 91 of CA No. 141, as
transaction, Bruce filed a complaint against Catalino and
amended, otherwise known as the Public Land Act,
Desiderio to have the title of Catalino and the mortgage in
statements of material facts in the applications for
favor of Desiderio declared null and void.
public land must be under oath. Section 91 of the same
Will the complaint prosper, or will the title of Catalino and
act provides that such statements shall be considered as
essential conditions and parts of the concession, title,
or permit issued, any false statement therein, or
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
omission of facts shall ipso facto produce the
The complaint for the annulment of Catalino's Title will
prosper. In the first place, the second owner's copy of the cancellation of the concession. The patent issued to
Nestor in this case is void ab initio not only because it
title secured by him from the Land Registration Court is
void ab initio, the owner's copy thereof having never been was obtained by fraud but also because it covers 30
lost, let alone the fact that said second owner's copy of the hectares which is far beyond the maximum of 24
title was fraudulently procured and improvidently issued by hectares provided by the free patent law.
the Court. In the second place, the Transfer Certificate of2) The government can seek annulment of the original
Title procured by Catalino is equally null and void, it having and transfer certificates of title and the reversion of the
been issued on the basis of a simulated or forged Deed of land to the state. Eddie's defense is untenable. The
protection afforded by the Torrens System to an
Sale. A forged deed is an absolute nullity and conveys no
innocent purchaser for value can be availed of only if
title.
The mortgage in favor of Desiderio is likewise null and void the land has been titled thru judicial proceedings where
because the mortgagor is not the owner of the mortgaged the issue of fraud becomes academic after the lapse of
one (1) year from the issuance of the decree of
property. While it may be true that under the "Mirror
registration. In public land grants, the action of the
Principle" of the Torrens System of Land Registration, a
buyer or mortgagee has the right to rely on what appears ongovernment to annul a title fraudulently obtained does
not prescribe such action and will not be barred by the
the Certificate of Title, and in the absence of anything to
excite suspicion, is under no obligation to look beyond the transfer of the title to an innocent purchaser for value.
certificate and investigate the mortgagor's title, this rule
does not find application in the case at hand because here.
Catalino's title suffers from two fatal infirmities, namely:
a) The fact that it emanated from a forged deed of a
simulated sale;
Homestead Patents; Void Sale (1999)
b) The fact that it was derived from a fraudulently
In 1950, the Bureau of Lands issued a Homestead patent to
procured or improvidently issued second owner's copy,
A. Three years later, A sold the homestead to B. A died in
the real owner's copy being still intact and in the
1990, and his heirs filed an action to recover the homestead
possession of the true owner, Bruce.
from B on the ground that its sale by their father to the
latter is void under Section 118 of the Public Land Law. B
contends, however, that the heirs of A cannot recover the
Page 71 of 119
homestead from him anymore because their action has

prescribed and that furthermore, A was in pari delicto.
Decide. (5%)
Cesar bought a residential condominium unit from High

Rise Co. and paid the price in full. He moved into the unit,
but somehow he was not given the Condominium
Certificate of Title covering the property. Unknown to him,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The sale of the land by A to B 3 years after issuance of theHigh Rise Co. subsequently mortgaged the entire
homestead patent, being in violation of Section 118 of thecondominium building to Metrobank as security for a loan
of P500 million. High Rise Co. failed to pay the loan and
Public Land Act, is void from its inception.
the bank foreclosed the mortgage. At the foreclosure sale,
the bank acquired the building, being the highest bidder.
The action filed by the heirs of B to declare the nullity or When Cesar learned about this, he filed an action to annul
inexistence of the contract and to recover the land shouldthe foreclosure sale insofar as his unit was concerned. The
be given due course.
bank put up the defense that it relied on the condominium
certificates of title presented by High Rise Co., which were
B's defense of prescription is untenable because an actionclean. Hence, it was a mortgagee and buyer in good faith. Is
this defense tenable or not? Why? (5%.)
which seeks to declare the nullity or inexistence of A
contract does not prescribe. (Article 1410; Banaga vs. Soler, 2
8CRA 765)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Metrobank's defense is untenable. As a rule, an innocent

On the other hand, B's defense of pari delicto is equally purchaser for value acquires a good and a clean title to the
untenable. While as a rule, parties who are in pari delictoproperty. However, it is settled that one who closes his eyes
have no recourse against each other on the principle that to
a facts that should put a reasonable man on guard is not an
transgressor cannot profit from his own wrongdoing, suchinnocent purchaser for value. In the present problem the
rule does not apply to violations of Section 118 of the
bank is expected, as a matter of standard operating
Public Land Act because of the underlying public policy inprocedure, to have conducted an ocular inspection, of the
the said Act "to conserve the land which a homesteader has
promises before granting any loan. Apparently, Metrobank
acquired
did not follow this procedure. Otherwise, it should have
by gratuitous grant from the government for himself and his
discovered that the condominium unit in question was
family".
occupied by Cesar and that fact should have led it to make
In keeping with this policy, it has been held that one who further inquiry. Under the circumstances, Metrobank cannot
purchases a homestead within the five-year prohibitory be considered a mortgagee and buyer in good faith.
period can only recover the price which he has paid by filing
a claim against the estate of the deceased seller (Labrador
vs.
Mirror Principle (1990)
Delos Santos 66 Phil. 579) under the principle that no one
In 1950's, the Government acquired a big landed estate in

shall enrich himself at the expense of another. Applying the
Central Luzon from the registered owner for subdivision
pari delicto rule to violation of Section 118 of the Public
into small farms and redistribution of bonafide occupants, F
Land
was a former lessee of a parcel of land, five hectares in
area.
After completion of the resurvey and subdivision, F applied
FIRST ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
to buy the said land in accordance with the guidelines of the
The action to declare the nullity of the sale did not prescribe
(Art. 1410}, such sale being one expressly prohibited andimplementing agency. Upon full payment of the price in
declared void by the Public Lands Act [Art. 1409, par. (7)].1957, the corresponding deed of absolute sale was executed
The prohibition of the law is clearly for the protection of in his favor and was registered, and in 1961, a new title was
issued in his name. In 1963, F sold the said land to X; and in
the heirs of A such that their recovering the property would
enhance the public policy regarding ownership of lands 1965 X sold it to Y, new titles were successively issued in
acquired by homestead patent (Art. 1416). The defense ofthe names of the said purchasers.
pari delicto is not applicable either, since the law itself
allows the homesteader to reacquire the land even if it has
In 1977, C filed an action to annul the deeds of sale to F, X
been sold.
and Y and their titles, on the ground that he (C) had been in
actual physical possession of the land, and that the sale to F
SECOND ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
and the subsequent sales should be set aside on the ground
Prescription does not arise with respect to actions to
of fraud. Upon motion of defendants, the trial court
declare
dismissed the complaint, upholding their defenses of their
a void contract a nullity (Article 1410). Neither is the
being innocent purchasers for value, prescription and
doctrine of pari delicto applicable because of public policy.
laches. Plaintiff appealed.
The law is designed for the protection of the plaintiff so as(a) Is the said appeal meritorious? Explain your answer
to enhance the public policy of the Public Land Act to give(b) Suppose the government agency concerned joined C in
filing the said action against the defendants, would that
change the result of the litigation? Explain.
If the heirs are not allowed to recover, it could be on the
ground of laches inasmuch as 40 years had elapsed and the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
owner had not brought any action against B especially if the
(a) The appeal is not meritorious. The trial court ruled
latter had improved the land. It would be detrimental to B if
correctly in granting defendant's motion to dismiss for the
the plaintiff is allowed to recover.
following reasons:
1. While there is the possibility that F, a former lessee of the
land was aware of the fact that C was the bona fide
Innocent Purchaser for Value (2001)
Page 72 of 119
occupant thereof and for this reason his transfer certificate

required to explore beyond what the record in the registry
of title may be vulnerable, the transfer of the same land and
indicates on its face in quest for any hidden defect or
the issuance of new TCTs to X and Y who are innocent
inchoate right which may subsequently defeat his right
purchasers for value render the latter's titles indefeasible.thereto.
A
This is the "mirror principle' of the Torrens
person dealing with registered land may safely rely on thesystem which makes it possible for a forged deed to be the
correctness of the certificate of title and the law will not in
root of a good title.
any way oblige him to go behind the certificate to determine
the condition of the property in search for any hidden
Besides, it appears that spouses X and Y are guilty of
defect or inchoate right which may later invalidate or
negligence when they delivered this OCT to
diminish the right to the land. This is the mirror principle contributory
of
the mortgagee without annotating the mortgage thereon.
the Torrens System of land registration.
Between them and the innocent purchaser for value, they
should bear the loss.
2. The action to annul the sale was instituted in 1977 or ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
more than (10) years from the date of execution thereof inIf the buyer B, who relied on the teller A's title, was not
aware of the adverse possession of the land by the spouses
1957, hence, it has long prescribed.
X and Y, then the latter cannot recover the property from
B. B has in his favor the presumption of good faith which
3. Under Sec 45 of Act 496, the entry of a certificate of
can only be overthrown by adequate proof of bad faith.
title shall be regarded as an agreement running with the
However, nobody buys land without seeing the property,
land, and binding upon the applicant and all his successors
hence, B could not have been unaware of such adverse
in title that the land shall be and always remain registered
possession. If after learning of such possession, B simply
land. A title under Act 496 is indefeasible and to preserve
closed his eyes and did nothing about it, then the suit for
that character, the title is cleansed anew with every transfer
reconveyance will prosper as the buyer's bad faith will have
for value (De Jesus v City of Manila; 29 Phil. 73; Laperal v
become evident.
City of Manila, 62 Phil 313; Penullar v PNB 120 S 111).
Notice of Lis Pendens (1995)

(b) Even if the government joins C, this will not alter the Rommel was issued a certificate of title over a parcel of land
outcome of the case so much because of estoppel as an in Quezon City. One year later Rachelle, the legitimate
express provision in Sec 45 of Act 496 and Sec 31 of PD owner of the land, discovered the fraudulent registration
obtained by Rommel. She filed a complaint against Rommel
1529 that a decree of registration and the certificate of title
issued in pursuance thereof shall be conclusive upon andfor reconveyance and caused the annotation of a notice of
lis pendens on the certificate of title issued to Rommel.
against all persons, including the national government and
all branches thereof, whether mentioned by name in the Rommel now invokes the indefeasibility of his title
considering that one year has already elapsed from its
application or not.
issuance. He also seeks the cancellation of the notice of Lis
pendens.
May the court cancel the notice of lis pendens even before
Mirror Principle; Forgery; Innocent Purchaser (1999)
The spouses X and Y mortgaged a piece of registered landfinal judgment is rendered? Explain.
to A, delivering as well the OCT to the latter, but they
continued to possess and cultivate the land, giving 1/2 of SUGGESTED ANSWER:
each harvest to A in partial payment of their loan to the A Notice of Lis Pendens may be canceled even before
latter, A, however, without the knowledge of X and Y,
final Judgment upon proper showing that the notice is for
forged a deed of sale of the aforesaid land in favor of
the purpose of molesting or harassing the adverse party or
himself, got a TCT in his name, and then sold the land to B,
that the notice of lis pendens is not necessary to protect the
who bought the land relying on A's title, and who thereafter
right of the party who caused it to be registered. (Section
also got a TCT in his name. It was only then that the
77,
spouses X and Y learned that their land had been titled in
B's name. May said spouses file an action for reconveyance
In this case, it is given that Rachelle is the legitimate owner
of the land in question against b? Reason. (5%)
of the land in question. It can be said, therefore, that when
she filed her notice of lis pendens her purpose was to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The action of X and Y against B for reconveyance of the protect her interest in the land and not just to molest
It is necessary to record the Lis pendens to
land will not prosper because B has acquired a clean title Rommel.
to
protect her interest because if she did not do it, there is a
the property being an innocent purchaser for value.
possibility that the land will fall into the hands of an
innocent purchaser for value and in that event, the court
A forged deed is an absolute nullity and conveys no title. loses control over the land making any favorable judgment
The fact that the forged deed was registered and a
thereon moot and academic. For these reasons, the notice
certificate
of lis pendens may not be canceled.
of title was issued in his name, did not operate to vest upon
an ownership over the property of X and Y. The
registration of the forged deed will not cure the infirmity.
Notice of Lis Pendens; Transferee Pendente Lite (2002)
However, once the title to the land is registered in the name
Sancho and Pacifico are co-owners of a parcel of land.
of the forger and title to the land thereafter falls into the
Sancho sold the property to Bart. Pacifico sued Sancho and
hands of an innocent purchaser for value, the latter
Bart for annulment of the sale and reconveyance of the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 73 of 119
property based on the fact that the sale included his one- the obligation. However, the action was brought within the
half pro-indiviso share. Pacifico had a notice of lis pendens
ten-year prescriptive period provided by law wherein
annotated on the title covering the property and ordered the
actions
cancellation of the notice of lis pendens. The notice of lis based on written contracts can be instituted.
pendens could not be cancelled immediately because the a) Will the defense prosper? Reason. (3%)
title over the property was with a bank to which the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
property had been mortgaged by Bart. Pacifico appealed the
No, the defense will not prosper. The problem did not give
case. While the appeal was pending and with the notice of
facts from which laches may be inferred. Mere delay in
lis pendens still uncancelled, Bart sold the property to
filing
Carlos, who immediately caused the cancellation of the
notice of lis pendens, as well as the issuance of a new titlePNB. 309 SCRA 509).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
in
b) The four basic elements of laches are; (1) conduct on the
his name.
Is Carlos (a) a purchaser in good faith, or (b) a transferee part of the defendant or of one under whom he claims,
pendente lite? If your answer is (a), how can the right of giving rise to the situation of which complainant seeks a
remedy; (2) delay in asserting the complainant's rights, the
complainant having had knowledge or notice of the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
defendant's conduct and having been afforded an
A.Carlos is a buyer in bad faith. The notice of lis
opportunity to institute suit; (3) lack of knowledge on the
pendens was still annotated at the back of the title at the part of the defendant that the complainant would assert the
time he bought the land from Bart. The uncancelled notice
right on which he bases his suit; and (4) injury or prejudice
of lis pendens operates as constructive notice of its contents
to the defendant in the event relief is accorded to the
as well as interests, legal or equitable, included therein. All
complainant, or the suit is not held to be barred.
persons are charged with the knowledge of what it contains.
In an earlier case, it was held that a notice of an adverse
claim remains effective and binding notwithstanding the
Prescription & Laches; Indefeasibility Rule of Torrens Title
lapse of the 30 days from its inscription in the registry. This
(2002)
ruling is even more applicable in a lis pendens.
Way back in 1948, Windas husband sold in favor of Verde
Sports Center Corp. (Verde) a 10-hectare property
belonging to their conjugal partnership. The sale was made
Carlos is a transferee pendente lite insofar as Sanchos without Windas knowledge, much less consent. In 1950,
share
Winda learned of the sale, when she discovered the deed of
in the co-ownership in the land is concerned because the sale among the documents in her husbands vault after his
land was transferred to him during the pendency of the demise. Soon after, she noticed that the construction of the
appeal.
sports complex had started. Upon completion of the
B.Pacifico can protect his right as a co-owner by
construction in 1952, she tried but failed to get free
pursuing his appeal; asking the Court of Appeals to order membership privileges in Verde.
the re-annotation of the lis pendens on the title of Carlos;
and by invoking his right of redemption of Barts share
Winda now files a suit against Verde for the annulment of
the sale on the ground that she did not consent to the sale.
A.Carlos is a purchaser in good faith. A possessor in
good faith has been defined as one who is unaware that In answer, Verde contends that, in accordance with the
there exists a flaw which invalidates his acquisition of theSpanish Civil Code which was then in force, the sale in 1948
of the property did not need her concurrence. Verde
thing (Art. 526, NCC). Good faith consists in the
possessors belief that the person from whom he receivedcontends that in any case the action has prescribed or is
the thing was the owner of the same and could convey hisbarred by laches. Winda rejoins that her Torrens title
title. In the case [at bar], in question, while Carlos boughtcovering the property is indefeasible, and imprescriptible.
A. Define or explain the term laches. (2%)
the subject property from Bart while a notice of lis pendens
B. Decide the case, stating your reasons for your decision.
was still annotated thereon, there was also an existing court
(3%)
order canceling the same. Hence, Carlos cannot be
considered as being aware of a flaw which invalidates
[their] the acquisition of the thing since the alleged flaw,SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A.LACHES means failure or neglect, for an
the notice of lis pendens, was already being ordered
unreasonable and unexplained length of time, to do what,
cancelled at the time of the purchase. On this ground alone,
by exercising due diligence, could or should have been done
Carlos can already be considered a buyer in good faith. (Po
earlier. It is negligence or omission to assert a right within a
reasonable time. (De Vera v. CA, 305 SCRA 624 [1999])
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Lam v. Court of Appeals, 347 SCRA 86, [2000]).
B.While Article 1413 of the Spanish Civil Code did

B.To protect his right over the subject property,
not require the consent of the wife for the validity of the
Pacifico should have timely filed an action for reconveyance
sale, an alienation by the husband in fraud of the wife is
and reinstated the notice of lis pendens.
void as held in Uy Coque v. Navas, 45 Phil. 430 (1923).
Assuming that the alienation in 1948 was in fraud of Winda
Prescription & Laches; Elements of Laches (2000)
and, therefore, makes the sale to Verde void, the action to
In an action brought to collect a sum of money based on aset aside the sale, nonetheless, is already barred by
surety agreement, the defense of laches was raised as the
claim was filed more than seven years from the maturity of
Page 74 of 119
prescription and laches. More than 52 years have already(a) The mortgage contract executed by O, if at all, is only a
elapsed from her discovery of the sale in 1950.
voidable contract since it involves a conjugal partnership
property. The action to annul the same instituted in 1977, or
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
eleven years after the execution of the sheriff's final sale,
B. Windas claim that her Torrens Title covering the
has
property is indefeasible and imprescriptible [does not hold
obviously prescribed because:
water] is not tenable. The rule of indefeasibility of a
Torrens Title means that after one year from the date of 1) An action to annul a contract on the ground of fraud
must be brought within four (4) years from the date of
issue of the decree of registration or if the land has fallen
into the hands of an innocent purchaser for value, the title discovery of the fraud. Since this is in essence an action
to recover ownership, it must be reckoned from the
becomes incontestable and incontrovertible.
date of execution of the contract or from the
registration of the alleged fraudulent document with
IMPRESCRIPTIBILITY, on the other hand, means that no
the assessor's office for the purpose of transferring the
title to the land in derogation of that of the registered owner
may be acquired by adverse possession or acquisitive
Intermediate Appellate Court G. R. L-74423 Jan.30, 1989
prescription or that the registered owner does not lose by
169 SCRA 617).
extinctive prescription his right to recover ownership and2) If the action is to be treated as an action to recover
possession of the land.
ownership of land, it would have prescribed just the
same because more than 10 years have already elapsed
The action in this case is for annulment of the sale executed since the date of the execution of the sale.
by the husband over a conjugal partnership property
(a) The action to recover has been barred by acquisitive
covered by a Torrens Title. Action on contracts are
prescription in favor of M considering that M has possessed
subject to prescription.
the land under a claim of ownership for ten (10) years with
a just title.
Prescription (1990)
In 1960, an unregistered parcel of land was mortgaged by
owner O to M, a family friend, as collateral for a loan. O (b) If M had secured a Torrens Title to the land, all the
acted through his attorney-in-fact, son S, who was duly more S and P could not recover because if at all their
would be:
authorized by way of a special power of attorney, whereinremedies
O
declared that he was the absolute owner of the land, that 1. A Petition to Review the Decree of Registration. This
can be availed of within one (1) year from-the entry thereof,
the
tax declarations/receipts were all issued in his name, and but only upon the basis of "actual fraud." There is no
showing that M committed actual fraud in securing his title
that he has been in open, continuous and adverse
to the land; or
possession in the concept of owner.
As O was unable to pay back the loan plus interest for the
2. An action in personam against M for the reconveyance of
past five [5) years, M had to foreclose the mortgage. At the
foreclosure sale, M was the highest bidder. Upon issuancethe title in their favor. Again, this remedy is available within
four years from the date of the discovery of the fraud but
of the sheriffs final deed of sale and registration in January,
not later than ten (10) years from the date of registration of
1966, the mortgage property was turned over to M's
the title in the name of M.
possession and control M has since then developed the said
property. In 1967, O died, survived by sons S and P.
Prescription; Real Rights (1992)
In 1977, after the tenth (10th) death anniversary of his A owned a parcel of unregistered land located on the Tarlac
side of the boundary between Tarlac and Pangasinan. His
father O. son P filed a suit to annul the mortgage deed and
brother B owned the adjoining parcel of unregistered land
subsequent sale of the property, etc., on the ground of
on the Pangasinan side.
fraud. He asserted that the property in question was
conjugal in nature actually belonging, at the time of the
mortgage, to O and his wife, W, whose conjugal share went
A sold the Tarlac parcel to X in a deed of sale executed as a
to their sons (S and P) and to O.
public instrument by A and X. After X paid in full the, price
(a) Is the suit filed by P barred by prescription? Explain of the sale, X took possession of the Pangasinan parcel in
your answer.
the belief that it was the Tarlac parcel covered by the deed
(b) After the issuance of the sheriff's final deed of sale in of sale executed by A and X.
1966 in this case, assuming that M applied for registration
under the Torrens System and was issued a Torrens Title to
the said property in question, would that added fact have After twelve (12) years, a controversy arose between B and
X on the issue of the ownership of the Pangasinan parcel, B
any significant effect on your conclusion? State your reason.
claims a vested right of ownership over the Pangasinan
parcel because B never sold that parcel to X or to anyone
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
else.
(a) Under Art. 173 of the Civil Code, the action is barred by
prescription because the wife had only ten (10) years from
the transaction and during the marriage to file a suit for the
On the other hand, X claims a vested right of ownership
annulment of the mortgage deed.
over the Pangasinan parcel by acquisitive prescription,
Alternative Answers to (a) first Alternative Answer:
because X possessed this parcel for over ten (10] years
under claim of ownership.
Page 75 of 119
Decide on these claims, giving your reasons.

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The right to recover possession of registered land likewise

does not prescribe because possession is just a necessary
incident of ownership.
At this point in time, X cannot claim the right of vested

ownership over the Pangasinan parcel by acquisitive
prescription. In addition to the requisites common to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ordinary and extraordinary acquisitive prescription
b)Mikaelo's defense of laches, however, appears to be
consisting of uninterrupted, peaceful, public, adverse andmore sustainable. Renren bought the land and had the sale
actual possession in the concept of owner, ordinary
registered way back in 1965. From the facts, it appears that
acquisitive prescription for ten (10) years requires (1)
it was only in 1998 or after an inexplicable delay of 33 years
possession in good faith and (2) just title. "Just title" means
that he took the first step asserting his right to the land. It
that the adverse claimant came into possession of the
was not even an action to recover ownership but only
property through one of the modes recognized by law for possession of the land. By ordinary standards, 33 years of
the acquisition of ownership but the grantor was not the neglect or inaction is too long and maybe considered
owner or could not transmit any right (Art. 1129. Civil
unreasonable. As often held by the Supreme Court, the
Code). In this case, there is no "just title" and no "mode" principle of imprescriptibility sometimes has to yield to the
that can be invoked by X for the acquisition of the
equitable principle of laches which can convert even a
Pangasinan parcel. There was no constructive delivery of registered land owner's claim into a stale demand.
the Pangasinan parcel because it was not the subject-matter
of the deed of sale. Hence, B retains ownership of the
Pangasinan parcel of land.
Mikaelo's claim of laches, however, is weak insofar as the
element of equity is concerned, there being no showing in
the facts how he entered into the ownership and possession
of the land.
Primary Entry Book; Acquisitive Prescription; Laches
(1998)
In 1965, Renren bought from Robyn a parcel of registeredReclamation of Foreshore Lands; Limitations (2000)
land evidenced by a duly executed deed of sale. The owner
Republic Act 1899 authorizes municipalities and chartered
presented the deed of sale and the owner's certificate of cities to reclaim foreshore lands bordering them and to
title
construct thereon adequate docking and harbor facilities.
to the Register of Deeds. The entry was made in the
Pursuant thereto, the City of Cavite entered into an
daybook and corresponding fees were paid as evidenced by
agreement with the Fil-Estate Realty Company, authorizing
official receipt. However, no transfer of certificate of title the latter to reclaim 300 hectares of land from the sea
was issued to Renren because the original certificate of title
bordering the city, with 30% of the land to be reclaimed to
in Robyn's name was temporarily misplaced after fire partly
be owned by Fil-Estate as compensation for its services.
gutted the Office of the Register of Deeds. Meanwhile, theThe Solicitor General questioned the validity of the
land had been possessed by Robyn's distant cousin,
agreement on the ground that it will mean reclaiming land
Mikaelo, openly, adversely and continuously in the concept
under the sea which is beyond the commerce of man. The
of owner since 1960. It was only in April 1998 that RenrenCity replies that this is authorized by RA. 1899 because it
sued Mikaelo to recover possession. Mikaelo invoked a) authorizes the construction of docks and harbors. Who is
acquisitive prescription and b) laches, asking that he be correct? (3%)
declared owner of the land. Decide the case by evaluating
these defenses, [5%]
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The Solicitor General is correct. The authority of the City of

a)Renren's action to recover possession of the land will Cavite under RA 1899 to reclaim land is limited to
prosper. In 1965, after buying the land from Robyn, he foreshore lands. The Act did not authorize it to reclaim land
submitted the Deed of Sale to the Registry of Deeds for from the sea. "The reclamation being unauthorized, the City
of Cavite did not acquire ownership over the reclaimed
registration together with the owner's duplicate copy of the
title, and paid the corresponding registration fees. Under land. Not being the owner, it could not have conveyed any
Section 56 of PD No. 1529, the Deed of Sale to Renren is portion thereof to the contractor.
considered registered from the time the sale was entered in
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the Day Book (now called the Primary Entry Book).
It depends. If the reclamation of the land from the sea is
necessary in the construction of the docks and the harbors,
the City of Cavite is correct. Otherwise, it is not. Since RA
For all legal intents and purposes, Renren is considered the
1899 authorized the city to construct docks and harbors, all
registered owner of the land. After all, it was not his fault
works that are necessary for such construction are deemed
that the Registry of Deeds could not issue the
authorized. Including the reclamation of land from the sea.
corresponding transfer certificate of title.
The reclamation being authorized, the city is the owner of
the reclaimed land and it may convey a portion thereof as
Mikaelo's defense of prescription can not be sustained. A payment for the services of the contractor.
Torrens title is imprescriptible. No title to registered land in
derogation of the title of the registered owner shall be
ANOTHER ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
On the assumption that the reclamation contract was
acquired by prescription or adverse possession. (Section 47,
entered into before RA 1899 was repealed by PD 3-A, the
P.D. No, 1529)
City of Cavite is correct. Lands under the sea are "beyond
the commerce of man" in the sense that they are not
susceptible of private appropriation, ownership or
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 76 of 119
alienation. The contract in question merely calls for the answer or show up on the date of initial hearing, does not
reclamation of 300 hectares of land within the coastal
guarantee the success of the application. It is still
waters of the city. Per se, it does not vest, alienate or
incumbent
transfer ownership of land under the sea. The city merelyupon the applicant to prove with well nigh incontrovertible
engaged the services of Fil-Estate to reclaim the land for the
evidence that he has acquired a title to the land that is fit
city.
for
registration. Absent such registrable title, it is the clear
Registration; Deed of Mortgage (1994)
How do you register now a deed of mortgage of a parcel of
An application for land registration is a proceeding in rem.
land originally registered under the Spanish Mortgage Law?
Its main objective is to establish the status of the res
whether it is still part of our public domain as presumed
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) After the Spanish Mortgage Law was abrogated by P.D.under the Regalian doctrine or has acquired the character
892 on February 16, 1976, all lands covered by Spanish of
a private property. It is the duty of the applicant to
titles
that were not brought under the Torrens system within six
16] months from the date thereof have been considered as
Remedies; Judicial Reconstitution of Title (1996)
In 1989, the heirs of Gavino, who died on August 10, 1987,
filed a petition for reconstitution of his lost or destroyed
Thus, a deed of mortgage affecting land originally
Torrens Title to a parcel of land in Ermita, Manila. This was
registered
under the Spanish Mortgage Law is now governed by the opposed by Marilou who claimed ownership of the said
land by a series of sales. She claimed that Gavino had sold
system of registration of transactions or instruments
the property to Bernardo way back in 1941 and as evidence
affecting unregistered land under Section 194 of the
thereof, she presented a Tax Declaration in 1948 in the
Revised
Administrative Code as amended by Act No. 3344. Under name of Bernardo, which cancelled the previous Tax
Declaration in the name of Gavino. Then she presented two
this law, the instrument or transaction affecting
deeds of sale duly registered with the Register of Deeds, the
unregistered
first one executed by Bernardo in 1954 selling the same
property to Carlos, and the second one executed by Carlos
in 1963, selling the same property to her. She also claimed
b) By recording and registering with the Register of Deeds
of the place where the land is located, in accordance withthat she and her predecessors in interest have been in
Act 3344. However, P.D. 892 required holders of Spanish possession of the property since 1948.
title to bring the same under the Torrens System within 6If you were the judge, how will you decide the petition?
Explain.
months from its effectivity on February 16, 1976.
Remedies; Judicial Confirmation; Imperfect Title (1993)
On June 30, 1986, A filed in the RTC of Abra an
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
application for registration of title to a parcel of land under
P. D. No. 1529, claiming that since June 12, 1945, he has If I were the judge, I will give due course to the petition of
the heirs of Gavino despite the opposition of Marilou for
been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious
the following reasons:
possession and occupation of said parcel of land of the
public domain which was alienable and disposable, undera)
a Judicial reconstitution of a certificate of title under RA.
No. 26 partakes of a land registration proceeding and is
bona fide claim of ownership. After issuance of the notice
perforce a proceeding in rem. It denotes restoration of
of initial hearing and publication, as required by law, the
an existing instrument which has been lost or destroyed
petition was heard on July 29, 1987. On the day of the
in its original form and condition. The purpose of
hearing nobody but the applicant appeared. Neither was
there anyone who opposed the application. Thereupon, on reconstitution of title or any document is to have the
motion of the applicant, the RTC issued an order of general same reproduced, after proceedings. In the same form
default and allowed the applicant to present his evidence. they were when the loss or destruction occurred.
That he did. On September 30, 1989, the RTC dismissed b) If the Court goes beyond that purpose, it acts without
A's application for lack of sufficient evidence. A appealed to or in excess of jurisdiction. Thus, where the Torrens
Title sought to be reconstituted is in the name of
the Court of Appeals.
Gavino, the court cannot receive evidence proving that
Marilou is the owner of the land. Marilou's dominical
claim to the land should be ventilated in a separate civil
action before the Regional Trial Court in its capacity as
The appellant urged that the RTC erred in dismissing his
a court of general jurisdiction.
application for registration and in not ordering registration
of his title to the parcel of land in question despite the fact
that there was no opposition filed by anybody to his
REFERENCES: Heirs of Pedro Pinate vs. Dulay. 187 SCRA 12-20
(1990); Bunagan vs. CF1 Cebu Branch VI. 97 SCRA 72 (1980);
application.
Republic vs. IAC. 157 SCRA 62,66 (1988); Margolles vs. CA, 230
Did the RTC commit the error attributed to it?
SCRA 709; Republic us, Feliciano, 148 SCRA 924.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the RTC did not commit the error attributed to it. In an
Remedies; Procedure; Consulta (1994)
application for Judicial confirmation of imperfect or
What is the procedure of consulta when an instrument is
incomplete title to public agricultural land under Section denied
48
registration?
of the Public Land Act, the lack of opposition and the
SUGGESTED
ANSWER:
consequent order of default against those who did not
Page 77 of 119
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
The Register of Deeds shall notify the interested party(a)An action for reconveyance against Huey is not
in writing, setting forth the defects of the instrument the
or proper remedy, because Huey is an innocent purchaser
the legal ground relied upon for denying the
for value. The proper recourse is for Louie to go after
registration, and advising that if he is not agreeable to
Dewey for damages by reason of the fraudulent registration
such ruling, he may, without withdrawing the
and subsequent sale of the land. If Dewey is insolvent,
documents from the Registry, elevate the matter by Louie may file a claim against the Assurance Fund (Heirs of
Consulta to the Administrator of the Land Registration
Pedro Lopez v. De Castro 324 SCRA 591 [2000] citing Sps.
Authority (LRA).
Eduarte v. CA, 323 Phil. 462, 467 [1996]).
Within five {5) days from receipt of notice of denial,
the party-in-interest shall file his Consulta with the
(b)Yes, the remedy will prosper because the action
Register of Deeds concerned and pay the consulta fee.
prescribes in ten (10) years, not within one (1) year when a
After receipt of the Consulta and payment of the
petition for the reopening of the registration decree may be
corresponding fee the Register of Deeds makes an
annotation of the pending consulta at the back of the filed. The action for reconveyance is distinct from the
petition to reopen the decree of registration (Grey Alba v.
certificate of title.
The Register of Deeds then elevates the case to the De la Cruz, 17 Phil. 49 [1910}). There is no need to reopen
LRA Administrator with certified records thereof and the
a registration proceedings, but the property should just be
reconveyed to the real owner.
summary of the facts and issues involved.
The LRA Administrator then conducts hearings after
due notice or may just require parties to submit their
The action for reconveyance is based on implied or
memoranda.
After hearing, the LRA Administrator issues an order constructive trust, which prescribes in ten (10) years from
prescribing the step to be taken or the memorandum the
to date of issuance of the original certificate of title. This
rule
assumes that the defendant is in possession of the land.
be made. His resolution in consulta shall be conclusive
Where it is the plaintiff who is in possession of the land, the
and binding upon all Registers of Deeds unless
reversed on appeal by the Court of Appeals or by the action for reconveyance would be in the nature of a suit for
quieting for the title which action is imprescriptible (David
Supreme Court. (Section 117, P.D. 1529).
v. Malay, 318 SCRA 711 [1999]).
Remedies; Reconveyance; Elements (1995)

Rommel was issued a certificate of title over a parcel of land
The procedure of consulta is a mode of appeal from in Quezon City. One year later Rachelle, the legitimate
denial by the Register of Deeds of the registration of owner of the land, discovered the fraudulent registration
the instrument to the Commissioner of Land
obtained by Rommel. She filed a complaint against Rommel
Registration.
for reconveyance and caused the annotation of a notice of
lis pendens on the certificate of title issued to Rommel.
Within five days from receipt of the notice of denial, Rommel now invokes the indefeasibility of his title
considering that one year has already elapsed from its
the interested party may elevate the matter by consulta
to the Commissioner of Land Registration who shall issuance. He also seeks the cancellation of the notice of Lis
pendens.
enter an order prescribing the step to be taken or
memorandum to be made. Resolution in consulta shallWill Rachelle's suit for reconveyance prosper? Explain.
be binding upon all Registers of Deeds provided that
the party in interest may appeal to the Court of Appeals
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, Rachelle's suit will prosper because all elements for an
within the period prescribed (Sec. 117, P.D. 1529).
action for reconveyance are present, namely:
a) Rachelle is claiming dominical rights over the same
land.
Remedies; Reconveyance vs. Reopening of a Decree;
b) Rommel procured his title to the land by fraud.
Prescriptive Period (2003)
c) The action was brought within the statutory period of
Louie, before leaving the country to train as a chef in a fivestar hotel in New York, U.S.A., entrusted to his first-degree four (4) years from discovery of the fraud and not later
than ten (10} years from the date of registration of
cousin Dewey an application for registration, under the
Rommel's title.
Land Registration Act, of a parcel of land located in
d) Title to the land has not passed into the hands of an
Bacolod City. A year later, Louie returned to the Philippines
and discovered that Dewey registered the land and obtained innocent purchaser for value.
an Original Certificate of Title over the property in his
Deweys name. Compounding the matter, Dewey sold the
land to Huey, an innocent purchaser for value. Louie
Rommel can invoke the indefeasibility of his title if Rachelle
promptly filed an action for reconveyance of the parcel of had filed a petition to reopen or review the decree of
land against Huey.
registration. But Rachelle instead filed an ordinary action in
(a)Is the action pursued by Louie the proper remedy?
personam for reconveyance. In the latter action,
(b)Assuming that reconveyance is the proper remedy,
indefeasibility is not a valid defense because, in filing such
will the action prosper if the case was filed beyond one year,
action, Rachelle is not seeking to nullify nor to impugn the
but within ten years, from the entry of the decree of
indefeasibility of Rommel's title. She is only asking the court
registration? 5%
to compel Rommel to reconvey the title to her as the
legitimate owner of the land.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 78 of 119
Yes. The property registered is deemed to be held in trustThis action does not prescribe. With respect to Percival's
for the real owner by the person in whose name it is
action for reconveyance, it would have prescribed, having
registered. The Torrens system was not designed to shieldbeen filed more than ten (10) years after registration and
one who had committed fraud or misrepresentation and issuance of an O.C.T. in the name of Melvin, were it not for
thus holds the title in bad faith. (Walstrom v. Mapa Jr., (G .R the inherent infirmity of the latter's title. Under the facts,
the statute of limitations will not apply to Percival because
38387, 29 Jan. 1990) as cited in Martinez, D., Summary of SC
Melvin knew that a part of the land covered by his title
Decisions, January to June, 1990, p. 359],
actually belonged to Percival. So, instead of nullifying in
toto the title of Melvin, the court, in the exercise of equity
Remedies; Reconveyance; Prescriptive Period (1997)
and jurisdiction, may grant prayer for the reconveyance of
On 10 September 1965, Melvin applied for a free patent Lot B to Percival who has actually possessed the land under
covering two lots - Lot A and Lot B - situated in Santiago, a claim of ownership since 1947. After all, if Melvin's title is
Isabela. Upon certification by the Public Land Inspector declared void ab initio and the land is reverted to the public
that Melvin had been in actual, continuous, open, notorious,
domain, Percival would just the same be entitled to
exclusive and adverse possession of the lots since 1925, the
preference right to acquire the land from the government.
Director of Land approved Melvin's application on 04 JuneBesides, well settled is the rule that once public land has
1967. On 26 December 1967, Original Certificate of Title been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious
(OCT) No. P-2277 was issued in the name of Melvln.
possession under a bonafide claim of acquisition of
ownership for the period prescribed by Section 48 of the
Public Land Act, the same ipso jure ceases to be public and
On 7 September 1971, Percival filed a protest alleging that
in contemplation of law acquired the character of private
Lot B which he had been occupying and cultivating since land. Thus, reconveyance of the land from Melvin to
1947 was included in the Free Patent issued in the name of
Percival would be the better procedure, (Vitale vs. Anore, 90
Melvin. The Director of Lands ordered the investigation of
Percival's protest. The Special Investigator who conducted
the investigation found that Percival had been in actual
Phil. 855; Pena, Land Titles and Deeds, 1982, Page 427)
cultivation of Lot B since 1947.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The action of the Solicitor General should prosper,

considering that the doctrine of indefeasibility of title does
On 28 November 1986, the Solicitor General filed in behalf
not apply to free patent secured through fraud. A certificate
of the Republic of the Philippines a complaint for
cancellation of the free patent and the OCT issued in the of title cannot be used as shield to perpetuate fraud. The
State is not bound by the period of prescription stated in
name of Melvin and the reversion of the land to public
domain on the ground of fraud and misrepresentation in Sec. 38 of Act 496. (Director of Lands vs. Abanilla, 124
obtaining the free patent. On the same date, Percival suedSCRA 358)
Martin for the reconveyance of Lot B.
The action for reconveyance filed by Percival may still
Melvin filed his answers interposing the sole defense in prosper provided that the property has not passed to an
both cases that the Certificate of Title issued in his name innocent third party for value (Dablo us. Court of Appeals.
226 SCRA 618), and provided that the action is filed within
became incontrovertible and indefeasible upon the lapse of
the prescriptive period of ten years (Tale vs. Court of
one year from the issuance of the free patent.
Appeals. 208 SCRA 266). Since the action was filed by
Percival 19 years after the issuance of Melvin's title, it is
Given the circumstances, can the action of the Solicitor submitted that the same is already barred by prescription.
General and the case for reconveyance filed by Percival ALTERNATIVE ANSWER (to second part of question)
possibly prosper?
The action for reconveyance filed by Percival will prosper,
because the land has ceased to be public land and has
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
"If fraud be discovered in the application which led to thebecome private land by open, continuous, public, exclusive
issuance of the patent and Certificate of Title, this Title possession under a bona fide claim of ownership for more
becomes ipso facto null and void. Thus, in a case where a than thirty years, and Percival is still in possession of the
property at present. His action for reconveyance can be
person who obtained a free patent, knowingly made a false
statement of material and essential facts in his applicationconsidered as an action to quiet title, which does not
prescribe if the plaintiff is in possession of the property.
for the same, by stating therein that the lot in question was
part of the public domain not occupied or claimed by any
other person, his title becomes ipso facto canceled and
(Olviga v. CA. GR 1048013. October 21, 1993)
consequently rendered null and void."
"It is to the public interest that one who succeeds In
fraudulently acquiring title to public land should not be Remedies; Reopening of a Decree; Elements (1992)
allowed to benefit therefrom and the State, through the What are the essential requisites or elements for the
Solicitor General, may file the corresponding action for allowance of the reopening or review of a decree of
registration?
annulment of the patent and the reversion of the land
involved to the public domain" (Dinero us. Director of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The essential elements are: (1) that the petitioner has a real
or dominical right; (2) that he has been deprived thereof
Lands; Kayaban vs. Republic L-33307,8-20-73; Director of
through fraud; (3) that the petition is filed within one (1)
Lands us. Hon. Pedro Samson Animas, L-37682, 3-29-74.)
year from the issuance of the decree; and (4) that the
property has not yet been transferred to an innocent
Page 79 of 119

purchaser {Rublico vs. Orellana 30 SCRA 511; Ubudan vs. GilAdministrative Code of 1987 which prohibits officers and
employees of the government from purchasing directly or
45 SCRA 17).
indirectly any property sold by the government for

Petition for review of the Decree of Registration. A remedy
nonpayment of any tax, fee or other public charge.
expressly provided in Section 32 of P. D. No. 1529
(a) Is the sale to Juan valid? If so, what is the effect of the
(formerly Section 38. Act 496), this remedy has the
Issuance of the Certificate of Title to Maria?
following elements:
(b) If the sale is void, may Juan recover the P10,000.00? If
a) The petition must be filed by a person claiming
not, why not?
dominical or other real rights to the land registered in (c) If the sale is void, did it not nevertheless, operate to
the name of respondent.
divert Maria of her ownership? If it did, who then is the
b) The registration of the land in the name of respondent owner of the property?
was procured by means of actual, (not just
constructive) fraud, which must be extrinsic. Fraud is SUGGESTED ANSWER:
actual if the registration was made through deceit or A. The sale of the land to Juan is not valid, being contrary
any other intentional act of downright dishonesty to to law. Therefore, no transfer of ownership of the land was
enrich oneself at the expense of another. It is extrinsic effected from the delinquent taxpayer to him. The original
when it is something that was not raised, litigated andcertificates of title obtained by Maria thru a free patent
passed upon in the main proceedings.
grant
c) The petition must be filed within one (1) year from the from the Bureau of Lands under Chapter VII, CA 141 is
date of the issuance of the decree.
valid but in view of her delinquency, the said title is subject
d) Title to the land has not passed to an Innocent
to the right of the City Government to sell the land at
purchaser for value (Libudan vs. Gil, 45_ SCRA 27,
public auction. The issuance of the OCT did not exempt
1972), Rublico vs. Orrelana. 30 SCRA 511, 1969); RP the land from the tax sales. Section 44 of P.O. No. 1529
vs. CA, 57 G. R No. 40402. March 16, 1987).
provides that every registered owner receiving a Certificate
of Title shall hold the same free from an encumbrances,
OPTIONAL EXTENDED ANSWER:
Torrens System vs. Recording of Evidence of Title (1994) B. Juan may recover because he was not a party to the
Distinguish the Torrens system of land registration from the
violation of the law.
system of recording of evidence of title.
C. No, the sale did not divest Maria of her title precisely
a)TheTORRENSSYSTEMOFLAND
because the sale is void. It is as good as if no sale ever took
REGISTRATION is a system for the registration of title to place.
the land. Thus, under this system what is entered in the In tax sales, the owner is divested of his land initially upon
Registry of Deeds, is a record of the owner's estate or
award and issuance of a Certificate of Sale, and finally after
interest in the land, unlike the system under the Spanish the lapse of the 1 year period from date of registration, to
Mortgage Law or the system under Section 194 of the
redeem, upon execution by the treasurer of an instrument
Revised Administrative Code as amended by Act 3344
sufficient in form and effects to convey the property. Maria
where only the evidence of such title is recorded. In the remained owner of the land until another tax sale is to be
latter system, what is recorded is the deed of conveyance performed in favor of a qualified buyer.
from hence the owner's title emanatedand not the title
itself.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
CONTRACTS
b) Torrens system of land registration is that which is

prescribed in Act 496 (now PD 1529), which is either
Consensual vs. Real Contracts; Kinds of Real Contracts
Judicial or quasi-judicial. System or recording of evidence(1998)
of
title is merely the registration of evidence of acquisitions Distinguish
of
consensual from real contracts and name at
land with the Register of Deeds, who annotates the same least
on four (4) kinds of real contracts under the present law.
the existing title, cancels the old one and issues a new title
[3%]
based on the document presented for registration.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
CONSENSUAL CONTRACTS are those which are

Unregistered Land (1991)
perfected by mere consent (Art. 1315. Civil Code). REAL
Maria Enriquez failed to pay the realty taxes on her
CONTRACTS are those which are perfected by the delivery
unregistered agricultural land located in Magdugo, Toledoof the object of the obligation. (Art. 1316, Civil Code)
City. In 1989, to satisfy the taxes due, the City sold it at Examples of real contracts are deposit, pledge,
public auction to Juan Miranda, an employee at the
commodatum and simple loan (mutuum).
Treasurer's Office of said City, whose bid at P10,000.00 was
the highest. In due time, a final bill of sale was executed in
Consideration; Validity (2000)
his favor.
was employed in a finance company. Because she
Maria refused to turn-over the possession of the property Lolita
to
could not account for the funds entrusted to her, she was
Juan alleging that (1) she had been, in the meantime,
charged with estafa and ordered arrested. In order to
granted
secure
a free patent and on the basis thereof an Original Certificate
of Title was issued to her, and (2) the sale in favor of Juanher
is release from jail, her parents executed a promissory
note
void from the beginning in view of the provision in the
to pay the finance company the amount allegedly
misappropriated by their daughter. The finance company
then executed an affidavit of desistance which led to the

withdrawal of the information against Lolita and her release
My answer will not be the same as to damages. Marvin will
from jail. The parents failed to comply with their
be liable for damages for breach of contract of option. With
promissory note and the finance company sued them for the payment of the consideration for the option given, and
specific performance. Will the action prosper or not? (3%)with the consent of the parties and the object of contract
being present, a perfected contract of option was created.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The action will prosper. The promissory note executed by (San Miguel, Inc. v. Huang, G.R. No. 137290, July 31,
Lolita's parents is valid and binding, the consideration being
2000) Under Article 1170 of the Civil Code, those who in
the extinguishment of Lolita's civil liability and not the
the performance of their obligation are guilty of
stifling of the criminal prosecution.
contravention thereof, as in this case, when Marvin did not
give Carlos the agreed period of ten days, are liable for
The action will not prosper because the consideration for damages.
the promissory note was the non-prosecution of the
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
criminal case for estafa. This cannot be done anymore
My answer will not be the same if Carlos paid Marvin
because the information has already been filed in court and
P10,000.00 because an option contract was perfected. Thus,
to do it is illegal. That the consideration for the promissory
if Marvin withdrew the offer prior to the expiration of the
note is the stifling of the criminal prosecution is evident 10-day period, he breached the option contract. (Article
from the execution by the finance company of the affidavit1324, Civil Code)
of desistance immediately after the execution by Lolita's
parents of the promissory note. The consideration being
illegal, the promissory note is invalid and may not be
c) Supposing that Carlos accepted the offer before
enforced by court action.
Marvin could communicate his withdrawal thereof?
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Discuss the legal consequences. (2%)

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Contract of Option; Elements (2005)

A contract to construct the house of Carlos is perfected.
Marvin offered to construct the house of Carlos for a veryContracts are perfected by mere consent manifested by the
reasonable price of P900,000.00, giving the latter 10 daysmeeting of the offer and the acceptance upon the thing and
within which to accept or reject the offer. On the fifth day,the cause which are to constitute the contract. (Gomez v.
before Carlos could make up his mind, Marvin withdrew his
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 120747, September 21, 2000)
offer.
a)What is the effect of the withdrawal of Marvin's

offer? (2%)
Under Article 1315 of the Civil Code, Carlos and Marvin are
bound to fulfill what has been expressly stipulated and all
consequences thereof. Under Article 1167, if Marvin would
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The withdrawal of Marvin's offer will cause the offer to refuse to construct the house, Carlos is entitled to have the
cease in law. Hence, even if subsequently accepted, thereconstruction be done by a third person at the expense of
Marvin in that case will be liable for damages under
could be no concurrence of the offer and the acceptance. Marvin.
In
the absence of concurrence of offer and acceptance, thereArticle 1170.
can be no consent. (Laudico v. Arias Rodriguez, G.R.
No. 16530, March 31, 1922) Without consent, there is no
Inexistent Contracts vs. Annullable Contracts (2004)
perfected contract for the construction of the house of
Distinguish briefly but clearly between Inexistent contracts
Carlos. (Salonga v. Farrales, G.R. No. L-47088, July 10,
and annullable contracts.
1981) Article 1318 of the Civil Code provides that there can
be no contract unless the following requisites concur: (1) SUGGESTED ANSWER:
INEXISTENT CONTRACTS are considered as not having
consent of the parties; (2) object certain which is the subject
been entered into and, therefore, void ob initio. They do
matter of the contract; and (3) cause of the obligation.
not create any obligation and cannot be ratified or
validated,
Marvin will not be liable to pay Carlos any damages for as there is no agreement to ratify or validate. On the other
hand, ANNULLABLE or VOIDABLE CONTRACTS are
withdrawing the offer before the lapse of the period
valid until invalidated by the court but may be ratified. In
granted. In this case, no consideration was given by Carlos
for the option given, thus there is no perfected contract ofinexistent contracts, one or more requisites of a valid
option for lack of cause of obligation. Marvin cannot be contract are absent. In anullable contracts, all the elements
of a contract are present except that the consent of one of
held to have breached the contract. Thus, he cannot be held
the contracting parties was vitiated or one of them has no
liable for damages.
b) Will your answer be the same if Carlos paid Marvin Nature of Contracts; Obligatoriness (1991)
P10,000.00 as consideration for that option? Explain. Roland, a basketball star, was under contract for one year to
play-for-play exclusively for Lady Love, Inc. However, even
(2%)
before the basketball season could open, he was offered a
more attractive pay plus fringes benefits by Sweet Taste,
My answer will be the same as to the perfection of the
contract for the construction of the house of Carlos. No Inc. Roland accepted the offer and transferred to Sweet
perfected contract arises because of lack of consent. WithTaste. Lady Love sues Roland and Sweet Taste for breach
the withdrawal of the offer, there could be no concurrenceof contract. Defendants claim that the restriction to play for
Lady Love alone is void, hence, unenforceable, as it
of offer and acceptance.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 81 of 119
constitutes an undue interference with the right of Rolandany payment at all. Printado has also a standing contract
to enter into contracts and the impairment of his freedomwith publisher Publico for the printing of 10,000 volumes
to play and enjoy basketball.
of school textbooks. Suplico was aware of said printing
contract. After printing 1,000 volumes, Printado also fails to
Can Roland be bound by the contract he entered into withperform under its printing contract with Publico. Suplico
sues Printado for the value of the unpaid deliveries under
Lady Love or can he disregard the same? Is he liable at all?
their order agreement. At the same time Publico sues
How about Sweet Taste? Is it liable to Lady Love?
Printado for damages for breach of contract with respect to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
their own printing agreement. In the suit filed by Suplico,
Roland is bound by the contract he entered into with LadyPrintado counters that: (a) Suplico cannot demand payment
Love and he cannot disregard the same, under the
for deliveries made under their order agreement until
principles
Suplico has completed performance under said contract; (b)
of obligatoriness of contracts. Obligations arising from Suplico should pay damages for breach of contract; and (c)
with Publico should be liable for Printados breach of his
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, Roland is liable under the contract as far as Lady Love
contract with Publico because the order agreement between
is concerned. He is liable for damages under Article 1170Suplico
of
and Printado was for the benefit of Publico. Are the
the Civil Code since he contravened the tenor of his
contentions of Printado tenable? Explain your answers as to
obligation. Not being a contracting party, Sweet Taste is not
each contention. (5%)
bound by the contract but it can be held liable under Art.
1314. The basis of its liability is not prescribed by contract
but is founded on quasi-delict, assuming that Sweet TasteSUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the contentions of Printado are untenable. Printado
knew of the contract. Article 1314 of the Civil Code
having failed to pay for the printing paper covered by the
provides that any third person who induces another to
delivery invoices on time, Suplico has the right to cease
violate his contract shall be liable for damages to the other
making further delivery. And the latter did not violate the
contracting party.
order agreement (Integrated Packaging Corporation v. Court
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
of Appeals, (333 SCRA 170, G.R. No. 115117, June 8, [2000]).
It is assumed that Lady Love knew of the contract. Neither

Roland nor Sweet Taste would be liable, because the
Suplico cannot be held liable for damages, for breach of
restriction in the contract is violative of Article 1306 as contract, as it was not he who violated the order agreement,
being contrary to law morals, good customs, public order but
or Printado.
public policy.
Suplico cannot be held liable for Printados breach of
contract with Publico. He is not a party to the agreement
entered into by and between Printado and Publico. Theirs is
Nature of Contracts; Privity of Contract (1996)
Baldomero leased his house with a telephone to Jose. Thenot a stipulation pour atrui. [Aforesaid] Such contracts do
could not affect third persons like Suplico because of the
lease contract provided that Jose shall pay for all electricity,
basic civil law principle of relativity of contracts which
water and telephone services in the leased premises during
provides that contracts can only bind the parties who
the period of the lease. Six months later. Jose surreptitiously
entered into it, and it cannot favor or prejudice a third
vacated the premises. He left behind unpaid telephone bills
person, even if he is aware of such contract and has acted
for overseas telephone calls amounting to over P20,000.00.
Baldomero refused to pay the said bills on the ground thatwith knowledge thereof. (Integrated Packaging Corporation
Jose had already substituted him as the customer of the
telephone company. The latter maintained that Baldomerov. CA, supra.)
remained as his customer as far as their service contract
was
Rescission of Contracts; Proper Party (1996)
concerned, notwithstanding the lease contract between In December 1985, Salvador and the Star Semiconductor
Baldomero and Jose. Who is correct, Baldomero or the
Company (SSC) executed a Deed of Conditional Sale
telephone company? Explain.
wherein the former agreed to sell his 2,000 square meter lot
in Cainta, Rizal, to the latter for the price of P1,000,000.00,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The telephone company is correct because as far as it is payable P100,000.00 down, and the balance 60 days after
the squatters in the property have been removed. If the
concerned, the only person it contracted with was
Baldomero. The telephone company has no contract with squatters are not removed within six months, the
P100,000.00 down payment shall be returned by the vendor
Jose. Baldomero cannot substitute Jose in his stead without
the consent of the telephone company (Art. 1293, NCC). to the vendee,
Salvador filed ejectment suits against the squatters, but in
Baldomero is, therefore, liable under the contract.
spite of the decisions in his favor, the squatters still would
not leave. In August, 1986, Salvador offered to return the
P100,000.00 down payment to the vendee, on the ground
Nature of Contracts; Relativity of Contracts (2002)
that he is unable to remove the squatters on the property.
Printado is engaged in the printing business. Suplico
supplies printing paper to Printado pursuant to an order SSC refused to accept the money and demanded that
Salvador execute a deed of absolute sale of the property in
agreement under which Suplico binds himself to deliver the
its favor, at which time it will pay the balance of the price.
same volume of paper every month for a period of 18
months, with Printado in turn agreeing to pay within 60 Incidentally, the value of the land had doubled by that time.
days after each delivery. Suplico has been faithfully
delivering under the order agreement for 10 months but
thereafter stopped doing so, because Printado has not made
Page 82 of 119
Salvador consigned the P 100,000.00 in court, and filed an

property of ZY, his wife may also sue to recover it under
action for rescission of the deed of conditional sale, plus Article 2016 of the Civil Code if she and the family needed
damages. Will the action prosper? Explain.
the money for support.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER (2):
No, the action will not prosper. The action for rescission A. (2). Mrs. ZY cannot file a suit to recover what her
may be brought only by the aggrieved party to the contract.
husband lost. Art 2014 of the Civil Code provides that any
Since it was Salvador who failed to comply with his
loser in a game of chance may recover his loss from the
conditional obligation, he is not the aggrieved party who winner, with legal interest from the time he paid the amount
may file the action for rescission but the Star
lost. This means that only he can file the suit. Mrs. ZY
Semiconductor Company. The company, however, is not cannot recover as a spouse who has interest in the absolute
opting to rescind the contract but has chosen to waive
community property or conjugal partnership of gains,
Salvador's compliance with the condition which it can do because under Art. 117(7} of the Family Code, losses are
under Art. 1545, NCC.
borne exclusively by the loser-spouse. Therefore, these
cannot be charged against absolute community property or
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
conjugal partnership of gains. This being so, Mrs. ZY has
The action for rescission will not prosper. The buyer has no interest in law to prosecute and recover as she has no
not committed any breach, let alone a substantial or serious
legal standing in court to do so.
one, to warrant the rescission/resolution sought by the
vendor. On the contrary, it is the vendor who appears to
have failed to comply with the condition imposed by the
contract the fulfillment of which would have rendered theConditional Obligations (2000)
Pedro promised to give his grandson a car if the latter will
obligation to pay the balance of the purchase price
pass the bar examinations. When his grandson passed the
demandable. Further, far from being unable to comply with
said
what is incumbent upon it, ie., pay the balance of the price
- examinations, Pedro refused to give the car on the
the buyer has offered to pay it even without the vendor ground that the condition was a purely potestative one. Is
he correct or not? (2%)
having complied with the suspensive condition attached to
the payment of the price, thus waiving such condition as SUGGESTED ANSWER:
well as the 60-day term in its favor The stipulation that the
No, he is not correct. First of all, the condition is not purely
P100,000.00 down payment shall be returned by the vendor
potestative, because it does not depend on the sole will of
to the vendee if the squatters are not removed within six one of the parties. Secondly, even if it were, it would be
months, is also a covenant for the benefit of the vendee, valid because it depends on the sole will of the creditor (the
which the latter has validly waived by implication when itdonee) and not of the debtor (the donor).
offered to pay the balance of the purchase price upon the
execution of a deed of absolute sale by the vendor. (Art.
Conditional Obligations (2003)
1545, NCC)
Are the following obligations valid, why, and if they are
valid, when is the obligation demandable in each case?
a) If the debtor promises to pay as soon as he has the
means to pay;
b) If the debtor promises to pay when he likes;
c) If the debtor promises to pay when he becomes a
lawyer;
Aleatory Contracts; Gambling (2004)
d) If the debtor promises to pay if his son, who is sick
A. Mr. ZY lost P100,000 in a card game called Russian
with cancer, does not die within one year. 5%
poker, but he had no more cash to pay in full the winner at
the time the session ended. He promised to pay PX, the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
winner, two weeks thereafter. But he failed to do so despite
(a)The obligation is valid. It is an obligation subject
the lapse of two months, so PX filed in court a suit to
to an indefinite period because the debtor binds himself to
collect the amount of P50,000 that he won but remained pay when his means permit him to do so (Article 1180,
unpaid. Will the collection suit against ZY prosper? CouldNCC). When the creditor knows that the debtor already has
Mrs. ZY file in turn a suit against PX to recover the
the means to pay, he must file an action in court to fix the
P100,000 that her husband lost? Reason. (5%)
period, and when the definite period as set by the court
arrives, the obligation to pay becomes demandable 9Article
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1197, NCC).
A. 1. The suit by PX to collect the balance of what he won
from ZY will not prosper. Under Article 2014 of the Civil
Code, no action can be maintained by the winner for the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
collection of what he has won in a game of chance.
(b)The obligation to pay when he likes is a
Although poker may depend in part on ability, it is
suspensive condition the fulfillment of which is subject to
fundamentally a game of chance.
the sole will of the debtor and, therefore the conditional
obligation is void. (Article 1182, NCC).
OBLIGATIONS
2) If the money paid by ZY to PX was conjugal or

community property, the wife of ZY could sue to recover itSUGGESTED ANSWER:
because Article 117(7) of the Family Code provides that (c)The obligation is valid. It is subject to a suspensive
losses in gambling or betting are borne exclusively by thecondition, i.e. the future and uncertain event of his
becoming a lawyer. The performance of this obligation does
loser-spouse. Hence, conjugal or community funds may not
be used to pay for such losses. If the money were exclusive
Page 83 of 119
not depend solely on the will of the debtor but also on

other factors outside the debtors control.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
condition of Eva passing the 1998 Bar Examinations.

Hence, upon Eva's passing the Bar, the rights of the other
buyer terminated and Eva acquired ownership of the
property.
(d)The obligation is valid. The death of the son of

cancer within one year is made a negative suspensive
The sale to another person before Eva could buy it from
condition to his making the payment. The obligation is
Manuel is valid, as the contract between Manuel and Eva is
demandable if the son does not die within one year (Article
a mere promise to sell and Eva has not acquired a real right
1185, NCC).
over the land assuming that there is a price stipulated in the
contract for the contract to be considered a sale and there
was delivery or tradition of the thing sold.
Conditional Obligations; Promise (1997)
In two separate documents signed by him, Juan Valentino
"obligated" himself each to Maria and to Perla, thus SUGGESTED ANSWER:
'To Maria, my true love, I obligate myself to give you my (b) No, she is not entitled to the rentals collected by Manuel
one and only horse when I feel like It."
because at the time they accrued and were collected, Eva
- and was not yet the owner of the property.
'To Perla, my true sweetheart, I obligate myself to pay you
FIRST ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the P500.00 I owe you when I feel like it."
Assuming that Eva is the one entitled to buy the house and
Months passed but Juan never bothered to make good hislot, she is not entitled to the rentals collected by Manuel
promises. Maria and Perla came to consult you on whether
before she passed the bar examinations. Whether it is a
or not they could recover on the basis of the foregoing
contract of sale or a contract to sell, reciprocal prestations
settings. What would your legal advice be?
are deemed imposed A for the seller to deliver the object
sold and for the buyer to pay the price. Before the
happening of the condition, the fruits of the thing and the
I would advise Maria not to bother running after Juan for interests on the money are deemed to have been mutually
the latter to make good his promise. [This is because a compensated under Article 1187.
promise is not an actionable wrong that allows a party to
recover especially when she has not suffered damages
resulting from such promise. A promise does not create an
Under Art. 1164, there is no obligation on the part of
obligation on the part of Juan because it is not something Manuel to deliver the fruits (rentals) of the thing until the
which arises from a contract, law, quasi-contracts or quasiobligation to deliver the thing arises. As the suspensive
delicts (Art, 1157)]. Under Art. 1182, Juan's promise to condition has not been fulfilled, the obligation to sell does
Maria is void because a conditional obligation depends upon
not arise.
the sole will of the obligor.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Extinguishment; Assignment of Rights (2001)

The sugar cane planters of Batangas entered into a longAs regards Perla, the document is an express
term milling contract with the Central Azucarera de Don
acknowledgment of a debt, and the promise to pay what he
Pedro Inc. Ten years later, the Central assigned its rights to
owes her when he feels like it is equivalent to a promise to
the said milling contract to a Taiwanese group which would
pay when his means permits him to do so, and is deemed to
take over the operations of the sugar mill. The planters filed
be one with an indefinite period under Art. 1180. Hence the
an action to annul the said assignment on the ground that
amount is recoverable after Perla asks the court to set the
the Taiwanese group was not registered with the Board of
period as provided by Art. 1197, par. 2.
Investments. Will the action prosper or not? Explain briefly.
(5%)
Conditional Obligations; Resolutory Condition (1999)
(Note: The question presupposes knowledge and
In 1997, Manuel bound himself to sell Eva a house and lot
requires the
which is being rented by another person, if Eva passes the
application of the provisions of the Omnibus Investment
1998 bar examinations. Luckily for Eva, she passed said
SUGGESTED
ANSWER:
examinations.
(a)Suppose Manuel had sold the same house and lot to The action will prosper not on the ground invoked but on
another before Eva passed the 1998 bar examinations, is the ground that the farmers have not given their consent to
the assignment. The milling contract imposes reciprocal
such sale valid? Why? (2%)
obligations on the parties. The sugar central has the
(b)Assuming that it is Eva who is entitled to buy said
house and lot, is she entitled to the rentals collected by obligation to mill the sugar cane of the farmers while the
latter have the obligation to deliver their sugar cane to the
Manuel before she passed the 1998 bar examinations? Why?
sugar central. As to the obligation to mill the sugar cane,
(3%)
the
sugar central is a debtor of the farmers. In assigning its
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
rights under the contract, the sugar central will also
(a) Yes, the sale to the other person is valid as a sale with transfer
a
resolutory condition because what operates as a suspensive
to the Taiwanese its obligation to mill the sugar cane of the
condition for Eva operates a resolutory condition for the farmers. This will amount to a novation of the contract by
buyer.
substituting the debtor with a third party. Under Article
1293 of the Civil Code, such substitution cannot take effect
FIRST ALTERNATIVE ANS WER:
Yes, the sale to the other person is valid. However, the
buyer acquired the property subject to a resolutory
Page 84 of 119
concerned, may annul such assignment for not having given

Even [if] assuming that there was a perfect right of first
their consent thereto.
refusal, compensation did not take place because the claim
is unliquidated.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The assignment is valid because there is absolute freedom
to transfer the credit and the creditor need not get the Extinguishment; Compensation vs. Payment (1998)
consent of the debtor. He only needs to notify him.
Define compensation as a mode of extinguishing an
obligation, and distinguish it from payment. [2%]
Extinguishment; Cause of Action (2004)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
TX filed a suit for ejectment against BD for non-payment COMPENSATION is a mode of extinguishing to the
of condominium rentals amounting to P150,000. During the
concurrent amount, the obligations of those persons who in
pendency of the case, BD offered and TX accepted the fulltheir own right are reciprocally debtors and creditors of
amount due as rentals from BD, who then filed a motion to
each other (Tolentino, 1991 ed., p. 365, citing 2 Castan 560
dismiss the ejectment suit on the ground that the action isand Francia vs. IAC. 162 SCRA 753). It involves the
already extinguished. Is BDs contention correct? Why or simultaneous balancing of two obligations in order to
why not? Reason. (5%)
extinguish them to the extent in which the amount of one is
covered by that of the other. (De Leon, 1992 ed., p. 221,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
BD's contention is not correct. TX can still maintain the citing 8 Manresa 401).
suit for ejectment. The acceptance by the lessor of the
payment by the lessee of the rentals in arrears even during
PAYMENT means not only delivery of money but also
the pendency of the ejectment case does not constitute a performance of an obligation (Article 1232, Civil Code). In
waiver or abandonment of the ejectment case. (Spouses payment, capacity to dispose of the thing paid and capacity
to receive payment are required for debtor and creditor,
Clutario v. CA, 216 SCRA 341 [1992]).
respectively: in compensation, such capacity is not
necessary, because the compensation operates by law and
Extinguishment; Compensation (2002)
not by the act of the parties. In payment, the performance
Stockton is a stockholder of Core Corp. He desires to sell
must be complete; while in compensation there may be
his shares in Core Corp. In view of a court suit that Core
partial extinguishment of an obligation (Tolentino, supra)
Corp. has filed against him for damages in the amount of P
10 million, plus attorneys fees of P 1 million, as a result of
statements published by Stockton which are allegedly
Extinguishment; Compensation/Set-Off; Banks (1998)
defamatory because it was calculated to injure and damage
X, who has a savings deposit with Y Bank in the sum of
the corporations reputation and goodwill.
The articles of incorporation of Core Corp. provide for a P1,000,000.00 incurs a loan obligation with the said Bank in
the sum of P800.000.00 which has become due. When X
right of first refusal in favor of the corporation.
tries to withdraw his deposit, Y Bank allows only
Accordingly, Stockton gave written notice to the
corporation of his offer to sell his shares of P 10 million. P200.000.00 to be withdrawn, less service charges, claiming
The response of Core corp. was an acceptance of the offerthat compensation has extinguished its obligation under the
in the exercise of its rights of first refusal, offering for thesavings account to the concurrent amount of X's debt. X
contends that compensation is improper when one of the
purpose payment in form of compensation or set-off
against the amount of damages it is claiming against him,debts, as here, arises from a contract of deposit. Assuming
that the promissory note signed by X to evidence the loan
exclusive of the claim for attorneys fees. Stockton rejected
the offer of the corporation, arguing that compensation does not provide for compensation between said loan and
his savings deposit, who is correct? [3%]
between the value of the shares and the amount of damages
demanded by the corporation cannot legally take effect. Is
Stockton correct? Give reason for your answer. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Y bank is correct. An. 1287, Civil Code, does not apply. All
the requisites of Art. 1279, Civil Code are present. In the
case of Gullas vs. PNB [62 Phil. 519), the Supreme Court
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
held: "The Civil Code contains provisions regarding
Stockton is correct. There is no right of compensation
compensation (set off) and deposit.These portions of
between his price of P10 million and Core Corp.s
Philippine law provide that compensation shall take place
unliquidated claim for damages. In order that compensation
when two persons are reciprocally creditor and debtor of
may be proper, the two debts must be liquidated and
demandable. The case for the P 10million damages being each other. In this connection, it has been held that the
still pending in court, the corporation has as yet no claim relation existing between a depositor and a bank is that of
creditor and debtor, x x x As a general rule, a bank has a
which is due and demandable against Stockton.
right of set off of the deposits in its hands for the payment
ANOTHER MAIN ANSWER:
of any indebtedness to it on the part of a depositor." Hence,
The right of first refusal was not perfected as a right for the
compensation took place between the mutual obligations of
reason that there was a conditional acceptance equivalentX and Y bank.
to
a counter-offer consisting in the amount of damages as
being credited on the purchase price. Therefore,
compensation did not result since there was no valid rightExtinguishment; Condonation (2000)
Arturo borrowed P500,000.00 from his father. After he had
ANOTHER MAIN ANSWER:
paid P300,000.00, his father died. When the administrator
of his father's estate requested payment of the balance of
P200,000.00. Arturo replied that the same had been
Page 85 of 119
condoned by his father as evidenced by a notation at the The action will not prosper. The existence of inflation or
back of his check payment for the P300,000.00 reading: "In
deflation requires an official declaration by the Bangko
full payment of the loan". Will this be a valid defense in anSentral ng Pilipinas.
action for collection? (3%)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The unlawful detainer action will prosper. It is a given fact
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
in the problem, that there was inflation, which caused the
It depends. If the notation "in full payment of the loan" was
exchange rate to double. Since the contract itself authorizes
written by Arturo's father, there was an implied
condonation of the balance that discharges the obligation.the increase in rental in the event of an inflation or
devaluation of the Philippine peso, the doubling of the
In such case, the notation is an act of the father from which
monthly rent is reasonable and is therefore a valid act under
condonation may be inferred. The condonation being
the very terms of the contract. Brian's refusal to pay is thus
implied, it need not comply with the formalities of a
donation to be effective. The defense of full payment will, a ground for ejectment.
therefore, be valid.
Extinguishment; Loss (1994)
Dino sued Ben for damages because the latter had failed to
When, however, the notation was written by Arturo himself.
the antique Marcedes Benz car Dino had purchased
It merely proves his intention in making that payment butdeliver
in
no way does it bind his father (Yam v. CA, G.R No. 104726. from Ben, which wasby agreementdue for delivery on
December 31, 1993. Ben, in his answer to Dino's complaint,
11 February 1999). In such case, the notation was not the act
said Dino's claim has no basis for the suit, because as the
of his father from which condonation may be inferred.
car was being driven to be delivered to Dino on January 1,
There being no condonation at all the defense of full
1994, a reckless truck driver had rammed into the
payment will not be valid.
Mercedes
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Benz. The trial court dismissed Dino's complaint, saying
If the notation was written by Arturo's father, it amountedBen's obligation had indeed, been extinguished by force
to an express condonation of the balance which must
majeure.
comply with the formalities of a donation to be valid under
Is the trial court correct?
the 2nd paragraph of Article 1270 of the New Civil Code.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Since the amount of the balance is more than 5,000 pesos,
a) No. Article 1262, New Civil Code provides, "An
the acceptance by Arturo of the condonation must also be
obligation which consists in the delivery of a determinate
in writing under Article 748. There being no acceptance in
thing shall be extinguished if it should be lost or destroyed
writing by Arturo, the condonation is void and the
without the fault of the debtor, and before he has incurred
obligation to pay the balance subsists. The defense of full
in delay.
payment is, therefore, not valid. In case the notation was
b) The judgment of the trial court is incorrect. Loss of the
not written by Arturo's father, the answer is the same as the
thing due by fortuitous events or force majeure is a valid
answers above.
defense for a debtor only when the debtor has not incurred
delay. Extinguishment of liability for fortuitous event
requires that the debtor has not yet incurred any delay. In
Extinguishment; Extraordinary Inflation or Deflation (2001)the present case, the debtor was in delay when the car was
On July 1, 1998, Brian leased an office space in a buildingdestroyed on January 1, 1993 since it was due for delivery
for a period of five years at a rental rate of P1,000.00 a on December 31, 1993. (Art. 1262 Civil Code)
month. The contract of lease contained the proviso that "in
case of inflation or devaluation of the Philippine peso, the
monthly rental will automatically be increased or decreased
c) It depends whether or not Ben the seller, was already in
depending on the devaluation or inflation of the peso to the
default at the time of the accident because a demand for
dollar." Starting March 1, 2001, the lessor increased the
him to deliver on due date was not complied with by him.
rental to P2,000 a month, on the ground of inflation proven
That fact not having been given in the problem, the trial
by the fact that the exchange rate of the Philippine peso to
court erred in dismissing Dino's complaint. Reason: There
the dollar had increased from P25.00=$1.00 to
is default making him responsible for fortuitous events
P50.00=$1.00. Brian refused to pay the increased rate and
including the assumption of risk or loss.
an action for unlawful detainer was filed against him. Will
the action prosper? Why? (5%)
If on the other hand Ben was not in default as no demand
has been sent to him prior to the accident, then we must
The unlawful detainer action will not prosper. Extraordinary
distinguish whether the price has been paid or not. If it has
inflation or deflation is defined as the sharp decrease in the
been paid, the suit for damages should prosper but only to
purchasing power of the peso. It does not necessarily refer
enable the buyer to recover the price paid. It should be
to the exchange rate of the peso to the dollar. Whether ornoted that Ben, the seller, must bear the loss on the
not there exists an extraordinary inflation or deflation is for
principle of res perit domino. He cannot be held answerable
the courts to decide. There being no showing that the
for damages as the loss of the car was not imputable to his
purchasing power of the peso had been reduced
fault or fraud. In any case, he can recover the value of the
tremendously, there could be no inflation that would justify
car from the party whose negligence caused the accident. If
the increase in the amount of rental to be paid. Hence, no price has been paid at all, the trial court acted correctly
Brian could refuse to pay the increased rate.
in
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Extinguishment; Loss; Impossible Service (1993)
Page 86 of 119
In 1971, Able Construction, Inc. entered into a contract has been extinguished by the novation or extinction of the
with Tropical Home Developers, Inc. whereby the former principal obligation insofar as third parties are concerned.
would build for the latter the houses within its subdivision.
The cost of each house, labor and materials included, wasExtinguishment; Payment (1995)
P100,000.00. Four hundred units were to be constructed In 1983 PHILCREDIT extended loans to Rivett-Strom
within five years. In 1973, Able found that it could no
Machineries, Inc. (RIVETTT-STROM), consisting of
longer continue with the job due to the increase in the price
US$10 Million for the cost of machineries imported and
of oil and its derivatives and the concomitant worldwide directly paid by PHTLCREDIT, and 5 Million in cash
spiraling of prices of all commodities, including basic rawpayable in installments over a period of ten (10) years on
materials required for the construction of the houses. Thethe
cost of development had risen to unanticipated levels andbasis
to
of the value thereof computed at the rate of exchange
such a degree that the conditions and factors which formed
of the U.S. dollar vis--vis the Philippine peso at the time of
the original basis of the contract had been totally changed.
payment.
Able brought suit against Tropical Homes praying that the
Court relieve it of its obligation.
RIVETT-STROM made payments on both loans which if
Is Able Construction entitled to the relief sought?
based on the rate of exchange in 1983 would have fully
settled the loans.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the Able Construction. Inc. is entitled to the relief

PHILCREDIT contends that the payments on both loans
sought under Article 1267, Civil Code. The law provides: should be based on the rate of exchange existing at the time
"When the service has become so difficult as to be
of payment, which rate of exchange has been consistently
manifestly beyond the contemplation of the parties, the increasing, and for which reason there would still be a
obligor may also be released therefrom, in whole or in part."
considerable balance on each loan.
Is the contention of PHILCREDIT correct? Discuss fully.
Extinguishment; Novation (1994)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In 1978, Bobby borrowed Pl,000,000.00 from Chito payable
As regards the loan consisting of dollars, the contention of
in two years. The loan, which was evidenced by a
PHILCREDIT is correct. It has to be paid in Philippine
promissory note, was secured by a mortgage on real
currency computed on the basis of the exchange rate at the
property. No action was filed by Chito to collect the loan or
TIME OF PAYMENT of each installment, as held in
to foreclose the mortgage. But in 1991, Bobby, without Kalalo v. Luz, 34 SCRA 337. As regards the P5 Million loan
receiving any amount from Chito, executed another
in Philippine pesos, PHILCREDIT is wrong. The payment
promissory note which was worded exactly as the 1978 thereof cannot be measured by the peso-dollar exchange
promissory note, except for the date thereof, which was the
rate. That will be violative of the Uniform Currency Act
date of its execution.
(RA, 529] which prohibits the payment of an obligation
1) Can Chito demand payment on the 1991 promissory which, although to be paid in Philippine currency, is
note in 1994?
measured by a foreign currency. (Palanca v. CA, 238 SCRA
2) Can Chito foreclose the real estate mortgage if Bobby
fails to make good his obligation under the 1991 promissory
593).
note?
Liability; Lease; Joint Liability (2001)
Four foreign medical students rented the apartment of
Thelma for a period of one year. After one semester, three
1) Yes, Chito can demand payment on the 1991 promissory
note in 1994. Although the 1978 promissory note for P1 of them returned to their home country and the fourth
transferred to a boarding house. Thelma discovered that
million payable two years later or in 1980 became a natural
obligation after the lapse of ten (10) years, such natural they left unpaid telephone bills in the total amount of
P80,000.00. The lease contract provided that the lessees
obligation can be a valid consideration of a novated
shall pay for the telephone services in the leased premises.
promissory note dated in 1991 and payable two years later,
Thelma demanded that the fourth student pay the entire
or in 1993.
All the elements of an implied real novation are present: amount of the unpaid telephone bills, but the latter is
willing
a) an old valid obligation;
to pay only one fourth of it. Who is correct? Why? (5%)
b) a new valid obligation;
c) capacity of the parties;
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The fourth student is correct. His liability is only joint,
d) animus novandi or intention to novate; and
e) The old and the new obligation should be incompatible hence, pro rata. There is solidary liability only when the
with each other on all material points (Article 1292). The obligation expressly so states or when the law or nature of
two promissory notes cannot stand together, hence, the the obligation requires solidarity (Art. 1207, CC). The
period of prescription of ten (10) years has not yet lapsed.contract of lease in the problem does not, in any way,
stipulate solidarity.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Liability; Solidary Liability (1998)

2) No. The mortgage being an accessory contract prescribed
Joey, Jovy and Jojo are solidary debtors under a loan
with the loan. The novation of the loan, however, did not obligation of P300,000.00 which has fallen due. The creditor
expressly include the mortgage, hence, the mortgage is has, however, condoned Jojo's entire share in the debt.
extinguished under Article 1296 of the NCC. The contractSince Jovy has become insolvent, the creditor makes a
demand on Joey to pay the debt.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 87 of 119
1)
2)
How much, if any, may Joey be compelled to pay?

promissory note as a result of the foreclosure of the chattel
[2%]
mortgage.
To what extent, if at all, can Jojo be compelled by Joey
to contribute to such payment? [3%]
(c) The third defense of Y is untenable. Y is a surety of X
and the extrajudicial demand against the principal debtor is

not inconsistent with a judicial demand against the surety. A
1. Joey can be compelled to pay only the remaining balance
of P200.000, in view of the remission of Jojo's share by thesuretyship may co-exist with a mortgage.
creditor. (Art. 1219, Civil Code)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(d) The fourth defense of Y is untenable. Y is liable for the

2. Jojo can be compelled by Joey to contribute P50.000 Art.
entire prestation since Y incurred a solidary obligation with
1217. par. 3, Civil Code provides. "When one of the solidary
X.
debtors cannot, because of his insolvency, reimburse his (Arts. 1207, 1216. 1252 and 2047 Civil Code; Bicol Savings and Loan
share to the debtor paying the obligation, such share shallAssociates vs. Guinhawa 188 SCRA 642)
be borne by all his co-debtors, in proportion to the debt of
each."
Liability; Solidary Obligation; Mutual Guaranty (2003)
A,B,C,D, and E made themselves solidarity indebted to X
for the amount of P50,000.00. When X demanded payment
Since the insolvent debtor's share which Joey paid was
from A, the latter refused to pay on the following grounds.
P100,000, and there are only two remaining debtors a) B is only 16 years old.
namely Joey and Jojo - these two shall share equally the
b) C has already been condoned by X
burden of reimbursement. Jojo may thus be compelled by
c) D is insolvent.
Joey to contribute P50.000.00.
d) E was given by X an extension of 6 months without
the consent of the other four co-debtors.
State the effect of each of the above defenses put up by A
Liability; Solidary Obligation (1992)
In June 1988, X obtained a loan from A and executed withon his obligation to pay X, if such defenses are found to be
Y as solidary co-maker a promissory note in favor of A for true.
the sum of P200,000.00. The loan was payable at
P20,000.00 with interest monthly within the first week of SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
each month beginning July 1988 until maturity in April (a)A may avail the minority of B as a defense, but
1989. To secure the payment of the loan. X put up as
only for Bs share of P 10,000.00. A solidary debtor may
security a chattel mortgage on his car, a Toyota Corolla avail himself of any defense which personally belongs to a
sedan. Because of failure of X and Y to pay the principal solidary co-debtor, but only as to the share of that coamount of the loan, the car was extrajudicially foreclosed.debtor.
A
acquired the car at A's highest bid of P120,000.00 during
the
(b)A may avail of the condonation by X of Cs share
auction sale.
of P 10, 000.00. A solidary debtor may, in actions filed by
the creditor, avail himself of all defenses which are derived
After several fruitless letters of demand against X and Y, Afrom the nature of the obligation and of those which are
sued Y alone for the recovery of P80.000.00 constituting the
personal to him or pertain to his own share. With respect to
deficiency. Y resisted the suit raising the following defenses:
those which personally belong to others, he may avail
a) That Y should not be liable at all because X was not
himself thereof only as regards that part of the debt for
sued together with Y.
which the latter are responsible. (Article 1222, NCC).
b) That the obligation has been paid completely by A's
acquisition of the car through "dacion en pago" or
payment by cession.
(c)A may not interpose the defense of insolvency of
c) That Y should not be held liable for the deficiency of D as a defense. Applying the principle of mutual guaranty
P80,000.00 because he was not a co-mortgagor in theamong solidary debtors, A guaranteed the payment of Ds
chattel mortgage of the car which contract was
share and of all the other co-debtors. Hence, A cannot avail
executed by X alone as owner and mortgagor.
of the defense of Ds insolvency.
d) That assuming that Y is liable, he should only pay the
proportionate sum of P40,000.00.
(d)The extension of six (6) months given by X to E
Decide each defense with reasons.
may be availed of by A as a partial defense but only for the
share of E, there is no novation of the obligation but only
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
an act of liberality granted to E alone.
(a) This first defense of Y is untenable. Y is still liable as
solidary debtor. The creditor may proceed against any one
of the solidary debtors. The demand against one does not Loss of the thing due; Force Majeure (2000)
preclude further demand against the others so long as theKristina brought her diamond ring to a jewelry shop for
cleaning. The jewelry shop undertook to return the ring by
debt is not fully paid.
February 1, 1999." When the said date arrived, the jewelry
shop informed Kristina that the Job was not yet finished.
(b) The second defense of Y is untenable. Y is still liable. They asked her to return five days later. On February 6,
The chattel mortgage is only given as a security and not as
1999, Kristina went to the shop to claim the ring, but she
payment for the debt in case of failure to pay. Y as a
was informed that the same was stolen by a thief who
solidary co-maker is not relieved of further liability on theentered the shop the night before. Kristina filed an action
Page 88 of 119
for damages against the jewelry shop which put up the Bernie 50% of the total payments made. (Rillo v. Court of
defense of force majeure. Will the action prosper or not? Appeals, G.R. No. 125347, June 19,1997)
(5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The action will prosper. Since the defendant was already in

Period; Suspensive Period (1991)
default not having delivered the ring when delivery was In a deed of sale of a realty, it was stipulated that the buyer
demanded by plaintiff at due date, the defendant is liable would
for
construct a commercial building on the lot while the
the loss of the thing and even when the loss was due to seller would construct a private passageway bordering the
force majeure.
lot. The building was eventually finished but the seller failed
to complete the passageway as some of the squatters, who
were already known to be there at the time they entered
Non-Payment of Amortizations; Subdivision Buyer; When
into
justified (2005)
the contract, refused to vacate the premises. In fact, prior to
Bernie bought on installment a residential subdivision lot
its execution, the seller filed ejectment cases against the
from DEVLAND. After having faithfully paid the
squatters.
installments for 48 months, Bernie discovered that
The buyer now sues the seller for specific performance with
DEVLAND had failed to develop the subdivision in
damages. The defense is that the obligation to construct the
accordance with the approved plans and specifications
passageway should be with a period which, incidentally, had
within the time frame in the plan. He thus wrote a letter to
not been fixed by them, hence, the need for fixing a judicial
DEVLAND informing it that he was stopping payment.
period. Will the action for specific performance of the buyer
Consequently, DEVLAND cancelled the sale and wrote
Bernie, informing him that his payments are forfeited in its
favor.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No. the action for specific performance filed by the buyer is
premature under Art. 1197 of the Civil Code. If a period has
a)Was the action of DEVLAND proper? Explain.
not been fixed although contemplated by the parties, the
(2%)
parties themselves should fix that period, failing in which,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the action of DEVLAND is not proper. Under Section the Court maybe asked to fix it taking into consideration the
probable contemplation of the parties. Before the period is
23 of Presidential Decree No. 957, otherwise known as the
Subdivision and Condominium Buyer's Protection Decree,fixed, an action for specific performance is premature.
non-payment of amortizations by the buyer is justified if ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
non-payment is due to the failure of the subdivision ownerIt has been held in Borromeo vs. CA (47 SCRA 69), that the
to develop the subdivision project according to the
Supreme Court allowed the simultaneous filing of action to
approved plans and within the limit for complying.
fix the probable contemplated period of the parties where
none is fixed in the agreement if this would avoid
(Eugenio v. Drilon, G.R. No. 109404, January 22, 1996)
multiplicity of suits. In addition, technicalities must be
subordinated to substantial justice.
b)Discuss the rights of Bernie under the circumstances. (2%)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The action for specific performance will not prosper. The

Under P.D. No. 957, a cancellation option is available to filing of the ejectment suit by the seller was precisely in
Bernie. If Bernie opts to cancel the contract, DEVLAND compliance with his obligations and should not, therefore,
be faulted if no decision has yet been reached by the Court
must reimburse Bernie the total amount paid and the
on the matter.
amortizations interest, excluding delinquency interest, plus
interest at legal rate. (Eugenio v. Drilon, G.R. No. 109404,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
January 22, 1996)
TRUST
c) Supposing DEVLAND had fully developed the

subdivision but Bernie failed to pay further
Express Trust; Prescription (1997)
installments after 4 years due to business reverses.
On 01 January 1980, Redentor and Remedies entered into
Discuss the rights and obligations of the parties. (2%) an agreement by virtue of which the former was to register
a
In this case, pursuant to Section 24 of P.D. No. 957, R.A. parcel of land in the name of Remedies under the explicit
covenant to reconvey the land to Remigio, son of Redentor,
No. 6552 otherwise known as the Realty Installment Buyer
upon the son's graduation from college. In 1981, the land
Protection Act, shall govern. Under Section 3 thereof,
Bernie is entitled: 1) to pay without additional interest thewas registered in the name of Remedies.
unpaid installments due within a grace period of four (4)
Redentor died a year later or in 1982. In March 1983,
months or one month for every year of installment paid; 2)
Remigio graduated from college. In February 1992, Remigio
if the contract is cancelled, Bernie is entitled to the refund
accidentally found a copy of the document so constituting
of the cash surrender value equal to 50% of the total
Remedies as the trustee of the land. In May 1994, Remigio
payments made.
filed a case against Remedies for the reconveyance of the
land to him. Remedies, in her answer, averred that the
DEVLAND on the other hand has the right to cancel the action already prescribed. How should the matter be
contract after 30 days from receipt by Bernie of notice of decided?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
cancellation. DEVLAND is however obliged to refund to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 89 of 119
The matter should be decided in favor of Remigio (trustee)

1. Juana has the right of action to recover (a) her one-half
because the action has not prescribed. The case at bar share in the proceeds of the sale with legal interest thereof,
involves an express trust which does not prescribe as longand (b) such damages as she may be able to prove as having
as they have not been repudiated by the trustee (Diaz vs. been suffered by her, which may include actual or
compensatory damages as well as moral and exemplary
Gorricho. 103 Phil, 261).
damages due to the breach of trust and bad faith (Imperial
vs. CA, 259 SCRA 65). Of course, if the buyer knew of the
Implied Trust (1998)
Juan and his sister Juana inherited from their mother two co-ownership over the lot he was buying, Juana can seek (c)
reconvenyance of her one-half share instead but she must
parcels of farmland with exactly the same areas. For
convenience, the Torrens certificates of title covering bothimplead the buyer as co-defendant and allege his bad faith
lots were placed in Juan's name alone. In 1996, Juan sold in
to purchasing the entire lot. Finally, consistent with the
ruling in Imperial us. CA. Juana may seek instead (d) a
an innocent purchaser one parcel in its entirety without the
knowledge and consent of Juana, and wrongfully kept for declaration that she is now the sole owner of the entire
remaining lot on the theory that Juan has forfeited his onehimself the entire price paid.
1.What rights of action, if any, does Juana have against half share therein.
and/or the buyer? |3%]
2.Since the two lots have the same area, suppose Juana ADDITIONAL ANSWER:
1.Juana can file an action for damages against Juan for
flies a complaint to have herself declared sole owner of the
entire remaining second lot, contending that her brother having fraudulently sold one of the two parcels which he
had forfeited his share thereof by wrongfully disposing of partly held in trust for Juana's benefit. Juana may claim
her undivided share in the first lot. Will the suit prosper? actual or compensatory damage for the loss of her share in
the land; moral damages for the mental anguish, anxiety,
[2%]
moral shock and wounded feelings she had suffered;
exemplary damage by way of example for the common
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
good, and attorney's fees.
1. When, for convenience, the Torrens title to the two
Juana has no cause of action against the buyer who acquired
parcels of land were placed in Joan's name alone, there was
the land for value and in good faith, relying on the transfer
created an implied trust (a resulting trust) for the benefit certificate
of
showing that Juan is the registered owner of the
Juana with Juan as trustee of one-half undivided or ideal land.
portion of each of the two lots. Therefore, Juana can file an
action for damages against Joan for having fraudulently sold
one of the two parcels which he partly held in trust for
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Juana's benefit. Juana may claim actual or compensatory 2.Juana's suit to have herself declared as sole owner of
damage for the loss of her share in the land; moral damages
the entire remaining area will not prosper because while
for the mental anguish, anxiety, moral shock and woundedJuan's act in selling the other lot was wrongful. It did not
feelings she had suffered; exemplary damage by way of have the legal effect of forfeiting his share in the remaining
example for the common good, and attorney's fees.
lot. However, Juana can file an action against Juan for
partition or termination of the co-ownership with a prayer
that the lot sold be adjudicated to Juan, and the remaining
Juana has no cause of action against the buyer who acquired
lot be adjudicated and reconveyed to her.
the land for value and in good faith, relying on the transfer
ANOTHER ANSWER:
certificate of title showing that Juan is the registered owner
2. The suit will prosper, applying the ruling in Imperial vs.
of the land.
CA cited above. Both law and equity authorize such a result,
ANOTHER ANSWER:
said the Supreme Court.
1. Under Article 476 of the Civil Code, Juana can file an
action for quieting of title as there is a cloud in the title to
the subject real property. Second, Juana can also file an Strictly speaking, Juana's contention that her brother had
his share in the second lot is incorrect. Even if the
action for damages against Juan, because the settled rule forfeited
is
that the proper recourse of the true owner of the propertytwo lots have the same area, it does not follow that they
who was prejudiced and fraudulently dispossessed of the have the same value. Since the sale of the first lot on the
same is to bring an action for damages against those whoTorrens title in the name of Juan was valid, all that Juana
caused or employed the same. Third, since Juana had the may recover is the value of her undivided interest therein,
plus damages. In addition, she can ask for partition or
right to her share in the property by way of inheritance, she
can demand the partition of the thing owned in common, reconveyance of her undivided interest in the second lot,
without prejudice to any agreement between them that in
under Article 494 of the Civil Code, and ask that the title to
the remaining property be declared as exclusively hers. lieu of the payment of the value of Juana's share in the first
lot and damages, the second lot be reconveyed to her.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
However, since the farmland was sold to an innocent
2. The suit will not prosper, since Juan's wrongful act of
purchaser for value, then Juana has no cause of action
against the buyer consistent with the established rule thatpocketing the entire proceeds of the sale of the first lot is
not a ground for divesting him of his rights as a co-owner
the rights of an innocent purchaser for value must be
of the second lot. Indeed, such wrongdoing by Juan does
respected and protected notwithstanding the fraud
not constitute, for the benefit of Juana, any of the modes of
employed by the seller in securing his title. (Eduarte vs. CA,
acquiring ownership under Art. 712, Civil Code.
253 SCRA 391)

ADDITIONAL ANSWER:
Page 90 of 119

(Art. 1624; 1475. CC; Rodriguez v. CA, et al, G. R No. 84220,
Trust; Implied Resulting Trust (1995)
March 25. 1992 207 SCRA 553).
In 1960, Maureen purchased two lots in a plush subdivision
registering Lot 1 in her name and Lot 2 in the name of herALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
brother Walter with the latter's consent. The idea was to No, the defense of Peter Co will not prosper. Hadji Butu
circumvent a subdivision policy against the acquisition of validly acquired his right by an assignment of credit under
more than one lot by one buyer. Maureen constructed a Article 1624 of the Civil Code. However, the provisions on
house on Lot 1 with an extension on Lot 2 to serve as a the contract of sale (Article 1475 Civil Code) will apply, and
the transaction is covered by the Statute of Frauds. (Art.
guest house. In 1987, Walter who had suffered serious
1403 par. (2) Civil Code)
business losses demanded that Maureen remove the
extension house since the lot on which the extension was
built was his property. In 1992, Maureen sued for the
Conditional Sale vs. Absolute Sale (1997)
reconveyance to her of Lot 2 asserting that a resulting trust
was created when she had the lot registered in Walter's Distinguish between a conditional sale, on the one hand,
name even if she paid the purchase price. Walter opposedand an absolute sale, on the other hand.
the suit arguing that assuming the existence of a resultingSUGGESTED ANSWER:
A CONDITIONAL SALE is one where the vendor is
trust the action of Maureen has already prescribed since ten
granted the right to unilaterally rescind the contract
years have already elapsed from the registration of the title
predicated on the fulfillment or non-fulfillment, as the case
in his name. Decide. Discuss fully.
may be, of the prescribed condition. An ABSOLUTE
SALE is one where the title to the property is not reserved
to the vendor or if the vendor is not granted the right to
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
This is a case of an implied resulting trust. If Walter claims
rescind the contract based on the fulfillment or nonto have acquired ownership of the land by prescription orfulfillment,
if
as the case may be, of the prescribed condition.
he anchors his defense on extinctive prescription, the ten
year period must be reckoned from 1987 when he
demanded that Maureen remove the extension house on Contract of Sale vs. Agency to Sell (1999)
Lot No. 2 because such demand amounts to an express A granted B the exclusive right to sell his brand of Maong
repudiation of the trust and it was made known to Maureen.
pants in Isabela, the price for his merchandise payable
The action for reconveyance filed in 1992 is not yet barred
within 60 days from delivery, and promising B a
by prescription. (Spouses Huang v. Court of Appeals, Sept. commission of 20% on all sales. After the delivery of the
merchandise to B but before he could sell any of them, Bs
13, 1994).
store in Isabela was completely burned without his fault,
together with all of A's pants. Must B pay A for his lost
pants? Why? (5%)
SALES
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The contract between A and B is a sale not an agency to sell

Assignment of Credit vs. Subrogation (1993)
because the price is payable by B upon 60 days from
Peter Co, a trader from Manila, has dealt business with
delivery even if B is unable to resell it. If B were an agent,
Allied Commodities in Hongkong for five years. All
he is not bound to pay the price if he is unable to resell it.
through the years, Peter Co accumulated an indebtedness of
P500,000.00 with Allied Commodities. Upon demand by its
agent in Manila, Peter Co paid Allied Commodities by check
As a buyer, ownership passed to B upon delivery and, under
the amount owed. Upon deposit in the payee's account in Art. 1504 of the Civil Code, the thing perishes for the
Manila, the check was dishonored for insufficiency of funds.
owner. Hence, B must still pay the price.
For and in consideration of P1.00, Allied Commodities
assigned the credit to Hadji Butu who brought suit against
Contract of Sale; Marital Community Property; Formalities
Peter Co in the RTC of Manila for recovery of the amount
(2006)
owed. Peter Co moved to dismiss the complaint against him
Spouses Biong and Linda wanted to sell their house. They
on the ground that Hadji Butu was not a real party in
found a prospective buyer, Ray. Linda negotiated with Ray
interest and, therefore, without legal capacity to sue and
for the sale of the property. They agreed on a fair price of
that
P2 Million. Ray sent Linda a letter confirming his intention
he had not agreed to a subrogation of creditor.
to buy the property. Later, another couple, Bernie and
Will Peter Co's defense of absence of agreement to a
Elena, offered a similar house at a lower price of P 1.5
Million. But Ray insisted on buying the house of Biong and
Linda for sentimental reasons. Ray prepared a deed of sale
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
to be signed by the couple and a manager's check for P2
No, Co's defense will not prosper. This is not a case of
subrogation, but an assignment of credit. ASSIGNMENT Million. After receiving the P2 Million, Biong signed the
OF CREDIT is the process of transferring the right of the deed of sale. However, Linda was not able to sign it because
she was abroad. On her return, she refused to sign the
assignor to the assignee. The assignment may be done
document saying she changed her mind. Linda filed suit for
either
nullification of the deed of sale and for moral and
gratuitously or onerously, in which case, the assignment has
exemplary damages against Ray.
an effect similar to that of a sale (Nyco Sales Corp.v.BA
Finance Corp. G.R No.71694. Aug.16, 1991 200 SCRA 637). As
a result of the assignment, the plaintiff acquired all the
rights of the assignor including the right to sue in his ownWill the suit prosper? Explain. (2.5%)
name as the legal assignee. In assignment, the debtor's ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 91 of 119
No, the suit will not prosper. The contract of sale was
In a CONTRACT OF SALE, ownership is transferred to
perfected when Linda and Ray agreed on the object of thethe buyer upon delivery of the object to him while in a
sale and the price [Art. 1475, New Civil Code]. The consent
CONTRACT TO SELL, ownership is retained by the seller
of Linda has already been given, as shown by her agreement
until the purchase price is fully paid. In a contract to sell,
to the price of the sale. There is therefore consent on her delivery of the object does not confer ownership upon the
part as the consent need not be given in any specific form.buyer. In a contract of sale, there is only one contract
Hence, her consent may be given by implication, especially
executed between the seller and the buyer, while in a
since she was aware of, and participated in the sale of thecontract to sell, there are two contracts, first the contract to
property (Pelayo v. CA, G.R. No. 141323, June 8, 2005). Her sell (which is a conditional or preparatory sale) and a
action for moral and exemplary damages will also not
second, the final deed of sale or the principal contract which
prosper because the case does not fall under any of thoseis executed after full payment of the purchase price.
mentioned in Art. 2219 and 2232 of the Civil Code.
Contract to Sell; Acceptance; Right of First Refusal (1991)
The suit will prosper. Sale of community property requiresA is the lessee of an apartment owned by Y. A allowed his
written consent of both spouses. The failure or refusal of married but employed daughter B, whose husband works in
Linda to affix her signature on the deed of sale, coupled Kuwait, to occupy it. The relationship between Y and A
with her express declaration of opposing the sale negatessoured. Since he has no reason at all to eject A, Y, in
any valid consent on her part. The consent of Biong by
connivance with the City Engineer, secured from the latter
himself is insufficient to effect a valid sale of community an order for the demolition of the building. A immediately
property (Art. 96, Family Code; Abalos v. Macatangay, G.R. filed an action in the Regional Trial Court to annul the order
and to enjoin its enforcement. Y and A were able to forge a
No. 155043, September 30, 2004).
compromise agreement under which A agreed to a twenty
percent (20%) increase in the monthly rentals. They further
Does Ray have any cause of action against Biong and agreed that the lease will expire two (2) years later and that
Linda? Can he also recover damages from the spouses?in the event that Y would sell the property, either A or his
Explain. (2.5%)
daughter B shall have the right of first refusal. The
Considering that the contract has already been perfected Compromise Agreement was approved by the court. Six (6)
months before the expiration of the lease, A died. Y sold
and taken out of the operation of the statute of frauds, Ray
can compel Linda and Biong to observe the form requiredthe property to the Visorro Realty Corp. without notifying
B. B then filed an action to rescind the sale in favor of the
by law in order for the property to be registered in the name
of Ray which can be filed together with the action for the corporation and to compel Y to sell the property to her
since under the Compromise Agreement, she was given the
recovery of house [Art. 1357 New Civil Code]. In the
right of first refusal which, she maintains is a stipulation
alternative, he can recover the amount of Two million pesos
(P2,000,000.00) that he paid. Otherwise, it would result inpour atrui under Article 1311 of the Civil Code. Is she
correct?
solutio indebiti or unjust enrichment.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Ray can recover moral damages on the ground that the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
action filed by Linda is clearly an unfounded civil suit which
B is not correct. Her action cannot prosper. Article 1311
falls under malicious prosecution {Ponce v. Legaspi, G.R. requires that the third person intended to be benefited must
No. 79184, May 6,1992).
communicate his acceptance to the obligor before the
revocation. There is no showing that B manifested her
acceptance to Y at any time before the death of A and
Contract to Sell (2001)
before the sale. Hence, B cannot enforce any right under
Arturo gave Richard a receipt which states:
the alleged stipulation pour atrui.
Receipt
Received from Richard as down payment for my 1995
Toyota Corolla with plate No. XYZ-1 23..............
Double Sales (2001)
P50.000.00
On June 15, 1995, Jesus sold a parcel of registered land to
Jaime. On June 30, 1995, he sold the same land to Jose.
Who has a better right if:
Balance payable: 12/30/01........ P50 000.00
a) the first sale is registered ahead of the second sale,
with knowledge of the latter. Why? (3%)
September 15, 2001.
b) the second sale is registered ahead of the first sale,
with knowledge of the latter? Why? (5%)
(Sgd.) Arturo
Does this receipt evidence a contract to sell? Why? (5%) SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) The first buyer has the better right if his sale was first
It is a contract of sale because the seller did not reserve to be registered, even though the first buyer knew of the
ownership until he was fully paid.
second sale. The fact that he knew of the second sale at the
time of his registration does not make him as acting in bad
faith because the sale to him was ahead in time, hence, has
Contract to Sell vs. Contract of Sale (1997)
a
State the basic difference (only in their legal effects) priority in right. What creates bad faith in the case of
Between a contract to sell, on the one hand, and a contract
of sale, on the other.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 92 of 119
b) The first buyer is still to be preferred, where the second

(2) years, or until 3 June 1973. It is further stated therein
sale is registered ahead of the first sale but with knowledge
that should the Vendor (Juliet) fail to exercise her right to
of the latter. This is because the second buyer, who at theredeem within the said period, the conveyance shall be
time he registered his sale knew that the property had
deemed absolute and irrevocable. Romeo did not take
already been sold to someone else, acted in bad faith.
possession of the property. He did not pay the taxes
(Article 1544, C.C.)
thereon.
Double Sales (2004)
Juliet died in January I973 without having repurchased the
JV, owner of a parcel of land, sold it to PP. But the deed of property. Her only surviving heir, her son X, failed to
sale was not registered. One year later, JV sold the parcelrepurchase the property on or before 3 June 1973. In 1975,
again to RR, who succeeded to register the deed and to Romeo sold the property to Y for P50,000.00. Upon
obtain a transfer certificate of title over the property in his
learning of the sale, X filed an action for the nullification of
own name.
the sale and for the recovery of the property on the ground
Who has a better right over the parcel of land, RR or PP? that the so-called deed of absolute sale executed by his
Why? Explain the legal basis for your answer. (5%)
mother was merely an equitable mortgage, taking into
account the inadequacy of the price and the failure of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Romeo to take possession of the property and to pay the
It depends on whether or not RR is an innocent purchasertaxes thereon. Romeo and Y maintain that there was a valid
for value.
absolute sale and that the document signed by the former
Under the Torrens System, a deed or instrument operatedon 3 June 1973 was merely a promise to sell.
only as a contract between the parties and as evidence of a) If you were the Judge, would you uphold the theory of
authority to the Register of Deeds to make the registration. X?
It is the registration of the deed or the instrument that is b) If you decide in favor of Romeo and Y, would you
the
uphold the validity of the promise to sell?
operative act that conveys or affects the land. (Sec. 51, P.D.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A. I will not uphold the theory of X for the nullification of

In cases of double sale of titled land, it is a well-settled rule
that the buyer who first registers the sale in good faith the sale and for the recovery of the property on the ground
acquires a better right to the land. (Art. 1544, Civil Code).that the so-called sale was only an equitable mortgage. An
equitable mortgage may arise only if, in truth, the sale was
one with the right of repurchase. The facts of the case state
Persons dealing with property covered by Torrens title are
that the right to repurchase was granted after the absolute
not required to go beyond what appears on its face.
deed of sale was executed. Following the rule in Cruzo vs.
(Orquiola v. CA 386, SCRA 301, [2002]; Domingo v. Races 401
Carriaga (174 SCRA 330), a deed of repurchase executed
SCRA 197, [2003]). Thus, absent any showing that RR knew
independently of the deed of sale where the two stipulations
about, or ought to have known the prior sale of the land toare found in two instruments instead of one document, the
PP or that he acted in bad faith, and being first to registerright of repurchase would amount only to one option
the sale, RR acquired a good and a clean title to the
granted by the buyer to the seller. Since the contract
property
cannot be upheld as a contract of sale with the right to
repurchase, Art. 1602 of the Civil Code on equitable
mortgage will not apply. The rule could have been different
Equitable Mortgage (1991)
if both deeds were executed on the same occasion or date,
On 20 December 1970, Juliet, a widow, borrowed from
Romeo P4,000.00 and, as security therefore, she executedinawhich case, under the ruling in spouses Claravall v. CA
deed of mortgage over one of her two (2) registered lots (190 SCRA 439), the contract may still be sustained as an
equitable mortgage, given the circumstances expressed in
which has a market value of P15,000.00. The document and
the certificate of title of the property were delivered to Art. 1602. The reserved right to repurchase is then deemed
an original intention.
Romeo.
On 2 June 1971, Juliet obtained an additional sum of P3,000
from Romeo. On this date, however, Romeo caused the B. If I were to decide in favor of Romeo and Y, I would
preparation of a deed of absolute sale of the above
not uphold the validity of the promise to sell, so as to
property, to which Juliet affixed her signature without firstenforce it by an action for specific performance. The
reading the document. The consideration indicated is
promise to sell would only amount to a mere offer and,
P7,000.00. She thought that this document was similar totherefore, it is not enforceable unless it was sought to be
the first she signed. When she reached home, her son X, exercised before a withdrawal or denial thereof.
after reading the duplicate copy of the deed, informed her
that what she signed was not a mortgage but a deed of
absolute sale. On the following day, 3 June 1971, Juliet, Even assuming the facts given at the end of the case, there
would have been no separate consideration for such
accompanied by X, went back to Romeo and demanded the
reformation it, Romeo prepared and signed a document promise to sell. The contract would at most amount to an
option which again may not be the basis for an action for
wherein, as vendee in the deed of sale above mentioned, he
obligated and bound himself to resell the land to Juliet or specific performance.
her heirs and successors for the same consideration as Equitable Mortgage vs. Sale (2005)
On July 14, 2004, Pedro executed in favor of Juan a Deed
reflected in the deed of sale (P7,000) within a period of two
of Absolute Sale over a parcel of land covered by TCT No.
Page 93 of 119
6245. It appears in the Deed of Sale that Pedro received X sold a parcel of land to Y on 01 January 2002, payment
from Juan P120,000.00 as purchase price. However, Pedroand delivery to be made on 01 February 2002. It was
retained the owner's duplicate of said title. Thereafter, Juan,
stipulated that if payment were not to be made by Y on 01
as lessor, and Pedro, as lessee, executed a contract of lease
February 2002, the sale between the parties would
over the property for a period of one (1) year with a
automatically be rescinded. Y failed to pay on 01 February
monthly rental of Pl,000.00. Pedro, as lessee, was also
2002, but offered to pay three days later, which payment X
obligated to pay the realty taxes on the property during the
refused to accept, claiming that their contract of sale had
period of lease.
already been rescinded. Is Xs contention correct? Why? 5%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Subsequently, Pedro filed a complaint against Juan for theNo, X is not correct. In the sale of immovable property,
even though it may have been stipulated, as in this case,
reformation of the Deed of Absolute Sale, alleging that the
that
transaction covered by the deed was an equitable mortgage.
upon failure to pay the price at the time agreed upon the
In his verified answer to the complaint, Juan alleged that the
property was sold to him under the Deed of Absolute Sale,rescission of the contract shall of right take place, the
and interposed counterclaims to recover possession of thevendee may pay, even after the expiration of the period, as
long as no demand for rescission of the contract has been
property and to compel Pedro to turn over to him the
made upon him either judicially or by a notarial act (Article
owner's duplicate of title.
1592, New Civil code). Since no demand for rescission was
Resolve the case with reasons. (6%)
made on Y, either judicially or by a notarial act, X cannot
refuse to accept the payment offered by Y three (3) days
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The complaint of Pedro against Juan should be dismissed.
The instances when a contract regardless of its
nomenclature may be presumed to be an equitable
This is a contract to sell and not a contract of absolute sale,
mortgage are enumerated in Article 1602 of the Civil Code:
since as there has been no delivery of the land. Article 1592
"Art. 1602. The contract shall be presumed to be an
of the New Civil code is not applicable. Instead, Article
equitable mortgage, in any of the following cases:
1595 of the New Civil Code applies. The seller has two
1. When the price of a sale with right to repurchase is
alternative remedies: (1) specific performance, or (2)
unusually inadequate:
rescission or resolution under Article 1191 of the New Civil
2. When the vendor remains in possession as lessee or
code. In both remedies, damages are due because of
otherwise;
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
3. When upon or after the expiration of the right to
repurchase another instrument extending the period ofYes, the contract was automatically rescinded upon Ys
failure to pay on 01 February 2002. By the express terms of
redemption or granting a new period is executed;
4. When the purchaser retains for himself a part of the the contract, there is no need for X to make a demand in
order for rescission to take place. (Article 1191, New Civil
purchase price;
5. When the vendor binds himself to pay the taxes on the Code, Suria v. IAC 151 SCRA 661 [1987]; U.P. v. de los
Angeles 35 SCRA 102 [1970]).
thing sold;
6. In any other case where it may be fairly inferred that
the real intention of the parties is that the transaction Maceda Law (2000)
shall secure the payment of a debt or the performancePriscilla purchased a condominium unit in Makati City from
of any other obligation.
the Citiland Corporation for a price of P10 Million, payable
P3 Million down and the balance with interest thereon at
14% per annum payable in sixty (60) equal monthly
installments of P198,333.33. They executed a Deed of
"In any of the foregoing cases, any money, fruits, or other Conditional Sale in which it is stipulated that should the
benefit to be received by the vendee as rent or otherwise vendee fail to pay three (3) successive installments, the sale
shall be deemed automatically rescinded without the
shall be considered as interest which shall be subject to the
necessity of judicial action and all payments made by the
usury laws."
vendee shall be forfeited in favor of the vendor by way of
rental for the use and occupancy of the unit and as
Article 1604 states that "the provisions of article 1602 shall
liquidated damages. For 46 months, Priscilla paid the
also apply to a contract purporting to be an absolute sale."
monthly installments religiously, but on the 47th and 48th
months, she failed to pay. On the 49th month, she tried to
For Articles 1602 and 1604 to apply, two requisites must pay the installments due but the vendor refused to receive
concur: 1) the parties entered into a contract denominated
the payments tendered by her. The following month, the
as a contract of sale; and 2) their intention was to secure vendor
an
sent her a notice that it was rescinding the Deed of
existing debt by way of mortgage. (Heirs of Balite v. Lim, Conditional Sale pursuant to the stipulation for automatic
rescission, and demanded that she vacate the premises. She
G.R. No. 152168, December 10, 2004)
replied that the contract cannot be rescinded without
judicial demand or notarial act pursuant to Article 1592 of
In the given case, although Pedro retained possession of the
the Civil Code.
property as lessee after the execution of the Deed of Sale,
a) Is Article 1592 applicable? (3%)
there is no showing that the intention of the parties was to
b) Can the vendor rescind the contract? (2%)
secure an existing debt by way of mortgage. Hence, the
complaint of Pedro should be dismissed.
Immovable Property; Rescission of Contract (2003)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 94 of 119
a)Article 1592 of the Civil Code does not apply to a

conditional sale.In Valarao v. CA, 304 SCRA 155, the
Option Contract (2002)
Supreme Court held that Article 1592 applies only to a Explain the nature of an option contract. (2%)
contract of sale and not to a Deed of Conditional Sale
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
where the seller has reserved title to the property until full
An OPTION CONTRACT is one granting a privilege to
payment of the purchase price. The law applicable is the buy or sell within an agreed time and at a determined price.
Maceda Law.
It must be supported by a consideration distinct from the
price. (Art. 1479 and 1482, NCC)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b) No, the vendor cannot rescind the contract under the

circumstances. Under the Maceda Law, which is the law Option Contract; Earnest Money (1993)
applicable, the seller on installment may not rescind the LT applied with BPI to purchase a house and lot in Quezon
contract till after the lapse of the mandatory grace periodCity,
of one of its acquired assets. The amount offered was
30 days for every one year of installment payments, and Pl,000,000.00 payable, as follows: P200,000.00 down
only after 30 days from notice of cancellation or demand for
payment, the balance of P800,000.00 payable within 90
rescission by a notarial act. In this case, the refusal of thedays
seller to accept payment from the buyer on the 49th month
from June 1, 1985. BPI accepted the offer, whereupon LT
was not justified because the buyer was entitled to 60 days
drew a check for P200,000.00 in favor of BPI which the
grace period and the payment was tendered within that latter thereafter deposited in its account. On September 5,
period. Moreover, the notice of rescission served by the 1985, LT wrote BPI requesting extension until October 10,
seller on the buyer was not effective because the notice was
1985 within which to pay the balance, to which BPI agreed.
not by a notarial act. Besides, the seller may still pay within
On October 5, 1985, due to the expected delay in the
30 days from such notarial notice before rescission may be
remittance of the needed amount by his financier from the
effected. All these requirements for a valid rescission were
United States, LT wrote BPI requesting a last extension
not complied with by the seller. Hence, the rescission is until October 30, 1985, within which to pay the balance.
invalid.
BPI denied LTs request because another had offered to buy
the same property for P1,500,000.00. BPI cancelled its
agreement with LT and offered to return to him the amount
of P200,000.00 that LT had paid to it. On October 20,
Maceda Law; Recto Law (1999)
1985, upon receipt of the amount of P800,000.00 from his
What are the so-called "Maceda" and "Recto" laws in
US financier, LT offered to pay the amount by tendering a
connection with sales on installments? Give the most
cashier's check therefor but which BPI refused to accept.
important features of each law. (5%)
LT then filed a complaint against BPI in the RTC for
specific performance and deposited in court the amount of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
P800,000.00. Is BPI legally correct in canceling its contract
The MACEDA LAW (R.A. 655) is applicable to sales of
immovable property on installments. The most important
features are (Rillo v. CA, 247 SCRA 461):
(1) After having paid installments for at least two years, the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
buyer is entitled to a mandatory grace period of one month
BPI is not correct in canceling the contract with LT. In Lina
for every year of installment payments made, to pay the
Topacio v Court of Appeals and BPI Investment (G. R No.
unpaid installments without interest.
102606, July 3. 1993, 211 SCRA 291) the Supreme Court held
that the earnest money is part of the purchase price and is
If the contract is cancelled, the seller shall refund to the proof of the perfection of the contract. Secondly, notarial or
buyer the cash surrender value equivalent to fifty percentjudicial rescission under Art. 1592 and 1991 of the Civil
(50%) of the total payments made, and after five years of Code is necessary (Taguba v. de Leon, 132 SCRA 722.)
installments, an additional five percent (5%) every year but
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
not to exceed ninety percent (90%) of the total payments BPI is correct in canceling its contract with LT but BPI
made.
must do so by way of judicial rescission under Article 1191
Civil Code. The law requires a judicial action, and mere
notice of rescission is insufficient if it is resisted. The law
(2) In case the installments paid were less than 2 years, the
also provides that slight breach is not a ground for
seller shall give the buyer a grace period of not less than 60
rescission (Song Fo & Co, vs, Hawaiian Phil Co., 47 Phils.
days. If the buyer fails to pay the installments due at the 821), Delay in the fulfillment of the obligation (Art. 1169,
expiration of the grace period, the seller may cancel the Civil Code) is a ground to rescind, only if time is of the
contract after 30 days from receipt by the buyer of the essence. Otherwise, the court may refuse the rescission if
notice of cancellation or demand for rescission by notarialthere is a just cause for the fixing of a period.
act.
The RECTO LAW (Art. 1484} refers to sale of movables
payable in installments and limiting the right of seller, in
Perfected Sale; Acceptance of Earnest Money (2002)
case of default by the buyer, to one of three remedies:
Bert offers to buy Simeons property under the following
a) exact fulfillment;
terms and conditions: P1 million purchase price, 10%
b) cancel the sale if two or more installments have not
option money, the balance payable in cash upon the
been paid;
clearance of the property of all illegal occupants. The option
c) foreclose the chattel mortgage on the things sold, also
money is promptly paid and Simeon clears the property of
in case of default of two or more installments, with no
illegal occupants in no time at all. However, when Bert
further action against the purchaser.
tenders payment of the balance and ask Simeon for the
deed
Page 95 of 119
for absolute sale, Simeon suddenly has a change of heart,May Adela still exercise her right of redemption? Explain.
claiming that the deal is disadvantageous to him as he has(5%)
found out that the property can fetch three time the agreed
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
purchase price. Bert seeks specific performance but Simeon
Yes, Adela may still exercise her right of redemption
contends that he has merely given Bert an option to buy notwithstanding the lapse of more than 30 days from notice
and nothing more, and offers to return the option money of the sale given to her because Article 1623 of the New
which Bert refuses to accept.
Civil Code requires that the notice in writing of the sale
B.Will Berts action for specific performance
must come from the prospective vendor or vendor as the
prosper? Explain. (4%)
case may be. In this case, the notice of the sale was given by
C.May Simeon justify his refusal to proceed with the
the vendee and the Register of Deeds. The period of 30
sale by the fact that the deal is financially disadvantageous
days never tolled. She can still avail of that right.
to
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Adela can no longer exercise her right of redemption. As

co-owner, she had only 30 days from the time she received
B.Berts action for specific performance will prosper
written notice of the sale which in this case took the form
because there was a binding agreement of sale, not just an
option contract. The sale was perfected upon acceptance of
bya copy of the deed of sale being given to her (Conejero v.
CA, 16 SCRA 775 [1966]). The law does not prescribe any
Simeon of 10% of the agreed price. This amount is in really
particular form of written notice, nor any distinctive method
earnest money which, under Art. 1482, shall be considered
as part of the price and as proof of the perfection of the for notifying the redemptioner (Etcuban v. CA, 148 SCRA
507 [1987]). So long as the redemptioner was informed in
contract. (Topacio v. CA, 211 SCRA 291 [1992]; Villongco
writing, he has no cause to complain (Distrito v. CA, 197
Realty v. Bormaheco, 65 SCRA 352 [1975]).
SCRA 606, 609 [1991]). In fact, in Distrito, a written notice
was held unnecessary where the co-owner had actual
knowledge of the sale, having acted as middleman and
C.Simeon cannot justify his refusal to proceed with
being
the sale by the fact that the deal is financially
disadvantageous to him. Having made a bad bargain is not a
legal ground for pulling out a biding contract of sale, in the
absence of some actionable wrong by the other party (Vales
Right of First Refusal; Lessee; Effect (1996)
v. Villa, 35 Phil 769 [1916]), and no such wrong has been
Ubaldo is the owner of a building which has been leased by
committed by Bert.
Remigio for the past 20 years. Ubaldo has repeatedly
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
assured Remigio that if he should decide to sell the building,

he will give Remigio the right of first refusal. On June 30,
Redemption; Legal; Formalities (2001)
1994, Ubaldo informed Remigio that he was willing to sell
Betty and Lydia were co-owners of a parcel of land. Last
the building for P5 Million. The following day, Remigio sent
January 31, 2001, when she paid her real estate tax, Betty
a letter to Ubaldo offering to buy the building at P4.5
discovered that Lydia had sold her share to Emma on
Million. Ubaldo did not reply. One week later, Remigio
November 10, 2000. The following day, Betty offered to
received a letter from Santos informing him that the
redeem her share from Emma, but the latter replied that
building has been sold to him by Ubaldo for P5 Million, and
Betty's right to redeem has already prescribed. Is Emma
that he will not renew Remigio's lease when it expires.
correct or not? Why? (5%)
Remigio filed an action against Ubaldo and Santos for
cancellation of the sale, and to compel Ubaldo to execute a
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
deed of absolute sale in his favor, based on his right of first
Emma, the buyer, is not correct. Betty can still enforce her
refusal.
right of legal redemption as a co-owner. Article 1623 of the
Civil Code gives a co-owner 30 days from written notice ofa) Will the action prosper? Explain.
b) If Ubaldo had given Remigio an option to purchase the
the sale by the vendor to exercise his right of legal
redemption. In the present problem, the 30-day period for building instead of a right of first refusal, will your
answer be the same? Explain.
the exercise by Betty of her right of redemption had not
even begun to run because no notice in writing of the sale
appears to have been given to her by Lydia.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the action to compel Ubaldo to execute the deed of

Redemption; Legal; Formalities (2002)
absolute sale will not prosper. According to Ang Yu v. Court
Adela and Beth are co-owners of a parcel of land. Beth sold
of Appeals (238 SCRA 602), the right of first refusal is not
her undivided share of the property to Xandro, who
based on contract but is predicated on the provisions of
promptly notified Adela of the sale and furnished the latter
human relations and, therefore, its violation is predicated on
a copy of the deed of absolute sale. When Xandro presented
quasi-delict. Secondly, the right of first refusal implies that
the deed for registration, the register of deeds also notified
Adela of the sale, enclosing a copy of the deed with the the offer of the person in whose favor that right was given
notice. However, Adela ignored the notices. A year later, must conform with the same terms and conditions as those
Xandro filed a petition for the partition of the property. given to the offeree. In this case, however, Remigio was
offering only P4.5 Million instead of P5 Million.
Upon receipt of summons, Adela immediately tendered the
requisite amount for the redemption. Xandro contends that
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Adela lost her right of redemption after the expiration of 30
No, the action will not prosper. The lessee's right of first
days from her receipt of the notice of the sale given by him.
refusal does not go so far as to give him the power to
dictate on the lessor the price at which the latter should sell
Page 96 of 119
his property. Upon the facts given, the lessor had

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1) A can exercise his right of repurchase within four (4)
sufficiently complied with his commitment to give the lessee
from the date of the contract (Art. 1606, Civil Code).
a right of first refusal when he offered to sell the propertyyears
to
the lessee for P5 Million, which was the same price he got in
selling it to Santos. He certainly had the right to treat theSUGGESTED ANSWER:
lessee's counter-offer of a lesser amount as a rejection of 2}
his I would advise B to file an action for consolidation of
offer to sell at P5 Million. Thus, he was free to find another
title and obtain a judicial order of consolidation which must
buyer upon receipt of such unacceptable counter-offer (Art.
be recorded in the Registry of Property (Art. 1607. Civil
1319. NCC).
Code).
Transfer of Ownership; Non-Payment of the Price (1991)
Pablo sold his car to Alfonso who issued a postdated check
Yes, the answer will be the same. The action will not
in full payment therefor. Before the maturity of the check,
prosper because an option must be supported by a
Alfonso sold the car to Gregorio who later sold it to
consideration separate and distinct from the purchase price.
In this case there is no separate consideration. Therefore,Gabriel. When presented for payment, the check issued by
the option may be withdrawn by Ubaldo at any time. (Art.Alfonso was dishonored by the drawee bank for the reason
that he, Alfonso, had already closed his account even before
1324, NCC)
he issued his check.
Pablo sued to recover the car from Gabriel alleging that he
(Pablo) had been unlawfully deprived of it by reason of
Right of First Refusal; Lessee; Effect (1998)
In a 20-year lease contract over a building, the lessee is Alfonso's deception. Will the suit prosper?
expressly granted a right of first refusal should the lessor
decide to sell both the land and building. However, the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
lessor sold the property to a third person who knew aboutNo. The suit will not prosper because Pablo was not
the lease and in fact agreed to respect it. Consequently, the
unlawfully deprived of the car although he was unlawfully
lessee brings an action against both the lessor-seller and the
deprived of the price. The perfection of the sale and the
buyer (a) to rescind the sale and (b) to compel specific
delivery of the car was enough to allow Alfonso to have a
performance of his right of first refusal in the sense that the
right of ownership over the car, which can be lawfully
lessor should be ordered to execute a deed of absolute sale
transferred to Gregorio. Art. 559 applies only to a person
in favor of the lessee at the same price. The defendants who is in possession in good faith of the property, and not
contend that the plaintiff can neither seek rescission of the
to the owner thereof. Alfonso, in the problem, was the
sale nor compel specific performance of a "mere" right of owner, and, hence, Gabriel acquired the title to the car.
first refusal. Decide the case. [5%]
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Non-payment of the price in a contract of sale does not

The action filed by the lessee, for both rescission of the render ineffective the obligation to deliver. The obligation
to deliver a thing is different from the obligation to pay its
offending sale and specific performance of the right of first
refusal which was violated, should prosper. The ruling in price. EDCA Publishing Co. v. Santos (1990)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Equatorial Realty Development, Inc. vs. Mayfair Theater,

Inc. (264 SCRA 483), a case with similar facts, sustains bothTransfer of Ownership; Risk of Loss (1990)
rights of action because the buyer in the subsequent sale D sold a second-hand car to E for P150,000.00 The
knew the existence of right of first refusal, hence in bad agreement between D and E was that half of the purchase
price, or P75,000.00, shall be paid upon delivery of the car
faith.
to E and the balance of P75,000.00 shall be paid in five
ANOTHER ANSWER:
The action to rescind the sale and to compel the right to equal monthly installments of P15,000.00 each. The car was
first refusal will not prosper. (Ang Yu Asuncion vs. CA, 238 delivered to E, and E paid the amount of P75.000.00 to D.
Less than one month thereafter, the car was stolen from E's
SCRA 602). The Court ruled in a unanimous en banc
decision that the right of first refusal is not founded upon garage with no fault on E's part and was never recovered. Is
E legally bound to pay the said unpaid balance of
contract but on a quasi-delictual relationship covered by the
principles of human relations and unjust enrichment (Art.P75.000.00? Explain your answer.
19, et seq. Civil Code). Hence the only action that will
prosper according to the Supreme Court is an "action for SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, E is legally bound to pay the balance of P75,000.00.
damages in a proper forum for the purpose."
The ownership of the car sold was acquired by E from the
moment it was delivered to him. Having acquired
ownership, E bears the risk of the loss of the thing under
Right of Repurchase (1993)
the doctrine of res perit domino. [Articles 1496. 1497, Civil
On January 2, 1980, A and B entered into a contract
Code).
whereby A sold to B a parcel of land for and in
consideration of P10.000.00. A reserving to himself the
right to repurchase the same. Because they were friends, no
period was agreed upon for the repurchase of the property.
1) Until when must A exercise his right of repurchase?
2) If A fails to redeem the property within the allowable
Extinguishment; Total Distruction; Leased Property (1993)
period, what would you advise B to do for his better
A is the owner of a lot on which he constructed a building
protection?
in the total cost of P10,000,000.00. Of that amount B
LEASE
Page 97 of 119
contributed P5,000,000.00 provided that the building as aphenomenon are still unpredictable despite the advances in
whole would be leased to him (B) for a period of ten yearsscience, the phenomenon is considered unforeseen.
from January 1. 1985 to December 31, 1995 at a rental of
P100,000.00 a year. To such condition, A agreed. On
Leasee & Lessor; Rights and Obligations (1990)
December 20, 1990, the building was totally burned. SoonA vacant lot several blocks from the center of the town was
thereafter, A's workers cleared the debris and started
leased by its owner to a young businessman B for a term of
construction of a new building. B then served notice uponfifteen (15) years renewal upon agreement of the parties.
A that he would occupy the building being constructed After taking possession of the lot, the lessee built thereon a
upon completion, for the unexpired portion of the lease building of mixed materials and a store. As the years
term, explaining that he had spent partly for the
passed,
construction of the building that was burned. A rejected B's
he expanded his business, earning more profits. By the
demand. Did A has a right in rejecting B's demand?
tenth (10th) year of his possession, he was able to build a
three (3)-story building worth at least P300,000.00. Before
the end of the term of the lease, B negotiated with the
Yes. A was correct in rejecting the demand of B. As a result
landowner for its renewal, but despite their attempts to do
of the total destruction of the building by fortuitous event,so, they could not agree on the new conditions for the
the lease was extinguished. (Art. 1655, Civil Code.)
renewal. Upon the expiration of the term of the lease, the
landowner asked B to vacate the premises and remove his
building and other improvements. B refused unless he was
Implied New Lease (1999)
for necessary and useful expenses. B claimed
Under what circumstances would an implied new lease orreimbursed
a
that he was a possessor and builder in good faith, with right
tacita reconduccion arise? (2%)
of retention. This issue is now before the court for
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
resolution in a pending litigation.
An implied new lease or tacita reconduccion arises if at the
a) What are the rights of B?
end of the contract the lessee should continue enjoying the
thing leased for 15 days with the acquiescence of the lessor,
and unless a notice to the contrary by either parties has
previously been given (Art. 1670). In short, in order that SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a)B has the right to remove the building and other
there may be tacita reconduccion there must be expiration
of the contract; there must be continuation of possession improvements unless the landowner decides to retain the
building at the time of the termination of the lease and pay
for 15 days or more; and there must be no prior demand to
the lessee one-half of the value of the improvements at that
vacate.
time. The lessee may remove the building even though the
principal thing may suffer damage but B should not cause
any more impairment upon the property leased than is
Lease of Rural Lands (2000)
In 1995, Mark leased the rice land of Narding in Nueva necessary. The claim of B that he was a possessor and
builder in good faith with the right of retention is not
Ecija for an annual rental of P1,000.00 per hectare. In 1998,
due to the El Nino phenomenon, the rice harvest fell to tenable. B is not a builder in good faith because as lessee he
only 40% of the average harvest for the previous years. does not claim ownership over the property leased.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Mark asked Narding for a reduction of the rental to P500.00

per hectare for that year but the latter refused. Is Mark SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b) The landowner/lessor may refuse to reimburse 1/2 of
legally entitled to such reduction? (2%)
the value of the improvements and require the lessee to
remove the improvements. [Article 1678, Civil Code),
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Mark is not entitled to a reduction. Under Article 1680
of the Civil Code, the lessee of a rural land is entitled to aLeasee; Death Thereof; Effects (1997)
reduction of the rent only in case of loss of more than 1/2 Stating briefly the thesis to support your answer to each of
of the fruits through extraordinary and unforeseen
the following cases, will the death - a) of the lessee
fortuitous events. While the drought brought about by theextinguish the lease agreement?
"El Nino" phenomenon may be classified as extraordinary,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
it is not considered as unforeseen.
No. The death of the lessee will not extinguish the lease
agreement, since lease is not personal in character and the
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
right is transmissible to the heirs. (Heirs of Dimaculangan
Yes, Mark is entitled to a reduction of the rent. His loss was
more than 1/2 of the fruits and the loss was due to an
vs. IAC, 170 SCRA 393).
extraordinary and unforeseen fortuitous event. The "El
Nino" phenomenon is extraordinary because it is
Option to Buy; Expired (2001)
uncommon; it does not occur with regularity. And neither On January 1, 1980, Nestor leased the fishpond of Mario
could the parties have foreseen its occurrence. The event for a period of three years at a monthly rental of P1,000.00,
should be foreseeable by the parties so that the lessee canwith an option to purchase the same during the period of
change the time for his planting, or refrain from planting,the
or lease for the price of P500,000.00. After the expiration
take steps to avoid the loss. To be foreseeable, the time and
of the three-year period, Mario allowed Nestor to remain in
the place of the occurrence, as well as the magnitude of the
the leased premises at the same rental rate. On June 15,
adverse effects of the fortuitous event must be capable of 1983, Nestor tendered the amount of P500,000.00 to Mario
being predicted. Since the exact place, the exact time, and
and demanded that the latter execute a deed of absolute
the exact magnitude of the adverse effects of the "El Nino"
sale
of the fishpond in his favor. Mario refused, on the ground
that Nestor no longer had an option to buy the fishpond.
Page 98 of 119
Nestor filed an action for specific performance. Will the sublessee can invoke no right superior to that of his
action prosper or not? Why? (5%)
sublessor, the moment the sublessor is duly ousted from the
premises, the sublessee has no leg to stand on. The
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the action will not prosper. The implied renewal of thesublessee's right, if any, is to demand reparation for
lease on a month-to-month basis did not have the effect ofdamages from his sublessor, should the latter be at fault.
extending the life of the option to purchase which expired(Heirs ofSevilla v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 49823, February
at the end of the original lease period. The lessor is correct
26, 1992).
in refusing to sell on the ground that the option had
expired.
Sublease; Delay in Payment of Rentals (1994)
Sublease vs. Assignment of Lease; Rescission of Contract In January 1993, Four-Gives Corporation leased the entire
twelve floors of the GQS Towers Complex, for a period of
(2005)
Under a written contract dated December 1, 1989, Victor ten years at a monthly rental of P3,000,000.00. There is a
leased his land to Joel for a period of five (5) years at a provision in the contract that the monthly rentals should be
monthly rental of Pl,000.00, to be increased to Pl,200.00 paid within the first five days of the month. For the month
and Pl,500.00 on the third and fifth year, respectively. On of March, May, June, October and December 1993, the
January 1, 1991, Joel subleased the land to Conrad for a rentals were not paid on time with some rentals being
period of two (2) years at a monthly rental of Pl,500.00. delayed up to ten days. The delay was due to the heavy
paper work involved in processing the checks.
On December 31, 1992, Joel assigned the lease to his
compadre, Ernie, who acted on the belief that Joel was the
Four-Gives Corporation also subleased five of the twelve
rightful owner and possessor of the said lot. Joel has beenfloors to wholly-owned subsidiaries. The lease contract
faithfully paying the stipulated rentals to Victor. When
expressly prohibits the assignment of the lease contract or
Victor learned on May 18, 1992 about the sublease and any portion thereof. The rental value of the building has
assignment, he sued Joel, Conrad and Ernie for rescissionincreased
of
by 50% since its lease to Four-Gives Corporation.
the contract of lease and for damages.
1) Can the building owner eject Four-Gives Corporation on
grounds of the repeated delays in the payment of the rent?
a)Will the action prosper? If so, against whom?
2} Can the building owner ask for the cancellation of the
Explain. (2%)
contract for violation of the provision against assignment?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the action of for rescission of the contract of lease and

SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
for damages will prosper. Under Article 1659 of the Civil 1) a) The "repeated delays" in the payment of rentals would,
Code, "if the lessor or the lessee should not comply with the
at best, be a slight or casual breach which does not furnish
obligations set forth in Articles 1654 and 1657, the
a
aggrieved party may ask for rescission of the contract andground for ejectment especially because the delays were
indemnification for damages, or only the latter, allowing the
only due to heavy paper work. Note that there was not even
contract to remain in force." Article 1649 of the same Code
a demand for payment obviously because the delay lasted
provides that "the lessee cannot assign the lease without the
for only a few days (10 days being the longest), at the end of
consent of the lessor, unless there is a stipulation to the which time payments were presumably made and were
contrary." Consent is necessary because assignment would
accepted. There was, therefore, no default. Note also that
cause novation by the substitution of one of the parties. there was no demand made upon the lessee to vacate the
premises for non-payment of the monthly rent. There is,
(Bangayan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123581, August 29, therefore, no cause of action for ejectment arising from the
1997) However, the rule is different in the case of
subleasing. When there is no express prohibition in the
Contract of Lease, the lessee may sublet the thing leased.b)The building owner cannot eject Four-Gives
(Art. 1650, Civil Code)
Corporation on the ground of repeated delays in the
payment of rentals. The delay in the payment of the rentals
is minimal and cannot be made the basis of an ejectment
In the given case, when Joel assigned the lease to Ernie, the
suit. The delay was due to the heavy paperwork involved in
same was done without the consent of Victor. The
assignment is void. However, there is no indication that inprocessing the checks. It would be otherwise if the lease
the written contract of lease between Victor and Joel, thatcontract stated that in the payment of rentals within the
first
subleasing the premises is prohibited. Hence, the sublease
five days of the month, time is of the essence or that the
of Joel with Conrad is valid. In view of the foregoing,
lessee will be in delay if he falls to pay within the agreed
Victor can file the case of rescission and damages only
period without need of demand. In this case he can
against Joel and Ernie but he cannot include Conrad.
judicially eject the tenant on the ground of lack of payment
of the price stipulated after a demand to vacate, (Article
b)In case of rescission, discuss the rights and

obligations of the parties. (2%)
c) No. Resolution of a contract will not be permitted for a
Rescission of the lease necessarily requires the return of the
slight or casual breach, but only for such substantial and
thing to the lessor. Hence, the judgment granting rescission
fundamental breach as would defeat the very object of the
of the contract should also order the lessee to vacate and parties in making the agreement.(Zepeda v. CA, 216 SCRA
return the leased premises to the lessor. However, since the
293]. The delay of ten (10)) days is not such a substantial
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 99 of 119
and fundamental breach to warrant the resolution of the A, and that he has not been remiss in the payment of rent.
contract of lease specially so when the delay was due to the
Will the action prosper? (3%)
heavy paperwork in processing the checks.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the action will prosper. Under Article 1651 of the Civil
Code, the sublessee is bound to the lessor for all acts which
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2) a) No. Sublease is different from assignment of lease. refer to the use and preservation of the thing leased in the
Sublease, not being prohibited by the contract of lease is manner stipulated between the lessor and the lessee.
therefore allowed and cannot be invoked as a ground to
cancel the lease,
Sublease; Validity; Assignment of Sublease (1990)
A leased a parcel of land to B for a period of two years. The
lease contract did not contain any express prohibition
b) No, the lessor cannot have the lease cancelled for alleged
against the assignment of the leasehold or the subleasing of
violation of the provision against assignment. The lessee did
the leased premises. During the third year of the lease, B
not assign the lease, or any portion thereof, to the
subleased the land to C. In turn, C, without A's consent,
subsidiaries. It merely subleased some floors to its
subsidiaries. Since the problem does not state that the assigned the sublease to D. A then filed an action for the
contract of lease contains a prohibition against sublease, rescission of the contract of lease on the ground that B has
violated the terms and conditions of the lease agreement. If
the
sublease is lawful, the rule being that in the absence of anyou were the judge, how would you decide the case,
particularly with respect to the validity of:
express prohibition a lessee may sublet the thing leased, in
whole or in part, without prejudice to his/its responsibility(a) B's sublease to C? and
(b) C's assignment of the sublease to D?
Sublease; Sublessee; Liability (1999)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) B's sublease to C is valid. Although the original period
May a lessee sublease the property leased without the
of two years for the lease contract has expired, the lease
consent of the lessor, and what are the respective liabilities
of the lessee and sub-lessee to the lessor in case of such continued with the acquiescence of the lessor during the
third year. Hence, there has been an implied renewal of the
sublease? (3%)
contract of lease. Under Art. 1650 of the Civil Code, the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
lessee may sublet the thing leased, in whole or in part, when
Yes, provided that there is no express prohibition against
the contract of lease does not contain any express
subleasing. Under the law, when in the contract of lease of
prohibition.[Articles 1650, 1670 Civil Code).A's
things there is no express prohibition, the lessee may sublet
action for rescission should not prosper on this ground.
the thing leased without prejudice to his responsibility for
the performance of the contract toward the lessor. [Art,
1650)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In case there is a sublease of the premises being leased, the
(b) C's assignment of the sublease to D is not valid. Under
sublessee is bound to the lessor for all the acts which refer
Art. 1649, of the Civil Code, the lessee cannot assign the
to the use and preservation of the thing leased in the
lease without the consent of the lessor, unless there is a
manner stipulated between the lessor and the lessee. (Art.
stipulation to the contrary. There is no such stipulation in
1651}
the contract. If the law prohibits assignment of the lease
The sublessee is subsidiarily liable to the lessor for any rent
without the consent of the lessor, all the more would the
due from the lessee. However, the sublessee shall not be
assignment of a sublease be prohibited without such
responsible beyond the amount of the rent due from him.
consent. This is a violation of the contract and is a valid
(Art. 1652)
ground for rescission by A.
As to the lessee, the latter shall still be responsible to the
lessor for the rents; bring to the knowledge of the lessor
every usurpation or untoward act which any third person
may have committed or may be openly preparing to carry
out upon the thing leased; advise the owner the need for all
repairs; to return the thing leased upon the termination of
the lease just as he received it, save what has been lost orExtraordinary Diligence (2000)
Despite a warning from the police that an attempt to hijack
impaired by the lapse of time or by ordinary wear and tear
a PAL plane will be made in the following week, the airline
or from an inevitable cause; responsible for the
deterioration or loss of the thing leased, unless he proves did not take extra precautions, such as frisking of
passengers, for fear of being accused of violating human
that it took place without his fault.
rights. Two days later, an armed hijacker did attempt to
hijack a PAL flight to Cebu. Although he was subdued by
the other passengers, he managed to fire a shot which hit
and killed a female passenger. The victim's parents sued the
airline for breach of contract, and the airline raised the
Sublease; Sublessee; Liability (2000)
A leased his house to B with a condition that the leased defense of force majeure. Is the airline liable or not? (2%)
premises shall be used for residential purposes only. B
subleased the house to C who used it as a warehouse for SUGGESTED ANSWER:
fabrics. Upon learning this, A demanded that C stop usingThe airline is liable. In case of death of a passenger,
the house as a warehouse, but C ignored the demand, A common carriers are presumed to have been at fault or to
then filed an action for ejectment against C, who raised the
have acted negligently, unless they prove that they observed
defense that there is no privity of contract between him and
extraordinary diligence (Article 1756, Civil Code). The
COMMON CARRIERS
Page 100 of 119
failure of the airline to take extra precautions despite a negate sale because they indicate that ownership over the
police warning that an attempt to hijack the plane would be
units was never intended to transfer to the distributor.
made, was negligence on the part of the airline. Being
negligent, it is liable for the death of the passenger. The Agency; coupled with an interest (2001)
defense of force majeure is not tenable since the shootingRichard sold a large parcel of land in Cebu to Leo for P100
incident would not have happened had the airline taken million payable in annual installments over a period of ten
steps that could have prevented the hijacker from boarding
years, but title will remain with Richard until the purchase
the plane.
price is fully paid. To enable Leo to pay the price, Richard
gave him a power-of-attorney authorizing him to subdivide
Under Article 1763 of the Civil Code, the common carrierthe
is land, sell the individual lots, and deliver the proceeds to
Richard, to be applied to the purchase price. Five years
not required to observe extraordinary diligence in
later,
preventing injury to its passengers on account of the willful
Richard revoked the power of attorney and took over the
acts or negligence of other passengers or of strangers. The
common carrier, in that case, is required to exercise only sale of the subdivision lots himself. Is the revocation valid
or not? Why? (5%)
the
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
diligence of a good father of a family; hence, the failure ofSUGGESTED ANSWER:

The revocation is not valid. The power of attorney given to
the airline to take EXTRA precautions in frisking the
the buyer is irrevocable because it is coupled with an
passengers and by leaving that matter to the security
personnel of the airport, does not constitute a breach of interest: the agency is the means of fulfilling the obligation
that duty so as to make the airline liable. Besides, the useof
ofthe buyer to pay the price of the land (Article 1927, CC).
irresistible force by the hijackers was farce majeure that In other words, a bilateral contract (contract to buy and sell
could not have been prevented even by the observance ofthe land) is dependent on the agency.
Agency; Guarantee Commission (2004)
As an agent, AL was given a guarantee commission, in
addition to his regular commission, after he sold 20 units of
refrigerators to a customer, HT Hotel. The customer,
Agency (2003)
however, failed to pay for the units sold. ALs principal,
Jo-Ann asked her close friend, Aissa, to buy some groceries
for her in the supermarket. Was there a nominate contractDRBI, demanded from AL payment for the customers
entered into between Jo-Ann and Aissa? In the affirmative,accountability. AL objected, on the ground that his job was
only to sell and not to collect payment for units bought by
what was it? Explain. 5%
the customer.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Is ALs objection valid? Can DRBI collect from him or
Yes, there was a nominate contract. On the assumption not? Reason. (5%)
that Aissa accepted the request of her close friend Jo-Ann
to but some groceries for her in the supermarket, what they
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
entered into was a nominate contract of Agency. Article No, AL's objection is not valid and DRBI can collect from
1868 of the New Civil Code provides that by the contract AL.
of Since AL accepted a guarantee commission, in addition
agency a person binds himself to render some service or to
to his regular commission, he agreed to bear the risk of
do something in representation or on behalf of another, collection and to pay the principal the proceeds of the sale
with the consent or authority of the latter.
on the same terms agreed upon with the purchaser (Article
AGENCY
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
1907, Civil Code)
Yes, they entered into a nominate contract of lease to

service in the absence of a relation of principal and agentAgency; Real Estate Mortgage (2004)
between them (Article 1644, New Civil Code).
CX executed a special power of attorney authorizing DY to
secure a loan from any bank and to mortgage his property
covered by the owners certificate of title. In securing a loan
Agency vs. Sale (2000)
from MBank, DY did not specify that he was acting for CX
A foreign manufacturer of computers and a Philippine
in the transaction with said bank.
distributor entered into a contract whereby the distributor
Is CX liable for the bank loan? Why or why not? Justify
agreed to order 1,000 units of the manufacturer's
your answer. (5%)
computers
every month and to resell them in the Philippines at the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
manufacturer's suggested prices plus 10%. All unsold units
CX is liable for the bank loan because he authorized the
at the end of the year shall be bought back by the
manufacturer at the same price they were ordered. The mortgage on his property to secure the loan contracted by
manufacturer shall hold the distributor free and harmlessDY. If DY later defaults and fails to pay the loan, CX is
from any claim for defects in the units. Is the agreement liable to pay. However, his liability is limited to the extent of
the value of the said property.
one for sale or agency? (5%)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The contract is one of agency, not sale. The notion of sale CX
is is not personally liable to the bank loan because it was
contracted
by DY in his personal capacity. Only the
negated by the following indicia: (1) the price is fixed by the
property of CX is liable. Hence, while CX has authorized
manufacturer with the 10% mark-up constituting the
commission; (2) the manufacturer reacquires the unsold the mortgage on his property to secure the loan of DY, the
units at exactly the same price; and (3) warranty for the bank cannot sue CX to collect the loan in case DY defaults
thereon. The bank can only foreclose the property of CX.
units
Page 101 of 119
And if the proceeds of the foreclosure are not sufficient toAll those contracts were executed by B while A was
pay the loan in full, the bank cannot run after CX for the confined due to illness in the Makati Medical Center. Rule
deficiency.
on the validity and binding effect of each of the above
contracts upon A the principal. Explain your answers,
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
While as a general rule the principal is not liable for the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
contract entered into by his agent in case the agent actedThe
in agency couched in general terms comprised only acts of
his own name without disclosing his principal, such rule administration (Art. 1877, Civil Code). The lease contract
does not apply if the contract involves a thing belonging to
on the Manila parcel is not valid, not enforceable and not
the principal. In such case, the principal is liable under binding upon A. For B to lease the property to C, for more
Article 1883 of the Civil Code. The contract is deemed
than one (1) year, A must provide B with a special power of
made on his behalf (Sy-juco v. Sy-juco 40 Phil. 634 [1920]). attorney (Art. 1878. Civil Code).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
CX would not be liable for the bank loan. CX's property The lease of the Caloocan City property to D is valid and
would also not be liable on the mortgage. Since DY did not
binding upon A. Since the lease is without a fixed term, it is
specify that he was acting for CX in the transaction with the
understood to be from month to month, since the rental is
bank, DY in effect acted in his own name. In the case of payable monthly (Art. 1687, Civil Code).
Rural Bank of Bombon v. CA, 212 SCRA, (1992), the Supreme
Court, under the same facts, ruled that "in order to bind the
principal by a mortgage on real property executed by an The sale of the Quezon City parcel to E is not valid and not
binding upon A. B needed a special power of attorney to
agent, it must upon its face purport to be made, signed and
sealed in the name of the principal, otherwise, it will bindvalidly sell the land (Arts. 1877 and 1878, Civil Code). The
the agent only. It is not enough merely that the agent wassale
in of the land at a very good price does not cure the defect
fact authorized to make the mortgage, if he, has not actedofinthe contract arising from lack of authority
the name of the principal. Neither is it ordinarily sufficient
that in the mortgage the agent describes himself as actingPowers of the Agent (1994)
by
Prime Realty Corporation appointed Nestor the exclusive
virtue of a power of attorney, if in fact the agent has actedagent in the sale of lots of its newly developed subdivision.
in his own name and has set his own hand and seal to the Prime Realty told Nestor that he could not collect or receive
mortgage. There is no principle of law by which a person payments from the buyers. Nestor was able to sell ten lots
can become liable on a real estate mortgage which she to Jesus and to collect the down payments for said lots. He
did not turn over the collections to Prime Realty. Who shall
bear the loss for Nestor's defalcation, Prime Realty or Jesus?
Appointment of Sub-Agent (1999)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
X appoints Y as his agent to sell his products in Cebu City.a) The general rule is that a person dealing with an agent
Can Y appoint a sub-agent and if he does, what are the must inquire into the authority of that agent. In the present
effects of such appointment? (5%)
case, if Jesus did not inquire into that authority, he is liable
for the loss due to Nestor's defalcation unless Article 1900,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the agent may appoint a substitute or sub-agent if theCivil Code governs, in which case the developer corporation
bears the loss.
principal has not prohibited him from doing so, but he shall
be responsible for the acts of the substitute:
(1) when he was not given the power to appoint one;
Art. 1900 Civil Code provides: "So far as third persons are
(2) when he was given such power, but without designating
concerned, an act is deemed to have been performed within
the person, and the person appointed was notoriously
the scope of the agent's authority, if such act is within the
incompetent or insolvent.
terms of the power of attorney, as written, even if the agent
has in fact exceeded the limits of his authority according to
an understanding between the principal and the agent.
General Agency vs. Special Agency (1992)
A as principal appointed B as his agent granting him
general
However, if Jesus made due inquiry and he was not
and unlimited management over A's properties, stating that
informed by the principal Prime Realty of the limits of
A withholds no power from B and that the agent may
Nestor's authority. Prime Realty shall bear the loss.
execute such acts as he may consider appropriate.
Accordingly, B leased A's parcel of land in Manila to C forb) Considering that Prime Realty Corporation only "told"
four (4) years at P60,000.00 per year, payable annually inNestor that he could not receive or collect payments, it
advance.
appears that the limitation does not appear in his written
authority or power of attorney. In this case, insofar as Jesus,
B leased another parcel of land of A in Caloocan City to Dwho is a third person is concerned, Nestor's acts of
collecting payments is deemed to have been performed
without a fixed term at P3,000.00 per month payable
within the scope of his authority {Article 1900. Civil Code).
monthly.
Hence, the principal is liable.
B sold to E a third parcel of land belonging to A located in
Quezon City for three (3) times the price that was listed inHowever, if Jesus was aware of the limitation of Nestor's
the inventory by A to B.
power as an agent, and Prime Realty Corporation does not
Page 102 of 119
ratify the sale contract, then Jesus shall be liable (Article allowing the other general partner to bind the corporation
1898. Civil Code).
will violate the corporation law principle that only the board
of directors may bind the corporation.
Termination; Effect of Death of Agent (1997)
Stating briefly the thesis to support your answer to each of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the following cases, will the death - (c) of an agent end an3) No, for the same reasons given in the Answer to Number
agency?
2 above.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Conveyance of a Partners Share Dissolution (1998)

Dielle, Karlo and Una are general partners in a
merchandising firm. Having contributed equal amounts to
the capital, they also agree on equal distribution of
whatever
net profit is realized per fiscal period. After two years of
operation, however, Una conveys her whole interest in the
Composition of Partnerships; Spouses; Corporations
partnership to Justine, without the knowledge and consent
(1994)
of Dielle and Karlo.
1) Can a husband and wife form a limited partnership to 1. Is the partnership dissolved? 12%]
engage in real estate business, with the wife being a 2. What are the rights of Justine, if any, should she desire
limited partner?
to participate in the management of the partnership and in
2) Can two corporations organize a general partnership the distribution of a net profit of P360.000.00 which was
under the Civil Code of the Philippines?
realized after her purchase of Una's interest? [3%]
3) Can a corporation and an individual form a general
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
partnership?
1. No, a conveyance by a partner of his whole interest in
a partnership does not of itself dissolve the partnership in
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the absence of an agreement. (Art. 1813. Civil Code)
1) a) Yes. The Civil Code prohibits a husband and wife
from constituting a universal partnership. Since a limited
partnership is not a universal partnership, a husband andSUGGESTED ANSWER:
wife may validly form one.
2.Justine cannot interfere or participate in the
b) Yes. While spouses cannot enter into a universal
management or administration of the partnership business
partnership, they can enter into a limited partnership or be
or affairs. She may, however, receive the net profits to
members thereof (CIR u. Suter, etal. 27 SCRA 152).
which Una would have otherwise been entitled. In this case,
P120.000 (Art. 1813, Civil Code)
Yes. The death of an agent extinguishes the agency, by
express provision of par. 3, Art 1919 of the Civil Code.
PARTNERSHIP
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Dissolution of Partnership (1995)

2) a) No, A corporation is managed by its board of
Pauline, Patricia and Priscilla formed a business partnership
directors.If the corporation were to become a partner,
for the purpose of engaging in neon advertising for a term
co-partners would have the power to make the corporation
of five (5) years. Pauline subsequently assigned to Philip her
party to transactions in an irregular manner since the
interest in the partnership. When Patricia and Priscilla
partners are not agents subject to the control of the Board
learned of the assignment, they decided to dissolve the
of Directors. But a corporation may enter into a joint
venture with another corporation as long as the nature ofpartnership before the expiration of its term as they had an
the venture is in line with the business authorized by its unproductive business relationship with Philip in the past.
On the other hand, unaware of the move of Patricia and
charter. (Tuason & Co., Inc. v. Bolano, 95 Phil. 106).
Priscilla but sensing their negative reaction to his
acquisition
b) As a general rule a corporation may not form a generalof Pauline's interest, Philip simultaneously petitioned for the
dissolution of the partnership.
partnership with another corporation or an individual
because a corporation may not be bound by persons who 1. Is the dissolution done by Patricia and Priscilla without
the consent of Pauline or Philip valid? Explain.
are neither directors nor officers of the corporation.
2. Does Philip have any right to petition for the dissolution
of the partnership before the expiration of its specified
However, a corporation may form a general partnership
with another corporation or an individual provided the
following conditions are met:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1) The Articles of Incorporation of the corporation
1, Under Art. 1830 (1) (c) of the NCC, the dissolution by
expressly allows the corporation to enter into
Patricia and Priscilla is valid and did not violate the contract
partnerships;
of partnership even though Pauline and Philip did not
2) The Articles of Partnership must provide that all
consent thereto. The consent of Pauline is not necessary
partners will manage the partnership, and they
because she had already assigned her interest to Philip. The
shall be jointly and severally liable; and
consent of Philip is not also necessary because the
3) In case of a foreign corporation, it must be
assignment to him of Pauline's interest did not make him a
licensed to do business in the Philippines.
partner, under Art, 1813 of the NCC.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Interpreting Art. 1830 (1) (c) to mean that if one of the

c) No. A corporation may not be a general partner because
partners had assigned his interest on the partnership to
the principle of mutual agency in general partnership
Page 103 of 119
another the remaining partners may not dissolve the

A should be hired as Secretary. The decision for the hiring
partnership, the dissolution by Patricia and Priscilla without
of A prevails because it is an act of administration which
the consent of Pauline or Philip is not valid.
can be performed by the duly appointed managing partners,
W and X.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2.No, Philip has no right to petition for dissolution

B cannot be hired, because in case of a tie in the decision of
because he does not have the standing of a partner (Art. the managing partners, the deadlock must be decided by
1813 NCC).
the
partners owning the controlling interest. In this case, the
opposition of X and Y prevails because Y owns the
Dissolution of Partnership; Termination (1993)
A, B and C formed a partnership for the purpose of
contracting with the Government in the construction of one
of its bridges. On June 30, 1992, after completion of the Obligations of a Partner; Industrial Partner (2001)
project, the bridge was turned over by the partners to theJoe and Rudy formed a partnership to operate a car repair
shop in Quezon City. Joe provided the capital while Rudy
Government. On August 30, 1992, D, a supplier of
materials used in the project sued A for collection of the contributed his labor and industry. On one side of their
indebtedness to him. A moved to dismiss the complaint shop, Joe opened and operated a coffee shop, while on the
other side, Rudy put up a car accessories store. May they
against him on the ground that it was the ABC partnership
that is liable for the debt. D replied that ABC partnership engage in such separate businesses? Why? [5%]
was dissolved upon completion of the project for which SUGGESTED ANSWER:
purpose the partnership was formed.
Joe, the capitalist partner, may engage in the restaurant
Will you dismiss the complaint against A If you were the business because it is not the same kind of business the
Judge?
partnership is engaged in. On the other hand, Rudy may not
engage in any other business unless their partnership
expressly permits him to do so because as an industrial
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
partner he has to devote his full time to the business of the
As Judge, I would not dismiss the complaint against A.
partnership [Art. 1789, CC).
because A is still liable as a general partner for his pro rata
share of 1/3 (Art. 1816, C. C.J. Dissolution of a partnership
caused by the termination of the particular undertaking
specified in the agreement does not extinguish obligations,
which must be liquidated during the "winding up" of the
partnership affairs (Articles 1829 and 1830. par. 1-a, Civil
Code).
Commodatum (1993)
A, upon request, loaned his passenger Jeepney to B to
enable B to bring his sick wife from Paniqui. Tarlac to the
Effect of Death of Partner (1997)
Philippine General Hospital in Manila for treatment. On the
Stating briefly the thesis to support your answer to each of
way back to Paniqui, after leaving his wife at the hospital,
the following cases, will the death - of a partner terminatepeople stopped the passenger Jeepney. B stopped for them
the partnership?
and allowed them to ride on board, accepting payment from
them just as in the case of ordinary passenger Jeepneys
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes. The death of a partner will terminate the partnership,plying their route. As B was crossing Bamban, there was an
by express provision of par. 5, Art. 1830 of the Civil Code.onrush of Lahar from Mt Pinatubo, the Jeep that was
loaned to him was wrecked.
1) What do you call the contract that was entered into by
Obligations of a Partner (1992)
A and B with respect to the passenger Jeepney that was
W, X, Y and Z organized a general partnership with W and loaned by A to B to transport the latter's sick wife to
X as industrial partners and Y and Z as capitalist partners. Y Manila?
contributed P50,000.00 and Z contributed P20,000.00 to 2) Is B obliged to pay A for the use of the passenger
the common fund. By a unanimous vote of the partners, W jeepney?
and X were appointed managing partners, without any
3) Is B liable to A for the loss of the Jeepney?
specification of their respective powers and duties.
Commodatum & Mutuum
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A applied for the position of Secretary and B applied for the

1) The contract is called "commodatum". [Art. 1933. Civil
position of Accountant of the partnership.
Code). COMMODATUM is a contract by which one of the
parties (bailor) delivers to another (bailee) something not
The hiring of A was decided upon by W and X, but was
consumable so that the latter may use it for a certain time
opposed by Y and Z.
and return it.
The hiring of B was decided upon by W and Z, but was
opposed by X and Y.
2) No, B is not obliged to pay A for the use of the

passenger Jeepney because commodatum is essentially
gratuitous. (Art. 1933. Civil Code]
Who of the applicants should be hired by the partnership?
Explain and give your reasons.
3) Yes, because B devoted the thing to a purpose different
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
from that for which it has been loaned (Art. 1942, par. 2,
Civil Code)
Page 104 of 119
Tito must also pay for the ordinary expenses for the use and
No, because an obligation which consists in the delivery of
preservation of the thing loaned. He must pay for the
a determinate thing shall be extinguished if it should be lost
gasoline, oil, greasing and spraying. He cannot ask for
or destroyed without the fault of the debtor, and before hereimbursement because he has the obligation to return the
has incurred in delay. (Art. 1262. Civil Code)
identical thing to the bailor. Under Article 1941 of the Civil
Code, the bailee is obliged to pay for the ordinary expenses
for the use and preservation of the thing loaned.
Commodatum (2005)
Before he left for Riyadh to work as a mechanic, Pedro left
his Adventure van with Tito, with the understanding that c) Does Pedro have the right to retrieve the van even
the latter could use it for one year for his personal or family
before the lapse of one year? Explain. (2%)
use while Pedro works in Riyadh. He did not tell Tito that
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
the brakes of the van were faulty. Tito had the van tuned up
No, Pedro does not have the right to retrieve the van before
and the brakes repaired. He spent a total amount of
the lapse of one year. The parties are mutually bound by the
P15,000.00. After using the vehicle for two weeks, Tito
terms of the contract. Under the Civil Code, there are only 3
discovered that it consumed too much fuel. To make up for
instances when the bailor could validly ask for the return of
the expenses, he leased it to Annabelle.
the thing loaned even before the expiration of the period.
These are when: (1) a precarium contract was entered
(Article 1947); (2) if the bailor urgently needs the thing
Two months later, Pedro returned to the Philippines and (Article 1946); and (3) if the bailee commits acts of
asked Tito to return the van. Unfortunately, while being ingratitude (Article 1948). Not one of the situations is
driven by Tito, the van was accidentally damaged by a cargo
present in this case.
truck without his fault.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
a) Who shall bear the P15,000.00 spent for the repair of

the van? Explain. (2%)
The fact that Tito had leased the thing loaned to Annabelle
would not justify the demand for the return of the thing
loaned before expiration of the period. Under Article 1942
Tito must bear the P15,000.00 expenses for the van.
Generally, extraordinary expenses for the preservation of of the Civil Code, leasing of the thing loaned to a third
person not member of the household of the bailee, will only
the thing loaned are paid by the bailor, he being the owner
of the thing loaned. In this case however, Tito should bearentitle bailor to hold bailee liable for the loss of the thing
loaned.
the expenses because he incurred the expenses without first
informing Pedro about it. Neither was the repair shown to
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
be urgent. Under Article 1949 of the Civil Code, bailor
As a rule, Pedro does not have the right to retrieve the van
generally bears the extraordinary expenses for the
before the lapse of one year. Article 1946 of the Code
preservation of the thing and should refund the said
provides that "the bailor cannot demand the return of the
expenses if made by the bailee; Provided, The bailee brings
the same to the attention of the bailor before incurring thing loaned till after the expiration of the period stipulated,
them, except only if the repair is urgent that reply cannotor
beafter the accomplishment of the use for which the
commodatum has been constituted. However, if in the
awaited.
meantime, he should have urgent need of the thing, he may
demand its return or temporary use."
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
In the given problem, Pedro allowed Tito to use the van for
The P15,000.00 spent for the repair of the van should be one year. Thus, he should be bound by the said agreement
borne by Pedro. Where the bailor delivers to the bailee a and he cannot ask for the return of the car before the
non-consummable thing so that the latter may use it for aexpiration of the one year period. However, if Pedro has
certain time and return the identical thing, the contract urgent need of the van, he may demand for its return or
perfected is a Contract of Commodatum. (Art. 1933, Civil temporary use.
Code) The bailor shall refund the extraordinary expenses
during the contract for the preservation of the thing loaned
provided the bailee brings the same to the knowledge of the
bailor before incurring the same, except when they are sod) Who shall bear the expenses for the accidental
urgent that the reply to the notification cannot be awaiteddamage caused by the cargo truck, granting that the
without danger. (Art. 1949 of the Civil Code)
truck driver and truck owner are insolvent? Explain.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
(2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In the given problem, Pedro left his Adventure van with Generally, extraordinary expenses arising on the occasion of
the actual use of the thing loaned by the bailee, even if
Tito so that the latter could use it for one year while he was
in Riyadh. There was no mention of a consideration. Thus,incurred without fault of the bailee, shall be shouldered
the contract perfected was commodatum. The amount of equally by the bailor and the bailee. (Art. 1949 of the Civil
P15,000.00 was spent by Tito to tune up the van and to Code). However, if Pedro had an urgent need for the
vehicle, Tito would be in delay for failure to immediately
repair its brakes. Such expenses are extra-ordinary
return the same, then Tito would be held liable for the
expenses
extraordinary expenses.
because they are necessary for the preservation of the van
b) Who shall bear the costs for the van's fuel, oil and
other materials while it was with Tito? Explain. (2%)
Commodatum vs. Usufruct (1998)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 105 of 119
Distinguish usufruct from commodatum and state whether

these may be constituted over consumable goods. [2%] Mutuum; Interests (2001)
Samuel borrowed P300,000.00 housing loan from the bank
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. USUFRUCT is a right given to a person (usufructuary) at
to 18% per annum interest. However, the promissory note
contained a proviso that the bank "reserves the right to
enjoy the property of another with the obligation of
preserving its form and substance. (Art. 562. Civil Code) increase interest within the limits allowed by law," By virtue
of such proviso, over the objections of Samuel, the bank
increased the interest rate periodically until it reached 48%
On the other hand, COMMODATUM is a contract by
per annum. Finally, Samuel filed an action questioning the
which one of the parties (bailor) delivers to another (bailee)
right of the bank to increase the interest rate up to 48%.
something not consumable so that the latter may use it for a
The bank raised the defense that the Central Bank of the
certain time and return it.
Philippines had already suspended the Usury Law. Will the
action prosper or not? Why? (5%)
In usufruct the usufructuary gets the right to the use and to
the fruits of the same, while in commodatum, the bailee SUGGESTED ANSWER:
only acquires the use of the thing loaned but not its fruits.The action will prosper. While it is true that the interest
ceilings set by the Usury Law are no longer in force, it has
Usufruct may be constituted on the whole or a part of thebeen held that PD No. 1684 and CB Circular No. 905
fruits of the thing. (Art. 564. Civil Code). It may even be merely allow contracting parties to stipulate freely on any
constituted over consumables like money (Alunan v. Veloso,adjustment in the interest rate on a loan or forbearance of
money but do not authorize a unilateral increase of the
52 Phil. 545). On the other hand, in commodatum,
consumable goods may be subject thereof only when the interest rate by one party without the other's consent (PNB
v. CA, 238 SCRA 2O [1994]]). To say otherwise will violate
purpose of the contract is not the consumption of the
object, as when it is merely for exhibition. (Art. 1936, Civilthe principle of mutuality of contracts under Article 1308 of
the Civil Code. To be valid, therefore, any change of interest
Code)
must be mutually agreed upon by the parties (Dizon v,
Magsaysay, 57 SCRA 25O [1974]). In the present problem,
ANOTHER ANSWER:
1.There are several points of distinction between
the debtor not having given his consent to the increase in
usufruct and commodatum. Usufruct is constituted by law,interest, the increase is void.
by contract, by testamentary succession, or by prescription
(Art. 1933. Civil Code). Usufruct creates a real right to the
fruits of another's property, while commodatum creates
only a purely personal right to use another's property, andMutuum; Interests (2002)
Carlos sues Dino for (a) collection on a promissory note for
requires a stipulation to enable the bailee to "make use" of
the fruits (Arts. 1939& 1940, Civil Code). Usufruct maybea loan, with no agreement on interest, on which Dino
defaulted, and (b) damages caused by Dino on his (Carlos)
onerous while commodatum is always or essentially
gratuitous (Arts. 1933 & 1935, Civil Code). The contract priceless Michaelangelo painting on which Dino is liable on
constituting usufruct is consensual, while commodatum isthe
a promissory note and awards damages to Carlos for the
damaged painting, with interests for both awards. What
real contract (perfected only by delivery of the subject
matter thereof). However, both involve the enjoyment by arates of interest may the court impose with respect to both
person of the property of another, differing only as to the awards? Explain. (5%)
extent and scope of such enjoyment [jus fruendi in one and
Jus utendi in the other); both may have as subject matter SUGGESTED ANSWER:
With respect to the collection of money or promissory note,
either an immovable or a movable; and, both maybe
it being a forbearance of money, the legal rate of interest for
constituted over consumable goods (Arts. 574 & 1936, Civil
having defaulted on the payment of 12% will apply. With
Code).
respect to the damages to the painting, it is 6% from the
A consumable thing may be the subject-matter of an
time of the final demand up to the time of finality of
abnormal usufruct but in a normal usufruct, the subjectjudgment until judgment credit is fully paid. The court
matter may be used only for exhibition. A commodatum of
considers the latter as a forbearance of money. (Eastern
a consumable thing may be only for the purpose of
exhibiting, not consuming it.
Shipping Lines, Inc. v. CA, 234 SCRA 78 [1994]; Art 2210 and
2211, CC)
Mutuum; Interests (2004)

The parties in a contract of loan of money agreed that the
Mutuum vs. Commodatum (2004)
yearly interest rate is 12% and it can be increased if there is
Distinguish briefly but clearly between Mutuum and
a law that would authorize the increase of interest rates.
commodatum.
Suppose OB, the lender, would increase by 5% the rate of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
interest to be paid by TY, the borrower, without a law
In MUTUUM, the object borrowed must be a consumable
authorizing such increase, would OBs action be just and
thing the ownership of which is transferred to the borrower
valid? Why? Has TY a remedy against the imposition of
who incurs the obligation to return the same consumable to
the rate increase? Explain. (5%)
the lender in an equal amount, and of the same kind and
quality. In COMMODATUM, the object borrowed is
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
usually a non-consumable thing the ownership of which isOB's action is not just and valid. The debtor cannot be
not transferred to the borrower who incurs the obligationrequired
to
to pay the increase in interest there being no law
return the very thing to the lender.
authorizing it, as stipulated in the contract. Increasing the
Page 106 of 119
rate in the absence of such law violates the principle of

mutuality of contracts.
To whom should a deliver the bag of money? Decide with

reasons.
Even if there was a law authorizing the increase in interest
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
rate, the stipulation is still void because there is no
B would have no right to claim the money. Article 1990 of
corresponding stipulation to decrease the interest due when
the Civil Code is not applicable. The law refers to another
the law reduces the rate of interest.
thing received in substitution of the object deposited and is
predicated upon something exchanged.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
DEPOSIT
The Mayor of Manila cannot invoke. Article 719 of the Civil

Code which requires the finder to deposit the thing with the
Mayor only when the previous possessor is unknown.
Compensation; Bank Loan (1997)

In order to secure a bank loan, XYZ Corporation
surrendered its deposit certificate, with a maturity date ofIn this case , a must return the bag of money to the bank as
01
the previous possessor and known owner (Arts. 719 and
September 1997 to the bank. The corporation defaulted on
1990. Civil Code.)
the due repayment of the loan, prompting the bank to
encash the deposit certificate. XYZ Corporation questioned
the above action taken by the bank as being a case of
pactum commissorium. The bank disagrees.
What is your opinion?
Recovery of Deficiency (1997)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
We submit that there is no pactum commissorium here. AB sold to CD a motor vehicle for and in consideration of
Deposits of money in banks and similar institutions are P120,000.00 to be paid in twelve monthly equal installments
governed by the provisions on simple loans (Art. 1980. Civil
of P10,000,00, each installment being due and payable on
Code). The relationship between the depositor and a bankthe
is 15th day of each month starting January 1997.
one of creditor and debtor. Basically this is a matter of
compensation as all the elements of compensation are
To secure the promissory note, CD (a) executed a chattel
present in this case (BPI vs. CA, 232 SCRA 302).
mortgage on the subject motor vehicle, and (b) furnished a
surety bond issued by Philam life, CD failed to pay more
ADDITIONAL ANSWER:
Where the security for the debt is also money deposited inthan
a two (2) installments, AB went after the surety but he
bank, it is not illegal for the creditor to encash the time was only able to obtain three-fourths (3/4) of the total
deposit certificates to pay the debtor's overdue obligation.amount still due and owing from CD. AB seeks your advice
on how he might, if at all, recover the deficiency.
(Chu us. CA, et al., G.R 78519, September 26, 1989).
How would you counsel AB?
SURETY
Deposit; Exchange (1992)

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
X and Y staged a daring bank robbery in Manila at 10:30 Yes, he can recover the deficiency. The action of AB to go
AM in the morning of a regular business day, and escapedafter the surety bond cannot be taken to mean a waiver of
with their loot of two (2) bags, each bag containing
his right to demand payment for the whole debt, The
P50,000,00.
amount received from the surety is only payment pro tanto,
During their flight to elude the police, X and Y entered theand an action may be maintained for a deficiency debt.
nearby locked house of A, then working in his Quezon City
office. From A's house, X and Y stole a box containing cash
totaling P50,000.00 which box A had been keeping in
deposit for his friend B.
ANTICHRESIS
Antichresis (1995)
In their hurry, X and Y left in A's bedroom one (1) of the Olivia owns a vast mango plantation which she can no
bags which they had taken from the bank.
longer properly manage due to a lingering illness. Since she
is indebted to Peter in the amount of P500.000.00 she asks
With X and Y now at large and nowhere to be found, the Peter to manage the plantation and apply the harvest to the
bag containing P50.000.00 is now claimed by B, by the payment of her obligation to him, principal and interest,
until her indebtedness shall have been fully paid. Peter
Mayor of Manila, and by the bank.
agrees.
1) What kind of contract is entered into between Olivia
B claims that the depository. A, by force majeure had
and Peter? Explain.
obtained the bag of money in place of the box of money
2) What specific obligations are imposed by law on Peter
deposited by B.
as a consequence of their contract?
3) Does the law require any specific form for the validity
The Mayor of Manila, on the other hand, claims that the
of their contract? Explain
bag of money should be deposited with the Office of the 4) May Olivia re-acquire the plantation before her entire
Mayor as required of the finder by the provisions of the
indebtedness shall have been fully paid? Explain.
Civil Code.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The bank resists the claims of B and the Mayor of Manila.
Page 107 of 119
1. A contract of antichresis was entered into between

payment of the loan. However, the loan was not paid on
Olivia and Peter. Under Article 2132 of the New Civil
time.
Code, by a contract of antichresis the creditor acquires the
A month after 4 years, may the shares of stock pledged be
right to receive the fruits of an immovable of his debtor, deemed owned by ABC or not? Reason. (5%)
with the obligation to apply them to the payment of the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
interest, and thereafter to the principal of his credit.
The shares of stock cannot be deemed owned by ABC upon
default of MNO. They have to be foreclosed. Under Article
2088 of the Civil Code, the creditor cannot appropriate the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2. Peter must pay taxes and charges upon the land and things given by way of pledge. And even if the parties have
bear the necessary expenses for preservation and repair stipulated that ABC becomes the owner of the shares in
case MNO defaults on the loan, such stipulation is void for
which he may deduct from the fruits. (Art, 2135, NCC)
being a pactum commissorium.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
3.The amount of the principal and interest must be

Pledge; Mortgage; Antichresis (1996)
specified in writing, otherwise the antichresis will be void.In the province, a farmer couple borrowed money from the
(Art. 2134, NCC)
local merchant. To guarantee payment, they left the Torrens
Title of their land with the merchant, for him to hold until
they pay the loan. Is there a SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) contract of pledge,
4.No. Art. 2136 specifically provides that the debtor
b) contract of mortgage,
cannot re-acquire the enjoyment of the immovable without
c) contract of antichresis, or
first having totally paid what he owes the creditor.
However, it is potestative on the part of the creditor to dod) none of the above?
so in order to exempt him from his obligation under Art. Explain.
2135, NCC, The debtor cannot re-acquire the enjoyment
ANSWER:
unless Peter compels Olivia to enter again the enjoyment SUGGESTED
of
None of the above. There is no pledge because only
the property.
movable property may be pledged (Art. 2094. NCC). If at
all, there was a pledge of the paper or document
constituting the Torrens Title, as a movable by itself, but
not of the land which the title represents.
PLEDGE
Pledge (1994)
There is no mortgage because no deed or contract was
In 1982, Steve borrowed P400.000.00 from Danny,
executed in the manner required by law for a mortgage
collateralized by a pledge of shares of stock of Concepcion
(Arts. 2085 to 2092, NCC; 2124 to 2131, NCC).
Corporation worth P800,000,00. In 1983, because of the
economic crisis, the value of the shares pledged fell to only
There is no contract of antichresis because no right to the
P100,000.00. Can Danny demand that Steve surrender the
fruits of the property was given to the creditor (Art. 2132
other shares worth P700,000.00?
NCC).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) No. Bilateral contracts cannot be changed unilaterally. A

A contract of simple loan was entered into with security
pledge is only a subsidiary contract, and Steve is still
arrangement agreed upon by the parties which is not one of
indebted to Danny for the amount of P400,000.00 despitethose mentioned above.
the fall in the value of the stocks pledged.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
b) No. Danny's right as pledgee is to sell the pledged

There is a contract of mortgage constituted over the land.
shares at a public sale and keep the proceeds as collateralThere is no particular form required for the validity of a
for
mortgage of real property. It is not covered by the statute of
the loan. There is no showing that the fall in the value of frauds in Art. 1403, NCC and even assuming that it is
the pledged property was attributable to the pledger's fault
covered, the delivery of the title to the creditor has taken it
or fraud. On the contrary, the economic crisis was the
out of the coverage thereof. A contract of mortgage of real
culprit. Had the pledgee been deceived as to the substance
property is consensual and is binding on the parties despite
or quality of the pledged shares of stock, he would have had
absence of writing. However, third parties are not bound
the right to claim another thing in their place or to the because of the absence of a written instrument evidencing
immediate payment of the obligation. This is not the case the mortgage and, therefore the absence of registration. But
this does not affect the validity of the mortgage between the
parties (Art. 2125, NCC), The creditor may compel the
Pledge (2004)
debtor to execute the mortgage in a public document in
ABC loaned to MNO P40,000 for which the latter pledgedorder to allow its registration (Art. 1357.NCC in relation to
400 shares of stock in XYZ Inc. It was agreed that if the Art. 1358. NCC).
pledgor failed to pay the loan with 10% yearly interest
within four years, the pledgee is authorized to foreclose on
the shares of stock.As required, MNO delivered
possession of the shares to ABC with the understanding
that the shares would be returned to MNO upon the
QUASI-CONTRACT
Page 108 of 119
Quasi-Contracts; Negotiorium Gestio (1992)

house under the principle of negotiorum gestio. He was not
In fear of reprisals from lawless elements besieging his liable as the burning of the house is a fortuitous event.
barangay, X abandoned his fishpond, fled to Manila and left
Is B liable to A for damages under the foregoing
for Europe. Seeking that the fish in the fishpond were ready
circumstances?
for harvest, Y, who is in the business of managing
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
fishponds on a commission basis, took possession of the No. B is not liable for damages, because he is a gestor in
property, harvested the fish and sold the entire harvest tonegotiorum
Z.
gestio (Art. 2144, Civil Code) Furthermore, B is
Thereafter, Y borrowed money from W and used the
not liable to A because Article 2147 of the Civil Code is not
money to buy new supplies of fish fry and to prepare the applicable.
fishpond for the next crop.
a) What is the Juridical relation between X and Y during
B did not undertake risky operations which the owner was
X's absence?
not accustomed to embark upon:
b) Upon the return of X to the barangay, what are the
a) he has not preferred his own interest to that of the
obligations of Y to X as regards the contract with Z?
owner;
c) Upon X's return, what are the obligations of X as
b) he has not failed to return the property or business after
regards Y's contract with W?
d) What legal effects will result if X expressly ratifies Y's demand by the owner; and
management and what would be the obligations of X in c) he has not assumed the management in bad faith.
favor of Y?
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Explain all your answers.
He would be liable under Art. 2147 (1) of the Civil Code,
because he used the property for an operation which the
operator is not accustomed to, and in so doing, he exposed
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the house to increased risk, namely the operation of a
(a) The juridical relation is that of the quasi-contract of
pension house on the second floor and stores on the first
"negotiorum gestio". Y is the "gestor" or "officious
floor
manager" and X is the "owner" (Art. 2144, Civil Code).
(b) Y must render an account of his operations and deliverQuasi-Contracts; Negotiorium Gestio (1995)
Armando owns a row of residential apartments in San Juan,
to X the price he received for the sale of the harvested fish
Metro Manila, which he rents out to tenants. On 1 April
(Art, 2145, Civil Code).
1991 he left for the United States without appointing any
administrator to manage his apartments such that
(c) X must pay the loan obtained by Y from W because X uncollected rentals accumulated for three (3) years.
must answer for obligations contracted with third personsAmparo,
in the interest of the owner (Art. 2150, Civil Code),
a niece of Armando, concerned with the interest of her
uncle, took it upon herself to administer the property. As a
consequence, she incurred expenses in collecting the rents
(d) Express ratification by X provides the effects of an
and in some instances even spent for necessary repairs to
express agency and X is liable to pay the commissions
habitually received by the gestor as manager (Art. 2149, preserve the property.
1. What Juridical relation between Amparo and Armando,
Civil Code).
if any, has resulted from Amparo's unilateral act of
assuming the administration of Armando's apartments?
Quasi-Contracts; Negotiorium Gestio (1993)
Explain.
In September, 1972, upon declaration of martial rule in the
2. What rights and obligations, if any, does Amparo have
Philippines. A, together with his wife and children.
disappeared from his residence along A. Mabini Street.
Ermita, Manila. B, his immediate neighbor, noticing that SUGGESTED ANSWER:
mysterious disappearance of A and his family, closed the 1.Negotiorum gestio existed between Amparo and
doors and windows of his house to prevent it from being Armando, She voluntarily took charge of the agency or
burglarized. Years passed without B hearing from A and his
management of the business or property of her uncle
family, B continued taking care of A's house, even causingwithout any power from her uncle whose property was
minor repairs to be done at his house to preserve it. In neglected. She is called the gestor negotiorum or officious
1976, when business began to perk up in the area, an
manager, (Art. 2144, NCC)
enterprising man. C, approached B and proposed that they
build stores at the ground floor of the house and convert its
2.It is recommended by the Committee that an
second floor into a pension house. B agreed to Cs proposal
enumeration of any two (2) obligations and two (2) rights as
and together they spent for the construction of stores at the
ground floor and the conversion of the second floor into aenumerated in Arts. 2145 to 2152, NCC, would entitle the
examinee to full credit.
pension house. While construction was going on, fire
occurred at a nearby house. The houses at the entire block,
including A's were burned. After the EDSA revolution in Art. 2145. The officious manager shall perform his duties
February 1986, A and his family returned from the Unitedwith all the diligence of a good father of a family, and pay
States where they took refuge in 1972. Upon learning of the damages which through his fault or negligence may be
what happened to his house. A sued B for damages, B
suffered by the owner of the property or business under
pleaded as a defense that he merely took charge of his management.
Page 109 of 119
The courts may, however, increase or moderate the

indemnity according to the circumstances of each case.
(2) When the contract refers to things pertaining to the

owner of the business,
(NOTE: It is recommended by the Committee that an
enumeration of any
Art. 2146. If the officious manager delegates to another
two (2) obligations and any two (2) rights as enumerated la
person all or some of his duties, he shall be liable for the
acts of the delegate, without prejudice to the direct
obligation of the latter toward the owner of the business. Quasi-Contracts; Solutio Indebiti (2004)
DPO went to a store to buy a pack of cigarettes worth
P225.00 only. He gave the vendor, RRA, a P500-peso bill.
The responsibility of two or more officious managers shallThe vendor gave him the pack plus P375.00 change. Was
be solidary, unless management was assumed to save the there a discount, an oversight, or an error in the amount
thing or business from imminent danger.
given? What would be DPOs duty, if any, in case of an
excess in the amount of change given by the vendor? How
Art. 2147. The officious manager shall be liable for any is this situational relationship between DPO and RRA
denominated? Explain. (5%)
fortuitous event:
(1) If he undertakes risky operations which the owner was

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
not accustomed to embark upon;
There was error in the amount of change given by RRA.
(2) If he has preferred his own interest to that of the
This is a case of solutio indebiti in that DPO received
owner;
something that is not due him. He has the obligation to
(3) If he fails to return the property or business after
return the P100.00; otherwise, he will unjustly enrich
demand by the owner,
himself at the expense of RRA. (Art. 2154, Civil Code)
(4) If he assumed the management in bad faith.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
DPO has the duty to return to RRA the excess P100 as

Art. 2148. Except when the management was assumed to trustee under Article 1456 of the Civil Code which provides:
save the property or business from imminent danger, the If property is acquired through mistake or fraud, the person
obtaining it is, by force of law, considered a trustee of an
officious manager shall be liable for fortuitous events
(1) If he is manifestly unfit to carry on the management; implied trust for the benefit of the person from whom the
(2) If by his Intervention h e prevented a more competentproperty comes. There is, in this case, an implied or
constructive trust in favor of RRA.
person from taking up the management.
Art. 2149. The ratification of the management by the owner
of the business produces the effects of an express agency,
even if the business may not have been successful.
TORTS & DAMAGES
Collapse of Structures; Last Clear Chance (1990)

Art. 2150, Although the officious management may not Mr and Mrs R own a burned-out building, the firewall of
have been expressly ratified, the owner of the property orwhich collapsed and destroyed the shop occupied by the
business who enjoys the advantages of the same shall be family of Mr and Mrs S, which resulted in injuries to said
couple and the death of their daughter. Mr and Mrs S had
liable for obligations incurred in his interest, and shall
reimburse the officious manager for the necessary and been warned by Mr & Mrs R to vacate the shop in view of
useful expenses and for the damages which the latter mayits proximity to the weakened wall but the former failed to
do so.
have suffered in the performance of his duties.
Mr & Mrs S filed against Mr and Mrs R an action for
recovery of damages the former suffered as a result of the
The same obligation shall be incumbent upon him when the
collapse of the firewall. In defense, Mr and Mrs R rely on
management had for its purpose the prevention of an
the doctrine of last clear chance alleging that Mr and Mrs S
imminent and manifest loss, although no benefit may havehad the last clear chance to avoid the accident if only they
been derived.
heeded the formers warning to vacate the shop, and
therefore Mr and Mrs Rs prior negligence should be
disregarded.
Art. 2151. Even though the owner did not derive any
If you were the judge, how would you decide the case? State
benefit and there has been no imminent and manifest
danger to the property or business, the owner is liable as your reasons.
under the first paragraph of the preceding article, provided:
(1) The officious manager has acted in good faith, and
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(2) The property or business is intact, ready to be returned
I would decide in favor of Mr & Mrs S. The proprietor of a
to the owner.
building or structure is responsible for the damages
resulting from its total or partial collapse, if it should be due
to the lack of necessary repairs (Art 2190 Civil Code)
Art. 2152. The officious manager is personally liable for

contracts which he has entered into with third persons,
even
As regards the defense of last clear chance, the same is
though he acted in the name of the owner, and there shallnot tenable because according to the SC in one case (De
be no right of action between the owner and third persons.
Roy v CA L-80718, Jan 29, 1988, 157 S 757) the doctrine of last
These provisions shall not apply:
clear chance is not applicable to instances covered by Art
(1) If the owner has expressly or tacitly ratified the
Page 110 of 119

Further, in Phoenix Construction, Inc. v. Intermediate
Availing of that portion of Section 12 of Article II of the
1987 Constitution which reads;
Appellate Court (G.R. L-65295, March 10, 1987. 148 SCRA
353) the Supreme Court held that the role of the common The State x xx shall equally protect the life of the mother
law "last clear chance" doctrine in relation to Article 2179 and the life of the unborn from conception, "xxx" which
he claims confers a civil personality on the unborn from
of
the moment of conception.
the Civil Code is merely to mitigate damages within the
Damages (1994)
Boy filed a case for damages against the abortionist, praying
On January 5, 1992, Nonoy obtained a loan of
therein that the latter be ordered to pay him: (a) P30,000.00
Pl,000,000.00 from his friend Raffy. The promissory note as indemnity for the death of the fetus, (b) P100.000.00 as
did not stipulate any payment for Interest. The note was moral damages for the mental anguish and anxiety he
due on January 5, 1993 but before this date the two became
suffered, (c) P50,000.00 as exemplary damages, (d)
political enemies. Nonoy, out of spite, deliberately defaulted
P20,000.00 as nominal damages, and (e) P25,000.00 as
in paying the note, thus forcing Raffy to sue him.
attorney's fees.
1) What actual damages can Raffy recover?
May actual damages be also recovered? If so, what facts
2) Can Raffy ask for moral damages from Nonoy?
should be alleged and proved?
3) Can Raffy ask for nominal damages?
4) Can Raffy ask for temperate damages?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, provided that the pecuniary loss suffered should be
5) Can Raffy ask for attorney's fees?
substantiated and duly proved.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1) Raffy may recover the amount of the promissory note Damages arising from Death of Unborn Child (2003)
of P1 million, together with interest at the legal rate fromIf a pregnant woman passenger of a bus were to suffer an
the date of judicial or extrajudicial demand. In addition, abortion following a vehicular accident due to the gross
however, inasmuch as the debtor is in bad faith, he is liable
negligence of the bus driver, may she and her husband
for all damages which may be reasonably attributed to theclaim damages from the bus company for the death of their
non-performance of the obligation. (Art. 2201(2). NCC). unborn child? Explain. 5%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the spouses cannot recover actual damages in the form

of indemnity for the loss of life of the unborn child. This is
because the unborn child is not yet considered a person and
the law allows indemnity only for loss of life of person. The
mother, however may recover damages for the bodily injury
3) Nominal damages may not be recoverable in this case
she suffered from the loss of the fetus which is considered
because Raffy may already be indemnified of his losses with
part of her internal organ. The parents may also recover
the award of actual and compensatory damages.
damages for injuries that are inflicted directly upon them,
NOMINAL DAMAGES are adjudicated only in order that
e.g., moral damages for mental anguish that attended the
a right of the plaintiff, which has been violated or invaded
loss of the unborn child. Since there is gross negligence,
by the defendant may be vindicated or recognized, and not
exemplary damages can also be recovered. (Gelus v. CA, 2
for the purpose of indemnifying the plaintiff for any loss
suffered by him. (Article 2231. Civil Code)
2)Yes, under Article 2220, NCC moral damages are
recoverable in case of breach of contract where the
defendant acted fraudulently or in bad faith.
SCRA 801 [1961])
Death Indemnity (1994)

4)Raffy may ask for, but would most likely not be
Johnny Maton's conviction for homicide was affirmed by
awarded temperate damages, for the reason that his actual
damages may already be compensated upon proof thereofthe Court of Appeals and in addition, although the
prosecution had not appealed at all. The appellate court
with the promissory note.TEMPERATE DAMAGES
increased the indemnity for death from P30,000.00 to
may be awarded only when the court finds that some
pecuniary loss has been suffered but its amount cannot, P50,000.00. On his appeal to the Supreme Court, among
the other things Johnny Maton brought to the high court's
from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty.
attention, was the increase of indemnity imposed by the
(Article 2224, Civil Code)
Court of Appeals despite the clear fact that the People had
not appealed from the appellate court's judgment.
5) Yes, under paragraph 2, Article 2208 of the Civil Code, Is Johnny Maton correct?
considering that Nonoy's act or omission has compelled
Raffy to litigate to protect his interests. Furthermore.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) In Abejam v. Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court said
attorneys' fees may be awarded by the court when it is just
that even if the issue of damages were not raised by the
and equitable. (Article 2208(110) Civil Code).
appellant in the Court of Appeals but the Court of Appeals
in its findings increased the damages, the Supreme Court
Damages arising from Death of Unborn Child (1991)
will not disturb the findings of the Court of Appeals.
On her third month of pregnancy, Rosemarie, married to
Boy, for reasons known only to her, and without informing
Boy, went to the clinic of X, a known abortionist, who for ab) No, the contention of the accused is not correct because
fee, removed and expelled the fetus from her womb, Boy upon appeal to the Appellate Court, the court acquired
jurisdiction over the entire case, criminal as well as civil.
learned of the abortion six (6) months later.
Since the conviction of homicide had been appealed, there
Page 111 of 119
is no finality in the amount of indemnity because the civil A van owned by Orlando and driven by Diego, while
liability arising from the crime and the judgment on the negotiating a downhill slope of a city road, suddenly gained
crime has not yet become final
speed, obviously beyond the authorized limit in the area,
and bumped a car in front of it, causing severed damage to
c) Yes. Since the civil indemnity is an award in the civil the care and serious injuries to its passengers. Orlando was
action arising from the criminal offense, the rule that a not in the car at the time of the incident. The car owner and
the injured passengers sued Orlando and Diego for damages
party
cannot be granted affirmative relief unless he himself hascaused by Diegos negligence. In their defense, Diego claims
that the downhill slope caused the van to gain speed and
appealed should apply. Therefore, it was error for the Court
that, as he stepped on the brakes to check the acceleration,
of Appeals to have expanded the indemnity since the
the brakes locked, causing the van to go even faster and
eventually to hit the car in front of it. Orlando and Diego
d) No. Courts can review matters not assigned as errors. contend that the sudden malfunction of the vans brake
system is a fortuitous even and that, therefore, they are
(Hydro Resource vs. CA . 204 SCRA 309).
exempt from any liability.
Is this contention tenable? Explain. (2%)
Defense; Due Diligence in Selection (2003)
As a result of a collision between the taxicab owned by A
and another taxicab owned by B, X, a passenger of the first
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
taxicab, was seriously injured. X later filed a criminal action
No. Mechanical defects of a motor vehicle do not constitute
against both drivers.
fortuitous event, since the presence of such defects would
have been readily detected by diligent maintenance check.
The failure to maintain the vehicle in safe running condition
May both taxicab owners raise the defense of due diligence
constitutes negligence.
in the selection and supervision of their drivers to be
absolved from liability for damages to X? Reason. 5%
Liability; Airline Company; Non-Performance of an
It depends. If the civil action is based on a quasi-delict theObligation (2004)
DT and MT were prominent members of the frequent
taxicab owners may raise the defense of diligence of a good
father of a family in the selection and supervision of the travelers club of FX Airlines. In Hongkong, the couple
were assigned seats in Business Class for which they had
driver; if the action against them is based on culpa
bought tickets. On checking in, however, they were told
contractual or civil liability arising from a crime, they
they were upgraded by computer to First Class for the flight
cannot
to Manila because the Business Section was overbooked.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Filing of Separate Civil Action; Need for Reservation (2003)

As a result of a collision between the taxicab owned by A Both refused to transfer despite better seats, food, beverage
and another taxicab owned by B, X, a passenger of the first
and other services in First Class. They said they had guests
taxicab, was seriously injured. X later filed a criminal action
in Business Class they should attend to. They felt
against both drivers.
humiliated, embarrassed and vexed, however, when the
stewardess allegedly threatened to offload them if they did
Is it necessary for X to reserve his right to institute a civilnot avail of the upgrade. Thus they gave in, but during the
action for damages against both taxicab owners before hetransfer of luggage DT suffered pain in his arm and wrist.
After arrival in Manila, they demanded an apology from
can file a civil action for damages against them? Why
FXs management as well as indemnity payment. When
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
none was forthcoming, they sued the airline for a million
It depends. If the separate civil action is to recover damages
pesos in damages.
arising from the criminal act, reservation is necessary. If the
Is the airline liable for actual and moral damages? Why or
civil action against the taxicab owners is based on culpa why not? Explain briefly. (5%)
contractual, or on quasi-delict, there is no need for
reservation.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
FX Airlines committed breach of contract when it upgraded

No, such reservation is not necessary. Under Section 1 of DT and MT, over their objections, to First Class because
Rule 111 of the 2000 Rules on Criminal Procedure, what is
they had contracted for Business Class passage. However,
deemed instituted with the criminal action is only the although there is a breach of contract, DT and MT are
action to recover civil liability arising from the crime or exentitled to actual damages only for such pecuniary losses
delicto. All the other civil actions under Articles 32, 33, 34suffered by them as a result of such breach. There seems to
and 2176 of the New Civil Code are no longer deemed be no showing that they incurred such pecuniary loss. There
instituted, and may be filed separately and prosecuted is no showing that the pain in DT's arm and wrist resulted
independently even without any reservation in the criminal
directly from the carrier's acts complained of. Hence, they
action (Section 3, Rule 111, Ibid). The failure to make a are not entitled to actual damages. Moreover, DT could
reservation in the criminal action is not a waiver of the right
have avoided the alleged injury by requesting the airline
to file a separate and independent civil action based on staff
these articles of the New Civil Code (Casupanan v. Laroya to do the luggage transfer as a matter of duty on their part.
There is also no basis to award moral damages for such
GR No. 145391, August 26, 2002).
breach of contract because the facts of the problem do not
show bad faith or fraud on the part of the airline. (Cathay
Pacific v. Vazquez, 399 SCRA 207 [2003]). However, they
Fortuitous Event; Mechanical Defects (2002)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 112 of 119
may recover moral damages if the cause of action is basedThe action may or may not prosper. Moral damages include
on Article 21 of the Civil Code for the humiliation and
physical suffering, mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety,
embarrassment they felt when the stewardess threatenedbesmirched
to
reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock,
offload them if they did not avail of the upgrade.
social humiliation, and similar injury. Although incapable of
pecuniary computation, moral damages may be recovered if
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
they are the proximate result of the defendant's wrongful
If it can be proved that DT's pain in his arm and wrist
occasioned by the transfer of luggage was caused by faultact
or or omission. Moral damages predicated upon a breach
negligence on the part of the airline's stewardess, actual of contract of carriage are recoverable only in instances
where the carrier is guilty of fraud or bad faith or where the
damages may be recovered.
mishap resulted in the death of a passenger. (Cathay Pacific
The airline may be liable for moral damages pursuant to Art.
Airways, Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 60501, March 5,
2219 (10) if the cause of action is based on Article 21 or an
1993) Where there is no showing that the airline acted
act contrary to morals in view of the humiliation suffered fraudulently
by
or in bad faith, liability for damages is limited
DT and MT when they were separated from their guests to the natural and probable consequences of the breach of
and were threatened to be offloaded.
the contract of carriage which the parties had foreseen or
could have reasonably foreseen. In such a case the liability
does not include moral and exemplary damages.
Liability; Airline Company; Non-Performance of an
Obligation (2005)
Dr. and Mrs. Almeda are prominent citizens of the countryIn the instant case, if the involuntary upgrading of the
and are frequent travelers abroad. In 1996, they booked Almedas' seat accommodation was not attended by fraud or
round-trip business class tickets for the Manila-Hong Kongbad faith, the award of moral damages has no leg to stand
Manila route of the Pinoy Airlines, where they are holderson.
of Gold Mabalos Class Frequent Flier cards. On their return
flight, Pinoy Airlines upgraded their tickets to first class
without their consent and, inspite of their protestations toThus, spouses would not also be entitled to exemplary
damages. It is a requisite in the grant of exemplary
be allowed to remain in the business class so that they could
damages
be with their friends, they were told that the business class
that the act of the offender must be accompanied by bad
was already fully booked, and that they were given priority
in upgrading because they are elite members/holders of (Morris v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127957, February 21,
Gold Mabalos Class cards. Since they were embarrassed at
2001) Moreover, to be entitled thereto, the claimant must
the discussions with the flight attendants, they were forced
first establish his right to moral, temperate, or
to take the flight at the first class section apart from theircompensatory damages. (Art. 2234, Civil Code) Since the
friends who were in the business class. Upon their return Almedas
to
are not entitled to any of these damages, the
Manila, they demanded a written apology from Pinoy
award
Airlines. When it went unheeded, the couple sued Pinoy for exemplary damages has no legal basis. Where the
Airlines for breach of contract claiming moral and
awards
exemplary damages, as well as attorney's fees.
of Appeals, G.R. No. 111080, April 5, 2000; Morris v. Court of
Will the action prosper? Give reasons. (5%)
Appeals, G.R. No. 127957, February 21, 2001) The most that
can be adjudged in their favor for Pinoy Airlines' breach of
contract is an award for nominal damages under Article
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Yes, the action will prosper. Article 2201 of the Civil Code2221 of the Civil Code. (Cathay Pacific Airways v. Sps.
entitles the person to recover damages which may be
Daniel & Maria Luisa Vasquez, G.R. No. 150843, March 14,
attributed to non-performance of an obligation. In Alitalia 2003)
Airways v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 77011, July 24, 1990),
if spouses Almeda could prove that there was bad

when an airline issues ticket to a passenger confirmed onHowever,
a
faith on the part of Pinoy Airlines when it breached the
particular flight, a contract of carriage arises and the
passenger expects that he would fly on that day. When thecontract of carriage, it could be liable for moral, exemplary
airline deliberately overbooked, it took the risk of having as
to well as attorney's fees.
deprive some passengers of their seat in case all of them
would show up. For the indignity and inconvenience of Liability; Employer; Damage caused by Employees (1997)
being refused the confirmed seat, said passenger is entitled
a) When would an employer's liability for damage, caused
to moral damages.
by an employee in the performance of his assigned
tasks, be primary and when would it be subsidiary in
nature?
In the given problem, spouses Almeda had a booked
b) Would the defense of due diligence in the selection and
roundtrip business class ticket with Pinoy Airlines. When
supervision of the employee be available to the
their tickets were upgraded to first class without their
employer in both instances?
consent, Pinoy Airlines breached the contract. As ruled in
Zulueta v. Pan American (G.R. No. L-28589, January 8, 1973), SUGGESTED ANSWER::
in case of overbooking, airline is in bad faith. Therefore, (a) The employer's liability for damage based on culpa
aquiliana under Art, 2176 and 2180 of the Civil Code is
spouses Almeda are entitled to damages.
primary; while that under Art. 103 of the Revised Penal
Code is subsidiary.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 113 of 119
(b)The defense of diligence in the selection and

the vehicle at the time of the accident, be held solidarily
supervision of the employee under Article 2180 of the Civil
liable with his driver, John? (5%)
Code is available only to those primarily liable thereunder,SUGGESTED ANSWER:
but not to those subsidiarily liable under Article 103 of the
Yes. Art may be held solidary liable with John, if it was
Revised Penal Code (Yumul vs. Juliano, 72 Phil. 94).
proven that the former could have prevented the
misfortune with the use of due diligence. Article 2184 of the
Civil Code states: "In motor mishaps, the owner is solidary
Liability; owner who was in the vehicle (1996)
liable with his driver, if the former, who was in the vehicle,
Marcial, who does not know how to drive, has always been
could have, by the use of due diligence, prevented the
driven by Ben, his driver of ten years whom he had chosen
misfortune, x x x"
carefully and has never figured in a vehicular mishap. One
day, Marcial was riding at the back seat of his Mercedes ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Benz being driven along EDSA by Ben. Absorbed in
1. It depends. The Supreme Court in Chapman vs,
reading a book, Marcial did not notice that they were
Underwood (27 Phil 374), held: "An owner who sits in his
approaching the corner of Quezon Avenue, when the traffic
automobile, or other vehicle, and permits his driver to
light had just turned yellow. Ben suddenly stepped on the continue in a violation of law by the performance of
gas to cross the intersection before the traffic light could negligent acts, after he has had a reasonable opportunity to
turn red. But, too late. Midway in the intersection, the
observe them and to direct that the driver cease therefrom,
traffic
becomes himself responsible for such acts, x x x On the
light changed, and a Jeepney full of passengers suddenly other hand, if the driver, by a sudden act of negligence, and
crossed the car's path. A collision between the two vehicles
without the owner having a reasonable opportunity to
was inevitable. As a result, several jeepney passengers were
prevent the act or its continuance, injures a person or
seriously injured. A suit for damages based on culpa
violates the criminal law, the owner of the automobile,
aquiliana was filed against Marcial and Ben, seeking to hold
although present therein at the time the act was committed
them jointly and severally liable for such injuries.
is not responsible, either civilly or criminally, therefor. The
act complained of must be continued in the presence of the
owner for such a length of time that the owner, by his
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
acquiescence, makes his driver's act his own."
Marcial may not be liable because under Art. 2184, NCC,
the owner who is in the vehicle is not liable with the driver
if by the exercise of due diligence he could have prevented
the injury. The law does not require the owner to supervise
the driver every minute that he was driving. Only when Does the presence of the owner inside the vehicle causing
through his negligence, the owner has lost an opportunitydamage
to
to a third party affect his liability for his drivers
prevent the accident would he be liable (Caedo v. Ytt Khe negligence? Explain (2%)
Thai, 26 SCRA 410 citing Chapman v. Underwood and
Manlangit v. Mauler, 250 SCRA 560). In this case, the fact
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In motor vehicle mishaps, the owner is made solidarily

that the owner was absorbed in reading a book does not liable with his driver if he (the owner) was in the vehicle
conclusively show that he lost the opportunity to prevent and
could have, by the use of due diligence, prevented the
the accident through his negligence.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Yes, Marcial should be held liable. Art. 2164. NCC makes Moral Damages & Atty Fees (2002)
Ortillo contracts Fabricato, Inc. to supply and install tile
an owner of a motor vehicle solidarily liable with the driver
if, being in the vehicle at the time of the mishap, he couldmaterials in a building he is donating to his province. Ortillo
have prevented it by the exercise of due diligence. The pays 50% of the contract price as per agreement. It is also
traffic conditions along EDSA at any time of day or night agreed that the balance would be payable periodically after
are such as to require the observance of utmost care and every 10% performance until completed. After performing
about 93% of the contract, for which it has been paid an
total alertness in view of the large number of vehicles
running at great speed. Marcial was negligent in that he additional 40% as per agreement, Fabricato, Inc. did not
complete the project due to its sudden cessation of
rendered himself oblivious to the traffic hazards by reading
a book instead of focusing his attention on the road and operations. Instead, Fabricato, Inc. demands payment of the
supervising the manner in which his car was being driven.last 10% of the contract despite its non-completion of the
project. Ortillo refuses to pay, invoking the stipulation that
Thus he failed to prevent his driver from attempting to beat
payment of the last amount 10% shall be upon completion.
the traffic light at the junction of Quezon Avenue and
Fabricato, Inc. brings suit for the entire 10%. Plus damages,
EDSA, which Marcial, without being a driver himself could
Ortillo counters with claims for (a) moral damages for
have easily perceived as a reckless course of conduct.
Fabricato, Inc.s unfounded suit which has damaged his
reputation as a philanthropist and respect businessman in
his community, and (b) attorneys fees.
A. Does Ortillo have a legal basis for his claim for moral
A Gallant driven by John and owned by Art, and a Corolla damages? (2%)
driven by its owner, Gina, collided somewhere along
B. How about his claim for attorneys fees, having hired a
Adriatico Street. As a result of the accident, Gina had a lawyer to defend him? (3%)
concussion. Subsequently. Gina brought an action for
damages against John and Art. There is no doubt that the
collision is due to John's negligence. Can Art, who was in
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 114 of 119
A. There is no legal basis to Ortillos claim for moral

a) When a 7-year old boy injures his playmate while
damages. It does not fall under the coverage of Article 2219
playing with his father's rifle. Explain. (2%)
of the New Civil Code.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The parents of the 7-year old boy who caused injury to his
B. Ortillo is entitled to attorneys fees because Fabricatosplaymate are liable under Article 219 of the Family Code, in
complaint is a case of malicious prosecution or a clearly relation to Article 2180 of the Civil Code since they exercise
parental authority over the person of the boy. (Tamargo v.
unfounded civil action. (Art. 2208 [4] and [11], NCC).
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 85044, June 3, 1992; Elcano v.
Hill, G.R. No. L-24803, May 26, 1977)
Moral Damages; Non-Recovery Thereof (2006)

Under Article 2219 of the Civil Code, moral damages may
b)When a domestic helper, while haggling for a
be recovered in the cases specified therein several of which
lower price with a fish vendor in the course of buying
are enumerated below.
foodstuffs for her employer's family, slaps the fish
Choose the case wherein you cannot recover moral
vendor, causing her to fall and sustain injuries.
damages. Explain. (2.5%)
a) A criminal offense resulting in physical injuries
Explain. (2%)
b) Quasi-delicts causing physical injuries
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
c) Immorality or dishonesty
Employer of the domestic helper who slapped a fish
d) Illegal search
vendor. Under Article 2180, par. 5 of the Civil Code,
e) Malicious prosecution
"employers shall be liable for the damages caused by their
SUGGESTED ANSWER: Immorality and dishonesty, per se,
employees and household helpers acting within the scope of
are not among those cases enumerated in Article 2219 their assigned tasks, even though the former are not
which can be the basis of an action for moral damages. The
engaged in any business or industry."
law specifically mentions adultery or concubinage, etc. but
not any and every immoral act.
c)A carpenter in a construction company

accidentally hits the right foot of his co-worker with a
hammer. Explain. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Quasi-Delict (1992)
The owner of the construction company. Article 2180,
As the result of a collision between a public service
paragraph 4 states that "the owners and managers of an
passenger bus and a cargo truck owned by D, X sustainedestablishment or enterprise are likewise responsible for
physical injuries and Y died. Both X and Y were passengers
damages caused by their employees in the service of the
of the bus. Both drivers were at fault, and so X and Z, the branches in which the latter are employed or on the
only heir and legitimate child of the deceased Y, sued the occasion of their functions."
owners of both vehicles.
a) May the owner of the bus raise the defense of having
d)A 15-year old high school student stabs his
exercised the diligence of a good father of a family?
b) May D raise the same defense?
classmate who is his rival for a girl while they were
c) May X claim moral damages from both defendants?
going out of the classroom after their last class.
d) May Z claim moral damages from both defendants? Give
Explain. (2%)
reasons for all your answers,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The school, teacher and administrator as they exercise

special parental authority. (Art. 2180, par. 7 in relation to
(a) No. The owner of the bus cannot raise the defense
Art. 218 and Art. 219 of the Family Code)
because the carrier's liability is based on breach of contract
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) Yes. D can raise the defense because his liability is

based on a quasi-delict.
e)
What defense, if any, is available to them? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The defense that might be available to them is the

observance of a good father of the family to prevent the
damage. (Last par., Art. 2180, Civil Code)
(c) Because X suffered physical injuries, X can claim moral
damages against D, but as against the owner of the bus. X
can claim moral damages only if X proves reckless
Quasi-Delict; Acts contrary to morals (1996)
negligence of the carrier amounting to fraud.
Rosa was leasing an apartment in the city. Because of the
Rent Control Law, her landlord could not increase the
(d) Z can claim moral damages against both defendants rental as much as he wanted to, nor terminate her lease as
because the rules on damages arising from death due to along as she was paying her rent. In order to force her to
quasi-delict are also applicable to death of a passenger leave the premises, the landlord stopped making repairs on
caused by breach of contract by a common carrier (Arts. the apartment, and caused the water and electricity services
to be disconnected. The difficulty of living without
1755. 1756, 1764, 2206 and 2219. Civil Code).
electricity and running water resulted in Rosa's suffering a
nervous breakdown. She sued the landlord for actual and
Quasi-Delict (2005)
moral damages.
Under the law on quasi-delict, aside from the persons whoWill the action prosper? Explain.
caused injury to persons, who else are liable under the
following circumstances:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 115 of 119
Yes, based on quasi-delict under the human relations

for quasi-delict may nonetheless prosper. The Supreme
provisions of the New Civil Code (Articles 19, 20 and 21) Court has consistently ruled that the act that breaks the
because the act committed by the lessor is contrary to
contract may also be a tort. There is a fiduciary relationship
morals. Moral damages are recoverable under Article 2219
between the bank and the depositor, imposing utmost
(10) in relation to Article 21. Although the action is baseddiligence in managing the accounts of the depositor. The
on quasi-delict and not on contract, actual damages may be
dishonor of the check adversely affected the credit standing
recovered if the lessee is able to prove the losses and
of Tony, hence, he is entitled to damages (Singson v. BPI,
expenses she suffered.
G.R. No. L-24932, June 27, 1968; American Express

International, Inc. v. IAC, G.R. No. 72383, November 9, 1988;
Consolidated Bank and Trust v. CA, G.R. No. L-70766
November 9,1998).
a) Yes, based on breach of contract. The lessor has the

obligation to undertake repairs to make the apartment
habitable and to maintain the lessee in the peaceful and
adequate enjoyment of the lease for the entire duration ofVicarious Liability (1991)
the contract (Article 1654. NCC). Since there was willful Romano was bumped by a minivan owned by the Solomon
breach of contract by the lessor, the lessee is entitled to School of Practical Arts (SSPA). The minivan was driven by
moral damages under Article 3220, NCC. She is also
Peter, a student assistant whose assignment was to clean
entitled to actual damages, e. g. loss of income, medical the
expenses, etc., which she can prove at the trial.
school passageways daily one hour before and one hour
after regular classes, in exchange for free tuition. Peter was
able to drive the school vehicle after persuading the regular
b) Yes, based on contract and/or on tort. The lessor
driver, Paul, to turn over the wheel to him (Peter). Romano
willfully breached his obligations under Article 1654. NCC,
suffered serious physical injuries. The accident happened at
hence, he is liable for breach of contract. For such breach,night when only one headlight of the vehicle was
the lessee may recover moral damages under Art. 2220 offunctioning and Peter only had a student driver's permit.
the NCC, and actual damages that she may have suffered As
on a consequence, Peter was convicted in the criminal case.
account thereof. And since the conduct of the lessor was Thereafter, Romano sued for damages against Peter and
contrary to morals, he may also be held liable for quasi- SSPA.
delict. The lessee may recover moral damages under Article
a) Will the action for damages against Peter and SSPA
2219 (10) in relation to Article 21, and all actual damages prosper?
which she may have suffered by reason of such conduct b) Will your answer be the same if, Paul, the regular
under Articles 9, 20 and 21.
driver, was impleaded as party defendant for allowing
Peter to drive the minivan without a regular driver's
license.
c) Is the exercise of due diligence in the selection and
c) Yes, the action should prosper for both actual and moral
damages. In fact, even exemplary damages and attorney's supervision of Peter and Paul a material issue to be
fees can be claimed by Rosa, on the authority of Magbanua
vs. IAC (137 SCRA 328), considering that, as given, the
lessor's willful and illegal act of disconnecting the water and
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
electric services resulted in Rosa's suffering a nervous
A. Yes. It will prosper (Art, 2180) because at the time he
breakdown. Art. 20 NCC and Art, 21, NCC authorize the drove the vehicle, he was not performing his assigned tasks
award of damages for such willful and illegal conduct.
as provided for by Art. 2180. With respect to SSPA, it is not
liable for the acts of Peter because the latter was not an
employee as held by Supreme Court in Filamer Christian
Quasi-Delict; Mismanagement of Depositors Account
Institute vs. CA. (190 SCRA 485). Peter belongs to a special
(2006)
category of students who render service to the school in
Tony bought a Ford Expedition from a car dealer in
exchange for free tuition fees.
Muntinlupa City. As payment, Tony issued a check drawn
against his current account with Premium Bank. Since he
has a good reputation, the car dealer allowed him to
B. I would maintain the same answer because the incident
immediately drive home the vehicle merely on his assurance
did not occur while the employee was in the performance of
that his check is sufficiently funded. When the car dealer his duty as such employee. The incident occurred at night
deposited the check, it was dishonored on the ground of time, and in any case, there was no indication in the
"Account Closed." After an investigation, it was found thatproblem that he was performing his duties as a driver.
an employee of the bank misplaced Tony's account ledger.
Thus, the bank erroneously assumed that his account no
longer exists. Later it turned out that Tony's account has C. In the case of Peter, if he were to be considered as
more than sufficient funds to cover the check. The dealer employee, the exercise of due diligence in the selection and
supervision of peter would not be a material issue since the
however, immediately filed an action for recovery of
possession of the vehicle against Tony for which he was conviction of Peter would result in a subsidiary liability
terribly humiliated and embarrassed. Does Tony have a where the defense would not be available by the employer.
cause of action against Premium Bank? Explain. (5%)
In the case of Paul, since the basis of subsidiary liability is
the pater familias rule under Art. 2180, the defense of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
selection and supervision of the employee would be a valid
Yes, Tony may file an action against Premium Bank for
defense.
damages under Art. 2176. Even if there exists a contractual
relationship between Tony and Premium Bank, an action ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Page 116 of 119
C. In the case of Peter, if he were to be considered an

The doctrine of VICARIOUS LIABILITY is that which
employee, the exercise of due diligence in the selection and
renders a person liable for the negligence of others for
supervision of Peter would not be a material issue since the
whose acts or omission the law makes him responsible on
conviction of Peter would result in a subsidiary liability the theory that they are under his control and supervision.
where the defense would not be available by the employer.
Vicarious Liability (2004)
In the case of Paul, since he was in the performance of hisOJ was employed as professional driver of MM Transit bus
work at the time the incident occurred, the school may beowned by Mr. BT. In the course of his work, OJ hit a
held subsidiarily liable not because of the conviction of pedestrian who was seriously injured and later died in the
Peter, but because of the negligence of Paul under Art. hospital as a result of the accident. The victims heirs sued
the driver and the owner of the bus for damages.
2180.
Is there a presumption in this case that Mr. BT, the owner,
had been negligent? If so, is the presumption absolute or
not? Explain. (5%)
After working overtime up to midnight, Alberto, an
executive of an insurance company drove a company
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
vehicle to a favorite Videoke bar where he had some drinks
Yes, there is a presumption of negligence on the part of the
and sang some songs with friends to "unwind". At 2:00 employer. However, such presumption is rebuttable. The
a.m., he drove home, but in doing so, he bumped a tricycle,
liability of the employer shall cease when they prove that
resulting in the death of its driver. May the insurance
they observed the diligence of a good father of a family to
company be held liable for the negligent act of Alberto? prevent damage (Article 2180, Civil Code).
Why?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The insurance company is not liable because when the

accident occurred, Alberto was not acting within the
assigned tasks of his employment.
When the employee causes damage due to his own

negligence while performing his own duties, there arises the
juris tantum presumption that the employer is negligent,
rebuttable only by proof of observance of the diligence of a
good father of a family (Metro Manila Transit v. CA, 223
SCRA 521 [1993]; Delsan Transport Lines v, C&tA

It is true that under Art. 2180 (par. 5), employers are liable
for damages caused by their employees who were acting Construction, 412 SCRA 524 2003).
within the scope of their assigned tasks. However, the mere
fact that Alberto was using a service vehicle of the employer
Likewise, if the driver is charged and convicted in a criminal
at the time of the injurious accident does not necessarily case for criminal negligence, BT is subsidiarily liable for the
mean that he was operating the vehicle within the scope of
damages arising from the criminal act.
his employment. In Castilex Industrial Corp. v. Vasquez Jr
(321 SCRA393 [1999]). the Supreme Court held that
notwithstanding the fact that the employee did some
Arturo sold his Pajero to Benjamin for P1 Million. Benovertime work for the company, the former was,
jamin took the vehicle but did not register the sale with the
nevertheless, engaged in his own affairs or carrying out a
Land Transportation Office. He allowed his son Carlos, a
personal purpose when he went to a restaurant at 2:00 a.m.
minor who did not have a driver's license, to drive the car to
after coming out from work. The time of the accident (also
buy pan de sal in a bakery. On the way, Carlos driving in a
2:00 a. m.) was outside normal working hours.
reckless manner, sideswiped Dennis, then riding a bicycle.
As a result, he suffered serious physical injuries. Dennis
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
filed a criminal complaint against Carlos for reckless
The insurance company is liable if Alberto was negligent in
imprudence resulting in serious physical injuries.
the operation of the car and the car was assigned to him for
the benefit of the insurance company, and even though he1. Can Dennis file an independent civil action against Carlos
was not within the scope of his assigned tasks when the and his father Benjamin for damages based on quasi-delict?
accident happened. In one case decided by the Supreme Explain. (2,5%)
Court, where an executive of a pharmaceutical company SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, Dennis can file an independent
was
civil action against Carlos and his father for damages based
given the use of a company car, and after office hours, theon quasi-delict there being an act or omission causing
executive made personal use of the car and met an accident,
damage to another without contractual obligation. Under
the employer was also made liable under Art. 2180 of the Section 1 of Rule 111 of the 2000 Rules on Criminal
Civil Code for the injury caused by the negligent operation
Procedure, what is deemed instituted with the criminal
of the car by the executive, on the ground that the car
action is only the action to recover civil liability arising from
which caused the injury was assigned to the executive by the act or omission punished by law. An action based on
the
quasi-delict is no longer deemed instituted and may be filed
employer for the prestige of the company. The insurance separately [Section 3, Rule 111, Rules of Criminal
company was held liable even though the employee was not
Procedure].
2. Assuming Dennis' action is tenable, can Benjamin raise

the defense that he is not liable because the vehicle is not
Explain the concept of vicarious liability in quasi-delicts.
registered in his name? Explain. (2.5%)
(1%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 117 of 119
No, Benjamin cannot raise the

called oncomouse in Manila? What will be your advice to
defense that the vehicle is not registered in his name. Hishim? (5%)
liability, vicarious in character, is based on Article 2180 SUGGESTED ANSWER:
because he is the father of a minor who caused damage due
(1) The reciprocity principle in private international law may
to negligence. While the suit will prosper against the
be applied in our jurisdiction. Section 3 of R.A. 8293, the
registered owner, it is the actual owner of the private
Intellectual Property Code, provides for reciprocity, as
vehicle
follows: "Any person who is a national, or who is domiciled,
who is ultimately liable (See Duavit v. CA, G.R. No. L-29759, or has a real and effective industrial establishment in a
May 18, 1989). The purpose of car registration is to reducecountry which is a party to any convention, treaty or
agreement relating to intellectual property rights or the
(Villanueva v. Domingo, G.R. No. 144274, September 14,
repression of
2004).
unfair competition, to which the Philippines is also a party,
or extends reciprocal rights to nationals of the Philippines
Vicarious Liability; Public Utility (2000)
by law, shall be entitled to benefits to the extent necessary
Silvestre leased a car from Avis-Rent-A-Car Co. at the
to give effect to any provision of such convention, treaty or
Mactan International Airport. No sooner had he driven the
reciprocal law, in addition to the rights to which any owner
car outside the airport when, due to his negligence, he of an intellectual property right is otherwise entitled by this
bumped an FX taxi owned and driven by Victor, causing Act. (n)" To illustrate: the Philippines may refrain from
damage to the latter in the amount of P100,000.00. Victorimposing a requirement of local incorporation or
filed an action for damages against both Silvestre and Avis,
establishment of a local domicile for the protection of
based on quasi-delict. Avis filed a motion to dismiss the industrial property rights of foreign nationals (citizens of
complaint against it on the ground of failure to state a cause
Canada, Switzerland, U.S.) if the countries of said foreign
of action. Resolve the motion. (3%)
nationals refrain from imposing said requirement on
Filipino citizens.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The motion to dismiss should be granted, AVIS is not the

employer of Silvestre; hence, there is no right of action ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
against AVIS under Article 2180 of the Civil Code. Not
Reciprocity principle cannot be applied in our jurisdiction
being the employer, AVIS has no duty to supervise
because the Philippines is a party to the TRIPS agreement
Silvestre. Neither has AVIS the duty to observe due
and the WTO. The principle involved is the most-favored
diligence in the selection of its customers. Besides, it wasnation clause which is the principle of non-discrimination.
given in the problem that the cause of the accident was the
The protection afforded to intellectual property protection
negligence of Silvestre.
in the Philippines also applies to other members of the
WTO. Thus, it is not really reciprocity principle in private
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
international law that applies, but the most-favored nation
The motion should be denied. Under the Public Service
clause under public international law.
Law, the registered owner of a public utility is liable for the
damages suffered by third persons through the use of such
public utility. Hence, the cause of action is based in law, the
(2) There is no legal reason why "oncomouse" cannot be
Public Service Law.
protected under the law. Among those excluded from
patent protection are "plant varieties or animal breeds, or
essentially biological process for the production of plants
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
and animals" (Section 22.4 Intellectual Property Code, R.A.
No. 8293). The "oncomouse" in the problem is not an
essentially biological process for the production of animals.
Intellectual Creation (2004)
It is a real invention because its body cells do not naturally
Dr. ALX is a scientist honored for work related to the
occur in nature but are the product of man's ingenuity,
human genome project. Among his pioneering efforts
intellect and industry.
concern stem cell research for the cure of Alzheimers
disease. Under corporate sponsorship, he helped develop a
microbe that ate and digested oil spills in the sea.
The breeding of oncomouse has novelty, inventive step and
industrial application. These are the three requisites of
Now he leads a college team for cancer research in MSS patentability. (Sec. 29, IPC)
State. The team has experimented on a mouse whose body
cells replicate and bear cancerous tumor.Called
oncomouse, it is a life-form useful for medical research There are no ethical reasons why Dr. ADX and his college
and it is a novel creation. Its body cells do not naturally team cannot be given exclusive ownership over their
invention. The use of such genetically modified mouse,
occur in nature but are the product of mans intellect,
industry and ingenuity. However, there is a doubt whetheruseful for cancer research, outweighs considerations for
animal rights.
local property laws and ethics would allow rights of
exclusive ownership on any life-form. Dr. ALX needs your
advice: (1) whether the reciprocity principle in private
There are no legal and ethical reasons that would frustrate
international law could be applied in our jurisdiction; andDr. ALX's claim of exclusive ownership over "oncomouse".
(2)
Animals are property capable of being appropriated and
whether there are legal and ethical reasons that could
owned'. In fact, one can own pet dogs or cats, or any other
animal. If wild animals are capable of being owned, with
more reason animals technologically enhanced or corrupted
Page 118 of 119
by man's invention or industry are susceptible to exclusive

ownership by the inventor.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The oncomouse is a higher life form which does not fall

within the definition of the term "invention". Neither may it
fall within the ambit of the term "manufacture" which
usually implies a non-living mechanistic product.
The oncomouse is better regarded as a "discovery" which is
the common patrimony of man.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The "oncomouse" is a non-patentable invention. Hence,

cannot be owned exclusively by its inventor. It is a method
for the treatment of the human or animal body by surgery
or therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on said bodies
are not patentable under Sec. 22 of the IPC.
Page 119 of 119

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CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

First Edition - Edited and Arranged by:

July 26, 2005

Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao and

Silliman University College of Law

From the ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................................................... 10

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Family Home; Dwelling House (1994) ..........................................................................................................................

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Heirs; Intestate Heirs; Reserva Troncal (1995) .............................................................................................................

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Easements; Right of Way; Requisites (1996) ...............................................................................................................

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Nature of Contracts; Relativity of Contracts (2002) ......................................................................................................

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Leasee & Lessor; Rights and Obligations (1990) .........................................................................................................

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Defense; Due Diligence in Selection (2003)................................................................................................................

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

cannot have the force of official precedents. It is as if the

In Civil Law, the statutes theoretically take precedence

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Ignorance of the Law vs. Mistake of Fact (1996)

2. the resolution of such issue determines whether or not

Change of Name; Under RA 9048 (2006)

Prejudicial Questions (1997)

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

spelling, visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding,

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

Juridical capacity, as distinguished from capacity to act: (a)

(c) The consideration will be governed by the law of the

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

father was a Filipino citizen, Philippine law governs Juan's

3.The extrinsic validity of Juan's will is governed by (a)

4.The intrinsic validity of his will is governed by

Applicable Laws; Capacity to Act (1998)

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

persons is governed by the law of his nationality, capacity

Applicable Laws; contracts contrary to public policy (1996)

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

our Courts. (Cadalin v. POEA. 238 SCRA 762)

Supreme Court applied Philippine law in recovery of

Applicable Laws; Labor Contracts (1991)

Under the circumstances, the dismissal of Maritess without

Vanessa can recover damages under Philippine law for

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

"Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or

Accordingly, a state's own conflict of laws rule may,

(a) The marriage of Mans and Johnson was valid when

Going into the specific provisions of the contract in

No, Gene is not free to marry his former girlfriend. His

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

it deprived them of their legitimes but the daughter was

b) COGNOVIT is a "statement of confession"

Applicable Laws; Sucession of Aliens (1995)