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    First Order Circuit Analysis: SYSU - 2010 Spring Lecture 05 - 1

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    JeffreyBerida
    This document summarizes key topics in first order circuit analysis including: 1) Common supply functions such as DC, step, ramp, and pulse functions. 2) The step response of first order RC and RL circuits, including deriving the exponential equations for the capacitor voltage and inductor current. 3) Examples of calculating capacitor voltage and inductor current at given times using the time constant τ. The document provides the essential information about first order circuits, their responses to step inputs, and uses examples to demonstrate calculating circuit variables using the exponential equations and time constant τ.

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    First Order Circuit Analysis: SYSU - 2010 Spring Lecture 05 - 1

    Uploaded by

    JeffreyBerida
    45 views36 pages
    This document summarizes key topics in first order circuit analysis including: 1) Common supply functions such as DC, step, ramp, and pulse functions. 2) The step response of first order RC and RL circuits, including deriving the exponential equations for the capacitor voltage and inductor current. 3) Examples of calculating capacitor voltage and inductor current at given times using the time constant τ. The document provides the essential information about first order circuits, their responses to step inputs, and uses examples to demonstrate calculating circuit variables using the exponential equations and time constant τ.

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    This document summarizes key topics in first order circuit analysis including: 1) Common supply functions such as DC, step, ramp, and pulse functions. 2) The step response of first order RC and RL circuits, including deriving the exponential equations for the capacitor voltage and inductor current. 3) Examples of calculating capacitor voltage and inductor current at given times using the time constant τ. The document provides the essential information about first order circuits, their responses to step inputs, and uses examples to demonstrate calculating circuit variables using the exponential equations and time constant τ.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views36 pages

    First Order Circuit Analysis: SYSU - 2010 Spring Lecture 05 - 1

    Uploaded by

    JeffreyBerida
    This document summarizes key topics in first order circuit analysis including: 1) Common supply functions such as DC, step, ramp, and pulse functions. 2) The step response of first order RC and RL circuits, including deriving the exponential equations for the capacitor voltage and inductor current. 3) Examples of calculating capacitor voltage and inductor current at given times using the time constant τ. The document provides the essential information about first order circuits, their responses to step inputs, and uses examples to demonstrate calculating circuit variables using the exponential equations and time constant τ.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 36

    Chapter 5:

    First Order Circuit Analysis

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 1

    Topics To Cover
    z

    Special Supply Functions


    DC, Step, Ramp, and Pulse

    First Order Circuit


    Source-free RC and RL circuits
    Step response

    Textbook: Chapter 7

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 2

    Common Supply Functions


    z

    Voltage or Current Sources:


    v(t ) = Vs

    DC

    Vs > 0

    Step
    Rectangular Pulse
    Ramp
    Triangular Pulse
    Impulse

    t
    Vs < 0

    Singularity functions: functions that


    either are discontinuous or have
    discontinuous derivatives

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 3

    Special Supply Functions Step


    Unit Step Function
    (corresponds to a switch)
    0,
    u (t ) =
    1,

    t<0
    t >0

    t < to
    t > to

    0,
    v(t ) = Vou (t to ) =
    Vo ,
    v(t)

    v(t)
    Time delay to>0

    Time advance to<0

    Vo

    Vo

    t
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 4

    Rectangular Pulse Function


    Unit Rectangular Pulse Function
    pr (t ) = u (t t1 ) u (t t 2 )
    t < t1 or t > t 2
    t1 < t < t 2

    0,
    =
    1,
    pr(t)
    1

    t1

    t2

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 5

    Ramp Function
    Unit Ramp Function

    Integration of unit step function u(t)


    0,
    r (t ) =
    t ,

    r (t ) = u ( )d = tu (t )

    or

    r (t to )

    t<0
    t0

    Delayed unit ramp function

    to

    to+1

    t < to
    0,
    r (t to ) =
    t to , t to
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 6

    Impulse Function
    Unit Impulse Function (delta function)

    Derivative of unit step function u(t)

    0,
    t<0

    (t ) = u (t ) = undefined ,
    t =0
    dt
    0,
    t >0

    Around t = 0, we have:

    0+

    (t )dt = 1

    (t-to)

    More generally,

    f (t ) (t to )dt = f (to )
    to

    where a<to<b
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 7

    Topics To Cover
    z

    Special Supply Functions


    DC, Step, Ramp, and Pulse

    First Order Circuit


    Source-free RC and RL circuits
    Step response

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 8

    Source-free RC Circuit
    A source-free RC circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly
    disconnected. The energy stored in the capacitor is released to
    the resistor.
    When a bias voltage V0 is switched off at time t=0, the initial
    voltage across the capacitor is given by v(0) = V0
    1
    2
    The total stored energy is w(0) = CV0
    2

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 9

    Source-free RC Circuit
    KCL : iC + iR = 0
    dv v
    Hence, C + = 0
    dt R
    dv
    dt

    =
    v
    RC
    t
    ln v =
    + A Since v(0) = V0 , we have
    RC
    v(t) = V0 e

    t
    RC

    = V0 e

    = RC is the time constant

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 10

    Source-free RL Circuit
    A source-free RL circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly
    disconnected. The energy stored in the inductor is released to
    the resistor.
    When a current source I0 is switched off at time t=0, the initial
    current flowing through the inductor is given by i (0) = I 0
    1
    2
    The total stored energy is w(0) = LI 0
    2

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 11

    Source-free RL Circuit
    KVL : vL + vR = 0
    di
    Hence, L + Ri = 0
    dt
    di
    R
    = dt
    i
    L
    Rt
    ln i = + A Since i (0) = I 0 , we have
    i
    L
    i(t) = I 0 e

    R
    t
    L

    = I 0e

    I0

    L
    = is the time constant
    R

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 12

    Topics To Cover
    z

    Special Supply Functions


    DC, Step, Ramp, and Pulse

    First Order Circuit


    Source-free RC and RL circuits
    Step response

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 13

    RC step response Case 1


    vS (t < 0) = 0

    Rs

    vs=Vsu(t)

    Vs

    t=0
    for t < 0

    for t > 0

    +
    C

    vc(t)

    Rs

    ic

    ic

    Rs

    Vs

    vc(t)

    ic
    vc(t)

    = 0 at t = 0

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 14

    Response at t > 0

    First-order ordinary
    differential equation

    Rs

    By inspection: vc(0-) = 0

    Since the capacitor voltage


    cannot change instantaneously,
    vc(0+) = vc(0-) = 0

    Vs

    ic

    t>0

    For t>0, apply KVL:

    Vs Rs ic vc = 0

    Vs Rs C

    dvc
    vc = 0
    dt

    Integrate and use vc (0) = 0,


    The solution is

    vc(t)

    dvc
    dt
    =
    Vs vc Rs C

    ln (Vs vc ) ln (Vs ) =

    vc (t ) = Vs (1 e

    t
    Rs C

    vc Vs
    =e
    Vs

    t
    Rs C

    or

    )
    vc (t ) = Vs (1 e

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    t
    Rs C

    = Rs C

    )
    Lecture 05 - 15

    The Response

    vc (t ) = Vs (1 e )

    for t > 0
    Vs/Rs

    Vs

    dvc (t )
    ic (t ) = C
    = Vs e / Rs for t > 0
    dt

    0.37Vs

    0.37Vs/Rs
    Initial capacitor voltage = vc(0+) = 0
    Final capacitor voltage = vc() = Vs

    Rs

    +
    vs=Vsu(t)

    ic

    ELE 1110A
    SYSU--2009
    2010Autumn
    Spring

    vc(t)

    Lecture 05 - 16

    RC step response Case 2


    vS (t < 0) = V0

    Rs

    vs=V0 + (Vs V0) u(t)

    Vs
    V0

    Vo

    t=0

    for t > 0

    +
    C

    vc(t)

    for t < 0

    Rs

    ic

    Rs

    ic
    vc(t)
    = Vo at t = 0

    Vs

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    ic
    vc(t)

    Lecture 05 - 17

    Response at t > 0
    By inspection: vc(0-) = V0
    Vs

    Since the capacitor voltage


    cannot change instantaneously,
    vc(0+) = vc(0-) = V0

    Rs

    vc(t)

    For t>0, apply KVL:

    V0 = initial capacitor voltage


    Vs = final capacitor voltage

    Vs Rs ic vc = 0

    dvc
    dt
    =
    Vs vc Rs C

    dv
    Vs Rs C c vc = 0
    dt

    Integrate and use vc (0) = Vo , ln (Vs vc ) ln (Vs Vo ) =


    t

    vc Vs
    = e Rs C
    Vo Vs

    The solution is

    ic

    vc (t ) = Vs + (V0 Vs )e

    t
    Rs C

    = Rs C

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 18

    The Response
    vc (t ) = Vs + (V0 Vs )e

    =e

    = V0 e + (1 e )Vs
    = V0 + (1 )Vs

    0 < <1

    Vs
    0.37(Vs V0)
    Rs

    Initial capacitor voltage = V0


    Final capacitor voltage = Vs

    +
    vs=Vsu(t)

    ic

    V0

    vc(t)

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    t
    Lecture 05 - 19

    Step Response Summary


    Rs

    vs=V0 + (Vs V0) u(t)

    Vs
    V0

    Steady-state
    response, i.e.
    permanent part

    ic

    vc(t)

    t=0

    Transient response,
    i.e. temporary part

    Initial voltage at the capacitor

    t<0

    Vo ,
    t
    vc (t ) =

    Vs + (Vo Vs )e ,

    t >0

    dvc (Vs V0 )
    ic (t ) = C
    u (t )e
    =
    dt
    Rs

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    (2.1)

    Time constant

    = Rs C
    Lecture 05 - 20

    Example 5.1

    Switch at position A for a long time. At t=0, switch moves to B.


    Determine v(t) and calculate its value at t=1s and 4s.
    Solution:

    5
    24 = 15V
    5+3
    Hence v(0 + ) = v(0 ) = 15V

    For t < 0, v(t ) =

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 21

    For t > 0, time constant = RTh C = 4 103 0.5 10 3 = 2 s


    Since the step voltage is VS = 30V, we have

    v(t ) = Vs + v(0 + ) Vs e

    = 30 + [15 30]e

    t
    2

    t
    2

    = 30 15e V

    1
    2

    At t = 1, v(1) = 30 15e = 20.9V

    4
    2

    At t = 4, v(4) = 30 15e = 28.0V

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 22

    RL Step Response
    R
    s

    vs=V0 + (Vs V0) u(t)

    Vs
    V0

    iL
    L

    t=0
    for t < 0

    Vo

    for t > 0

    Rs
    L

    Rs

    iL

    Vs

    vL(t)

    At t = 0, vL(t) = 0

    vL(t)

    iL
    vL(t)

    iL(t) = I0 = V0/Rs
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Let Is = Vs/Rs
    Lecture 05 - 23

    Response at t > 0
    By inspection: IL(0-) = I0 = V0/Rs
    Since the inductor current cannot
    change instantaneously, IL(0+) =
    IL(0-) = I0

    Vs

    Rs t
    L

    diL
    =0
    dt

    Vs RLs t
    = e
    L

    iL (t ) = I s + Ae

    Rt
    s
    L

    vL(t)

    I0 = initial inductor current


    Is = final inductor current

    Vs Rs iL vL = 0

    d
    iL e
    dt

    iL

    For t>0, apply KVL:

    Vs Rs iL L

    Rs

    V
    di L Rs
    iL = s
    +
    dt
    L
    L

    iL e

    i L ( 0) = I 0

    Rs t
    L

    Vs
    =
    e
    Rs

    Rs t
    L

    +A

    iL (t ) = I s + ( I 0 I s )e

    ELE 1110A
    SYSU -- 2009
    2010 Autumn
    Spring

    Is = Vs/Rs

    = L / Rs
    Lecture 05 - 24

    Step Response of Inductor Summary


    Rs

    vs=V0 + (Vs V0) u(t)

    Vs
    Steady-state
    response, i.e.
    the final current

    Vs
    Is =
    Rs

    V0

    iL

    vL(t)

    t=0

    Transient response,
    i.e. the current
    waveform from
    initial to final

    Initial current in the inductor

    t<0

    I o ,
    t
    iL (t ) =

    I s + ( I o I s )e ,

    t >0
    t

    (2.4)

    diL
    L

    v L (t ) = L
    = ( I 0 I s )u (t )e = (Vs V0 )u (t )e
    dt

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Time constant

    = L / Rs
    Lecture 05 - 25

    iL (t ) = I s + ( I 0 I s )e
    Is

    The Response

    vL (t ) = (Vs V0 )e for t > 0

    for t > 0
    Vs

    0.37(Is I0)

    0.37(Vs V0)
    Initial inductor current = iL(0+) = I0
    Final inductor current = iL() = Is

    Rs
    Vs

    iL
    vL(t)

    = L / Rs

    SYSU- -2009
    2010Autumn
    Spring
    ELE 1110A

    Lecture 05 - 26

    Exercise
    z

    Find i(t) for t > 0. The switch had been closed for a long time
    and before it opens at t = 0.

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 27

    Application: Photoflash Unit


    R1: current-limiting resistor
    (Large)

    Resistance of Flash lamp


    (small)
    The battery (dc voltage supply) has a limited output current.
    Directly connecting it to the flash lamp may exceed the current
    limit and may damage the battery.
    Solution

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 28

    First, use the batter to charge a capacitor through a larger resistor


    R1 (switch to position 1). The maximum current drawn from the
    battery is VS/R1.
    The charging time is about five times the time constant R1C:

    tcharge = 5 R1C

    (This time constant is large and it is why sometimes you need to


    wait a while before you press the flash button of a camera)
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 29

    To flash the lamp, switch is thrown to position 2.


    The capacitor is discharged. The low resistance R2 of the
    photolamp permits a high discharging current with peak
    I2=VS/R2 in a short duration. The discharging time is:
    tdischarge = 5R2C

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 30

    Capacitor voltage and current waveforms

    (-ve: flows out of


    the +ve terminal)

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 31

    Example 5.2

    Vs=9V, R1 = 6k, C = 2000F, Lamp resistance R2 = 12. Find:


    (a) The peak charging current
    (b) The time required for the capacitor to fully charge
    (c) The peak discharging current
    (d) The total energy stored in the capacitor
    (e) The average power dissipated by the lamp

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 32

    (a) The peak charging current


    I1 =

    Vs
    9
    =
    = 1.5mA
    R1 6000

    (b) The time required for the capacitor to fully charge


    tcharge = 5 R1C = 5 6000 (2000 10 6 ) = 60 s

    (c) The peak discharging current


    I2 =

    Vs
    9
    =
    = 0.75 A
    R2 12

    (d) The total energy stored in the capacitor


    1
    1
    E = CVs2 = (2000 10 6 ) 9 2 = 81mJ
    2
    2

    (e) The average power dissipated by the lamp


    t discharge = 5 R2 C = 5 12 (2000 10 ) = 0.12s
    6

    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    paverage =

    E
    t discharge

    81m
    = 0.675W
    0.12
    Lecture 05 - 33

    Application: Automobile Ignition Circuit

    By creating a large voltage (thousands of volts) between the


    electrodes, a spark is formed across the air gap, thereby
    igniting the fuel.
    How can we create such a high voltage from the car battery,
    which supplies only 12V?
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 34

    Let R = 4, Vs = 12V, L=6mH and assume the switch takes


    1s to open.
    Vs 12
    The steady state current through
    I= =
    = 3A
    R 4
    the inductor before switch opens is:
    The voltage across the air gap when switch suddenly opens is:
    I
    3
    3
    V =L
    = 6 10
    = 18kV
    (Large enough!)
    6
    t
    1 10
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Lecture 05 - 35

    Summary
    z

    1st order circuit consists of one energy storage


    element (capacitor or inductor)
    The circuit equation corresponds to a 1st order
    differential equation
    To solve the differential equation, need to determine
    the initial conditions of the circuit, i.e. capacitor =
    open circuit; inductor = short circuit given long
    enough time before switching
    For capacitor: vc (t ) = Vs + (Vo Vs )e
    For inductor: iL (t ) = I s + ( I 0 I s )e
    SYSU - 2010 Spring

    Time constant

    = Rs C
    L
    =
    Rs
    Lecture 05 - 36

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