B2

2 Functions/ notions
20 Describing experiences
Q I was walking the dog in the park when
I heard a loud crash. I looked in the
direction of the noise and saw that
a huge tree had fallen down. There were
some people screaming and calling
for help and some children were trapped
under one of the fallen branches.

North East of Estonia on the 22nd

of October, 1928.
Q My degree was in economics,

specialising in finance.
Q You need to place the pizza dough in

a warm bowl, cover it with a cloth or

place it somewhere warm, leave it to rise
for 30 minutes or until it doubles in size.

21 Describing feelings and emotions

Q He was furious when he saw that his new
bicycle had been damaged.

24 Expressing abstract ideas

Q Corruption is widespread in that part
of the world.

Q She screamed in anger at how stupid

Q There is little respect for human rights

her brother had been.

Q Heather was delighted with her shot

and her face glowed with pride.

Q Why should we suffer just because

our neighbours like loud parties?

Q I dont think its right for passengers

to put their feet on the seats.

22 Describing hopes and plans
Q I am having a meeting with my boss
on Friday.

during war time.

Q Education is the way out of poverty

for many young people.

25 Expressing certainty, probability, doubt
Q Im absolutely certain its going to rain.
Q Its impossible to get him out of bed

before 10 oclock.
Q Hes probably gone to the library.
Q Were definitely not going to Spain

this year.

Q How are you going to get to France?

Q Are you sure we will arrive in time?

Q How long are you going to Jamaica for?

26 Generalising and qualifying

Q On the whole I think it is a good idea.

Id love to see the photos when you

get back.
Q Ill call you soon.
Q I am going to go around the world

when Ive saved enough money

Q I hope to get a job in Australia next year.
Q Ive always wanted to visit the Taj Mahal.

23 Giving precise information

Q Ill meet you at 2pm in the childrens
section of Waterstones in Oxford Street.
Q In my job I mainly have to deal

with clients, particularly arranging

and following up on orders.
58

Q He was born in a little village in the

Q Generally speaking, the teachers are

very helpful
Q More often than not he shops in the

High Street.
Q Taking into consideration the cost of

travel, you might not want to buy a flat

so far away.
Q Well stay for a week or two, depending

on the cost.
Q Provided that there is no rain, the

concert will go ahead as planned.

27 Synthesizing, evaluating, glossing

information
Q To sum up, the government will need
to cut spending for the next five years.

Q Fantastic idea!

Q All in all, it was a miserable performance.

Q Whatever.

Q To be fair, it was his own fault for parking

Q Thats ridiculous!

where he shouldnt have.

Q In short, they were better than us

at promoting their ideas

28 Speculating
Q I wonder if John will be going to the
party.
Q If she got the nomination, she could

probably win if she gathered enough

support from the community.
Q What do you think would happen if they

did discover oil there?

Q What if Teresa hadnt turned up?

29 Expressing opinions
Q If I were you, Id just say no.
Q From her point of view, we have to do

this as soon as possible

Q The way I see it is that youll have to

study very hard.

Q I feel we should do it.
Q I really dont think its a good idea.

Q Brilliant!
Q Great!

Q Hows that possible?

Q Really?
Q No way! I dont believe it.

33 Critiquing and reviewing

Q I think that Treasure Island is still popular
with children even though the language
is rather dated.
Q In spite of its popularity I feel that The

Beach is a very overrated book which

appeals mainly to gap-year students.
Q The film was a bit disappointing, really.
Q The best part was when ..
Q It was really good when .

34 Developing an argument
Q To begin with its a bigger problem
than you think.
Q As far as I am concerned this has

nothing to do with the issue.

Q The way I see it, the family is more

important.

31 Expressing agreement/ disagreement

Q Thats just what I was thinking.

Q Thats the reason I dont want to work

Q You know, thats exactly what I think.

In academic discourse style:

Q I totally agree.
Q Thats a good point.
Q No Im afraid I cant agree with you there.
Q You cant be serious!
Q Dont be silly!
Q Thats ridiculous.

there anymore.
Q One reason why
Q Another argument for/against . . . is . . .
Q X maintains that . . .
Q Y states that . . .
Q It could be argued/asserted that . . .
Q In conclusion . . .

39 Discourse Functions
32 Expressing reaction, e.g. indifference
Q Why ask me?
Q Thank gooodness

41 Checking understanding
From speakers point of view
Q Are you following me?
59

Q Let me know if you have any questions?

Q Pilar, would you like to kick off?

Invitation in one-to-one interaction

Q Does that make sense?

Q Shall we begin?

Q Dont you agree?

From listeners point of view

During the meeting

Q Is that okay with you?

Q If I understood/understand you correctly,

Q Jenny, can tell us how the

Q How about you?

there are no planes at all on Saturday.

Q Do you mean I cant talk to the boss

right now?
Q Are you trying to say you dont want

to go out with me anymore?

Q Let me see whether Ive understood

you correctly.
Q So what youre really saying is . . .
Q Am I right in assuming . . .

42 Managing interaction (interrupting,

changing topic, resuming or continuing)
Interrupting
Q Actually, . . .
Q Im sorry but . . .
Q Just a minute!

Q How does that affect your

department, Rosa?

Q James might have something to say

Q We dont have time to go into that matter

right now.
Q Lets get back to the issue under

discussion, shall we?

Q hats another topic, really.
Q Can we keep to the point, please.
Q Lets not get distracted.
Q Taking initiative in non-control situation

Q Yes, I think I can contribute to this point.

Q Hold on!

Q My expertise in this area might help

Q This has nothing to do with what we are

talking about but . . .

to clarify the situation.

Q Before I forget . . .

Resuming
Q Anyway, I was telling you about Johns

party . . .
Q To get back to what I was saying . . .

43 Taking the initiative in interaction

Control and delegation at start
Q Andre, would you like begin?

Q Really?

45 Interacting informally, reacting,

expressing interest, sympathy, surprise
Q Wow, thats fantastic.
Q Really? Tell me more.
Q Tell me all about it.
Q I dont believe it!
Q Oh wow!
Q Oh you poor thing.

48 Linkers: sequential past time

(subsequently)
Q Subsequently, he went on to be one
of our best salesmen.
Q Following this he decided to leave

the country.

Q What makes you think that?

49 Connecting words expressing cause

and effect, contrast etc.
Q I know it would be good fun to watch
the late-night film. Nevertheless, I think
we should all get an early night before
the big event tomorrow.

Q Im all ears.

Q I would like to tell you more. However,

Q Tell me more
Q What makes you say that?

Q Im listening.

I remember what happened quite clearly.

forward is to provide more training.

Q Moreover, the idea that depression can

only be cured by medication is now

being challenged.
Q Consequently, we have to be prepared

for a fall in profits next year.

Q Regarding our position on nuclear

power, that has not changed.

Q Additionally, we will also provide support

throughout the process.

Q In conclusion, we have agreed to give

3,000 to the charity.

Q Mmmmmm.
Q Dont stop.

Q Although I was very young at the time,

Q Furthermore, I believe that the best way

didnt you?

46 Discourse Markers

Q Go on.

Q Despite the rain we all had a great time.

Q Hey, you did something like that,

44 Encouraging and inviting another

speaker to continue, come in.
To continue

Q Talking about holidays, did you know that

50 Linkers: although, in spite of, despite

Q In spite of her illness during the course,
she managed to qualify successfully.

Q Fiona knows a lot about this.

on this.

Q Thats awful. What a shame!

Q On another subject..

to be closer to his family.

53 Discourse markers to structure formal

speech
Q To begin, I would like to introduce
my colleagues.

Q Perhaps, I could say something here.

Q Carry on.

Im off to Florida next week?

Q What do you think, Mario?

Keeping interaction participants on topic

Q Hang on!

Q That reminds me . . .

Invitation in group interaction

Q Lets hear what Gabriella has to say.

Q Yes, I know, but . . . !

Q Oh, by the way . . .

Q What do you reckon/think?

Q Lets move on, shall we?

Q Id like to say a few words here.

Q Changing the topic

60

Human Resources reorganisation

is coming along?

Q Consequently, he moved to London

that is as much as I am allowed to reveal

at this time.

55 Verb forms
67 Simple past (narrative)
Q To help pay for his keep and to help
his family, Andrew, who was still only
15 years old, began working ten-hour
days at a Kensington hotel washing
dishes and cleaning the kitchen.
He earned just 6 pounds per week.
The harsh working conditions and the
cruelty of the kitchen staff had a strong
influence on his later political outlook,
and informed his work when he began
his literary career, particularly the novel
that made him famous, Working Boy.
68 Past continuous (narrative)
Q Antonio was walking away from the
crowd when the trouble started. He was
61

trying to get home but the buses were

not running. He was just crossing the
bridge to safety when he heard the
sound of breaking glass. He was telling
himself not to get involved when
a bottle smashed right beside him.
69 Used to (narrative)
Q We used to play at the park at the edge
of the town.
70 Would expressing habit in the past
Q Every autumn we would steal apples
from their garden. We would eat
the sour fruit and come home holding
our stomachs.
71 Past perfect
Q When Id climbed to the top of the hill,
I looked back down and saw something
I hadnt seen before.
Q He had broken the vase when he

had come in through the window.

Q He had had a terrible day up until that

point.
72 Past perfect continuous
Q I was tired. Id been working for
sixteen hours.
Q They had been driving so fast that the

police had difficulty stopping them.

Q Had they been waiting long?

73 Future
76 Future time (will & going to)
(Prediction)
Q You will succeed where I have failed.
Q Here comes the bus now. We arent

going to be late after all.

Q Dont worry. Hell be here on time.

Q Will you be using the car tomorrow?

78 Future perfect
Q Id better go and collect the girls.
Theyll have finished school by now.
Q Ill call you at six. Will you have arrived

by then?
Q She wont have left by then.

79 Future perfect continuous

Q Julia will have been studying Economics
for 5 years when she graduates next
year.
Q Youll have been travelling for 4 days

when you get to Bangkok. Youd better

book a hotel and have a couple of
days rest.

62

94 Phrasal Verbs
96 Extended phrasal verb
Q Lets splash out on a bottle of
champagne.
Q Watching that programme has put me

off chicken.
Q Ill take you up on that offer.

97 Passives
99 All passive forms
Q Im being eaten alive by these
mosquitoes.
Q I wasnt told about the new rules.

80 Present Perfect

Q I thought that I was being followed.

83 Present perfect continuous

Q Youve been spending a lot of time
on the Internet recently.

Q Did you think that you were being

Q Theyve been working very hard to get

building completed on time.

Q Honestly, we havent been wasting

our time.
Q Have you been seeing Julie behind

my back?

criticised?
Q The new treatment for malaria has been

found to be very effective.

100 Other verb forms
101 Reported speech (range of tenses)
Q She said shed been waiting for ages.
Q I knew wed be late.
Q She thought she could do it all herself.

89 Conditionals
92 Mixed conditionals
Q If I had studied harder, Id be at
university now.
Q If Id got that job I applied for Id be

working in Istanbul.
Q I would have driven you to the match

if I didnt have so much work.

Q If I wasnt working in July, I would have

suggested we go camping in France.

77 Future continuous (Prediction)
Q This time next year, Ill be working
in Japan and earning good money.

93 Wish
Q I wish I was rich.

Q Ill be visiting my mum on Thursday.

Q I wish today wasnt Monday.

Can you come another time?

tomorrow.
Q She wished she hadnt hurt his feelings.

Q I wish I wasnt going into hospital

Q They reported that the volcano might

erupt at any time.

Q They said it should be fun.
Q I told her I had to go.

102 Relative clauses

Q Ive lost the books that I borrowed from
the library.
Q Where is the man that sells second-hand

records?
Q The children he played with thought

he was much younger.

Q This is my cousin Verena , who teaches

music.
Q Shelly and Byrons poetry, which used

to be compulsory, has now been

dropped from the syllabus.
Q She told us all about her new boyfriend,

whom none of us knew anything about.

Q They ran quickly through the streets,

all of which were covered in a thick

blanket of snow.
118 Modals
119 Modals of Deduction and Speculation
Q You shouldnt have read her journal.
It should be private.
Q You should have asked her earlier.

Its too late now.

Q He shouldnt have any problem doing

such a simple task. (Assumption)

Q The plane should have arrived by

now. (Assumption)
Q I knew we might have to pay to get in.
Q You shouldnt have shouted at him.

He might have hit you.

Q The weather could have been better

but we still had a good time.

Q You could have told me!

120 Modals: cant have, neednt have

Q It cant have been John you saw,
because he was with me.
Q What can he have done with the keys?

He cant have lost them again.

Q You neednt have bothered getting

here on time. Hes always late.

134 Articles
139 With abstract nouns
Q History tended to be uninteresting
when I was at school.
Q The early history of Scotland is full

of betrayal.
Q Happiness in marriage is something

you have to work at.

Q Education is not compulsory in many

developing countries.
63

Q The education I received was first-rate.

Q Charity begins at home.

151 Adverbs
155 Adjectives and adverbs
Q He scored a direct hit.
Q The train goes direct to London without

Q The story has been told many times

before. Nonetheless, it is still a warning

to us all.
Q Some students continue to live with their

parents. However, I prefer to be

independent.

Q Theres no such thing as a free lunch.

180 Summarising exponents

(briefly, all in all . . . )
Q In a word, it was a disaster.

Q Feel free to use it whenever you want.

Q We felt that the idea was in general

even stopping at York.

Q He went straight to work.

Q Next draw a straight line across the top

of the paper.
158 Attitudinal adverbs
Q Frankly, I couldnt care less
Q Clearly, he was in the wrong.
Q Apparently, he was in line for promotion.
Q Fortunately, he had a spare pair of shoes

with him.

a good one; the more we spend on

advertising the higher our sales will be.
Q To sum up, if we cant make more money

some people will have to lose their jobs

181 Collocation
Q Id prefer a dry wine.
Q The resort has a range of luxury

accommodation to offer.
Q Hes a very heavy smoker.
Q Im retaking the exam next week.

160 Intensifiers
165 Collocation of intensifiers
Q After working all day and all night he was
totally exhausted.
Q He was absolutely horrified when

he realised what he had done.

Q Shes completely hopeless when

it comes to housework.
Q I am entirely satisfied that he followed

the correct procedure.

166 Lexis
179 Contrasting opinions
(on the one hand . . . )
Q The weather forecast is good.
Nevertheless, you always need
to be careful in the mountains.
Q In spite of his age, he is still goes

camping in the wild.

182 Colloquial language

Q Shes just been dumped by her
boyfriend.
Q Theres no hurry. Lets just chill out for

an hour or two.
Q I cant be bothered with the hassle.
Q She fell and landed on her bum.

189 Topics
196 Education
197 Film
198 Books and literature
199 News, lifestyles and current affairs
200 Media
201 Arts

C1
2 Functions/ notions
21 Expressing attitudes and
feelings precisely
Q Well it would be all right if they came out
and said it, but I have a bit of a problem
with . . .
Q I dont really feel comfortable with . . .
Q I couldnt care less whether . . . or not.
Q Im afraid this is something I feel quite

strongly about.
Q Cristina became a vegetarian and her

father had rather mixed feelings about

this.
Q Michael felt completely devastated.

Somebody had deliberately sabotaged

his research but he did not know who
could do such a thing.
Q When I reached the summit of the

mountain I felt a great burden had been

lifted from my shoulders. My childhood
dream had finally come true. Looking
down into the valleys far below I felt
a sense of pride in my achievement.
I wanted to shout out loud from the top
of the world.
25 Expressing certainty,
probability, doubt
Q It is highly likely that the airport will
be closed again tomorrow.
Q No doubt hell bring his dog as usual.
Q Theres bound to be trouble at

the meeting.

27 Synthesizing, evaluating,
glossing information
Q In a nutshell, it was the headmaster
who had to take responsibility.
Q To cut a long story short, he ended

up sleeping on my floor.
Q All things considered, I think weve made

the best decision.

Q Another way of putting this would be

to say . . .
Q To recap on what has been said

so far, . . .
28 Speculating and hypothesising
about causes, consequences etc.
Q Supposing he had missed his train?
Q If the pound did drop to parity with the

euro, Britain might be better off in the

long run.
Q Well if we dont do something about the

oil spill, there could be a lot more fallout

than just dead fish. I mean, the water
could be polluted for decades.
Q If youd arrived on time, we would

probably have missed the traffic.

Q If she didnt get so excited, she might

get more work done.

29 Expressing opinions
tentatively, hedging
Q I assume youll be going home for
Christmas.
Q Am I right to think youre responsible?

Q Is that settled, then? Yes. Its settled.

Q Its supposed to be good.

Q It looks as if shes going to be late.

Q Im just not so sure, it could be okay.

Q Surely, you dont think it was my fault?

Q Maybe she is the best person for the job.

Q I should think hell be delighted with

the surprise.
Q It could well be the best solution.

64

65

30 Expressing shades of opinion

and certainty
Q Theres no doubt about the fact that
there is going to be inflation.

Q What are you trying to say?

Q No, Im absolutely sure. I mean look

Q Thats amazing!

at the figure for X.

Q I may be wrong, but I think higher

inflation is almost certain.

Q I have a feeling there may be

a problem here.
Q I suppose that could be an option.
Q I rather doubt that hell come.
Q Its not something I feel strongly about
Q Well one option/possibility might be

to go earlier.
Q I really think that the people who produce

our food should not be exploited. But the

problem is that sometimes fair trade
goods are more than double the price.
When this is the case I tend to buy the
cheaper product. I am not proud of this,
but I am sure there are many other
people exactly like me.
Q I thought the meeting was a missed

opportunity to actually do something

good for a change. But I know that when
it comes to environmental issues,
governments tend to talk a lot and make
grand promises, and then go back and
carry on just the same as before. If they
really wanted to make a difference they
wouldnt just set so-called green
objectives but would pass laws which
would have an immediate impact on
the environment..
32 Expressing reaction, e.g. indifference
Q To be honest, I simply dont care.
Q Why bother?
Q Its not such a big issue.
Q I dont really mind/have an opinion,

one way or the other.

Q Absolutely!
Q I dont believe it.

Q Oh, you poor thing.

Q You can say that again!

Q There are several reasons for this: one . .

. , two . . . , and finally . . .

Q The main reason for this . . . is/may be . . .
Q Some people might argue that . . .

However . . .
Q Opponents of this idea try to suggest

that . . . However . . .

Q Hes not Roger Federer but he is a very

good tennis player.

37 Defending a point of view persuasively
Q I know this may not be a popular
conclusion, but it seems to me we have
to face (facts/ the fact that . . . )
Q I do appreciate that what I proposed

may be expensive/painful/a surprise to

some people, but I really am convinced
the evidence shows we need to . . .

33 Critiquing and reviewing

Q The (report) highlights some important
issues but it does not, to my mind,
get to the bottom of the problem.

Q Its clear that . . .

Q It is generally accepted that . . .

Q I recognise that this may . . . , but . . .

Q Its an excellent summary, but I think

Q All the evidence/data indicates/suggests

Q But one should not lose sight of the fact

it would be improved by a deeper

consideration of X.
Q The (report) sets out to do X, and it does

parts of this well, but it seems to me

to lack . . .
Q The good/best thing about (the report) is

that it is so concise. It really hits the nail

o n the head.
Q Well, it starts well, but then after x pages/

in the section on X, I had the impression

that it . . .
Q The plot involves the disappearance

of a sacred sword and introduces us

to various levels of castle intrigue.
Stephenson weaves his usual magic by
giving us snippets of information here
and there, now from the royal chambers,
now from the castle kitchens. The master
of gothic science fiction has provided
us with a real page-turner. The only
criticism that might be levelled here is
that the author assumes that the reader
is already familiar with characters and
the world they inhabit. To get the most
out of this book one needs to have
read the previous books in the series.
34 Developing an argument
systematically
Q It is frequently argued that . . . , however

Q No one would dispute that . . .

that . . .
Q Thus to conclude, the central issues are .

. . /the key point is . . .

Q In conclusion, before we . . . we need

to . . .
35 Conceding a point
Q I see what you mean, but . . .
Q I take your point. I agree we need . . . /

Its certainly true that . . .

Q I have to admit that . . .

that . . .
Q But surely one still needs to take X into

account
38 Responding to counterarguments
Q What you say may be true in some
contexts, however in this case.
Q You may be right, but I still think

that . . ..
Q Whilst it may indeed be true that . . . ,

I still think . . .

Q It is true that . . .

Q There is no evidence to show that .

Q Though I hate to say it, I think you are

Q On the contrary, . . .

right that . . .
Q That may be true, but . . .

36 Emphasizing a point, feeling, issue

Q The main point Id like to emphasize here
is the fact that parents have an important
role to play in a childs education
Q 75% of those interviewed said that

public transport was not as safe. Yes,

75% think public transport is now more
dangerous.
Q After turning the whole house upside-

down, the police found nothing.

Absolutely nothing.

Q I think you have misunderstood the point

I was making . . .
Q I can see where you are coming from

but there are problems with your

analysis of the situation.
Q In some circumstances, I would agree

with you entirely, but in this case . . .

Q Even so, he still has a long way to go

before he is suitable management

material.
Q No matter how you look at it, he made

a mistake.
Q All the same, she deserves another

chance.

Q X is clearly a topic of concern to many

people nowadays
66

67

46 Discourse Markers

55 Verb forms

54a Markers to structure and signpost

informal speech and writing
Q Weve a bit more money coming in than
we had last year. Mind you, well still
need to be careful with the heating bills.

66 Narrative tenses for experiences,

including passive

Q Hed spent all his money without

realising. So, he couldnt afford a taxi

and had to walk home.
Q Then guess what happened?
Q On top of that his girlfriend was really

angry with him.

54b Markers to structure and signpost
formal speech and writing especially
logical markers
Q The pound is not as strong as it was two
years ago. Moreover, the cost of flights
has gone up . . .
Q Profits are likely to fall this year.

Consequently, we need to prepare our

shareholders for some bad news.
Q He was warned many times about the

dangers of mountain climbing in winter.

Nevertheless, he continued to tackle
some of the toughest peaks.
Q Despite the clear danger that was

pointed out to him, he insisted on

continuing so he is at least partly
responsible for what happened.
Q The cost of fuel has gone up. Therefore

it is hardly surprising that there has been

an increase in the use of public
transport.
Q Whereas that is the case in Brazil, in

Columbia it is more a question of . . .

Q Certainly the car is here to stay, but the

question is to what extent it will be the

same concept of car.
Q The policy was correct is so far as it was

applied; the problem is that it wasnt

applied systematically.

67 Simple past (narrative)

Q I went home that evening in a very

sombre mood. I tried to relax. I made

myself a cup of coffee and turned on
the television. But I just could not get the
incident out of my mind. The more
I thought about things, the more certain
I was that something just didnt make
sense. I decided to go back over
everything the next day.
68 Past continuous (narrative)
Q They were late as usual, hoping the
guests would be a little late. Miriam was
still in the kitchen preparing enormous
bowls of salad. Her father was tidying
away all his papers which were usually
scattered over every available space
in the dining room. John was keeping
a lookout at the front gate, kicking
pebbles along the path.
69 Used to (narrative)
Q That bit of the coastline used to be much
less busy than it is these days. Lisa and
her brothers loved exploring the coves
and beaches for miles in both directions.
They used to get up really early, run
down the rocky path that led to Shell Bay
and go for a swim before breakfast.
Yes, those days were fun.
Q I had a proper tricycle when I was

a small child. It had a boot and I used

to keep all sorts of toys in it. We used
to go all over the place, using the trike
as a mobile base.
Q 70 Would expressing habit in the past

(narrative)
Q My grandmother used to live by the

seaside and we would go there every

Easter. My Dad would drive, my mother
would navigate and we would sit in the
back fighting.

Q In the summer we went to Devon for

years. My Dad would ask us to navigate.

It was a way of keeping us quiet. We
would watch out for named pubs and
read the road signs. Usually we counted
cars too. I would count VWs; my more
sophisticated brother counted Jags.
I would usually win.
71 Past perfect (narrative)
Q When he returned to the UK things were
very different. Maria had given up her
job in the library and gone back to
university. Reza had finally left home and
had moved in with a rather odd group
of postgrads who had very strict house
rules about everything from the storage
of food to when guests were allowed to
visit. Brigitte seemed to have completely
disappeared. Just six months before they
had been inseparable. Although he had
known that it couldnt last, it surprised
him just how quickly things had changed.
72 Past perfect continuous (narrative)
Q Whoever it had been must have had

a key. So if his parents had been visiting

their friends in Lyon, and his sister had
been out celebrating the end of term
with her boyfriend, then there was only
one person who would have been able
to get into the house that night.
76 Futures (revision)
Q My brother and his girlfriend are getting
married in August. Theyre not going
to go on honeymoon. Theyre going
to do up the flat they bought with the
money theyll save. Theyll probably have
some kind of reception or party for the
wedding but I dont think it will be a very
grand affair.
Q Oh no. Another goal for United! Bara

is going to lose.
Q I just got a phone call from Raoul. Hes

in a taxi. Hes going to get here in about

five minutes.

Q This time next year Ill be sun bathing

on my yacht in Antibes. Ill be mixing with

celebrities from all over the world. Ill be
driving a look-at-me car and going to
fancy restaurants.
Q At the speed things are moving, the case

will have expired before it is brought

to court.
Q At the end of next year, Ill have been

working here for 5 years!

89 Conditionals
92 Mixed conditionals in the past, present
and future
Q If she had taken her studies more
seriously last year, shed have more job
opportunities now.
Q If Lola had given me the information

earlier, shed be coming with us on

holiday.
Q If I were rich, I would have bought that

painting we saw yesterday.

Q If Nareene didnt come with us

to Glastonbury, everyone would

be disappointed.
93 Wish/if only & regrets
Q I wish Id studied a bit harder.
Q You wish youd kept your mouth shut,

dont you?
Q If only hed take more care of his health.
Q If only I had behaved a bit better,

she might have given me a chance.

Q If only the sun would come out!

94 Phrasal Verbs
96 Extended phrasal verbs (splitting)
Q The policeman broke the fight up
very quickly.
Q She talked me into going to her parents

place for the weekend.

Q I cant make anything out; its really dark.
Q She knew that her mother had put John

up to it.
68

69

97 Passives

166 Lexis

99 Passive forms, all

Q Hell be given a warning.

181 Collocations, e.g.

Q Its there in black and white.

Q Youll be being transferred to your new

Q He was in excruciating pain.

186 Eliminating false friends, e.g.

Q In the chemistry class they performed
an interesting experiment (as opposed
to experience which is French for
experiment)

Q The suspense is palpable.

Q Different languages = different false

job tomorrow.
Q The seats will all have been taken by

the time we get there!

Q Hes going to be given an award.
Q He ought to be sacked for behaviour

like that.
Q Having been beaten so many times,

he decided to fight back.

Q He might have been hurt.

118 Modals in the past

Q You shouldnt have told her.
Shell be very upset.
Q I should have warned him about the

traffic, but I forgot.

Q You might have told me it was her

birthday. I felt embarrassed I didnt take

a present.
Q He cant have got my message.

He would never be this late.

Q You neednt have bought any potatoes.

We had some.
Q I dont think anyone could have done

anything. He had decided.

Q Things might have turned out differently,

if she had asked first.

Q I did physics at university.

Q The situation is untenable.

friends

Q Its a no go area.

187 Formal and informal registers, e.g.

Q Mr. John Wilson passed away peacefully
at his home in Nottingham last week.

182 Colloquial language, e.g.

Q I am absolutely knackered.

Q John Wilson died in his sleep last week

Q She was gobsmacked when he turned

up at the party.
Q The whole thing was a cock-up from

beginning to end.
Q He tried to flog me an old banger.

Q John kicked the bucket a few days back.

188 Idiomatic expressions, e.g.

Q I wish I could remember her name.
Its on the tip of my tongue.
Q Everybody wants work with Marion.

She really is the flavour of the month.

183 Approximating (vague language), e.g.
Q There will be about 30 odd people
well 30 to 40.
Q I think he an accountant or something

like that.

Q If you want a shoulder to cry on,

Ill always be here for you.

189 Topics
198 Books and literature

Q The book is sort of similar to his first one.

199 News, lifestyles and current affairs

Q Can you pass me the thingummyjig for

200 Media

taking nails out?

201 Arts

Q All the painting stuff is in the garage.

202 Scientific development

184 Differentiated use of vocabulary, e.g.

Q She was really upset when she failed her
exams. I think she is still in shock.

203 Technical and legal language

Q Its not that I dont like her; I detest her.

151 Adverbs
159 Inversion (negative adverbials)
Q Little did I know that he had already left
the company.

Q Its really good. Its concise, focused,

readable.
Q I wouldnt say shes antisocial, just

a bit shy.
Q It wasnt bad, just a bit disappointing.

70

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