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    Geological Desciption (Simple Way To Describe) ..Special

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    Syed Shaiq
    1. This document provides guidance on how to describe rock samples while on a wellsite job. It outlines key information to include such as rock type, color, hardness, texture, and any accessory components. 2. Common rock types covered are sandstone, limestone, and claystone. For each rock type, the document lists attributes to describe such as grain composition, cementation, porosity, and staining or fluorescence from hydrocarbon shows. 3. Descriptions should begin with the rock type, then include relevant details about color, consolidation, fracture, accessories, and any hydrocarbon indicators to concisely characterize the sample.

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    Geological Desciption (Simple Way To Describe) ..Special

    Uploaded by

    Syed Shaiq
    473 views8 pages
    1. This document provides guidance on how to describe rock samples while on a wellsite job. It outlines key information to include such as rock type, color, hardness, texture, and any accessory components. 2. Common rock types covered are sandstone, limestone, and claystone. For each rock type, the document lists attributes to describe such as grain composition, cementation, porosity, and staining or fluorescence from hydrocarbon shows. 3. Descriptions should begin with the rock type, then include relevant details about color, consolidation, fracture, accessories, and any hydrocarbon indicators to concisely characterize the sample.

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    Geological Desciption(Simple Way to Describe)..Special

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    1. This document provides guidance on how to describe rock samples while on a wellsite job. It outlines key information to include such as rock type, color, hardness, texture, and any accessory components. 2. Common rock types covered are sandstone, limestone, and claystone. For each rock type, the document lists attributes to describe such as grain composition, cementation, porosity, and staining or fluorescence from hydrocarbon shows. 3. Descriptions should begin with the rock type, then include relevant details about color, consolidation, fracture, accessories, and any hydrocarbon indicators to concisely characterize the sample.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    473 views8 pages

    Geological Desciption (Simple Way To Describe) ..Special

    Uploaded by

    Syed Shaiq
    1. This document provides guidance on how to describe rock samples while on a wellsite job. It outlines key information to include such as rock type, color, hardness, texture, and any accessory components. 2. Common rock types covered are sandstone, limestone, and claystone. For each rock type, the document lists attributes to describe such as grain composition, cementation, porosity, and staining or fluorescence from hydrocarbon shows. 3. Descriptions should begin with the rock type, then include relevant details about color, consolidation, fracture, accessories, and any hydrocarbon indicators to concisely characterize the sample.

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    of 8

    How to Describe sample while on wellsite job:

    First we need to tell about the rock type then we have to follow the trend as per client requirement. Here are
    some common rock types.
    CLS/MDST/SLST
    1. COLOUR
    I.e. med dk gy-dk gy, dk gy br-dk gy, lt gy, dk brn, blk, blu, brn, clss, cr (cream), go, grn, op (opaque),
    or, pk, purp, red, vi, wh, yel, varicol, mot.
    2. HARDNESS (CONSOLIDATION)
    sft
    soft
    Grains offer no resistance when prodded
    frm
    firm
    Gns bk apart easily
    mod hd mod hard
    Gns bk with some difficulty
    hd
    Hard
    Grains diff to bk
    brit
    brittle
    (bk easily along fracture planes) ie Coal or salt
    cons
    consolidated
    uncons unconsolida
    ol
    ted
    plas
    plastic
    Flex without breaking
    3. FRACTURE (BREAK)
    blky
    blocky
    ang
    angular
    splty
    splintery
    fis
    fissile
    subfis
    amor
    conch
    crumb

    sub-fissile
    amorphous
    conchoidal
    crumbly

    Break into rectangular fragments


    Majority of corners are less than 90 deg
    Pointed elongated cuttings
    Fine grained sediments tend to divide readily along
    well developed laminar or platy structure
    As above, but not so well pronounced
    No form / commonly to describe soft cuttings
    Curved ribbed surface, like a shell
    crumbles

    4. TEXTURE (to describe visual appearance)


    erthy
    earthy
    homog homogenou Rock with a uniform appearance ie plain mudstone
    s
    heterog heterogeneo Ie sandy mudstone or conglomerate
    us
    vesic
    vesicular
    Small spherical cavities, like an aero.
    amor
    amorphous
    No form / commonly to describe soft cuttings
    chky
    chalky
    Appears chalky
    xln
    crystalline
    Appears xln
    suc
    sucrosic
    Appears sugary
    wxy
    waxy
    Appears waxy
    fri
    friable
    Can be disintegrated into individual grains by finger
    pressure
    lam
    laminated
    Appears laminated
    wxy
    waxy
    fri
    friable
    5. SILT CONTENT

    ie sl slty, loc slty or w occ vf qtz


    Arenaceous
    CLST that has a recognisable sandy content /
    appearance / texture

    6. CARBONATE CONTENT (crush cuttings)


    non, sl, v or occ sl
    calcareous The way in which a cutting reacts in 10%
    calc
    HCL
    dolomitic Reacts only after several mins immersion
    i.e. occ sl calc or v dol
    N.B. an oil based mud inhibits reaction, so crush cuttings to expose fresh surfaces.
    7. SWELLING
    swlg / non swlg
    Hygtd
    Hygclst
    Hygfis
    Crypttd
    Cryptfis

    Swell = (NB hydro + hygro used with same meaning)

    Hydroturgid = swelling in a random manner/ imm


    expands/throughout sample
    Hygroclastic = bits break off in water / patchy swelling
    Hydrofissile = swells into sm flakes [sl], [mod] or [v]
    Cryptoturgid = swells in dilute HCL hot water
    Cryptofissile = as Hygro but induced by 10% HCL

    8. ACCESSORY COMPONENTS (Small quants of other minerals present)


    dissem = fine grains throughout
    mica
    nod = crystalline mass
    glauc
    r tr = rare trace of
    abun =
    micromic = micromicaceous
    abundant
    loc = locally
    occ =
    occasionally

    SST
    1. NAME OF ROCK SST (cemented sand grains) or SND (sand)
    2. COMPOSITION... QTZ, ark (sig quantities of Feldspar), lith (sig rock fragments)
    PDC bits churn well-cemented sandstone into Rk Flr, so acid test may look like LST. Look for grains of
    sand trapped within the paste.
    If predominantly recovered as Rock Flour then start with SST: recd as Rk Flr,
    If predominantly SST then start with SST: and state finally also recvd as Rk Flr, (if applic).
    If predominantly grains and some Rk flr then start with SST: lse qtz gns..also recvd as Rk Flr.
    3. COLOUR
    I.e. clss, clr to transl, transp-transl, loc pale gry or pale gry brn, frstd
    (abraded outer surface)

    4. HARDNESS (CONSOLIDATION)

    fri
    lse
    brit
    cons
    unconso
    l

    friable
    (in place of soft or firm)
    loose
    Where only sand grains are observed
    brittle
    (bk easily along fracture planes) i.e. Coal or salt
    consolidated
    unconsolida
    ted

    5. FRACTURE / BREAK ( to describe morphology of cuttings)


    blky
    blocky
    Break into rectangular fragments
    ang
    angular
    Majority of corners are less than 90 deg
    splty
    splintery
    Pointed elongated cuttings
    fis
    fissile
    Fine grained sediments tend to divide readily along well
    developed laminar or platy structure
    subfis
    sub-fissile
    As above, but not so well pronounced
    amor
    amorphous
    No form / commonly to describe soft cuttings
    conch
    conchoidal
    Curved ribbed surface, like a shell
    crumb crumbly
    A cutting of irregular outline
    6. GRAINS
    Grain type (if
    app)
    Grain Size
    Grain Colour
    (if applic)
    Grain Shape
    (or roundness)
    Grain
    Sphericity
    Grain Sorting

    Usually Quartz, Occ Arkosic (sig quantities of F/spar - difficult


    to spot) or Lithic (sig rock fragments)
    vf, f, med, c, vc ie vf to occ m
    wh, clss, transl, transp, yel, or , frstd (abraded outer surface).
    ang, subang, rnd, subrnd, well rnd ie subang to subrnd, loc
    rnd
    sphr, subsphr, elong, subelong ie subang to subsphr
    (Little var = well srt), mod srt, pr srt, bimod srt ie 50/50 pr
    srt

    7. CEMENTATION (in terms of degree and type)


    Cement
    quals are: Lse loose
    No cement
    type
    r, occ, pr, Sili Silica
    no react with
    how
    mod,
    HCL
    easily can well, str
    Cal Calcite usual reaction
    the bond
    Dol
    dolomitic
    be
    Dolomite
    reaction
    broken?
    8. MODIFIERS
    Sand is Argillaceous
    arg
    Clst is Arenaceous
    aren
    Conglomeratic SST
    SSTQ
    SSTA
    SSTL

    r sili cem, loc slty


    occ with str calc cem

    Non CLST with a recognisable clay content


    Non SST i.e. CLST that has a recognisable sandy
    content / appearance / texture
    Quartz
    Arkosic ark (sig quantities of Feldspar)
    Lithic li (sig rock fragments)

    Small
    quants of
    other
    minerals
    present

    tr pyr

    Might be dissem (fine grains throughout) or nod


    (crystalline mass) ie
    Other examples are rtr mica or abun mica and glauc or occ
    mica or loc glauc or nod glau

    9. POROSITY extremely subjective


    vis por visible porosity Ie gd vis poro or no vis poro
    intxln
    Intercrystalline
    intraxl Intracrystalline
    n
    intgran Intergranular
    intragr intragranular
    an
    THEN GO ONTO SHOWS
    LST (wash salts with base oil only to avoid dissolving)
    CARBONATES (composed of lime mud and/or biogenic debris)
    EVAPORITES (ie Gypsum/Anhydrite)
    After etching can place sample in cold Alazarin Red for a few mins. LMST = deep red, DOL =
    unaffected
    2. COLOUR (specifically the colour of the rock)
    I.e. lt brn gr, brn gy, blu/wh, gy-off wh.
    3. CONSOLIDATION
    sft
    soft
    frm
    firm
    mod hd mod hard
    hd
    hard
    brit
    brittle
    cons
    consolidated
    uncons unconsolida
    ol
    ted
    plas
    plastic
    lse
    loose
    fri
    friable

    Grains offer no resistance when prodded


    Gns bk apart easily
    Gns bk with some difficulty
    Grains diff to bk
    (bk easily along fracture planes) ie Coal or salt

    Flex without breaking


    Loose
    Easily crumbled

    4. FRACTURE SHAPE (to describe morphology of cuttings)


    blky
    blocky
    Break into rectangular fragments
    ang
    angular
    Majority of corners are less than 90 deg
    splint
    splintery
    Pointed elongated cuttings
    fis
    fissile
    Fine grained sediments tend to divide readily along well
    developed laminar or platy structure
    subfis
    sub-fissile
    As above, but not so well pronounced
    amor
    amorphous
    No form / commonly to describe soft cuttings
    conch
    conchoidal
    Curved and ribbed surface, like a shell
    crumb crumbly
    Crumbles

    5. TEXTURE (to describe visual appearance)

    microxl
    n
    xln
    cryptox
    ln
    suc
    ool
    erthy
    homog
    heterog
    ves
    amor
    chky
    lam

    Microcrystall
    ine
    crystalline
    cryptocrystall
    ine
    sucrosic
    oolitic
    earthy
    homogenous
    heterogeneou
    s
    vesicular
    amorphous
    chalky
    laminated

    Only visible under microscope


    Easily visible crystal structure
    Crystalline in appearance but no visible structure
    (commonly applied to Chert)
    Fine grained rock with sugary appearance
    When contains spheroids of algal origin
    Rock with a uniform appearance ie plain mudstone
    Ie sandy mudstone or conglomerate
    Like an aero
    No form / commonly to describe soft cuttings
    Appears chalky
    Appears laminated

    5(a). DUNHAMS CLASSIFICATION (FOR LIMESTONES)


    BASED ON PROPORTIONS OF LIME MUD TO SKELETAL FRAGMENTS
    Mudstone
    Composed of lime mud (<20m) + less than 10% grains. Mud
    Mdst
    supported
    Wackestone
    [COARSE GRAINS FLOATING IN MATRIX] Composed
    Wkst
    mainly lime mud w more than 10% grains (>20m). Mud suptd
    Packestone
    [GRAINS IN CONTACT WITH MATRIX] Composed mainly
    Pkst
    grains + grain suptd. >10% interstitial mud matrix + occ sparry
    calcite or pore space
    Grainstone
    [GRAINS WITHOUT MATRIX] Composed of grains + grain
    Grst
    supported. Less than 10% interstitial mud matrix
    Boundstone
    Original constituents bound + suptd by organic growth
    Bdst
    Crystalline
    All orig textures lacking due to recrystallisation. Distinct
    Xln
    crystal faces
    6. MODIFIERS
    Argillaceous
    arg
    Arenaceous
    Dolomitic dol
    Anhydrite anhy
    Siliceous sili

    Non claystones with a recognisable clay content


    Non claystones with a recognisable sandy content

    7. ACCESSORIES
    Small quants tr
    Might be dissem (fine grains throughout) or nod
    of other
    pyr
    (crystalline mass)
    minerals
    Other examples are rtr mica or abun mica and glauc or occ
    present
    mica or loc glauc or nod glauc
    Anhydrite
    Dolomite
    Limestone often contains carbonaceous lamination of algal origin

    8. POROSITY usually Visible or Estimated(visual estimation is very subjective)

    vis por

    visible porosity

    intxln
    intraxln
    intgran
    intragra
    n
    fr
    vug

    Intercrystalline
    Intracrystalline
    Intergranular
    Intragranular
    Fracture
    Vuggy

    Ie nil (or pr, or fr or mod or gd or v gd or exc) vis


    poro
    May be seen in oolitic limestones
    Is the principal type
    Where elements of original fabric have been
    leached away by ground water

    9. OOLITES/PELOIDS
    SPH, SUBSPH, (SPECIFY SIZE RANGE)
    SHOWS
    1. STAIN
    If free oil in sample then give %
    is there an oily smell?
    Examine cuttings for oil staining under microscope (what colour in sample tray).
    Could be: spty, streaky, pch, uniform. Ie 10% spty stn or no vis stn or 50% pch stn or generally
    weak or weak to fair or pale br oil stain, uniformbrt bluish white fluor
    2. FLUORESCENCE (natural)
    Examine washed cuttings under UV light and describe:
    (a) Amount: in %
    (b) Intensity of fluorescence: v dull, dull, mod, bright
    ( c) Colours: [bluish white condensate], [white],[yellow], [gold], [green], [orange heavier oil], [brown
    heavier oil], [black in bitumen + dead oil]
    Note: base oil gives off a pale blue fluorescence (keep a sample in UV box)
    ie 80% dull yel fluor or 90% brt yel wht fluor
    (d) Distribution: i.e. patchy, evenly.
    Place representative cuttings in spot tray to check they are SST and not CaCO3
    3. SOLVENT CUT (should really list type ie normal, dried, acid, water)
    Spot tray back in UV and (while watching) immerse cuttings in trichloroethane, describe: (as it is leached
    from rock)
    (a) Rapidity = instant, fast, mod fast, mod, mod slow, slow
    (b) Character = diffuse, blooming, streaming
    (c ) Colour = br, orange, gold, bright yellow, gy yel, yel wht, blu wht.
    ie mod-fst strmg,blu wht cut fluor
    4. CRUSH CUT
    If leaching is v slow, then crush cuttings and observe changes in fluorescence.
    - could use fresh sample5. Residual Ring Describe colour of oil stained solvent under natural light
    allow solvent to evaporate and describe colour of residual ring
    ie thk res rng, abnt O in mud, str pet odr OR no res rng, mod O in mud, no pet odor occ pale br
    residue
    residual ring = none, trace, thin rng, mod rng, thick ring, thin film, thick film
    oil in mud = trace, mod, abnt
    odour = str, mod, tr, none

    CHEMICAL TESTS
    With 10% HCL etch
    Limestone = instant + violent / float + move around / comp dissolve in mins / leaves acid frothy
    Dolomitic Limestone = immediate reaction / moderate + continuous / move from top to bottom of acid
    Calcitic Dolomite = slowly + weakly / accelerates to continuos reaction after few mins / some bobbing on
    bottom
    Dolomite = slow + hesitant / bubbles evolve one at a time / may have to warm acid for reaction to proceed /
    leaves acid milky.
    With Alazarin Red etch (after HCL) leave in cold Alaz Red for a few minutes
    Limestone = Deep red
    Dolomite = Unaffected
    Calcite = Red
    Ferrous Calcite = Mauve
    Fe rich Calcite = Purple
    Fe dolomite = Light Blue
    With Barium Chloride test (BaCL2) (for evaporates)
    1. Place several cuttings in bottle and fill with distilled water.
    2. Agitate and pour off water.
    3. Refill and repeat.
    4. Half fill with distilled water, add 3 drops of HCL and agitate.
    5. Add 2 drops BaCL2
    6. Note discoloration - if any.
    Anhydrite = white precipitate
    Gypsum = pearly white discoloration
    Phenolphthalen = red-cement
    Heating will cause
    Dolomite Claystone to effervesce when heated but will produce lots of particles and the cement dissolves.
    Dolomite will stay solid and bubble.

    Types..
    Very Very Fine Claystone less than 1/3rd Silt
    Very Fine Mudstone between 1/3rd + 2/3rds Silt
    [less than 4m] extremely fine grain, homogenous appearance, smooth + fine, feels greasy to touch, not gritty
    between teeth. - [greater than 50% Clay then Argillaceous]
    Shale a catchall category where there is more than 1/3rd Clay and unknown quantity of Silt. Also when a
    fine sediment becomes laminated. [less than 4m]
    Fine Siltstone more than 2/3rds Silt
    less than 3% clay, more than 67% silt size perticles [4-60m]
    grainy, though generally grains are not vis to naked eye, feels gritty between teeth, has greater than 50% Silt
    content. Crush few crumbs with pencil in dish. If feels grainy is silt
    Argillaceous Rocks the most abundant sediment
    primarily marine depositional, though can be lacustrine or f/water
    Shales, well compacted and fissile

    Clays, soft and amorphous


    Marls(Carbonate bearing clays).calcareous shale
    Siliceous Rocks small % of seds
    Siltstones smaller than the smallest sst grains
    Sands silica grns, fldsprs & other minerals
    Sandstones
    Claystone/Mudstone
    extremely fine grain, homogenous appearance, smooth + fine, feels greasy to touch, not gritty between teeth.
    [less than 4m]
    [greater than 50% Clay then Argillaceous]
    If becomes laminated then is Shale [less than 4m]
    Siltstone [4-60m]
    grainy, though generally grains are not vis to naked eye, feels gritty between teeth, has greater than 50% Silt
    content
    Sandstone (coarse) -crush few crumbs with pencil in dish. If feels grainy is silt
    Crystal Forms
    Anhedral - no visible crystal form
    Subhedral - partly developed crystal form
    Euhedral - well developed crystal form
    Clastic Rock Types
    Rudaceous - Till..Gravel
    Aranaceous - Silt..Sand
    Argillaceous - Mud..Clay

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