WL377e - Natural Convection and Radiation - V0.1
WL377e - Natural Convection and Radiation - V0.1
WL377e - Natural Convection and Radiation - V0.1
WL 377
WL 377
Experiment Instructions
Version 0.1
WL 377
Table of Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Structure of the safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Unit layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Process schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.1 Operating and display elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.2 The heating element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.3 The temperature controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.4 The vacuum pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.4.1 Before turning on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.4.2 Gas ballast valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.5
Installation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starting the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Start menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of the emission coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
15
16
17
18
19
ii
WL 377
Fundamental principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Black body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.1 Path of radiation in cylinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1 Aim of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Preparing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Performing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 Measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.4 Evaluation of the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.5 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
33
34
35
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 Worksheet for recording measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.3 Measured value table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.4 List of abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.5 List of key symbols and units used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.6 List of symbols in process schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.7 List of code letters in process schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.8 Tables and diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
iii
WL 377
Introduction
In the case of real heat transport between two
bodies, the heat transfer generally takes place
simultaneously through material-bound transport,
such as convection or thermal conduction, and
non-material-bound transport, such as radiation.
It is difficult to determine the individual heat quantities in a particular kind of transfer.
1 Introduction
WL 377
The measured values are read out on digital displays and can be simultaneously and directly
transferred to a PC via a USB connection, where
they can be analysed using the software supplied.
Learning content/exercises
Tests in a vacuum:
Heat transfer through radiation
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 04/2013
1 Introduction
WL 377
Safety
2.1
Intended use
The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
2.2
Signal word
DANGER
WARNING
CAUTION
NOTICE
2 Safety
Explanation
WL 377
Symbol
Explanation
Electrical voltage
Hazard (general)
Hot surfaces
Notice
2 Safety
WL 377
2.3
Safety instructions
WARNING
Electrical connections are exposed when the
switch cabinet is open.
Danger of electric shock.
Disconnect the mains plug before opening the
switch cabinet.
Work should only be carried out by qualified
electricians.
Protect the switch cabinet against moisture.
CAUTION
Injuries are possible when opening the pressure vessel without pressure compensation.
Before the cover is removed, the vacuum pump
must be switched off and pressure compensation in the pressure vessel must be established.
CAUTION
Vacuum pump and heater become hot in operation.
There is a risk of burns from the hot surface of the
heater, the vacuum pump and the vessel.
Allow unit to cool down first.
Do not touch hot surfaces, or only with protective gloves.
2 Safety
WL 377
WARNING
High noise emissions.
NOTICE
There is a danger of overheating. Do not operate
the trainer at more than 200C. Plastic parts may
be damaged.
NOTICE
Switch off the trainer at the main switch prior to
disconnecting or connecting power supply or data
cables. The temperature transducers and other
transducers may be irreparably damaged.
2.4
2 Safety
WL 377
Unit description
3.1
Unit layout
11
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
3
2
19
20
1
3 Unit description
13 Heater on/off
14 Heater power display (E1)
15 Main switch
16 Oil separator on the outlet side
17 Valve on the intake side (V1)
18 Oil filter (with zeolite) on the intake side
(not shown here)
19 Vacuum pump (P) with electric motor
20 Air or gas inlet
Both pressure transducers (P1) (P2) and the
temperature transducer (T2) are located on rear
of the pressure vessel.
Fig. 3.2
3 Unit description
V1
P
1
E
1
Behlter /
Reservoir
Heizer /
Heater
V5
T
2
V2
V4
V3
WL 377
Heizleistung /
Heating Power
Heizertemperatur /
Heater Temperature
Behlterwandtemperatur /
Walltemperature of reservoir
Behlterdruck relativ /
Relative Reservoir Pressure
Behlterdruck absolut /
Absolute Reservoir Pressure
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
Komponenten / Components
P2
P1
T2
T1
E1
3.2
P
2
WL 377
NATURAL CONVECTION AND RADIATION APPARATUS
Process schematic
WL 377
3.3
Components
3.3.1
Temperature
controller
Wall temperature
Relative
pressure in
bar
on/off switch
Fig. 3.3
3.3.2
Fig. 3.4
3 Unit description
WL 377
3.3.3
Actual temperature
Temperature setpoint
Changeover
switch (>2s)
Push button:
Higher power level
Push button:
Lower power level
Fig. 3.6
3 Unit description
10
WL 377
maximum heating element power has been specified and stored in the unit.
Using the stored power value and the analogue
signal of between 0 and 10 V, the current power is
established and displayed.
3.3.4
4
5
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
On/off switch
Exhaust flange
Vacuum flange
Gas ballast valve
Operating fluid filling screw
Sight glass
Operating fluid outlet screw
Fig. 3.7
Fig. 3.8
Oil separator
3 Unit description
11
WL 377
3.3.4.1
Before turning on
3.3.4.2
Fig. 3.9
3 Unit description
12
WL 377
3.3.5
V2
V1
Fig. 3.10
V5
V3
V4
Fig. 3.11
p1
The supply for the electrical heating and the connection for the heater temperature transducer are
both connected via the cover of the pressure vessel.
There is a ventilation and bleed valve (V5) on the
front side of the pressure vessel.
The pressure transducers for relative and absolute pressure, in addition to the temperature transducer for the wall temperature, are located on the
rear of the pressure vessel (Fig. 3.12).
T2
p2
Fig. 3.12
3 Unit description
13
WL 377
3.4
3.4.1
Installation procedure
NOTICE
The trainer must not be connected to the USB port
on the PC during installation of the program. The
trainer may only be connected after the software
has been installed successfully.
3 Unit description
14
WL 377
3.4.2
3 Unit description
15
WL 377
Start menu
3.4.3
Fig. 3.13
"Menu" screen
Fig. 3.13 shows the start menu which is only displayed once after starting the program. One of
four languages can be selected here. The language can also be changed at a later stage under
the "Language" menu point.
3 Unit description
16
WL 377
3.4.4
Schematic diagram
Fig. 3.14
3 Unit description
17
WL 377
3.4.5
Fig. 3.15
3 Unit description
18
WL 377
3.4.6
Convection
Fig. 3.16
3 Unit description
19
WL 377
Fig. 3.17
3 Unit description
Window with the power values for convection and radiation calculated with
and the determined coefficient of heat transfer.
20
WL 377
3.5
3.6
Commissioning
3.6.1
3 Unit description
21
WL 377
3.7
3.8
3 Unit description
22
WL 377
Fundamental principles
The basic principles set out in the following make
no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.
4.1
Convection
In the case of heat transfer by means of convection, the heat is transferred to flowing liquids or
gas particles. This energy is carried along by the
particles as a flow. If the flow is itself caused by
the heat transfer, as for example in the case of air
flowing past a central heating radiator, the movement is termed free convection. If the movement
is due to pumps or fans independent of the heat
transfer, e.g. for the cooling of an engine, the
movement is termed forced convection.
The heat transferred by convection is referred to
the area of the material to which the heat is transferred. If, for example, the heat is transferred from
a gas like air to a solid medium like a wall, then the
heat flow can be calculated as follows:
Fig. 4.1
Convection
Q = A tG tW
(4.1)
Here:
Q
The heat flow being transferred in W
= --'
4 Fundamental principles
in W/m2K
(4.2)
23
WL 377
Here:
'
Q = ---- A t G t W
'
(4.3)
Unit in W/m2K
Stationary
3,5...35
Moving gently
23...70
Moving strongly
58...290
Tab. 4.1
For the calculation of the heat transfer by convection, the coefficient of heat transfer for stationary
air is to be assumed. These values assume dry
air, as the air changes depending on the humidity.
4 Fundamental principles
24
WL 377
4.2
Radiation
Temperature radiation is termed heat radiation or
thermal radiation. There are two approaches for
the theoretical description of the emission, transmission and absorption of radiation: the classic
theory of electromagnetic waves and the quantum
theory of photons.
(4.4)
Here:
a
Absorption coefficient
r
Reflection coefficient
d
Permeability or transmission coefficient
4 Fundamental principles
25
WL 377
4.3
Black body
= a
(4.5)
Temperature in C
Copper (polished)
20
0,030
170
0,039
Iron (polished)
20
0,24
Iron (rusty)
20
0,85
Radiator paint
100
0,925
80
0,970
Surface
Tab. 4.2
E = T
4 Fundamental principles
(4.6)
26
WL 377
Here:
E
The energy per unit area
W/m2K4
C s = 10 = 5 ,67 in W/m2K4
(4.7)
E = C s ----------
100
T1 = const.
E1 A
T2 = const.
Q 12
r 1 Q 21
Q 21
A
A
Fig. 4.2
(4.8)
E = En
(4.9)
Q 12 = E 1 A + r 1 Q 21
(4.10)
Q 21 = E 2 A + r 2 Q 12
4 Fundamental principles
(4.11)
27
WL 377
---------------------------------- ---------Q =
A
(4.12)
100
100
1
1
----- + ----- 1
4.3.1
A1
Fig. 4.3
T1 T2
Q = -----------------------------------------------1 1 1 1 2
-------------- + ------ + -------------1 A1 A1 2 A2
(4.13)
4 Fundamental principles
28
WL 377
A1 T1 T2
Q = -----------------------------------------1 1
----- + ----- 1
(4.14)
4 Fundamental principles
29
WL 377
Experiments
5.1
Aim of experiment
Determination of the emission coefficient
5.1.1
5.1.2
5 Experiments
30
WL 377
Measured values
Vacuum
Measurement
Temperature
setpoint
T1
in C
Power
level
in %
Pressure
p1
in Pa
Temperature T1
in C
Temperature T2
in C
Heater
power E1
in W
Emission
coefficient
190
75
9,8
188,8
25,6
12,6
0,97
170
58
9,3
168,3
26,6
9,8
0,95
150
46
15,6
149,7
26,4
7,7
0,94
130
37
13,2
131,7
23,5
6,2
0,94
Tab. 5.1
5.1.4
(5.1)
Q Ele = Q Rad
(5.2)
Q Rad = A 1 T 1 T 2
5 Experiments
(5.3)
31
WL 377
Here:
T1 = 273,15 K + T1(gemessen)
T2 = 273,15 K + T2(gemessen)
Q Rad
= ------------------------------------------(5.4)
4
4
A1 T1 T2
The mean value can be determined in order to
gain an emission coefficient which applies for the
temperature range.
5.1.5
Analysis
According to the VDI Heating Atlas, the expected
values lie in the range from 0,92 (oil paint,
black) to 0,97 (matt paint, black).
5 Experiments
32
WL 377
5.2
Aim of experiment
Determination of the heat quantities transferred
through convection and radiation and calculation
of the coefficients of heat transfer Con and
Rad .
5.2.1
5.2.2
5 Experiments
33
WL 377
Afterwards, the vacuum vessel can be ventilated by opening the valve V2.
In the window with the graphical representation
of radiation and convection power, the values
can be read out and it can also be observed
when a stationary state was achieved.
In the system diagram window, the values are
displayed as numerical values.
5.2.3
Measured values
Vacuum
Measurement
Temperature
setpoint
T1 in C
Manual
Pressure
power
p1
level in % in Pa
Temperature T1
in C
Temperature T2
in C
Heater
power E1
in W
Emission
coefficient
190
75
9,8
188,8
25,6
12,6
0,97
170
58
9,3
168,3
26,6
9,8
0,95
150
46
15,6
149,7
26,4
7,7
0,94
130
37
13,2
131,7
23,5
6,2
0,94
Tab. 5.2
5 Experiments
34
WL 377
Me
asu
rem
ent
Temperature
setpoint
T1
in C
Manual
power
level
in %
Temperature
T1
in C
Temperature
T2
in C
Power
Heater
E1
in W
Irradiance
Convection
power
Q Con in
W
Coefficient of
heat
transfer
Con in
W/m2K
Coefficient of
heat
transfer
Rad in
W/m2K
190
100
173,8
26,4
16,8
10,7
6,1
6,8
11,8
170
100
174,6
27,8
16,8
10,4
6,4
7,1
11,7
150
78
150
26,7
13,1
7,7
5,4
7,2
10,4
130
64
130
24,4
10,8
6,1
4,6
7,1
9,4
Q Rad
in W
Tab. 5.3
5.2.4
Q Rad = A T 1 T 2
The following applies for the thermal power transferred through convection:
Q Con = Con A T 1 T 2
the coefficient of heat transfer for convection can
be obtained:
Q Con
Con = ------------------------------A T1 T2
5 Experiments
35
WL 377
Q Rad
Rad = ------------------------------A T1 T2
where the value for irradiance should be inserted
for the thermal power.
4
Rad
T1 T2
= ----------------------T1 T2
5.3
5 Experiments
36
WL 377
Appendix
6.1
Technical data
Dimensions
Length x Width x Height
Weight
Power supply
Voltage
Frequency
Phases
Nominal consumption (power)
Optional alternatives, see rating plate
Vacuum pump
Nominal suction capacity
Ultimate pressure total
Motor power
Speed
Heater cartridge
Nominal rating
Voltage
Diameter
Length
Casing around the heater cartridge
Diameter
Length
Material
Surface
Heater sleeve surface area:
Total surface area of the cartridge casing:
Thermocouple made of Kapton
Self-adhesive thermocouple
6 Appendix
230
50
1
0,6
V
Hz
Phase
kW
5 m3/h
3
5 10 mbar
370 W
1390 1/min
20
24
6,5
60
18
100
Copper
matt black
3
5 ,655 10
3
6 ,097 10
Type K
Type K
W
VDC
mm
mm
mm
mm
Cu
m2
m2
37
WL 377
Pressure vessel
Internal diameter
Height
Surface
Vessel internal sleeve surface area:
Emission coefficients
Oil paint, black :
Paint, matt black n :
211 mm
316 mm
matt black
0,20957 m2
0,92
0,97
6 Appendix
38
WL 377
6.2
= 5 ,67 10
Stefan-Boltzmann constant:
n = 0,97
n = 0,92
n = 0,24
W/m2K4
0,00609743 m2
0,20957 m2
= 3,5...35 W/m2K
Calculation formulas:
Radiation
4
4
Q Rad = A T 1 T 2
Q Rad
Rad = -------------------------------A T1 T2
4
Rad
(6.1)
(6.2)
T1 T2
= -----------------T1 T2
(6.3)
Convection
Q Kon = Kon A t 1 t 2
(6.4)
Kon = Nu m ---
(6.5)
6 Appendix
39
WL 377
6.3
Measurement
Pressure p in Pa
or mbar
Temperature
T1 in C
Temperature
T2 in C
Heater power
P in W
6 Appendix
Measured values
40
WL 377
Measurement
Emission
coefficient
Radiation
power Q Rad
in W
Convection
power Q Con
in W
Con
in W/m2K
Rad
in W/m2K
6 Appendix
Calculated values
41
WL 377
6.4
6.5
List of abbreviations
Abbreviation
Meaning
Ele
Electrical
Rad
Radiation
Con
Convection
Mathematical/physical variable
Area
A1
A2
Surface
Absorption coefficient
Cs
Radiation constant
Reflection coefficient
Medium temperature
T1
Temperature body 1
T2
Temperature body 2
tG
tW
'
1
2
6 Appendix
Unit
W/m2K4
5 ,67
W/m2K
W/mK
Wavelength
Stefan-Boltzmann constant:
Pi
m
5 ,67 10
W/m2K4
3,1415
42
WL 377
6.6
Name
Compressor
Valve
Safety valve
Coupling
6 Appendix
43
WL 377
6.7
Pump
Fittings
V
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 04/2013
Tab. 6.3
Fitting, general
Code letters for equipment, machines, fittings and pipes
As additional letter
Electrical variables
6 Appendix
As following letter
(sequence I, R, C)
Sensor function
Display
Pressure
Temperature
Tab. 6.4
Processing
Measuring transducer
function
44
WL 377
6.8
mm3
cm3
m3
1mm3
0,001
0,000001
0,000000001
1cm3
1.000
0,001
0,000001
1L
1.000.000
1.000
0,001
1m3
1.000.000.000
1.000.000
1.000
Tab. 6.5
Unit
L/s
L/min
L/h
m3/min
m3/h
1 L/s
60
3600
0,06
3,6
1 L/min
0,01667
60
0,001
0,06
1 L/h
0,000278
0,01667
0,00001667
0,001
1m3/min
16,667
1000
0,0006
60
1m3/h
0,278
16,667
1000
0,01667
Tab. 6.6
Unit
mbar
Pa
hPa
kPa
mm WS *
1 bar
1.000
100.000
1.000
100
10.000
1 mbar
0,001
100
0,1
10
1 Pa
0,00001
0,01
0,01
0,001
0,1
1hPa
0,001
100
0,1
10
1 kPa
0,01
10
1.000
10
100
1 mm WS *
0,0001
0,1
10
0,1
0,01
Tab. 6.7
6 Appendix
bar
45