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    CH 8 - Energy & Work

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    Jonni Maruli Tua Sitorus
    1) The document discusses key physics concepts including work, energy, power, and their precise definitions. It provides examples of calculating work done by various forces on objects. 2) Mechanical energy comes in two forms - gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE). The principle of conservation of energy states that total energy in an isolated system remains constant. 3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. Friction converts kinetic energy into internal thermal energy, following the law of conservation of energy.

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    CH 8 - Energy & Work

    Uploaded by

    Jonni Maruli Tua Sitorus
    42 views23 pages
    1) The document discusses key physics concepts including work, energy, power, and their precise definitions. It provides examples of calculating work done by various forces on objects. 2) Mechanical energy comes in two forms - gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE). The principle of conservation of energy states that total energy in an isolated system remains constant. 3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. Friction converts kinetic energy into internal thermal energy, following the law of conservation of energy.

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    1) The document discusses key physics concepts including work, energy, power, and their precise definitions. It provides examples of calculating work done by various forces on objects. 2) Mechanical energy comes in two forms - gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE). The principle of conservation of energy states that total energy in an isolated system remains constant. 3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. Friction converts kinetic energy into internal thermal energy, following the law of conservation of energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views23 pages

    CH 8 - Energy & Work

    Uploaded by

    Jonni Maruli Tua Sitorus
    1) The document discusses key physics concepts including work, energy, power, and their precise definitions. It provides examples of calculating work done by various forces on objects. 2) Mechanical energy comes in two forms - gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE). The principle of conservation of energy states that total energy in an isolated system remains constant. 3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. Friction converts kinetic energy into internal thermal energy, following the law of conservation of energy.

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    Ch 8 Energy & Work

    Work, Energy, Power



    Work, energy, and power
    are words that have certain
    meanings in everyday
    language. These words have
    very specific meanings in
    physics; youll need to be
    careful not to mix up the two
    ways of speaking.

    Definition of Work




    Workdone by a Force

    = Force displacement



    Note that the Force and the displacement have to be in
    the same direction.

    Example 1

    A 100-N horizontal
    force is used to drag a
    20kg box 2.0-m across a
    frictionless table. How
    much Work is done on
    the box...

    FNormal
    Fapplied

    a) By the horizontal Force?



    W = Fx
    W = (100)(2.0) = 200N m
    W = 200 Joules

    b) By the table?

    0J

    c) By gravity?

    0J

    Fgravity

    Example 2

    The same 100-N horizontal
    force is used to drag a 20kg
    box 2.0-m across a rough
    surface at constant velocity.

    FNormal
    Ffriction

    Fapplied

    Fgravity

    How much Work is done


    by Friction?

    W = Fx cos
    W = (100N )(2.0m)
    W = 200J

    Example 3

    A100-N is applied at 37
    above the horizontal, and
    used to drag the 20-kg box
    2.0-m across a frictionless
    surface.

    FNormal Fapplied

    Fapp-y
    Fapp-x

    Fgravity

    How much Work is done


    by the applied Force?

    W = Fx
    W = (80N )(2.0m)
    W = 160J

    More Examples

    1. I lift a 8-kg bowling ball up 50 cm
    into the air at constant velocity-how much Work did I do?

    2. How much Work did Earths gravity
    do in the preceding problem?

    3. How much Work do I do lowering
    an 8-kg bowling ball 50 cm down?

    4. How much Work do I do holding an
    8-kg bowling ball motionless in the
    air?

    5. How much Work do I do carrying
    an 8-kg bowling ball sideways 50cm
    at constant velocity?!

    Fgravity

    Work - Energy

    Work is a means by which energy is transferred.

    Mechanical Energy-2 types



    Mechanical Energy is a term that refers to two specific
    types of energy that were going to be focusing on.

    GPE = U g = mgh

    Example

    A 1.50-kg soccer ball is held
    2.0 meters above the
    ground.

    2.0 m

    a) What is the GPE of the


    soccer ball, relative to
    the ground?
    
    
    


    b) How much work was
    done to lift the soccer
    ball into the air?

    Work done against gravity



    Work = F d
    GPE = mgh
    Work = Fg d = mgd
    Work = GPE ?
    mgd = mgh!
    When I do Work on the ball, I transfer energy to the ball.

    Mechanical Energy-2 types



    Mechanical Energy is a term that refers to two specific
    types of energy that were going to be focusing on.

    GPE = U g = mgh

    1 2
    KE = K = mv
    2

    Conservation of Energy

    Energy is neither
    created nor destroyed -energy is always
    conserved.

    E = 0

    GPE
    +
    KE
    =
    GPE
    +
    KE
    i
    i
    f
    f

    Cons. of Energy - Non-isolated system



    Isolated system = unaffected
    by outside influence

    Non-isolated system = Work
    added to the system, or
    thermal energy (TE)
    lost (converted) as heat.

    Power

    Power = the rate at


    which Work is
    done.

    Power Pavg

    Work
    =
    time

    Example 15

    A student in class is
    lifted in a chair.

    a) How much Work was


    required to lift the student?

    b) How much Power was


    used to lift the student?

    Energy & Friction?



    Friction forces convert KE
    into internal energy.

    F friction

    F applied

    W = Fd
    TE = Ffriction displacement

    Conservation of Energy

    Energy is neither created
    nor destroyed -- energy is
    always conserved.

    E = E
    i

    Ui + Ki = U f + K f
    E system initial E
    internal + W otherforces = E system final

    Example 12

    A 6.0-kg mass is pulled with
    a constant horizontal Force
    of 12.0-N for a distance of
    3.0-m on a rough surface
    with =0.15.

    Find the final speed of the


    block using work-energy.

    W + K i Eint = K f
    1 2
    Fx + 0 fd = mv f
    2
    f = N = mg
    2(Fx mgd)
    vf =
    m
    2(12 3 0.15 6 9.8 3)
    vf =
    6
    v f = 1.78m / s

    Example 13

    A car traveling at a
    speed v skids a distance
    d after the brakes lock
    up.

    a) How far will it skid if its


    initial velocity is 2v?
     Ki Eint = K f
    
    1 2
     mv fd = 0
    2
    
    2
    mv
     d =
    d v2
    2f
    
    % mv 2 (
    
    m(2v)2
    d$ =
    = 4'
    * = 4d


    2f
    & 2f )
    b) What happens to the cars
    K as it skids to a stop?

    Its converted to random K of
    molecules in tire & road.

    Example 14

    b) What is the speed of the


    A 1.6 kg block is attached
    block as it passes the
    to a spring with k =
    equilibrium position if there is
    1.0x103N/m. The spring is
    a constant friction force of 4.0
    compressed 2.0 cm and
    N retarding its motion?

    released.

    a) What is the speed of the
    block as it passes through
    the equilibrium position?
    (Assume frictionless.)
    Wspring
    + K i = K f
    1 2
    1
    kx + 0 = mv 2
    2
    2
    k
    1000
    v=
    x=
    (0.02) = 0.5m / s
    m
    1.6

    Wspring + K i Eint = K f
    1 2
    1 2
    kx + 0 fd = mv
    2
    2
    1
    1
    2
    1000(0.02) + 0 (4)(0.02) = 1.6v 2
    2
    2
    v = 0.39m / s

    Example 16

    An elevator with a mass
    a) Find minimum power necessary to lift
    of 1000 kg carries a load
    the elevator at a speed of 3.00 m/s.
    of 800 kg. 4000 N of
    
    6.48e4 W
    friction retards the


    elevators upward
    b) If the motor needs to have a 3:1
    motion.

    safety factor, what should the
    horsepower rating on the motor be?
    (746 W = 1 hp)
    
    3*86.9=261 hp


    c) What Power must the motor deliver
    at any instant (as a function of v ) if
    its designed to provide an
    acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?

    P=Fv=7.03e4v W

    Example 17

    A hiker carries a 15.0 kg
    backpack up a 20m long
    slope, inclined at 30
    above the horizontal.

    a) How much Work was


    done on the backpack by
    the hiker?

    b) How much Work was
    done on the backpack by
    gravity?

    c) What was the net Work


    done on the backpack?

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