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    Bhabha Scattering: 1 Differential Cross Section

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    droy21
    Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process where an electron and positron scatter off of each other without annihilating. There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams that contribute to this interaction: an annihilation process and a scattering process. The unpolarized differential cross section for Bhabha scattering is calculated to leading order and used as a luminosity monitor in electron-positron colliders.

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    Bhabha Scattering: 1 Differential Cross Section

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    droy21
    344 views3 pages
    Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process where an electron and positron scatter off of each other without annihilating. There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams that contribute to this interaction: an annihilation process and a scattering process. The unpolarized differential cross section for Bhabha scattering is calculated to leading order and used as a luminosity monitor in electron-positron colliders.

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    particle, scattering, Bhabha, physics

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    Bhabha Scattering

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    Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process where an electron and positron scatter off of each other without annihilating. There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams that contribute to this interaction: an annihilation process and a scattering process. The unpolarized differential cross section for Bhabha scattering is calculated to leading order and used as a luminosity monitor in electron-positron colliders.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    344 views3 pages

    Bhabha Scattering: 1 Differential Cross Section

    Uploaded by

    droy21
    Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process where an electron and positron scatter off of each other without annihilating. There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams that contribute to this interaction: an annihilation process and a scattering process. The unpolarized differential cross section for Bhabha scattering is calculated to leading order and used as a luminosity monitor in electron-positron colliders.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    Bhabha scattering is an electron-positron scattering process that is used as a luminosity monitor in particle colliders. There are two leading order Feynman diagrams - an annihilation process and a scattering process. The differential cross section and matrix elements are derived.

    Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process of e+e− → e+e−. There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams contributing to this interaction - an annihilation process and a scattering process. Bhabha scattering is named after the Indian physicist Homi J. Bhabha.

    The Mandelstam variables s, t, and u represent the kinematic variables of the process. In the high-energy limit, they are defined in terms of the four-momenta of the particles.

    Bhabha scattering

    In quantum electrodynamics, Bhabha scattering is the 2.1 Matrix elements


    electron-positron scattering process:
    Both the scattering and annihilation diagrams contribute
    to the transition matrix element. By letting k and k' represent the four-momentum of the positron, while letting
    e+ e e+ e
    p and p' represent the four-momentum of the electron,
    and by using Feynman rules one can show the following
    There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams con- diagrams give these matrix elements:
    tributing to this interaction: an annihilation process and a
    scattering process. Bhabha scattering is named after the
    Indian physicist Homi J. Bhabha.
    The Bhabha scattering rate is used as a luminosity moni- Notice that there is a relative sign dierence between the
    tor in electron-positron colliders.
    two diagrams.

    2.2 Square of matrix element

    Dierential cross section

    To calculate the unpolarized cross section, one must average over the spins of the incoming particles (s- and s
    possible values) and sum over the spins of the outgoing
    particles. That is,

    To leading order, the spin-averaged dierential cross section for this process is

    2
    d
    =
    d(cos )
    s

    (
    2

    1 1
    +
    s
    t

    )2

    ( )2 ( ) )
    t
    s 2
    +
    +
    s
    t
    First, calculate |M|2 :

    where s,t, and u are the Mandelstam variables, is the


    ne-structure constant, and is the scattering angle.
    This cross section is calculated neglecting the electron
    mass relative to the collision energy and including only 2.3 Scattering term (t-channel)
    the contribution from photon exchange. This is a valid
    approximation at collision energies small compared to the 2.3.1 Magnitude squared of M
    mass scale of the Z boson, about 91 GeV; at higher energies the contribution from Z boson exchange also becomes important.

    1.1

    2.3.2 Sum over spins

    Mandelstam variables

    Next, we'd like to sum over spins of all four particles. Let
    s and s be the spin of the electron and r and r' be the
    spin of the positron.

    In this article, the Mandelstam variables are dened by

    where the approximations are for the high-energy (relativistic) limit.


    Now that is the exact form, in the case of electrons one
    is usually interested in energy scales that far exceed the
    electron mass. Neglecting the electron mass yields the
    2 Deriving unpolarized cross sec- simplied form:

    tion
    1

    2.4

    4 Uses

    Annihilation term (s-channel)

    The process for nding the annihilation term is similar to


    the above. Since the two diagrams are related by crossing
    symmetry, and the initial and nal state particles are the
    same, it is sucient to permute the momenta, yielding

    (This is proportional to (1 + cos ) where is the scattering angle in the center-of-mass frame.)

    2.5

    Solution

    Evaluating the interference term along the same lines and


    adding the three terms yields the nal result

    |M|2
    u2 + s2
    2u2
    u2 + t2
    =
    +
    +
    4
    2
    2e
    t
    st
    s2

    Simplifying steps

    3.1

    Completeness relations

    The completeness relations for the four-spinors u and v


    are

    u(s)
    (s)
    /+m
    p u
    p =p

    Small-angle Bhabha scattering was used to measure


    the luminosity of the 1993 run of the Stanford Large
    Detector (SLD), with a relative uncertainty of less
    than 0.5%.[1]
    Electron-positron colliders operating in the region
    of the low-lying hadronic resonances (about 1 GeV
    to 10 GeV), such as the Beijing Electron Synchrotron (BES) and the Belle and BaBar B-factory
    experiments, use large-angle Bhabha scattering as a
    luminosity monitor. To achieve the desired precision at the 0.1% level, the experimental measurements must be compared to a theoretical calculation including next-to-leading-order radiative corrections. The high-precision measurement of the total hadronic cross section at these low energies is a
    crucial input into the theoretical calculation of the
    anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon,
    which is used to constrain supersymmetry and other
    models of physics beyond the Standard Model.

    [1] A Study of Small Angle Radiative Bhabha Scattering and


    Measurement of the Luminosity at SLD

    vp(s) vp(s) = p
    /m

    Halzen, Francis; Martin, Alan (1984). Quarks &


    Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle
    Physics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-88741-2.

    s=1,2

    where
    p
    / = p (see Feynman slash notation)
    u
    = u 0

    3.2

    Bhabha scattering has been used as a luminosity monitor


    in a number of e+ e collider physics experiments. The
    accurate measurement of luminosity is necessary for accurate measurements of cross sections.

    5 References

    s=1,2

    REFERENCES

    Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1994).


    An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Perseus
    Publishing. ISBN 0-201-50397-2.
    Bhabha scattering on arxiv.org

    Trace identities
    Main article: Trace identities

    To simplify the trace of the Dirac gamma matrices, one


    must use trace identities. Three used in this article are:
    1. The Trace of any product of an odd number of
    's is zero
    2. Tr( ) = 4
    3. Tr ( )
    4 ( + )
    Using these two one nds that, for example,

    Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

    6.1

    Text

    Bhabha scattering Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha%20scattering?oldid=623357763 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Jason


    Quinn, Nick Mks, Goudzovski, JabberWok, Thiseye, Sbyrnes321, Dauto, Vina-iwbot, Forthommel, Difty, Maliz, HEL, TimothyRias,
    Addbot, Dark Matter Narcosis, Download, Dreamer08, Citation bot, Alexhunterlang, ChasEpstn, Mmitchell10 and Anonymous: 18

    6.2

    Images

    File:Bhabha_S_channel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Bhabha_S_channel.svg License: CC BY-SA


    4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ChasEpstn
    File:Bhabha_S_channel_label.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Bhabha_S_channel_label.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ChasEpstn
    File:Bhabha_T_channel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Bhabha_T_channel.svg License: CC BY-SA
    4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ChasEpstn
    File:Bhabha_T_channel_label.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Bhabha_T_channel_label.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ChasEpstn
    File:Mandelstam01.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Mandelstam01.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
    Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mandelstam01.png Original artist: JabberWok

    6.3

    Content license

    Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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