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    The skin is the body's largest organ, covering most of the body surface and accounting for about 16% of body weight. It has four essential functions: retaining moisture, regulating temperature, protecting from microbes and external influences, and sensation. The skin has a complex structure consisting of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis interfaces with the dermis through finger-like projections called dermal papillae that extend into the epidermis. Understanding the structure and functions of normal skin is important for studying cutaneous biology and diseases.

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    01 01

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    75 views2 pages
    The skin is the body's largest organ, covering most of the body surface and accounting for about 16% of body weight. It has four essential functions: retaining moisture, regulating temperature, protecting from microbes and external influences, and sensation. The skin has a complex structure consisting of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis interfaces with the dermis through finger-like projections called dermal papillae that extend into the epidermis. Understanding the structure and functions of normal skin is important for studying cutaneous biology and diseases.

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    The skin is the body's largest organ, covering most of the body surface and accounting for about 16% of body weight. It has four essential functions: retaining moisture, regulating temperature, protecting from microbes and external influences, and sensation. The skin has a complex structure consisting of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis interfaces with the dermis through finger-like projections called dermal papillae that extend into the epidermis. Understanding the structure and functions of normal skin is important for studying cutaneous biology and diseases.

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    75 views2 pages

    01 01

    Uploaded by

    sagitawidiyastuti
    The skin is the body's largest organ, covering most of the body surface and accounting for about 16% of body weight. It has four essential functions: retaining moisture, regulating temperature, protecting from microbes and external influences, and sensation. The skin has a complex structure consisting of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis interfaces with the dermis through finger-like projections called dermal papillae that extend into the epidermis. Understanding the structure and functions of normal skin is important for studying cutaneous biology and diseases.

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    Structure and Function of the Skin

    The skin is the human body


    s its largest organ, covering 1.6 m2 of surface area and accounting for approximately 16% of an adults body weight. In direct contact with the outside environment, the skin helps to maintain four
    essential bodily functions: retention of moisture and prevention of permeation or loss of other molecules,
    regulation of body temperature, protection of the body from microbes and harmful external influences, and
    sensation. To understand cutaneous biology and skin diseases, it is very important to learn the structure and
    functions of normal human skin.

    A. Skin surface
    The skin surface is not smooth, but is laced with multiple networks of fine grooves called sulci cutis. These can be deep or
    shallow. The slightly elevated areas that are surrounded by shallower areas of sulci cutis are called cristae cutis. Sweat pores fed
    by the sweat glands open to the cristae cutis (Fig. 1.1).
    The orientation of the sulci cutis, which differs depending on
    body location, is called the dermal ridge pattern. Fingerprints and
    patterns on the palms and soles, which are unique to each person,
    are formed by the sulci cutis. Elastic fibers also run in specific
    directions in deeper parts of the skin, with the direction depending on the site. Some skin diseases, such as epidermal nevus, are
    known to occur along specific lines distributed over the body, the
    Blaschko lines (Fig. 1.2). These lines are thought to be associated

    sulcus cutis

    Fig. 1.2 The Blaschko lines.


    Many dermatological disorders appear along these lines, such as epidermal nevus and linear scleroderma (Bolognia JL, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:175-90).

    crista cutis

    Fig. 1.1 Appearance of the skin surface.


    a: Cristae cutis (triangle) and sulci cutis (arrows).
    b: Nevus-cell nevus along the cristae cutis. c:
    Sweat pores fed by sweat glands open to the
    cristae cutis (arrows).

    Structure and Function of the Skin

    hair

    arrector pili muscle


    sweat pore
    apocrine sweat gland
    horny cell layer

    epidermal rete ridge


    papillary dermis
    subpapillary dermis
    epidermal basement membrane
    eccrine sweat gland

    epidermis

    dermal papilla

    infundibulum

    reticular dermis

    dermis

    sebaceous gland
    hair bulge

    hair follicle
    dermal hair papilla
    hair bulb
    hair matrix

    subcutaneous tissue

    subcutaneous
    fat

    muscle

    fascia

    Fig. 1.3 Structure of the skin.


    (Nakagawa H, editor. Dermatological disorders. In: Symphonia Medica Nursing (Vol.19). Nakayama-Shoten; 2001. p.3).

    with the direction in which the differentiated cell clones extend


    during fetal skin development.
    Skin generally consists of a three-layer structure: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues (Fig. 1.3). At the boundary
    between the epidermis and dermis are finger-like projecting
    structures (the dermal papillae) that project into the overlying tissue (the epidermis) (Fig. 1.30). The portion of the epidermis that
    projects into the dermis is called the epidermal rete ridge, and the
    portion of the dermis that projects into the epidermis is called the
    dermal papilla.

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