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    Abstract Algebra Vocabulary

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    This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in abstract algebra, including: - Injections and surjections are maps between sets that preserve distinctness or attain all values. - The Euclidean algorithm produces the greatest common divisor of integers. Integers modulo n form a ring. - Groups have properties like closure, identity, inverses, and associativity. Dihedral groups describe symmetries. Generators and relations define groups. - Rings and fields have addition and multiplication with additional properties. General linear groups consist of invertible matrices. - Subgroups, normalizers, centers, and conjugates relate subsets of groups. Cyclic groups are generated by a single element. - Homomorph

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    Abstract Algebra Vocabulary

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    173 views4 pages
    This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in abstract algebra, including: - Injections and surjections are maps between sets that preserve distinctness or attain all values. - The Euclidean algorithm produces the greatest common divisor of integers. Integers modulo n form a ring. - Groups have properties like closure, identity, inverses, and associativity. Dihedral groups describe symmetries. Generators and relations define groups. - Rings and fields have addition and multiplication with additional properties. General linear groups consist of invertible matrices. - Subgroups, normalizers, centers, and conjugates relate subsets of groups. Cyclic groups are generated by a single element. - Homomorph

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    Handy list of various basic abstract algebra terminology

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    This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in abstract algebra, including: - Injections and surjections are maps between sets that preserve distinctness or attain all values. - The Euclidean algorithm produces the greatest common divisor of integers. Integers modulo n form a ring. - Groups have properties like closure, identity, inverses, and associativity. Dihedral groups describe symmetries. Generators and relations define groups. - Rings and fields have addition and multiplication with additional properties. General linear groups consist of invertible matrices. - Subgroups, normalizers, centers, and conjugates relate subsets of groups. Cyclic groups are generated by a single element. - Homomorph

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    173 views4 pages

    Abstract Algebra Vocabulary

    Uploaded by

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    This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in abstract algebra, including: - Injections and surjections are maps between sets that preserve distinctness or attain all values. - The Euclidean algorithm produces the greatest common divisor of integers. Integers modulo n form a ring. - Groups have properties like closure, identity, inverses, and associativity. Dihedral groups describe symmetries. Generators and relations define groups. - Rings and fields have addition and multiplication with additional properties. General linear groups consist of invertible matrices. - Subgroups, normalizers, centers, and conjugates relate subsets of groups. Cyclic groups are generated by a single element. - Homomorph

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    Abstract Algebra Vocabulary

    Chapter 0: Preliminaries

    Injection (p. 2) A map f : A B is an injection if a1 6= a2 = f (a1 ) 6=


    f (a2 ). f is an injection i f has a left inverse.
    Surjection (p. 2) A map f : A B is a surjection if b B a A b = f (a).
    f is a surjection i f has a right inverse.
    Euclidean algoritm (p. 5) A procedure which produces the greatest common
    divisor of two integers a and b. From the algorithm, it follows that
    (a, b) gcd (a, b) = ax + by , x, y Z.
    Integers modulo n (p. 8) Z/nZ. Letting a {a + kn|k Z} for a given n Z
    be an equivalence class, Z/nZ is the set of such equivalence classes.
    b a b.
    a
    + b a + b, a
    Chapter 1: Introduction to Groups

    Dihedral group (p. 23) For n Z3 , D2n = {


    symmetries of a regular n-gon
    }=
    1, r, . . . rn1 , s, srr, . . . srn1 = r, s|rn = s2 = 1, rs = sr1 . |D2n | =
    2n.
    Generators (p. 26) A subset S of a group G with the property that every element of G can be written as a nite product of elements of S and
    their inverses. We write
    G = hSi .

    Relations (p. 26) Any equations in a general group G which the generators satisfy.
    Presentation (p. 26) For a group G, the set of generators S and a collection of
    relations R1 , . . . , Rm such that any relation among the elements of
    S can be deduced from these relations. We write
    G = hS|R1 , . . . , Rm i .

    Symmetric group (p. 29) S {bijecttions from }, where is any nonempty


    set.
    Sn {bijections from }, where = {1, . . . , n}, is called the
    symmetric group of degree n.
    1

    Ring (p. 223) A set R together with two binary operations + and such that
    (R, +) is an abelian group, is associative, and a, b, c R, a
    (b + c) = a b + a c (a + b) c = a c + b c. The ring
    is commutative if is commutative, and the ring has an identity if
    e Ra Re a = a e = a. All elds are rings.
    Field (p. 34) A set F together with two binary operations + and such that
    (F, +) is an abelian group (whose identity can be called 0), (F {0} , )
    is an abelian group, and a, b, c F , a (b + c) = a b + a c.
    Equivalently, a eld is a ring with 0 1+ and 1 1 6= 0, which
    has a multiplicative inverse a 6= 0 R. F F {0}.
    General linear group (p. 34) GLn (F )
    {A|A is an n n matrix with entries from F and det (A) 6= 0}.
    Quaternion group (p. 36) Q8 {1, 1, i, i, j, j, k, k},
    with 1a = a1 = a, (1) (1) = 1, (1) a = a (1) = a, if
    i i = j j = k k = 1. D
    For mixed multiples, useijk (eg., i j = k).
    E
    As a presentation, Q8 = 1, i, j, k| (1)2 = 1, i2 = j 2 = k2 = ijk = 1, .
    Group action (p. 41) A map from G A A, written as g a, for which g1
    (g2 a) = (g1 g2 ) a , 1 a = a g1 , g2 G, a A.
    Faithful (p. 43) A group action is faithful if distinct elements of G induce distinct permutations of A.
    Kernel [of an action] (p. 43) ker (G  A) {g G|g b = bb B}.
    Chapter 2: Subgroups

    Subgroup criterion (p. 46) A subset H of a group G is a subgroup i H 6=


    and x, y H , xy 1 H .
    Centralizer (p. 49) CG (A) g G|gag 1 = a a A , with A G, i.e., it is
    the set of elements of G which commute with all elements of A.
    

    Center (p. 50) Z (G) CG (G), i.e., it is the set of elements of G which commute with all other elements of G.
    

    gAg 1 (p. 50) gAg 1 gag 1 |a A .
    

    Normalizer (p. 50) NG (A) g G|gAg 1 = A , i.e., the set of elements of
    G such that commutation gives ga = bg , with a, b A.

    Stabilizer (p. 51) Gs {g G|g s = s}, i.e., for G acting on A, the stabilizer
    of G on s is the set of elements of G which map s to itself.
    Cyclic group (p. 54) hxi a group that can be generated by a single element
    x. For such a group H , we can write H = hxi.
    Zn the cyclic group of order n.
    2

    Subgroup generated by a set (p. 62) hAi the intersection of all subgroups of
    G containing A, where A G. Alternatively, and equivalently,
    A {a11 a22 ann |n Z , n 0 , i ai A , i = 1}, i.e., A is the
    subgroup whose set is all nite products of elements of A.
    Lattice of subgroups (p. 66) A graph, constructed by plotting all subgroups of
    G starting at the bottom with {1}, ending at the top with G, and,
    roughly speaking, with subgroups of larger order positioned higher
    on the page than those of smaller order.
    Chapter 3: Quotient Groups and Homomorphisms

    Fibers of a homomorphism (p. 73) If is a homomorphism from G to H , then


    the bers of are the sets of elements of G projecting to single
    elements above H . For a given element h of H , we say that Xh is
    the ber [of ] above (or over) h. E.g., Let G = {a, b, c}, h H ,
    and (a) = (b) = h 6= (c). Then, Xh = {a, b}.
    Kernel [of a homomorphism] (p. 75) ker = {g G| (g) = 1}, where : G
    H is a homomorphism..
    Quotient/factor group (p. 76) G/K {Xh |h H} with group operation is
    Xa Xb = Xab , where there is a homomorphism : G H with
    kernel K ker .
    Coset (p. 77) gN {gn|n N }, N g {ng|n N } are the left and right coset
    of N in G, respectively, where N G and g G.
    A representative of a coset is any element of that coset.
    Conceptually, the left coset, gN , of N in G is simply the left translate of N by G. Similarly for the right coset. For this reason, for
    additive groups an alternative notation is g + N gN , N + g N g .
    Example: G = Z, N = Zeven = {. . . , 2, 0, 2, . . .}. Then,
    0N = {. . . , 0 + 2, 0 + 0, 0 + 2, . . .} = {. . . , 2, 0, 2, . . .},
    1N = {. . . , 1 + 2, 1 + 0, 1 + 2, . . .} = {. . . , 1, 1, 3, . . .},
    2N = {. . . , 2 + 2, 2 + 0, 2 + 2, . . .} = {. . . , 0, 2, 4, . . .}.
    Comparing, 0N is N translated by 0 (Zeven again), 1N is N translated by 1 (Zodd ), and 2N is N translated by 2 (Zeven again).
    1
    Conjugate [element or set] (p. 82) The element gng
    is called the
    
    conugate of
    1
    n N by g , and the set gN g
    gng 1 |n N is called the
    conjugate of N by g .

    Normal, normalize (p. 82) An element g normalizes N if gN g 1 = N . A subgroup N G is called normal if every element of g normalizes N ,
    g G gN g 1 = N . We denote that N is a normal subgroup of

    G as N E G. Note that
    N E G NG (N ) = G
    gN = N g g G

    gN g 1 N

    g G

    ({gN |g G} , ) is a group, where uN vN (uv) N.

    Natural projection (homomorphism) (p. 83) The natural projection (homomorphism) of G onto G/N is the homomorphism : G G/N, g 7
    gN , where N E G.
    Complete preimage (p. 83) If H G/N , the complete preimage of H in G is
    the preimage of H under the natural projection homomorphism.

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