Governor-General of India

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Governor-General of India

Standard of the Governor-General

C. Rajagopalachari, the
last Governor-General of India
Style
His Excellency
Residence Viceroy's House

East India Company (to 1858)

Monarch of India (from 1858)

Appointer

Formation
First holder
Final holder
Abolished

20 October 1774
Warren Hastings
C. Rajagopalachari
26 January 1950

The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, the Viceroy and Governor-General
of India (commonly shortened to Viceroy of India)) was originally the head of the British
administration in India and, later, after Pakistani and Indian independence in 1947, the
representative of the Indian monarch and head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the
title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only
over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete

authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official became known as the
Governor-General of India.
In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British
government; see British Raj. The governor-general (now also the viceroy) headed the central
government of India, which administered the provinces of British India, including the Punjab,
Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others.[1] However, much of India was not
ruled directly by the British government; outside the provinces of British India, there were
hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not
with the British government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the governor-general's role
as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the
term Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the Viceroy of India) was
applied to him.
The title of viceroy was abandoned when India and Pakistan gained their independence, but the
office of governor-general continued to existas representatives of George VI as King of India
and King of Pakistan, respectivelyuntil they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and
1956.
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India
Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the
advice of the British government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet,
was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers. After 1947, the sovereign
continued to appoint the governor-general, but did so on the advice of the Indian government.
Governors-General served at the pleasure of the sovereign, though the practice was to have them
serve five-year terms. Governors-General could have their commission rescinded and if one were
removed or left a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of
the office could be chosen. Provisional governors-general were often chosen from among the
provincial governors.

Contents

1 History

2 Functions

3 Council

4 Style and title

5 Flag

6 Residence

7 Insignia

8 List of Governors-General

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

History

Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785.
Many parts of India were governed by the East India Company, which nominally acted as the
agent of the Mughal Emperor. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the British
government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the
Regulating Act of 1773. A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to
rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council
were named in the Act; their successors were to be elected by the East India Company's Court of
Directors. The Act provided for a five-year term for the Governor-General and Council, but the
Sovereign had the power to remove any of them.[citation needed]
The Charter Act, 1833 replaced the Governor-General and Council of Fort William with the
Governor-General and Council of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was retained
by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the Sovereign's approval.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the East India Company was abolished, and its territories in
India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign. The Government of India Act 1858
vested the power to appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The Governor-General, in

turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's
approval.
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but Governors-General continued to be
appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis Mountbatten, 1st
Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor-General of India for some time after
independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors-General. India
became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.

Functions

Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India, a post he held from 18991905.

Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s
The Governor-General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal.
The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and
defence. The other Presidencies of the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen)
were neither allowed to declare war on nor make peace with an Indian prince without receiving
the prior approval of the Governor-General and Council of Fort William.[citation needed]
The powers of the Governor-General in respect of foreign affairs were increased by the India Act
1784. The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not
declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to
do so by the Governor-General, or by the Company's Court of Directors.

While the Governor-General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the
explicit head of British India. This status only came with the Charter Act 1833, which granted
him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of
British India. The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and Council.
After 1858, the Governor-General (henceforth usually known as the Viceroy) functioned as the
chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign's representative. India was divided into
numerous provinces, each under the head of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor or Chief
Commissioner or Administrator. Governors were appointed by the British Government, to whom
they were directly responsible; Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners, and Administrators,
however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy. The Viceroy also oversaw the
most powerful princely rulers: the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja
(Scindia) of Gwalior, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad (Gaekwar)
Maharaja of Baroda. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana
Agency and Central India Agency (which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy), or by
provincial authorities.
The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of the
King-Emperor to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and
aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the Viceroy
presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee which met more often.
Upon independence in August 1947, the title of Viceroy was abolished. The representative of the
British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari
became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India acquired independence, the
Governor-General's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a
day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the President
of India continued to perform the same functions.

Council
Main articles: Council of India and Viceroy's Executive Council

The Viceregal Lodge in Simla, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India

Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (19121931) now University of
Delhi main building [2]
The Governor-General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and
executive powers. The Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was referred to as
the "Governor-General in Council."
The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India
Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but
he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the
Governor-General.
In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have
both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was
increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding.
The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was the first
law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor-General.
As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of
Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth
member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council.
Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by
the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council's composition. Three
members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign.
(The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869). The Viceroy was
empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members (changed to ten to sixteen in 1892,
and to sixty in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary
headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on
legislation.
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took
over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The Viceroy nonetheless retained
significant power over legislation. He could authorize the expenditure of money without the
Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defense" purposes, and for any purpose

during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he
recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill
passed over the objections of the other chamber. The Legislature had no authority over foreign
affairs and defense. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy; the
Legislative Assembly elected its President, but the election required the Viceroy's approval.

Style and title

Until 1833, the title of the position was "Governor-General of Bengal". The Government of India
Act 1833 converted the title into "Governor-General of India."
The Governor-General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government
officials in India. He was referred to as 'His Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'.
From 1858 to 1947, the Governor-General was known as the Viceroy of India (from the French
roi, meaning 'king'), and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines (from the French reine,
meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as
'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the
only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George
V, who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911.[citation needed]
When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861, the Viceroy was made its Grand
Master ex officio. The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the
Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877.
Most Governors-General and Viceroys were peers. Frequently, a Viceroy who was already a peer
would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord
Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman-Thomas. Of those
Viceroys who were not peers, Sir John Shore was a baronet, and Lord William Bentinck was
entitled to the courtesy title 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke. Only the first and last
Governors-General Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari as well as some
provisional Governors-General, had no honorific titles at all.

Flag
From around 1885, the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre
with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown. This flag was not the Viceroy's personal flag; it
was also used by Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners and other British
officers in India. When at sea, only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while other
officials flew it from the foremast.
From 1947 to 1950, the Governor-General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest
(a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. The same
design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors-General. This last flag was
the personal flag of the Governor-General only.

Residence

Government House served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth
century.
The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early
nineteenth century, when Government House was constructed. In 1854, the Lieutenant Governor
of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of
India.
Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that 'India should be governed from a palace, not
from a country house', constructed a grand mansion, known as Government House, between
1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in
1912. Thereafter, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere
House, was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as
the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal, and is referred to by its Bengali
name Raj Bhavan.
After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's
House, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude
until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded 877,000
(over 35,000,000 in modern terms) more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the
residence, now known by the Hindi name of 'Rashtrapati Bhavan', is used by the President of
India.
Throughout the British administration, Governors-General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge
(Rashtrapati Niwas) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India
moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study.

Insignia
See also: Star of India (flag)


Crest of the Governor-General (18851947)

Standard of the Governor-General (18851947)

Standard of the Governor-General (19471950)

List of Governors-General
Main article: List of Governors-General of India

See also
India portal
Pakistan portal
United Kingdom portal
Politics portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of India.

Commander-in-Chief, India

British Empire

Emperor of India

Indian independence movement

Council of India

British Raj

Secretary of State for India

India Office

Indian Civil Service

Partition of India

History of Bangladesh

History of India

History of Pakistan

References
1.
The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire,
which included both the provinces and the Native States.
1.

"Imperial Impressions". Hindustan Times. 20 July 2011.

Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government

Buildings India"

Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor) (1910) Selections from the State Papers of the GovernorsGeneral of India; Warren Hastings (2 vols), Oxford: Blackwell's

Encyclopdia Britannica ("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London: Cambridge

University Press, 1911, 11th edition,

James, Lawrence (1997) Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India London: Little,
Brown & Company ISBN 0-316-64072-7

Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 17501921,

London: Oxford University Press

Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (Archived 200910-31)

mountbattenofburma.com Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten

of Burma

Further reading

Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865). The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India:
Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in
India.

Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 18581918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818-1858 (1932) 660pp
online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire

Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the
fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down
perspective;

Rudhra, A. B. (1940) The Viceroy and Governor-General of India. London: H. Milford,

Oxford University Press

Spear, Percival (1990), A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin
Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8. online edition
[show]

Governors-General of India
[show]

Governors-general of the Commonwealth realms and Dominions

[show]

Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions

Categories:

Governors-General of India

India and the Commonwealth of Nations

Westminster system

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