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    Note 4

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    Serdar Bilge
    The pressure in a static fluid acts equally in all directions at a point. Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area. In a static fluid element, the pressure forces balance the weight force. The pressure in a static, incompressible fluid increases linearly with depth due to the increased weight of the fluid. A manometer can be used to measure pressure differences by using the difference in fluid heights in the manometer limbs.

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    Note 4

    Uploaded by

    Serdar Bilge
    30 views21 pages
    The pressure in a static fluid acts equally in all directions at a point. Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area. In a static fluid element, the pressure forces balance the weight force. The pressure in a static, incompressible fluid increases linearly with depth due to the increased weight of the fluid. A manometer can be used to measure pressure differences by using the difference in fluid heights in the manometer limbs.

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    The pressure in a static fluid acts equally in all directions at a point. Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area. In a static fluid element, the pressure forces balance the weight force. The pressure in a static, incompressible fluid increases linearly with depth due to the increased weight of the fluid. A manometer can be used to measure pressure differences by using the difference in fluid heights in the manometer limbs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    30 views21 pages

    Note 4

    Uploaded by

    Serdar Bilge
    The pressure in a static fluid acts equally in all directions at a point. Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area. In a static fluid element, the pressure forces balance the weight force. The pressure in a static, incompressible fluid increases linearly with depth due to the increased weight of the fluid. A manometer can be used to measure pressure differences by using the difference in fluid heights in the manometer limbs.

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    Fluid Statics

    Pressure

    In general, fluids are subject to both normal and


    shearing forces.
    However, only fluids with velocity gradients
    produce shearing forces.
    For fluids at rest, only normal forces exist.
    These normal forces in fluids are called pressure
    forces

    Pressure

    It is defined as

    where F is the normal force acting over the area A.

    In a wedge shaped stationary fluid element,


    there are pressure forces acting normal to
    the surfaces and the weight force:
    z

    pnA

    A
    x

    pxA sin
    z= l sin

    x= l cos
    Weight
    pzA cos

    The equation of equilibrium in the x-direction:

    Or the equation of equilibrium in the z-direction:

    As l goes to zero at a point:

    We conclude that the pressure at a point in


    a static fluid acts with the same magnitude
    in all directions.

    Pressure is a scalar quantity,


    not a vector; the pressure at a
    point in a fluid is the same in
    all directions.

    In the outer space which is virtually void of


    gases, the pressure is zero.

    Pressures measured relative to a perfect


    vacuum (absolute zero) are termed
    absolute pressure.
    The atmospheric pressure at sea level is
    taken as 101325 Pa

    Many pressure measuring devices measure


    the differences in pressure relative to the
    atmospheric pressure.
    This type of pressure reading is called gage
    pressure.

    Therefore, a gage pressure can be


    negative, which is referred as suction or
    vacuum pressure.

    Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a


    given position. It is measured relative to absolute
    vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
    Gage pressure: The difference between the
    absolute pressure and the local atmospheric
    pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
    calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so
    they indicate gage pressure.
    Vacuum pressures: Pressures below
    atmospheric pressure.

    EQUATION FOR PRESSURE FIELD


    Consider a stationary fluid element.
    There are two types of forces acting on this
    element:
    Surface forces due to pressure
    and a body force due to the weight of the
    element (we observed that pressure changes in z
    direction)

    y
    x

    xyz

    Pressure on the surfaces can be expressed in terms of p


    given at the center of the element.

    The resultant surface force in the y direction is:

    The weight of the fluid is:

    The total force on the element then becomes:

    or in component form:

    Since p only depends on z:

    The weight per unit volume g is defined as


    specific weight
    The ratio of the specific weight of a given liquid to
    the specific weight of water is defined as specific
    gravity, S
    For incompressible fluid: the above equation may be
    integrated to yield:

    For h=z1-z2>0 the pressure between two points can be


    specified in terms of the distance h:

    h is called the pressure head.

    The pressure p at any depth h below a reference surface, where


    pressure is p0, is then given by

    In an incompressible fluid at rest the pressure varies linearly


    with depth.

    The pressure of a fluid at rest


    increases with depth (as a
    result of added weight).

    Pressure in a liquid at
    rest increases linearly
    with distance from the
    free surface.

    The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a


    given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are
    interconnected by the same fluid.

    A manometer can contain one or more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol,
    or oil.

    Example

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