COMPARING SERIES AND PARALLEL HYBRID FILTERS FOR HARMONIC

REDUCTION IN HOT STRIP MILL WITH CYCLOCONVERTERS

Hlio M. A. Antunes, Gilberto C. D. Sousa, Domingos S. L. Simonetti
Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo
Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras Vitria ES CEP: 29075-910
helioantunes@gmail.com, g.sousa@ele.ufes.br, d.simonetti@ele.ufes.br

Abstract This paper presents a comparison between

two hybrid filtering approaches applied for harmonic
filtering in a hot strip mill. The study is carried out
through digital simulation. The relevant waveforms of
the system are analyzed mainly concerning their
harmonic spectrum, allowing the performance analysis of
each filtering system in the electrical system power
quality. The structures behavior are also evaluated
regarding the reduction of the current in the system of
passive filtering, front to a possible expansion of the
system. The obtained results show that the best solution
for harmonic reduction is the active-passive series
structure.
Keywords - Hybrid Filters, harmonic compensation,
industrial electric systems, power quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the steel industry that uses the process of hot strip mill,
cycloconverter-fed synchronous motors are largely used.
This static converter uses power-electronic devices like
thyristors, which absorb a non-linear current from the
electric main. This current has a harmonic spectrum
composed by harmonics, subharmonics and interharmonics,
variable with the output frequency of the converter. The
circulation of these currents in the industrial electric system
introduces voltage distortion, causing a series of problems
related with the electric power quality [1].
Traditionally a very used solution for the mitigation of the
non-linear cycloconverter current content is done through the
use of passive filters. Besides reducing the harmonic content
of the current, they reduce the voltage distortion and improve
the power factor. Their use is attractive, due to the low initial
cost and high efficiency. However, passive filters possess a
series of disadvantages [2, 3]:
Sensibility to frequency variation of the source.
The tuning filter frequency is fixed and difficult to be
adjusted.
Source impedance strongly affects filtering
characteristics.
Parallel and series resonance between source and
passive filter can occur.
It has significant size and weight.
An alternative for passive filter system can be obtained
through the use of active filters, or an association of them,
forming thus a hybrid topology. From both viability and
economical points of view, hybrid filters are more attractive

regarding the harmonic compensation than pure active

filters, mainly in high-power applications [3-6].
A very common industrial hybrid topology is obtained
through the series connection of the active and passive
filters. This topology allows to solve the problems of the
passive filtering system, besides to join the advantages of
both systems. As a consequence the active filter capacity is
reduced compared to the pure active filter [7].
Another common solution is the parallel hybrid topology:
active and passive filters are parallel connected. The
harmonic components of fixed frequency are absorbed by the
passive filter, while the components of variable frequency
from loads with great variation dynamics are eliminated by
the active filter [8].
This work presents a comparative analysis between a
series and parallel hybrid filter, applied to the electrical
system of a cycloconverter-fed hot strip mill. For this, a
model was created in Matlab/Simulink, which allows the
electrical system of the rolling mill be represented with high
correlation degree to the real system. The model was
validated through voltage and current measurements in the
cycloconverters bus. Using the model, the performance and
control of the hybrid filtering system were evaluated
concerning on voltage and current harmonic distortion
compensation. Moreover, the performance of each hybrid
structure was evaluated in the current-reduction of the
passive filters front to a system expansion.
II. TOPOLOGIES FOR HARMONIC FILTERING
The proposed comparison is realized for a steel plant
located at Grande Vitria, Esprito Santo. The system under
analysis is a three-phase three-wire circuit, and has as main
load a hot strip mill, composed by cycloconverters feeding
synchronous motors. For harmonic removal of the load and
compensation of reactives, a bank of passive filters is used.
Its unifilar diagram is shown in Figure 1. The table 1 shows
the main characteristics of the electrical system under study.
TABLE I
Characteristics of the rolling mill electrical system
Characteristic
Power source 34.5 KV
Rolling mill (Cycloconverters)
High pass filter (2.6HP) - Tuning 156 Hz
Follow pass filter (4.08FL) - Tuning 244,8 Hz
High pass filter (6HP) - Tuning 360 Hz
High pass filter (10HP) - Tuning 600 Hz

Capacity
75 MVA
63 MVA
10 MVAR
10.8MVAR
12.5MVAR
12.3MVAR

Fig. 3. Series hybrid filter.

vch (t ) = K v ish (t )

(1)

Where:
ish (t ) - Harmonic components of source current.
Kv
- Series hybrid filter gain.
vch (t ) - Harmonic compensation voltage.

Fig. 1. Unifilar diagram of the system under study.

Figure 2 shows the configuration of a parallel hybrid

filter. In this topology the passive filter provides a low
impedance path for the harmonic currents from the load,
besides being a fundamental reactive power compensator.
The active filter operates injecting currents in opposite phase
of the non-linear load, canceling the harmonics in a partial
way or in its totality. In this topology the filtering structure
can operate in an isolated way or in cooperation, allowing to
reduce the nominal capacity of the active filter. [9, 10]

For each harmonic current a proportional voltage is

generated, simulating a resistor. This resistor is also known
as the gain of the series hybrid filter and has its function in
the harmonic isolation, besides being one of the parameters
for the active filter specification.
An equivalent representation of the power electrical
system with series hybrid filter can be visualized in Figure
4(a). Considering a sinusoidal mains voltage, the harmonic
system can be represented as shown in 4(b), where the load
is the only source of harmonic currents. Harmonic currents
across source and series hybrid filter as a function of load
harmonic current can be expressed respectively as:
ish =

ZF
iLh
Z s + Z F + Kv

iFh =

( Z s + KV )
iLh
Z s + Z F + Kv

(2)
(3)

Where:

Fig. 2. Parallel hybrid filter.

The Figure 3 shows the topology of a series hybrid filter,

in which the compensation characteristics of the passive
filtering can be improved significantly. Moreover, the
nominal capacity of the active filter can be reduced, because
just a fraction of the bus voltage is present in the active filter,
making this topology very attractive.
III. COMPENSATION PRINCIPLE OF SERIES HYBRID
FILTER
For the series hybrid filter topology, the active filter is
implemented as a current-controlled voltage source. The
output voltage of the active filter can be represented by
relation (1):

ish , i Lh , iFh - Harmonic current of source, load and passive

filter.
Zs , ZF
- Source and passive filter impedance.
From (2) and (3) it can be verified that the obtained
currents are derived from a similar way to a current divisor.
Therefore, the active filter inserts a resistance in series with
the source impedance, whose value is the same of the hybrid
filter gain (KV). The equivalent circuit of the system can be
visualized in the Figure 4(c).
The gain KV of the ideal series hybrid filter should be
adjusted so that K v >> ( Z s + Z F ) , doing that iF , h = iL , h
and is,h 0 . So, the active filter acts as a harmonic isolator.
It forces all harmonics contained in the load to flow into the
passive filter, so there is no harmonic current flowing into
the mains, eliminating the harmonic resonance. The active
filter solves the inherent problems of application and
operation of the pure passive filter [3,4].

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)
Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of the electrical system with parallel
filter: (a) hybrid equivalent circuit; (b) equivalent circuit for ILh.

(c)
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the electric system with series hybrid
filter: (a) equivalent circuit; (b) equivalent circuit for ILh; c) circuit
representing the active filter as impedance Kv.

The series hybrid filter gain Kv is determined through the

relations Ish/Ilh and Ifh/Ilh using the mains and the passive
filter impedances of the rolling mill electrical system. These
relations are visualized in the Figure 5(a) and 5(b).
For KV=0, harmonic amplification appears either in the
current of the passive filter as in the mains. Connecting an
active filter with KV=12, the harmonic amplification is
damped, improving the characteristics of the passive filtering
system.
20
Kv=0
Kv=12

10

10
0
Ifh/Ilh(dB)

Ish/Ilh(dB)

-10
-20
-30
-40

-10
-20
-30

-50

-40

-60
-70

Kv=0
Kv=12

20

-50
0

8
10
12
Harmonic order

14

16

18

20

(a)

8
10
12
Harmonic order

14

16

18

20

(b)

The main and passive filter harmonic currents as a

function of load harmonics can be expressed as:
(1 K a )Z F i
i sh =
(5)
(1 K a )Z s + Z F L h
i Fh =

(1 K a ) Z s
i
(1 K a )Z s + Z F Lh

(6)

Where:
i sh , i Lh , i Fh - Harmonic current of source, load and
passive filter.
A form of evaluating the parallel hybrid filter gain Ka can
be made through the relation Ish/Ilh and Ifh/Ilh, according to
the Figures 7(a) and 7(b).
In this topology the only form of eliminating the harmonic
amplification is with a unitary gain. In this condition the
active filter compensates all harmonics of the load, and the
passive filter just compensates fundamental reactive. The
resulting active filter has a very high nominal capacity, what
would make unfeasible its operation.
Reducing the gain of the parallel hybrid filter, we have the
operation of both filtering systems for harmonic mitigation,
however allowing parallel resonance in the system.
20

Fig. 5. Filtering characteristics with series hybrid filter:

(a) Ish / Ilh; (b) Ifh / Ilh.

40
Ka=0
Ka=0.6
Ka=0.8
Ka=1

10
0

20
0

-10

For the parallel hybrid filter (Fig. 2), a current-controlled

current source active filter is implemented using (4):
(4)
iFAh (t ) = K a i 'Lh (t )
Where:
iLh (t ) - Harmonics of load current.
Ka

- Gain of the parallel hybrid filter.

i FAh (t ) - Active filter harmonic compensation current.

Figure 6(a) represents the electrical system with parallel
hybrid filter. Considering the load as the only source of
harmonic currents, the system can be represented as shown
in Figure 6(b).

-20

Ifh/Ilh(dB)

IV. COMPENSATION PRINCICIPLE OF PARALLEL

HYBRID FILTER

Ish/Ilh(dB)

-20

-30

-40
-60

-40

-100

-60

-120

-70
-80

Ka=0
Ka=0.6
Ka=0.8
Ka=1

-80

-50

8
10
12
Harmonic Order

(a)

14

16

18

20

-140

8
10
12
Harmonic Order

14

16

18

20

(b)

Fig. 7. Filtering characteristics with parallel hybrid filter:

(a) Ish/Ilh; b) Ifh/Ilh.

V. METHOD OF HARMONIC DETECTION

The method of harmonic detection constitutes one of the
main requirements for an efficient harmonic compensation in
a hybrid filter. Among several algorithms, the SRF synchronous reference frame method is chosen. The method,
shown in Figure 8, is used due to its simplicity in the
implementation and immunity to voltage distortions [11].

Fig. 8. Block Diagram of for harmonic detection.

The source currents in abc coordinates are sampled

through current sensors. Using Park transformation, currents
are transformed to dq coordinates, in the synchronous
reference. A three-phase PLL (Phase Locked Loop) is
necessary to obtain the angular frequency of the source (60
Hz) and therefore to obtain the calculation of the
transformation, according to (7):
i
ide 2 sen1 sen 1 2
sen 1 + 2 a
3
3
i
(7)
e =
b
iq 3 cos 1 cos 1 2 3 cos 1 + 2 3 i
c

(
(

)
)

(
(

feeding line and passive filters was obtained through existent

technical manuals of the plant. Finally the cycloconverter is
modeled as a controlled current source, so that a measured
current in the feeding bus of the rolling mill is injected in the
system. The option of modeling the cycloconverter with
current source turns the mathematical model very close of
the real system and, besides, it allows verifying the system
behavior in a case of expansion.
The active filter that composes the parallel and series
hybrid filter, figures 9(a) and 9(b), are implemented through
controlled current and voltage sources, with ideal
characteristics.

)
)

Where:
ide , iqe - Current on dq frame.
ia , ib , ic - Phase currents a, b, c on time domain.
Using a low pass filter, a DC component is extracted and
later subtracted of the resulting current from the Park
transformation. Then, a dq-abc transformation gives the
reference harmonic currents in time domain. Multiplying it
by the hybrid filter gain, the currents (or voltages) of
reference are generated, that should be synthesized by the
source.

(a)

VI. PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL FOR SIMULATION

For the analysis of the harmonic filtering structures in a
steel plant, it is of extreme importance the obtaining of a
simulation model that makes possible an evaluation of the
operation conditions and even its optimization. With a
correct and validated model, it is possible to change the
operation conditions and to predict the effect in the system as
a whole [12].
All the development of the rolling mill electrical system
model is made using the Simulink tool, belonging to the
platform Matlab, due to its great application in the academic
and industrial environment [13].
The substation of the hot strip mill has a 75 MVA138/34.5KV transformer that is responsible for supplying the
whole electric load of the rolling mill. During the process of
production of plates, the rolling mills are electrical loads that
possess a floating behavior, subject to great load variations.
The rolling mill is composed by cycloconverter-fed
synchronous motors of 7.5MVA (2 units) of the roughhewing, and 8 MVA (6 units) of the finishing mill
(lamination chairs). Besides, the system of passive filtering
is used for harmonic compensation and reactives of the load
[14].
The transformer of the system is modeled starting from
the secondary, as a voltage source that just produces
component of positive sequence. The impedance of the

(b)
Fig. 9. Modeling of the system: (a) Model with parallel hybrid
filter; (b) Model with series hybrid filter.

VII. ANALYSIS OF THE PARALLEL AND SERIES

HYBRID FILTER OPERATION
With the implemented Simulink model, it will be
evaluated the principal characteristics of the series and
parallel hybrid filter operation, and its performance in the
harmonic compensation of the system, through the main
waveforms and the frequency spectrum.
In the simulation a 30% expansion factor is adopted in the
rolling mill load, according to a plan of system expansion,
allowing to evaluate the impact in the electric system. The
current of the cycloconverter group and its harmonic
spectrum can be observed in Figure 10.
At first, the series hybrid filter is studied. Figures 11 to 14
show the main waveform of the rolling mill electrical
system, before and after the connection of the series hybrid
filter with Kv=12 at 0.3s.

Cycloconveter current
2500
2000

Passive filter current

1500

1500
1000

500

0
Current(A)

Current(A)

1000

500

-500
-1000

-1500

(b)

-500

-2000
-2500

-1000

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

-1500

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

(c)
Fig. 13. Current in the series hybrid filter: (a) waveform of the
current; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c) harmonic
spectrum with active filter.

(b)
Fig. 10. Cycloconverter current with 30% of load expansion:
(a) current waveform; (b) harmonic spectrum.

Active filter voltage

1500

1000

Voltage(V)

500

PCC voltage

x 10

-500

4
-1000

3
2

Voltage(V)

-1500

1
0

(b)

-1
-2

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

(b)

Fig. 14. Voltage in the active filter: (a) waveform of the voltage;
(b) harmonic spectrum.

-3
-4
-5

0.29

0.3

(a)

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(c)
Fig. 11. Voltage at the point of common coupling: (a) waveform of
the voltage; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c)
harmonic spectrum with active filter.

PCC current

With the connection of the series hybrid filter, there was a

reduction in the voltage harmonic distortion of 35% and in
the current of 60% in the point of common coupling. It can
be concluded that the connection of the active filter allows to
improve the performance of the passive filtering system,
besides eliminating the phenomenon of the harmonic
amplification.
According to Akagi in [4], the specification of an active
filter that composes a series or parallel hybrid filter is
obtained with the relation:
PFA = 3

1500

1000

V DC I FA

2
2

(8)

Current(A)

500

(b)

-500

-1000

-1500

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

(c)
Fig. 12. Current in the point of common coupling: (a) waveform of
the current; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c)
harmonic spectrum with active filter.

Where:
VDC - Voltage in capacitor.
IFA - Peak current of hybrid filter.
PFA - Active power of hybrid filter.
In this way the active filter should be specified for a
active power of:

)(

PFA = 3 2800 / 2 1100 / 2 = 2.7 MVA

In the Figures 15 to 18 show the main waveform of the
rolling mill electrical system, before and after the connection
of a parallel hybrid filter, with Ka=0.38. This is the gain that
equals the power of the parallel and series hybrid filter, using
Kv=12.

Active filter current

80
60

PCC voltage

x 10

40

4
20
Current(A)

Voltage(V)

2
1

0
-20

0
-40

-1
-60

(b)

-2

-80

-3

0.29

0.3

-4
-5

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

0.34

(a)

(b)

Fig. 18. Current in the active filter: (a) waveform of current; (b)
harmonic spectrum.

(c)

It was also tested a parallel hybrid filter with Ka=0.8. The

Figures 19 to 22 show the main waveforms of the electrical
system, before and after the connection of the filter.

Fig. 15. Voltage at the point of common coupling: (a) waveform of

the voltage; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c)
harmonic spectrum with active filter.

PCC voltage

x 10

4
3

PCC current
1500

Voltage(V)

1000

Current(A)

500

1
0
-1

(b)

-2

-3
-4

(b)

-500

-5

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

-1000

-1500

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)
0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

(c)
(c)
Fig. 16. Current in the point of common coupling: (a) waveform of
the current; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c)
harmonic spectrum with active filter

Fig. 19. Voltage at the point of common coupling: (a) waveform of

the voltage; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c)
harmonic spectrum with active filter.

PCC current
1500

1000

Passive filter current

1500

Current(A)

500

1000

500

(b)

Current(A)

-500

(b)

-1000

-500
-1500

-1000

-1500

0.29

(a)

0.3

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)
0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(c)
Fig. 17. Current in the passive filter: (a) waveform of current; (b)
harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c) harmonic spectrum
with active filter.

(c)
Fig. 20. Current in the point of common coupling: (a) waveform of
the current; (b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c)
harmonic spectrum with active filter.

VIII. EFFECTS OF THE HYBRID FILTERS IN THE

PASSIVE FILTER BRANCH

Passive filter current

1500

1000

Current(A)

500

-500

(b)

-1000

-1500

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

The effects of the active filter operation in the passive

filter branches are analyzed considering the average rms
current values during the simulation period, differently of the
criterion adopted by Ferreira in [12,14].
Table IV shows the actual system current condition. The
branches of the passive filtering system operate with their
respective currents below the nominal value, except for the
high pass filter tuned in 600 Hz.
TABLE IV
Result of the Simulation - Panorama 1

(c)
Fig. 21. Current in the passive filter: (a) waveform of the current;
(b) harmonic spectrum without active filter; (c) harmonic spectrum
with active filter.

Current of the Passive Filter

Current

Active filter current

200
150

Passive filter
High pass filter 156 Hz
Band-stop filter 244.8 Hz
High pass filter 360 Hz
High pass filter 600 Hz

100
50
Current(A)

Parameter
Voltage in the feeder
Current of the feeder
Current of cycloconverter

0
-50

Simulation value
33.191 KV / 0.96pu
650.20 A
1116.1 A
736.93 A
Nominal
Value
Current (A)
(A)
736.93
167
161.50
181
175.88
209
206.72
206
206.85

-100
-150
-200

0.29

0.3

0.31
time(s)

0.32

0.33

0.34

(a)

(b)

Fig. 22. Current in the active filter: (a) waveform of current; (b)
harmonic spectrum.

In this manner the active filter should be specified for a

power of:

PFA = 3 34.5KV 150 / 2 = 6.3MVA

In the table 2 can be visualized the expected nominal
characteristic of the active filter, to compose the system of
parallel and series hybrid filtering of the rolling mill.
TABLE II
Nominal characteristics of the active filter:
Series Hybrid Filter with KV=12
Characteristic
Voltage (RMS)
Current (RMS)
Power
Configuration
Compensated harmonics

Value
2 KV
778 A
2.7 MVA
Three-phase with three wires
Up to 25th harmonic

Parallel Hybrid filter with Ka=0.8

Characteristic
Voltage (RMS)
Current (RMS)
Power
Configuration
Compensated harmonics

Value
34.5 KV
106 A
6.3 MVA
Three-phase with three wires
Up to 25th harmonic

Considering a plan of the rolling mill expansion, with an

increase of 30% on the load (what would correspond to the
entrance in operation of one more rough-hewing, 2x
7.5MVA), it is of interest to evaluate the acting of the
passive filtering system by simulation. The results are shown
in table V.
TABLE V
Simulation Result - Panorama 2
Parameter
Voltage in the feeder
Current of the feeder
Current of Cycloconverter

Simulation value
33.12 KV / 0.96pu
921.92 A
1451 A

Current of the Passive Filter

738.39 A

Current

Nominal Value (A)

Current (A)

Passive filter
High pass filter 156 Hz
Band-stop filter 244.8 Hz
High pass filter 360 Hz
High pass filter 600 Hz

167
181
209
206

738.39
161.44
177.01
210.37
212.86

With the expansion of the load, it can be observed that the

high pass filter tuned in 360 and 600 Hz are operating with
overload, what would result in actuation of the protection,
causing damages to the productive process. Therefore it
becomes interesting to analyze the performance of the series
and parallel hybrid filter, in the current reduction of the
passive filtering system. In the table VI the result is exhibited
for both series and parallel connection of the hybrid filter.

TABLE VI
Simulation Result - Series Hybrid Filter
Current
Passive filter
High pass filter 156 Hz
Band-stop filter 244.8 Hz
High pass filter 360 Hz
High pass filter 600 Hz

Nominal Value
(A)
167
181
209
206

Current (A)
731.88
159.87
173.27
202.88
209.37

Simulation Result - Parallel Hybrid Filter

Current
Passive filter
High pass filter 156 Hz
Band-stop filter 244.8 Hz
High pass filter 360 Hz
High pass filter 600 Hz

Nominal
Value
(A)
167
181
209
206

Current (A)
Ka=0.38
739.22
161.11
177.93
212.12
212.30

Ka=0.6
737.23
160.92
175.62
205.86
209.35

Ka=0.8
734.85
160.84
173.98
201.57
204.93

With the connection of the series hybrid filter there was a

current reduction in the filtering branches. But there wasnt a
significant reduction in the current of the 600 Hz high-pass
filter, doing with it doesn't operate within the nominal
condition. In this way the series hybrid filter doesn't have a
satisfactory behavior for higher frequencies.
On the other hand, with the parallel hybrid filter it is
possible to reduce the currents of the passive filtering
branches with Ka=0.8. Therefore this structure allows to
reduce the currents of high harmonic frequency, being this a
differential of performance. However the specification of the
active filter is 233% larger, when compared to the series
hybrid filter.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
This article presented a comparative analysis of
performance between two structures of hybrid filtering, the
series and parallel hybrid filter, applied in a system of hot
strip mill with cycloconverters.
The mathematical model of the rolling mill using
controlled current sources for modeling of the
cycloconverters was shown advantageous and it allowed to
analyze the system with great fidelity to the real system.
By simulations it was verified that the series hybrid filter
is advantageous in the elimination of the harmonic
amplification and in the harmonic compensation, with an
active filter of low nominal capacity. Conversely, the parallel
hybrid filter was shown as an advantageous alternative for
the reduction of high frequency harmonic currents in the
passive system filtering, however using a larger power
structure.
For a practical point of view, the series implementation
seems to be a good choice in this application.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank CAPES for the
financial support granted to the student Hlio Marcos Andr
Antunes.
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