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Pneumatic Products
Parker Pneumatic
Fluid Power Graphic Symbols
Catalog PDN1000-3US

Symbol

Description

Cylinders

Pneumatic Valves

Air Preparation Units

Description

Symbol

Description

Symbol

3-Position, 4-Way, APB

Filter / Separator

Standard

ports closed, center pos.

with manual drain

Filter / Separator

double acting

3-Position, 4-Way, CE
5-Ported

with automatic drain

Single Acting

cylinder ports open to

exhaust in center position

Oil Removal Filter

Double Rod
3-Position, 4-Way, PC
5-Ported
pressure ports open to
exhaust in center position

Spring Return

Lubricator
less drain

Ram Type

Lubricator

Quick Exhaust

with manual drain

Telescope

Lubricator

with automatic filling

Tandum
Shuttle
Duplex

Air Line Pressure

Regulator
adjustable, relieving

Air Line Pressure

Regulator

Symbol

Description

Lines and Functions

Solid Line Main Line

Dashed Line Pilot Line

Manual

Filter / Regulator

Dotted Line Exhaust

or Drain Line
Center Line
Enclosure Outline

general symbol

(piggyback) manual
drain relieving
(with gauge)

Push Button

Filter / Regulator

Description

Symbol

Lines Crossing

(piggyback) auto
drain relieving

Lever
Lines Joining

Air Line Combo

F-R-L

(90 intersection not necessary)

Pedal or Treadle

simplified

Lines Joining
Mechanical

Flow Direction

cam, toggle, etc.

Pneumatic Valves
Symbol

hydraulic medium

Flow Direction

Spring

Description
Check

gaseous medium

Energy Source

Detent

line indicates which

detent is in use

Flow Control

Line with Fixed

Restriction

Piezo
Line with Adjustable
Restriction

Solenoid

Relief Valve

Flexible Line

Internal
Pilot Supply

Plugged Port, Test Station,

Power Take-off

2-Position, 2-Way

2-Position, 3-Way

Remote
Pilot Supply
complete

simplified

2-Position, 4-Way
5-Ported

connected
disconnected

And / Or Composite
2-Position, 4-Way

solenoid and pilot or

manual override

connected

And / Or Composite

connected

solenoid and pilot or

manual override and pilot

H1

Valve Technival
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(90 intersection not necessary)

disconnected

disconnected

Quick Disconnect
Without Checks
Quick Disconnect
With Checks
Quick Disconnect
With One Check

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H
Technical Data

pilot controlled,
relieving

Valve Actuators

Vacuum Technical Actuator Technical

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Information
Graphic Symbols

Automatic Drain

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Parker Pneumatic
Actuator Technical Information
Catalog PDN1000-3US

Design Torque

TC - Cushion Torque

Design torque represents the maximum torque that an

actuator must supply in an application. This maximum is
the greater of the Demand Torque or the Cushion Torque. If
the demand torque exceeds what the actuator can supply,
the actuator will either move too slowly or stall. If the
cushion torque is too high, the actuator may be damaged
by excessive pressure. Demand torque and cushion torque
are defined below in terms of load, friction, and acceleration
torque.

This is the torque that the actuator must apply to provide a

required deceleration. This torque is generated by restricting
the flow out of the actuator (meter-out) so as to create
a back pressure which decelerates the load. This back
pressure (deceleration) often must overcome both the inertia
of the load and the driving pressure (system pressure) from
the pump. See applications.

PrV
Tc = Ta +
Tf TL
Equation
4-6)


The friction torque Tf reduces the torque the actuator must
apply to stop the load. The load torque TL may add to,
or subtract from the torque required from the actuator,
depending upon the orientation of the load torque. For
example, a weight being swung upward would result in a
load torque that is subtracted.

Equations for calculating demand torque and cushion torque

for some general applications are provided on the following
pages.

Fluid Power
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T - Torque

The amount of turning effort exerted by a rotary actuator.

TD - Demand Torque

Warning: Rapid deceleration can cause high pressure

intensification at the outlet of the actuator. Always
insure that cushion pressure does not exceed the
manufacturers pressure rating for the actuator.

This is the torque required from the actuator to do the

job and is the sum of the load torque, friction torque, and
acceleration torque, multiplied by an appropriate design
factor. Design factors vary with the applications and the
designers knowledge.
Equation 4-3)

KE Kinetic Energy (1/2 Jm2)

TD = Ta + Tf + TL

This is the amount of energy that a rotating load has. The

rotator must be able to stop the load. All products have kinetic
energy rating tables. Choose the appropriate deceleration
option (i.e., bumper, cushions, shock absorbers, etc.) that
meets or exceeds the kinetic energy of the load.

TL - Load torque
This is the torque required to equal the weight or force of the
load. For example, in Fig. 4-8a, the load torque is 563 Nm
(5000 lb-in.); in Fig. 4-8b the load torque is zero; in Fig. 4-8c
the load torque is 563 Nm (5000 lb-in.). The load torque
term is intended to encompass all torque components that
arent included in the friction or acceleration terms.

Tf - Friction torque
This is the torque required to overcome friction between any
moving parts, especially bearing surfaces. In Fig. 4-8a, the
friction torque is zero for the hanging load; in Fig. 4-8b the
friction torque is 775 Nm (6880 lb-in) for the sliding load; in
Fig. 4-8c the friction torque is zero for the clamp.
Equation 4-4)

Tf = mWr

Ta - Acceleration Torque

Technical Data

This is the torque required to overcome the inertia of

the load in order to provide a required acceleration or
deceleration. In Fig. 4-8a the load is suspended motionless
so there is no acceleration. In Fig. 4-8b, the load is
accelerated from 0 to some specified angular velocity. If the
mass moment of inertia about the axis of rotation is I and the
angular acceleration is a, the acceleration torque is equal to
Ia. In Fig. 4-8c there is no acceleration.
Some values for mass moment of inertia are given in Table 4.
Some useful equations for determining a are listed in
Table 5. Equation 5 below shows the general equation for
acceleration torque.
Equation 4-5)

Ta = Ia

H2

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Catalog PDN1000-3US

Rotary Actuator Torque Requirements

Demand Torque Examples

10 in.

A) Example of load torque

The load is held motionless as shown.
TD = T + Tf + TL
T = 0
TL = (500 lb)(10 in) = 5,000 lb-in
TD = 5,000 lb-in

500 lbs.
Figure 4-8a

60 in.

B) Due to friction and acceleration

The 500 lb rotating index table is supported by bearings with a
coefficient of friction of 0.25. The tables acceleration a is 2 rad/
sec2. The tables mass moment of inertia I is 2,330 lb-in-sec2.

Bearings

55 in.
500 lbs.

TD = T + Tf + TL
T = I = (2,330 lb-in-sec2)(2/sec2) = 4,660 lb-in
Tf = Wrb = 0.25 (500 lb)(55 in) = 6,880 lb-in

Vacuum Technical Actuator Technical

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Graphic Symbols

Tf = 0

Valve Technival
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TL = 0
TD = 4,660 lb-in + 6,880 lb-in = 11,540 lb-in

Figure 4-8b

500 lb.
Force
C) Load torque example

10 in.

Technical Data

TD = T + Tf + TL

T = 0
Tf = 0
TL = (500 lb)(10 in) = 5,000 lb-in
TD = 5,000 lb-in

Figure 4-8c

H3

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Catalog PDN1000-3US

Rotary Actuator Moments of Inertia

Table 4: Mass Moments of Inertia

Fluid Power
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Rectangular prism

Circular cylinder

Ix = 1 m( b2 + c2 )
12
Iy = 1 m( c2 + a2 )
12
Iz = 1 m( a2 + b2 )
12

Ix = 1 ma2
2
Iy = Iz = 1 m( 3a2 + L2 )
12

Thin rectangular plate

Circular cone

Ix = 1 m( b2 + c2 )
12
Iy = 1 mc2
12

Ix = 3 ma2
10
Iy = Iz = 3 m( 1a2 + h2 )
5 4

Sphere

Thin disk

Ix = ly = lz = 2 ma2
5

Ix = 1 mr2
2
Iy = Iz = 1 mr2
4

Iz = 1 mb2
12

Parallel Axis Theorem:

Ip = l + md 2

Technical Data

Ip =

I =

m =
d =

P
d

When acceleration is constant:

= 0t + 1 t 2

2
= 0t + 1 t t

2
= 0 + t
= (02 + 2)1/2

Mass moment of inertia about an axis

parallel to a centroidal axis
Mass moment of inertia about a
centroidal axis
Mass
Distance between axes

When velocity is constant:

= 2
t2

= t
t

t
0

= (t - 0 )2

2
= (t - 0 )

t

H4

=
=
=
=
=

time
angular position
angular velocity at time = t
angular velocity at time = 0
angular acceleration
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Rotary Actuator Basic Equations

Basic Velocity, Acceleration, Kinetic Energy And Torque Equations

Equations below are based on triangular velocity profile.

Where:
= Angle of Rotation (Degrees)

= Time to rotate through (sec)

= Angular velocity, radians/sec

max2

57.3

= Angular accelerations (radians/sec2)

WL = Weight of load (lbf)
Ta = Torque to accelerate load (lb-in)

max

=
(t 2)

Jm* = Rotational mass moment of inertia (lb-in-sec2)

K.E. = 1/2 Jm 2

Tf = Torque to overcome friction (lb-in)

Ta

Us = Coefficient of static friction

TL = Torque to overcome effects of gravity

= Jm

*Use I values from Table 4.

Distance from pivot point to
Tf
= W Us
center of external bearings
=

Torque arm length

to C.G. of load

WL cos ()

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TL

Vacuum Technical Actuator Technical

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Information
Graphic Symbols

max = .035
t

Where = Angle between torque arm

and horizontal plane

Technical Data

H
Coefficients of Friction
Material*
Steel on Steel
Steel on Steel (lubricated)
Aluminum on Steel
Copper on Steel
Brass on Steel
Teflon on Steel

s
0.80
0.16
0.45
0.22
0.35
0.04

k
0.40
0.03
0.30
0.22
0.19
0.04

*dry contact unless noted

H5

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Selecting the proper vacuum cup

Lifting forces
When calculating lifting forces, safety factors of 2 for
horizontal lifts and 4 for vertical lifts are minimum values.
Applications with irregular shapes, difficult surfaces, and
backward motions will require increased safety factors.

CAUTION:

! Selecting the type of vacuum cup, material, and size

Fluid Power
Actuator Technical Vacuum Technical
Graphic Symbols
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Information

suitable for an application is important to the overall

vacuum system. Calculating the forces involved
for each application is recommended to determine
the vacuum cup size. It should be noted that these
calculations are basic theoretical guidelines and each
application must be tested for actual results. With all
vacuum applications, certain practical assumptions
concerning cup materials, environmental conditions,
and product characteristics to name a few, may not be
consistent with the performance. Again, the user should
determine the efficiency, performance, and safety factor
of the cup selection.

FV: Vertical Lift

FH: Horizontal Lift

Horizontal lifting force

Apply Newtons Law to calculate the force on a 10kg mass
with a change in acceleration of 3m/sec2 and a safety
factor of 2.

Calculating pad diameter and forces

FH(N) = mass(kg) x (ag+ a) x SH

Mass
The term mass is a quantity of matter and its ability to
resist motion when acted on by an external force. The
magnitude of an object is represented as a certain number
of kilograms (kg) and is symbolized as m. The easiest
way to determine the mass of an object is to measure the
weight with a scale within the earths gravitational field
(ag = 9.81m/sec2). Likewise, outside of any gravitational
field, a mass could potentially be weightless.

FH(N) = 10kg x (9.81m/sec2 +3m/sec2) x 2

FH = 256.2 N
3m/sec2

10kg

FH

Vertical lifting force

Apply Newtons Law to calculate the force on a 10kg mass
with a dry surface, a change in acceleration of 3m/sec2
and a safety factor of 4.
FV(N) = mass(kg) x (ag+ a) x Sv
FV(N) = 10kg x (9.81m/sec2 +3m/sec2) x 4
FV = 512.4 N

Newtons Law: F(N) = mass(kg) x ag(m/sec )

3m/sec2

Consider an object with a mass of 10kg. The gravitational

force on this object would be:

10kg

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Forces
For vacuum applications, force is a vector quantity in a
defined direction either horizontal or vertical. The standard
international unit of force is measured in Newtons (N)
which is the equivalent of (kgm/sec2). The force can
be calculated by measuring the effect of a change in
acceleration on a mass.

F(N) = 10kg x 9.81m/sec2 = 98.1 N

H
Technical Data

Acceleration
Acceleration is the change in velocity of a moving
object. Acceleration is a vector, a directional quantity
expressed in units of meters per second squared (m/
sec2) and symbolized as a. To explain the magnitude of
acceleration consider an object with a change in velocity
of 2 meters per second (m/sec) over a 4 second time
frame. The acceleration can be calculated with:
a = velocity
a = 6m/sec
a = 3m/sec2

time
2 sec

FV

Combined vertical lift and horizontal motion

Calculate the force on a 10kg mass with a dry surface, a
change in acceleration of 3m/sec2, and a change in travel
acceleration of 2m/sec2.
FM(N) = FV2 + FH2
FM(N) = [(10kg x 2m/sec2) x 4]2 + [10kg x (9.81m/sec2 + 3m/sec2) x 2]2
FM(N) = (80kgm/sec2)2 + [256kgm/sec2]2

This is considered an average acceleration.

FM(N) = 6400kgm/sec2 + 65,536kgm/sec2

Coefficient of friction
Certain values for coefficient of friction should be taken
into consideration when calculating the combined forces
in motion. Actual values between suction cups and
surfaces are difficult to determine. Therefore, coefficient of
friction values from published charts, should be used as a
reference to adjust the safety factors accordingly.

FM = 268.2 N
3m/sec2

2m/sec2
10kg

FH

H6

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Analyze the forces

Calculate the diameter of the cup

Using the previous examples, consider an application where

4 cups have been selected to transfer the product.

Calculate the cup diameter for horizontal lift at 60% of full

vacuum using the information from the previous page.

Take the Horizontal Lifting Force (FH) of 256.2 N and divide

by the number of cups (4) to obtain the individual force for
each cup.

D = 35.7

256.2 (N) = 64.05 N / Cup

4
Referring to the chart below, at 60% vacuum, select a force
greater than 64.05 N. The appropriate selection is a 40mm
diameter cup which has a theoretical lifting force of 76.9 N.

D = 35.7

The same calculation can be applied to the Vertical Lifting

Force and the Forces in Motion examples to determine the
cup diameter.

Referring to the chart below, at 60% vacuum, select a cup

diameter equal to or greater than 37mm. The appropriate
selection is a 40mm diameter cup which has a theoretical
lifting force of 76.9 N.

m (ag + a) x S
Pv x n

D (mm) = Diameter of Cup

m (kg) = Mass
ag = 9.81m/sec2
a = Motion Acceleration
10 (9.81 + 3) x 2 S = Safety Factor
61 x 4
Pv (kPa) = Operating Vacuum Pressure
n = number of Cups

Cup
Diameter
mm

Area
cm2

1.5

0.01

0.03

3.5

0.10

0.20

0.28

0.39

0.50

10

0.79

15

1.77

18

2.55

20

3.14

25

4.91

30

7.07

35

9.62

40

12.6

50

19.6

60

28.3

75

44.2

80

50.3

90

63.6

95

70.9

110

95.0

120

113.1

150

176.7

200

314.2

3 inHg
-1.5 PSIG
10.2 kPa
10%
0.004
(0.02)
0.007
(0.03)
0.022
(0.10)
0.045
(0.20)
0.065
(0.29)
0.088
(0.39)
0.117
(0.52)
0.180
(0.80)
0.404
(1.80)
0.585
(2.60)
0.719
(3.20)
1.124
(5.00)
1.619
(7.20)
2.203
(9.80)
2.900
(12.9)
4.519
(20.1)
6.497
(28.9)
10.161
(45.2)
11.555
(51.4)
14.635
(65.1)
16.299
(72.5)
21.851
(97.2)
26.078
(116)
40.690
(181)
72.164
(321)

6 inHg
-3 PSIG
20.3 kPa
20%
0.008
(0.04)
0.013
(0.06)
0.045
(0.20)
0.090
(0.40)
0.130
(0.58)
0.175
(0.78)
0.229
(1.02)
0.360
(1.60)
0.809
(3.60)
1.169
(5.20)
1.439
(6.40)
2.248
(10.0)
3.237
(14.4)
4.406
(19.6)
5.755
(25.6)
8.992
(40.0)
12.949
(57.6)
20.233
(90.0)
22.931
(102)
29.225
(130)
32.372
(144)
43.613
(194)
51.706
(230)
80.931
(360)
143.878
(640)

9 inHg
-4.5 PSIG
30.5 kPa
30%
0.008
(0.04)
0.022
(0.10)
0.065
(0.29)
0.135
(0.60)
0.196
(0.87)
0.265
(1.18)
0.346
(1.54)
0.540
(2.40)
1.216
(5.41)
1.751
(7.79)
2.158
(9.60)
3.372
(15.0)
4.856
(21.6)
5.598
(29.4)
8.655
(38.5)
13.511
(60.1)
19.446
(86.5)
30.349
(135)
34.621
(154)
43.838
(195)
48.784
(217)
65.419
(291)
77.784
(346)
121.622
(541)
216.041
(961)

12 inHg
-6 PSIG
40.6 kPa
40%
0.014
(0.06)
0.029
(0.13)
0.088
(0.39)
0.180
(0.80)
0.270
(1.20)
0.360
(1.60)
0.450
(2.00)
0.719
(3.20)
1.619
(7.20)
2.338
(10.4)
2.878
(12.8)
4.496
(20.0)
6.474
(28.8)
8.813
(39.2)
11.510
(51.2)
17.985
(80.0)
25.853
(115)
40.466
(180)
46.086
(205)
58.226
(259)
64.970
(289)
87.001
(387)
103.637
(461)
161.862
(720)
287.531
(1279)

H7

Vacuum level
15 inHg
-7.5 PSIG
50.8 kPa
50%
0.018
(0.08)
0.036
(0.16)
0.110
(0.49)
0.225
(1.00)
0.315
(1.40)
0.450
(2.00)
0.585
(2.60)
0.899
(4.00)
2.023
(9.00)
2.923
(13.0)
3.597
(16.0)
5.620
(25.0)
8.093
(36.0)
11.016
(49.0)
14.388
(64.0)
22.481
(100)
32.372
(144)
50.582
(225)
57.551
(256)
72.838
(324)
81.156
(361)
108.808
(484)
129.490
(576)
202.328
(900)
359.919
(1601)

18 inHg
-9 PSIG
61 kPa
60%
0.022
(0.10)
0.043
(0.19)
0.133
(0.59)
0.270
(1.20)
0.382
(1.70)
0.540
(2.40)
0.697
(3.10)
1.079
(4.80)
2.428
(10.8)
3.507
(15.6)
4.316
(19.2)
6.744
(30.0)
9.712
(43.2)
13.241
(58.9)
17.288
(76.9)
26.977
(120)
38.892
(173)
60.698
(270)
69.241
(308)
87.451
(389)
97.567
(434)
130.614
(581)
155.568
(692)
243.019
(1081)
432.083
(1922)

21 inHg
-10.5 PSIG
71.1 kPa
70%
0.026
(0.12)
0.049
(0.22)
0.155
(0.69)
0.315
(1.40)
0.450
(2.00)
0.607
(2.70)
0.809
(3.60)
1.259
(5.60)
2.833
(12.6)
4.069
(18.1)
5.036
(22.4)
7.868
(35.0)
11.330
(50.4)
15.422
(68.6)
20.143
(89.6)
31.473
(140)
45.411
(202)
70.815
(315)
80.706
(359)
102.063
(454)
113.753
(506)
152.421
(678)
181.421
(807)
283.259
(1260)
503.797
(2241)

24 inHg
-12 PSIG
81.3 kPa
80%
0.032
(0.14)
0.056
(0.25)
0.175
(0.78)
0.360
(1.60)
0.517
(2.30)
0.697
(3.10)
0.922
(4.10)
1.439
(6.40)
2.237
(14.4)
4.676
(20.8)
5.755
(25.6)
8.992
(40.0)
12.949
(57.6)
17.648
(78.5)
23.155
(103)
35.969
(160)
51.931
(231)
80.931
(360)
92.172
(410)
116.676
(519)
129.940
(578)
174.227
(775)
207.274
(922)
323.950
(1441)
575.961
(2562)

27 inHg
-13.5 PSIG
91.4 kPa
90%
0.032
(0.14)
0.063
(0.28)
0.198
(0.88)
0.405
(1.80)
0.585
(2.60)
0.787
(3.50)
1.034
(4.60)
1.619
(7.20)
3.642
(16.2)
5.238
(23.3)
6.474
(28.8)
10.116
(45.0)
14.568
(64.8)
19.828
(88.2)
25.853
(115)
40.466
(180)
58.226
(259)
91.048
(405)
103.637
(461)
131.064
(583)
146.126
(650)
195.809
(871)
233.127
(1037)
364.191
(1620)
647.449
(2880

Parker Hannifin Corporation

Pneumatic Division
Richland, Michigan
www.parker.com/pneumatics

Valve Technival
Information

Theoretical lifting force per cup lbf (N)

H
Technical Data

To convert Pounds (lbf) to Newton (N), multiply lbf x 4.4.

Vacuum Technical Actuator Technical

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Information
Graphic Symbols

D = 36.58 mm

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Vacuum Technical Information
Parker Pneumatic
Catalog PDN1000-3US

Chart 1: Basic vacuum pressure

measurements units

Selecting a generator size

The choice of Generator Series depends on the system
requirements for components and overall performance for
the application. Inline Generators offer the basic function
for creating vacuum flow. Adding integrated components
such as automatic blow off Controls, Vacuum and Blow-off
Solenoids, Pressure Sensors, Check Valves and Filters are
options that can reduce overall mounting space, reduce
cycle time and can offer air conservation functions as well as
emergency stop modes. For guidelines on selecting Vacuum
Generators by features, consult the highlight features in the
Generator Index section for each Series Section.

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Negative gauge
pressure
PSIG
0

Absolute
pressure
PSIA

Inches of mercury
inHg

14.7

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

A vacuum source can only achieve and hold a degree of

vacuum that sustains the amount of leakage into the vacuum
system. In most cases, it is the leakage through the product
and by of the cup seal that limits the system degree of
vacuum. Products with high product leakage are Porous
Applications. The degree of vacuum that can be obtained
with this type of product can vary and tends to be below
10 inHg. Products with low or no leakage are called NonPorous Applications. It can be assumed that the maximum
degree of vacuum of the system is the maximum degree of
the vacuum generator. Due to design cycle time and safety
requirements, a lower degree of vacuum is generally chosen
other than the maximum obtainable degree of vacuum. Chart
1 lists different units of measure for vacuum with typical
application levels The system degree of vacuum must be
determined by product testing.

Evacuation time

-1.5

13.2

-3.0

11.7

-4.5

10.2

Typical porous vacuum level

-6.0

8.7

12

-7.5

7.2

15

-9.0

5.7

18

-10.5

4.2

21

Typical non-porous vacuum level

-12.0

2.7

24

-13.5

1.2

27

-14.7

29.92

Perfect vacuum (zero reference pressure)

Example: A pick and place application requires a 0.25 secs

for creation of 18 inHg of vacuum in the vacuum system.
The vacuum system volume, which includes tubing and
cups, is 0.002 ft3.

The size of the generator generally refers to either the

Evacuation Time or the Vacuum Flow Rates of the generator
and varies by the size of the nozzle / diffuser.

Technical Data

The evacuation time charts are given for a 1 cubic foot (ft3)
volume. To use these charts, convert the time requirement
of the system to an equivalent time for a 1 cubic foot (ft3)
volume. In this example, 1 cubic foot (ft3) is 500 times
the system volume of 0.002 ft3. Multiply the system time
requirement by 500 (500 x 0.25 secs = 125 seconds). Any
generator with a evacuation time of less than 125 seconds
to attain 18 inHg can be chosen for this application. A CV15-HS will meet the requirements for this application. A (-)
listed means the generator will not obtain a higher degree of
vacuum than the level of the first (-).

Evacuation Time is the time required to evacuate the air out

of a vacuum system to specific degree of vacuum. Typically,
this degree of vacuum is a value where it is safe to move a
product in a pick and place application and is determined
by the design engineer. Evacuation Time can also be
considered response time of the system.
A typical Evacuation Time chart for a generator series is
shown in Chart 2. The time to achieve a given degree of
vacuum in a 1 cubic foot volume is listed in seconds for
each Generator.

Chart 2: evacuation time

Series /
nozzle diameter

Air supply
pressure

Air
consumption

Evacuation time in sec / ft3 * to reach different vacuum levels (inHg)

PSI

SCFM

12

15

18

21

24

27

CV-05HS

70

0.46

24.3

57.3

101.0

160.5

231.1

305.1

433.1

597.7

CV-05LS

70

0.46

11.0

23.4

40.0

64.4

110.2

CV-10HS

70

1.55

4.8

9.9

16.0

24.9

35.9

51.4

77.4

117.5

226.0

CV-10LS

70

1.55

3.7

7.6

13.0

20.3

33.1

CV-15HS

70

3.53

2.5

4.8

7.0

11.0

15.5

22.0

31.9

46.6

112.1

CV-15LS

70

3.53

2.0

3.1

5.0

7.6

12.1

CV-20HS

70

6.36

1.7

2.8

5.0

6.5

9.0

13.0

18.9

27.4

60.7

CV-20LS

70

6.36

1.3

2.5

4.0

5.9

11.3

* 1 ft3 = 28.31 liters

H8

Parker Hannifin Corporation

Pneumatic Division
Richland, Michigan
www.parker.com/pneumatics

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Catalog PDN1000-3US

Vacuum flow

Chart 3: Vacuum flow (SCFM)

inHg
0
.21
.32
.95
1.27
2.22
3.35
3.88
5.85

Nozzle
diameter
CV-05HS
CV-05LS
CV-10HS
CV-10LS
CV-15HS
CV-15LS
CV-20HS
CV-20LS

3
.19
.27
.85
1.05
1.98
2.79
3.45
5.09

Tubing reference
Tubing ID
SAE
5/64
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16

mm
2
2.38
3.17
4
4.76
6.35
8
9.52
11.1

SAE x 25.4 = mm

Tubing length (L)

In.
M
18
.457
24
.610
30
.762
36
.914
42
1.07
48
1.22
54
1.37
60
1.52
66
1.67
In. x 254 = M

6
.17
.22
.75
.83
1.74
2.23
3.02
4.03

9
.15
.17
.65
.59
1.5
1.67
2.59
2.97

12
.13
.12
.55
.38
1.26
1.10
2.16
1.91

15
.11
.06
.45
.17
1.01
.53
1.73
.85

18
.09

.35

.76

1.30

21
.07

.25

.51

.87

24
.05

.15

.25

.44

27
.03

.05

.10

.25

30

Cu in.
.002
.003
.010
.060
.082
.123
.595
1.15
4.40
10.00

L
.00003
.00004
.0001
.0009
.001
.002
.009
.018
.072
.1639

Pad volume reference (pv)

PFG

2
3.5
5
6
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
80
95
110
150
200

PCG

PBG
Cu in.
.00004
.0001
.0003
.00048
.002
.004
.012
.03
.067
.067
.14
.18
.25
.57
1.28
1.95
5.00
10.80
23.24

L
.0000006
.000002
.000005
.000008
.00003
.00007
.0002
.0005
.0011
.0011
.0023
.003
.0042
.0094
.021
.032
.082
.177
.381

10
15
20
30
40
50
75
110
150

Cu in.
.013
.045
.070
.28
.56
1.60
4.63
6.77
15.86

L
.0002
.0007
.001
.004
.009
.026
.076
.111
.26

5
7
10
15
18
20
30
40
60
90

1 ft3 = 28.31 liters

1 ft3 = 1728 in3

H
Maximum Cup
Diameter (mm)
300

Tubing I.D.
(mm)
Nozzle Dia. 14

Nozzle diameter to tubing diameter to cup

diameter reference
For each application, the size of the nozzle diameter, vacuum
tubing I.D., and maximum cup diameter must be practical
in relationship to each other. The chart to the right is a quick
reference to aid in selecting the vacuum tubing I.D. and nozzle
diameter given the maximum cup diameter.
As an example, one 60mm cup with 2 meters in tubing length
would require a minimum 6mm I.D. vacuum tube and a 1.5mm
nozzle. The same 60mm cup with 3.5 meters in tubing length
would require a minimum 8mm I.D. vacuum tube and a 2.0mm
nozzle to achieve an equivalent performance.

H9

(mm)
3.0

12

200

2.5

10

150

2.0

120

1.5

60

1.0

50

0.5

20

0
0

Valve Technival
Information

Example. A CV-15HS can only obtain 9 inHg. The vacuum

flow rate at 9 inHg is 1.50 SCFM. This means that the cup

2
3
Tubing Length (m)

Parker Hannifin Corporation

Pneumatic Division
Richland, Michigan
www.parker.com/pneumatics

Technical Data

A typical Vacuum Flow chart for a generator series is listed

in Chart 3. The vacuum flow rate at given degree of vacuum
is listed in SCFM for each Generator. This chart is generally
used to determine the change of degree of vacuum given a
change in vacuum flow rate of a generator.

Vacuum Technical Actuator Technical

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seal and product leaks 1.50 SCFM of air. This generator can
maintain the leak rate of 1.50 SCFM. Choosing a generator
with more flow at 9 inHg will increase the degree of vacuum
in the system because the generator can overcome more
leakage. In this case,the vacuum flow rates are linear
since this CV generator is a single stage venturi generator.
Replacing a CV-15HS with CV-20HS will increase the
degree of vacuum in the system to approximately 16.2 inHg.
The CV-20HS now maintains 16.2 inHg at a flow rate of
1.50 SCFM.

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H
Technical Data

Saving Money and Space by Sizing Your Valves Properly

This catalog gives you a flow rating (Cv) for each valve in the
Parker Hannifin line. You can plug your requirements into the
following simple formula, and determine the Cv needed to do
the job. By not oversizing, youll save space and money, and
youll ensure the valve you select will do the job.
Converting the Job Requirements Into Cv
(Capacity Co-efficient).

Cylinder Area Cylinder Compression
A

(Sq. In.) X Stroke X
Factor
X (Table 2)
Cv = (See Table 1)
(In.) (Table 2)
Stroke Time (sec.) x 28.8
Lets work through an example:
We want to extend a 3-1/4" bore cylinder which has a 12"
stroke in one second, and we have a supply pressure of
80 PSI to do the work. Heres what we know:
Cylinder Area for a 3-1/4" Bore, from Table 1...........8.30 sq. in.
Cylinder Stroke................................................................. 12 in.
Stroke Time Required in Seconds.....................................1 sec.
Compression Factor at 80 PSI, from Table 2......................... 6.4
A Constant for 80 PSI, from Table 2................................. .048
Substituting in the formula, we have:
8.30 x 12 x 6.4 x .048
Cv =
= 1.06


1 x 28.8
Any valve, therefore, which has a Cv of at least 1.06, will
extend our cylinder the specified distance in the required time.
Choosing the Valve Series
Your next step is to choose a basic valve design to do the job.
For a quick guide to valve designs, see Table 3.
Having selected the basic valve design, consult the Capacity
Co-efficient (Cv) tables which describe the individual valve
capacities.
Selecting the Valve Model, Options and Accessories
Having determined Cv, series, port size, flow-path configuration
(pre-determined by circuit design), and actuation method,
youre ready to choose the exact valve model number.
Read the pertinent catalog pages; note the exact model
numbers, options and accessories you want. Then phone or
write your Parker Hannifin air valve distributor. They will give
you prompt, accurate service.
Note: Need circuit design help? Contact your local Parker
Hannifin distributor. They are backed up by our regional Sales
Engineers and offices. Between them, youll find answers to all
of your questions.

Table 2
Compression Factors and A Constants

Bore
Size

Cylinder Area
(Sq. In.)

3/4"
1"
1-1/8"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
1-3/4"
2"
2-1/2"
3-1/4"
3-5/8"

.44
.79
.99
1.23
1.77
2.41
3.14
4.91
8.30
10.32

4"
4-1/2"
5"
6"
7"
8"
10"
12"
14"

12.57
15.90
19.64
28.27
38.48
50.27
78.54
113.10
153.94

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

1.6
2.3
3.0
3.7
4.4
5.1
5.7
6.4
7.1
7.8
8.5
9.2
9.9
10.6
11.2
11.9
12.6
13.3
14.0
14.7

A Constants for Various

Pressure Drop *
2 PSI
rP

5 PSI
rP

10 PSI
rP

.152
.126
.111
.100
.091
.085
.079
.075
.071
.068
.065
.063
.061
.058
.057
.055
.053
.052
.051
.050

.103
.084
.073
.065
.059
.055
.051
.048
.046
.044
.042
.040
.039
.037
.036
.035
.034
.033
.032
.032

.065
.055
.048
.044
.040
.037
.035
.033
.032
.030
.029
.028
.027
.026
.025
.024
.024
.023
.023

1
GT
* Tabulated values are the solution of where T is for

22.48
(P1 P2) P2
68F and G =1 for Air.

Table 3
Characteristics of the Major Valve Designs

Effective Square-Inch Areas for

Standard-Bore-Size Cylinders
Cylinder Area
(Sq. In.)

Compression
Factor

Note: Use A constant at 5 PSI rP for most applications. On very critical

applications, use A at 2 PSI rP. You will find in many cases, a 10 PSI rP is not
detrimental, and can save money and mounting space.

Table 1
Bore
Size

Inlet
Pressure
(PSIG)

A. Poppet
1.
3-Way and 4-Way
2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Spool Valves (WCS) 1.
3-Way and 4-Way
2.

3.

4.

5.




6.


7.

High flow capacities

Minimum lubrication requirements
Fast response
Self-cleaning poppet seats
Pressures of 15 to 150 PSIG
(modifications for vacuum to 250 PSIG)
Low friction
Lower operating pressures
Fast response
Less wear
Long Cycle Life - Under pressure,
radial expansion of the seal occurs to
maintain sealing contact with the valve
bore
Non-Lube Service - No lubrication
required for continuous valve shifting
Bi-Directional Spool Seals - Common
spool used for any pressure, including
vacuum

C. Packed Bore
4-Way

1.
2.
3.
4.

Wide range of flow capacities

Wide range of flow-path configurations
Pilot-operated models available
Pressures of vacuum to 150 PSIG

D. Rotary Or
Reciprocating Disc
4-Way, manually
operated

1. Inexpensive
2. Versatility in manual actuation

Cv Capacity Co-efficients (sometimes called Flow Factors). Each flow path

through the valve has its own Cv value. All Cv ratings for each valve cataloged on
this page are listed on the front side of this sheet.

Cv = Q
22.48

GT

(P1 P2) P2

Cv = Q x A (Table 2)

H10

Q = Flow in Standard Cubic Feet per minute

(14.7 PSIA at 60F)
P1= Inlet Absolute Pressure (gauge pressure + 14.7)
P2 = Outlet Absolute Pressure (gauge pressure + 14.7)

Note: P2 must be greater than .53 x P1
G = Specific Gravity of flowing medium (Air, G =1)
T = Absolute Temperature of Air (460 + F.)

Parker Hannifin Corporation

Pneumatic Division
Richland, Michigan
www.parker.com/pneumatics