Mini Project Report

KE36103 Instrumentation and
Measurement
Assignment Session 2014 / 2015
Title of report
LEDs Christmas Light
Group Member
1. Tony Kiing Teck Hua BK12110371
2. Mohd Haizal bin Adnan BK12110203
3. Nurul Anis Ahmad BK12110284
4. Norazreena Bussera BK12110251
Examiner
DR. Ahmad Mukifza Harun
Date of Submission: 31 / 12 / 2014
Marks
Demonstration : ______/10 marks
Q & A: ______/5 marks
Report : ______/7 marks
Total : ______/22 marks
1.0 Introduction
Christmas is known as the carnival of lights and every person decorates
its house, shopping complex, and garden with multicolored lights which we
normally purchase from the bazaar. Hence, the idea of creating the LEDs
Christmas Light is generated. This idea is suitable for placed the Christmas
tree in garden and so on. The users no need to switch on or off in manually
way. It can be automatically turned on the LEDs of Christmas tree when the
sensor not detects light. When the sensor detects light in night time, the LEDs
of Christmas tree will switch off automatically. The main controlling circuit
consists of the sensor and an indicator. For this particular design, the LDR is
used as a sensor whereas the LEDs and buzzer are used as the indicator. In
general, this LEDs Christmas Light operate when the sensor, light dependent
resistor (LDR) is not detects the light during night time the circuit will
operated. When the sensor, light dependent resistor (LDR) detects light the
circuit will not operated.
2.0 Objectives
To apply the knowledge learned throughout the course, Measurements

and Instrumentation in designing a circuit of relevance.
To design a LED Christmas light circuit by using LDR
3.0 Block Diagram
4.0 Functional Description

IC TC4093BP
The TC4093B is a quad 2-input NAND gate having

Schmitt trigger function for all the input terminals.
Since the circuit threshold voltage varies with rising
time and falling time of the input waveform (VP and
VN), this gate can be used for a wide variety of
applications to line receivers, waveform shaping,
astable multivibrators, monosatable multivibrators in
Light
addtion to regular NAND gates.

Dependent A device whose resistivity is a function of the incident
Resistor (LDR)
electromagnetic
radiation.
Hence,
they
are
light
sensitive devices. They are also called as photo

conductors,
photo
photocells.
BC547
conductive
They
are
cells
or
simply
made
up
of semiconductor materials having high resistance.

An NPN bi-polar junction transistor commonly used to
amplify current. A small current at its base controls a
larger
current
at
collector
&
emitter
terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching

purposes
Variable Resistor
It is applied in an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit

resistance to control voltage or current of that circuit
or part of that circuit. The electrical resistance is
varied by sliding a wiper contact along a resistance
track. Sometimes the resistance is adjusted at preset
value as required at the time of circuit building by
adjusting
screw
attached
to
it
and
sometimes
resistance can be adjusted as when required by

Resistor
controlling knob connected to it.

A passive two-terminal electrical component that
implement electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors act to reduce current flow and at the same
time act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In
electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current
flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements,
Capacitor
terminate transmission lines among other uses.

Used to store an electrical charge. A capacitor may be
used with a resistor to produce a timer. Sometimes
capacitors are used to smooth a current in a circuit as
they can prevent false triggering of other components.
When power is supplied to the circuit that includes a
capacitor the capacitor charges up. When power is
turned off the capacitor discharges its electrical charge
Light Emitting Diode
slowly.
It consists of semiconductor material and produces
(LED)
different colors of light as its output.
5.0 The parts, materials and cost expenses.
No
Quantity
01
02
03
04
05
06
1
2
5
1
1
1
07
08
09
10
11
2
2
2
9 meter
1
12
13
14
15.
16
1
1
1
1
1
17 1
Total
Items
Price per
unit (Rm)
IC-TC4093BP
3.50
Transistor- BC547B SI-N
0.90
1/4W Carbon Film Resistor
0.30
LDR (CDS) Photo Resistor
1.80
100k 1/16W Trimmer
1.40
22 uF 16vdc Electrolytic 0.50
Caps
Red (5mm) LEDs
0.50
Green (5mm) LEDs
0.50
Orange (5mm) LEDs
0.50
Tinned Copper Wire (thin)
0.60
Strip Board (64 mm x 145 3.50
mm)
14 pins IC Socket
1.00
Christmas Tree
6.90
9V battery holder
1.50
Battery 9V
4.50
Music
element(christmas 3.90
cards)
Crystal white LEDs
1.00
Total price
(Rm)
3.50
1.80
1.50
1.80
1.40
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
5.40
3.50
1.00
6.90
1.50
4.50
3.90
1.00
41.20
6.0 Circuit Analysis

This circuit is mainly made up of TC4093BP IC. It is a quad 2-input NAND gate
having Schmitt trigger function for all the input terminals. Since the circuit
threshold voltage varies with rising time and falling time of the input
waveform (VP and VN), this gate can be used for a wide variety of
applications to line receivers, waveform shaping, astable multivibrators,
monosatable multivibrators, etc. All LEDs are employed in this circuit with a
sensor or transducer along with some other components like transistor, diode
and resistors. The supply 3V to 18V is the voltage DC working range of these
IC.
Out of 14 pin package pin number 14 and 7 is used for connecting battery or
power supply. Pin 7 is attached with the negative terminal while pin 14 is
attached to the power supply. As we have already familiar that it is consist of
four gates we named them as NI1, NI2, NI3 and NI4.In the first gate i.e. NI1
pin 1 and 2 is for the input purpose while pin 3 is for the output. You can find
in the circuit diagram shown below. When the entire input terminal is in high
state the output moves toward the low state, or else we will obtain high
output. This can be employed in the truth table drawn below.
This can be employed in the truth table drawn below.
Figure 1.1 TC4093BP IC Pin Diagram and Truth Table.
This whole circuit is parted into two parts first one is for the sensor section
and the second one is for the LED flasher section and music section. The light
sensing part of the circuit is constructed using LDR along with two transistors
C547B namely T1 and T2. During the day time light resistance of LDR is low
minimum at less than 1.0 M, the current flow into B part (Base in CBE
transistor) is which in turn make the transistor T1 into transmission due to
this T2 transistor voltage goes to the low state and left over in the cut off
state. That is why during the day time LED attached at the output point will
not shine and no music will be played. While at the time of night when no
light is present LDR, LDR reaches to high resistance which is more than 1 M
, as a result of it conduction of T1 stops and T2 begins its conduction same as
the T1 before. Due to its LED attached at the output starts glowing and the
music starts playing.
At this instant, LED flashing circuit is constructed around IC TC4093BP which

is functioning in oscillator mode while the music will be played continuously.
With the assistance of resistor R2 of 100 k and capacitor C1 22F oscillation
part is being created. So when the charging of the capacitor C1 reaches to
the half of the power supply which is 4.5v, output from the pin3 IC1 move
lower and the capacitor C1 discharges. This is because when capacitor is
charging to 4.5V the pin1 and 2 is high. Then the pin3 will become low. After
capacitor discharge, the pin1 and 2 become low then the pin3, 4 and 5 will
become high and the capacitor C1 again charges. So the above cycle keeps
on going after power is supplied in the circuit. This is called as Half-Wave
Rectifier with smoothing capacitor.
R provides control to the rate of charging and discharging, without resistance,

the capacitor will charge &/or discharge instantaneously, R limits the current,
thereby allowing the charging and discharging to happen gradually, governed
by:
Vch=V(1-e^(-t/))
Vdch=V(e^(-t/))
Where V=system/total/ supply voltage
t= time instance under consideration
=Time Constant=R*C
Vch= Capacitor Voltage at time t during charging
Vdch=Capacitor Voltage at time t during discharging
For time charging,
V=9.0 V, t= time instance , =R*C = (100k x 22) = 2.2 s
Vch= 9.0 / 2 = 4.5 V
Substitute the values into equation Vch=V(1-e^(-t/))
We get t = 1.52 s
Note that the time charging is equal to time discharging as calculate from the
formula given Vdch=V(e^(-t/)).
The 3 LED of the first line is connected to pin4 and second line is connected
to pin10 from power supply directly. When the capacitor is discharging, the
current will flow to pin3 as well as 5 and 6 are 0(low). This 0 0 in input (pin5
and 6) cause the output pin4 signal is 1, the first line will not flashing due the
current signal are in interference (positive polarity both and not connected to
the ground) and the second line is flashing because it has 1 1 input in pin9
and 8 (because pin4 is 1 and pin4, 9 and 8 are connected together) and the
output is 0 in pin 10 cause the current can flow to the ground (different
polarity of current signal). When capacitor is charging, the output of pin 4 is 0
because the input is 1 1 from pin5 and 6 as the current is flow to the
capacitor to charge it, this time the first line flashing while the second line is
not due to the input of pin9 and 8 is 0 0 due to the current flow into pin4 and
the output is 1 in pin10.
From the first line and second line, the node voltage is 8V and the resistor is
330. The node voltage only has 8V because transistor has dissipated 1V.
The LED in series has same voltage value which is 1.8V each same with the
second line LED. Also, the current flow to the LED normally is 0.01A. Thus, the
voltage flows to the IC input line is 8V-3(1.8V) = 2.6V. By applying the Ohms
law, V=IR. The resistor value that we used is 2.6/ 0.01 = 260ohm. Due to the
reason that we cannot get 260ohm resistor in market so 330ohm resistor is
chosen to use in this circuit so the current flow to the LED is around 0.08A. At
the line of the music, the resistor is 560ohm before its going to parallel
between the white LED and the music element. The white LED needs 3V
supply so the power supply to music element also is 3V. White LED required
0.008A to light it up so the resistor value for the resistor before LED is (8V3V)/0.008 =625ohm. Since music element need only some current to operate
it so we put a resistor which have the resistor value that are lower than
625ohm so that there have some current can flow through the music
element. 560ohm resistor is used in the circuit.
By altering the value of the resistor R2 as well as capacitor C1, you can
enlarge or reduce the rate of the LED flashing. Suppose you want to increase
the flashing rate of light then just reduce the value of C2 capacitor and for
reducing the rate just increase the value of the capacitor. And for maintaining
the sensitivity of the LDR in the circuit all you need to use a variable resistor.
7.0 Discussions
In simpler way, the LEDs in this circuit will flashing and the music will be
turned on in the absence of the light. When the LDR detects light in the
daylight, the resistance of its will be low and caused the current flows in the
transistor T1 circuit and transistor T2 will be cut-off. The LEDs will not be
flashing and the music is off in this state. In the absence of light during night
time, the resistance of the LDR will goes high up, caused the current to flow
in the transistor T2, and transistor T1 will be cut-off. Thus, the LEDs will be
flashing and the music is on in resulting of the absence of light. The variable
resistance, VR1, can be varied for the light intensity of the LEDs. The flashing
LEDs and the musics will be a good decorations for the Christmas tree in this
holiday season. Table below will summarize the operation of the design:
Light
Presence
Absence
Resistance of LDR
Low
High
LEDs
Off
On
Music
Off
On
Table: Operations of the Christmas Tree
8.0 Conclusions
The objective of this project is achieved as the mini project is a success. The
Christmas tree works pretty well on the breadboard connection and also on
the prototype. This design is within budget located and can be said as a low
cost project. All the component works as all the input element, the signal and
conditioning element and also the output element producing the desired
outcomes for the design.
9.0 Reference
1. http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1.htm
2. http://electrical4u.com/
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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KE36103 Instrumentation and

To apply the knowledge learned throughout the course, Measurements

To design a LED Christmas light circuit by using LDR

3.0 Block Diagram

4.0 Functional Description

The TC4093B is a quad 2-input NAND gate having

addtion to regular NAND gates.

sensitive devices. They are also called as photo

of semiconductor materials having high resistance.

BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching

It is applied in an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit

resistance can be adjusted as when required by

controlling knob connected to it.

terminate transmission lines among other uses.

Light Emitting Diode

different colors of light as its output.

5.0 The parts, materials and cost expenses.

6.0 Circuit Analysis

Figure 1.1 TC4093BP IC Pin Diagram and Truth Table.

At this instant, LED flashing circuit is constructed around IC TC4093BP which

R provides control to the rate of charging and discharging, without resistance,

Table: Operations of the Christmas Tree

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