Calculations Reference Manual PPS-CRM-001

HALLIBURTON PIPELINE AND
PROCESS SERVICES
Calculations Reference
Manual
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................ 5

1.1
1.2
2.
PURPOSE................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE ........................................................................................................................ 6

2.1
2.2
3.
ALGEBRA............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
TRIGONOMETRY ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
AREAS & VOLUMES............................................................................................................................................ 8

3.1
3.2
4.
AREAS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
VOLUMES .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
MECHANICS........................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
5.
FLUIDS.................................................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.
DENSITY .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
PRESSURE (ENERGY DENSITY) ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
PRESSURE (POTENTIAL ENERGY DENSITY) .............................................................................................................................. 14
PRESSURE (KINETIC ENERGY DENSITY) .................................................................................................................................... 14
BERNOULLI EQUATION (ENERGY BALANCE) ........................................................................................................................... 15
BERNOULLI EQUATION (IN LIQUID HEAD TERMS).................................................................................................................. 15
HYDRAULIC POWER (WATER)....................................................................................................................................................... 15
GAS LAWS............................................................................................................................................................ 16
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
7.
QUANTITY........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
VELOCITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
ACCELERATION................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
LINEAR MOTION................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
FORCE (NEWTONS FIRST & SECOND LAW)................................................................................................................................ 11
SPRING FORCE (HOOKES LAW).................................................................................................................................................... 11
FRICTION FORCE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
WEIGHT................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
MOMENTUM ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
WORK (SIMPLE MECHANICAL) ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
MECHANICAL ENERGY ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
POWER ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
JOULE THOMSON EXPANSION (TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION) ............................................................................................ 16

IDEAL GAS LAW (MOL).................................................................................................................................................................... 16
CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR MASS....................................................................................................................................... 17
AVOGADRO'S NUMBER ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
MOL - KG - LITRE (STP) - M3 (STP) ................................................................................................................................................. 18
STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, REFERENCE CONDITIONS .......................................................................... 18
CONVERSION OF UNIVERSAL TO CHARACTERISTIC GAS CONSTANT .............................................................................. 19
IDEAL GAS LAW (MASS).................................................................................................................................................................. 19
VAN DE WAALS EQUATION ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
REAL GAS LAW (MASS) ................................................................................................................................................................... 21
CALCULATION OF COMPRESSIBILTY FACTOR......................................................................................................................... 21
COMPRESSIBILTY FACTOR LOOK UP TABLE ............................................................................................................................ 22
SERVICE CALCULATIONS.............................................................................................................................. 23
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
CALCULATION OF PIPE FILL VOLUME........................................................................................................................................ 23

AIR INCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
ASSESSMENT FOR PRESSURE CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATION METHOD 1 (FRESH WATER) ................ 24
ASSESSMENT FOR PRESSURE CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATION METHOD 2 (SEA WATER) ..................... 26
PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR ELEVATION FROM TEST DATUM OR CALCULATION OF STATIC HEAD.................... 30
PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR TIDAL CHANGE ......................................................................................................................... 30
ESTIMATION OF PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR ALTITUDE CHANGE.................................................................................. 31
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TO DRIVE A PIG RULE OF THUMB ........................................................................................... 32
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TO DRIVE A PIG ............................................................................................................................... 32
CALCULATION OF FLUID VELOCITY IN PIPES .......................................................................................................................... 33
CALCULATION OF FLUID PRESSURE DROP IN PIPES .............................................................................................................. 33
CALCULATION OF REYNOLDS NUMBER .................................................................................................................................... 34
CALCULATION OF FRICTION FACTOR LAMINAR FLOW Re <2000 .................................................................................... 35
7.14
7.15
CALCULATION OF FRICTION FACTOR TURBULENT FLOW 2000< Re <108 ....................................................................... 35

CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES........................................................................... 36
Calculations Reference Manual
-2-
Date prepared:
November 2004
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
8.
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
MOODY DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................................................................ 37

PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES............................................................................................................... 38
NOMOGRAPHS FOR PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES......................................................................... 39
TYPICAL VACUUM DRYING OPERATION ................................................................................................................................... 40
ESTIMATION OF TIME TAKEN TO EVACUATE A SYSTEM...................................................................................................... 40
CONDUCTANCE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION TIME ........................................................................................................................................ 41
ESTIMATION OF MASS REMOVAL RATE AT EVAPORATION STAGE .................................................................................. 42
ESTIMATION OF PIPELINE SYSTEM WATER CONTENT .......................................................................................................... 42
TYPICAL CHARACTERISATION OF AIR DRYING PROCESS.................................................................................................... 43
ESTIMATION OF AIR DRYING TIME ............................................................................................................................................. 44
SATURATION VAPOUR PRESSURE AND VAPOUR DENSITY TABLES OF WATER ............................................................ 45
METHANOL OR MEG SLUG SIZING FOR PIPELINE DEHYDRATION ..................................................................................... 47
RELATIVE DENSITY OF AQUEOUS METHANOL........................................................................................................................ 48
DEWPOINTS OVER MEG WATER MIXTURES.............................................................................................................................. 49
CALCULATION FOR NITROGEN/COMPRESSED AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPELINE DEWATERING.......................... 50
CALCULATION FOR NITROGEN/COMPRESSED AIR FLOWRATE FOR PIPELINE DEWATERING ................................... 51
CALCULATION ACCUMULATED HEAD....................................................................................................................................... 52
HYDRAULIC POWER REQUIREMENTS......................................................................................................................................... 53
HOOP STRESS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND GAUGE PRESSURES ........................................................................................ 55
PRESSURE CONVERSION CHART .................................................................................................................................................. 55
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
NAMES IN METRIC SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 57

CORRECTING RESISTANCE VALUES TO 20OC............................................................................................................................ 57
OHMS LAW.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
RESISTANCES IN SERIES ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL .......................................................................................................................................................... 59
CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL RESISTANCES OF SHORTED TRIAD CABLES....................................................................... 59
CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE - 2-CORE / 3-LEG ............................................................................................................................. 60
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION .................................................................................................................................. 61
INSULATOR RESISTANCE - 2-CORE / 3-LEG CORE TO CORE.................................................................................................. 61
INSULATOR RESISTANCE - 2-CORE / 3-LEG TO EARTH........................................................................................................... 62
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
9.
PRESSURE DROPS ............................................................................................................................................. 63

9.1
9.2
10.
TYPICAL WATER FRICTION LOSS................................................................................................................................................. 63

TYPICAL AIR FRICTION LOSS (COMPRESSED AIR HEADER SIZING)................................................................................... 64
GEL SYSTEMS..................................................................................................................................................... 67
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
11.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
GEL CHEMISTRY ............................................................................................................................................................................... 67
LINEAR AND CROSS LINKED GELS .............................................................................................................................................. 69
HYDRATION........................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
CURING ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 71
PH CONTROL ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
CONVENTIONAL LINEAR GELS ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
BORATE-CROSSLINKED FLUIDS ................................................................................................................................................... 72
ORGANOMETALLIC-CROSSLINKED FLUIDS.............................................................................................................................. 72
ALUMINUM PHOSPATE-ESTER OIL GELS ................................................................................................................................... 72
BREAKERS........................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
FOAMED AND OTHER FLUIDS ....................................................................................................................................................... 75
PIPE AND FITTINGS ANSI ............................................................................................................................... 77
11.1
PIPE DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 77
11.2
ANSI FLANGE TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 78
11.3
ANSI RING TYPES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 82
11.4
ANSI BOLTING DETAIL .................................................................................................................................................................... 83
11.5
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE (PSIG) AND TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR STEEL PIPE
FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
12.
PLANT SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 90
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13.
RECOMMENDED FLOW/VISCOSITY LIMITS FOR TURBINE FLOWMETERS........................................................................ 90

FILTER MESH SIZES .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
PUMP OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 92
LIQUID NITROGEN TANKS (LIQUID LEVEL GAUGE READINGS) .......................................................................................... 99
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT WITH WATER ................................................................................................. 100
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Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
14.
CONVERSION FACTORS ............................................................................................................................... 101
15.
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS............................................................................................................................ 120
16.
PERIODIC TABLE ............................................................................................................................................ 123
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Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
1.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
1.1
PURPOSE
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
The purpose of this manual is to ensure that HPPS personnel work to a common set of precommissioning engineering calculations, formulae and reference tables. By doing so it will
ensure that there is consistency in results from any engineering analysis carried out across
the department relevant to pre-commissioning activities. Although many of the
calculations carried out by HPPS and our sub-contractors are done using spreadsheets or
bespoke software, it is important that we promote a culture of non-reliance on software and
develop an understanding of the basic concepts behind the work we perform.
Manual calculations also acts as a check on the review and approval process to ensure that
the analysis carried out, by other means, by our own personnel and the sub-contractors are
correct and satisfactory.
The calculations are broadly presented in SI units, conversions factors are also contained
within.
1.2
SCOPE
The reference calculations, formulae and tables contained within this document are to
allow individuals to estimate key project variables such as volumes, pressures,
environmental and physical constraints and power requirements.
Accurate estimation is key to operational success. Using a standard reference will allow us
to be consistent in approach. The content adopts industry standards and practices which are
accepted by most of the legislative bodies. Many of the calculations are referred to in the
Standards, Regulations and Codes of Practice we work to on behalf of our Clients.
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Date prepared:
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Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE
2.1
ALGEBRA
2.1.1 Expansion Formulae

(x+y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x-y)2 = x2 - 2xy + y2
x2-y2 = (x-y) (x+y)
(x+y)3 = x3 + 3x3y + 3xy2 + y3
(x-y)3 = x3 - 3x3y + 3xy2 - y3
x3-y3 = (x-y) (x2 + xy + y2)
x3+y3 = (x+y) (x2 + xy + y2)
2.1.2 Quadratic Equation

If ax2 + bx + c = 0
Then
x=
2.2
b b 2 4ac
2a
TRIGONOMETRY
2.2.1 Basic Ratios

sin =
O
H
cos =
A
H
tan =
O
A
H
Hypotenuse
O
Opposite
A
Adjacent
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2.2.2 Pythagoras Law
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
H
Hypotenuse
O + A =H
Opposite
A
Adjacent
2.2.3 Solutions of triangles

2.2.3.1 Sine Law
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
C
a
2.2.3.2 Cosine Law
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
A
c
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos B
2.2.3.3 Area All Triangles

C
a
bh
Area =
2
h
B
A
c
Area =
Area =
bc sin A ab sin C ac sin B

=
=
2
2
2
a+b+c a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
a
b
c
2
2
2
2
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Date prepared:
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PPS-CRM-001
3. AREAS & VOLUMES

3.1
AREAS
Rectangle
Triangle
a
A=ab
A= b h
h
b
b
Parallelogram
Trapezoid
A=ab
A = (ab) h
h
b
Hexagon
Cone
A = /2 ds
A = 3/2 a b
s
h
d
a
Frustum of a Cone
Cylinder
d
A = /2 (D+d) s
A=dl
d
D
Circle
Elipse
A = 2 dD/4
A = d2/4
d
Sphere
A = d2
d
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Date prepared:
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3.2
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VOLUMES
Cube
V=abc
Cylinder
(Pipeline)
V = d2/4 L
Vol/meter
V = d2/4
c
b
Cone
Truncated Cone
V = d2/12 h
V = h/12(D2+Dd+d2)
h
D
d
Sphere
V = d3/6
d
Volume of a partially filled horizontal cylindrical tank can be calculated as below:
v=
h
h( 2r h)
1
rL (r h )
+
r
sin
1
2
r2
r 2 L
L
r
Where;
L = length of tank
r = radius of tank
h = height of liquid
radius
liquid
height
Volume of a partially filled horizontal cylindrical tank with ellipsoidal ends can be calculated as below:
v=
h
h( 2r h)
h
rL (r h )
+ r sin 1 1 + ah 2 1
2
r
r
3r
r 2 L
Where;
L = length of tank
r = radius of tank
h = height of liquid
a = episoid height
a
episoid
height
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PPS-CRM-001
4. MECHANICS
4.1
QUANTITY
Scalar Vector -
4.2
a property described by a magnitude only e.g. Speed

a property described by magnitude and direction e.g. Velocity
VELOCITY
v=
s
t
Where:
4.3
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
s
t
v
Distance / displacement
Time
m
s
Velocity
ms-1
ACCELERATION
a=
v
t
a=
v u
t f t0
Where:
4.4
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
a
t
acceleration
ms-2
s
Time interval
t f t0
Change in velocity
ms-1
v
u
Final Velocity
ms-1
Initial Velocity
ms-1
tf
Finish Time
t0
Start Time
LINEAR MOTION
v = u + at
v+u
s=
t
2
1
s = ut + at 2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
a
t
acceleration
ms-2
s
v
u
s
Time interval
t f t0
Final Velocity
ms-1
Initial Velocity
ms-1
distance
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Date prepared:
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4.5
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FORCE (NEWTONS FIRST & SECOND LAW)

F = ma
Where:
4.6
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
F
m
a
Force (Newton)
N (kgms-2)
Mass
kg
Acceleration
ms-2
SPRING FORCE (HOOKES LAW)
Fs = kx
Where:
4.7
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Fs
k
x
Spring force (Newton)
N (kgms-2)
Spring constant
Nm-1
Displacement of spring
FRICTION FORCE
Fn = n N
Fk = k N
Fs = s N
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Fn k s
N
Normal / kinetic / static Friction
N (kgms-2)
Normal Force (force keeping sliding components

together)
Coefficient of normal friction
Coefficient of kinetic (moving) friction
Coefficient of static friction
N (kgms-2)
n
k
s
4.8
WEIGHT
Weight = F = m g
Where:
4.9
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
F
m
g
Force (Newton)
N (kgms-2)
Mass
kg
Acceleration due to Gravity (9.812ms-2 )
ms-2
MOMENTUM
p = mv
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
p
m
v
momentum
kgms-1
mass
kg
velocity
ms-2
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PPS-CRM-001
4.10 WORK (SIMPLE MECHANICAL)

W = Fs
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
W
F
s
Work (joule)
J (Nm)
Force
distance
4.11 MECHANICAL ENERGY
W =Q
TME=QT=Qk+Qp+Qs
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
W
Q
QT
Qk
Qp
Qs
Work (joule)
J (Nm)
Energy (the ability to do work)
J (Nm)
Total Mechanical Energy
J (Nm)
Kinetic Energy
J (Nm)
Potential Energy (gravity/magnetic)
J (Nm)
Potential Energy (spring/elastic material)
J (Nm)
4.11.1 Kinetic Energy
1
Qk = mv 2
2
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Qk
m
v
Energy (due to motion)
J (Nm)
mass
kg
Velocity
ms-1
4.11.2 Potential Energy (gravity)
Q p = mgh
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Qp
m
h
g
v
Energy (due to position in a force field, i.e. gravity)
J (Nm)
mass
kg
Height above reference datum
Acceleration due to gravity (9.812 ms-2)
ms-2
Velocity
ms-1
- 12 -
Date prepared:
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PPS-CRM-001
4.11.3 Potential Energy (spring)
1
Qs = kx 2
2
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Qp
k
x
Energy (due to deformation of an elastic material)
J (Nm)
Spring constant
Nm-1
Spring displacement
4.12 POWER
P = Q/t
P =W /t
P = F v
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
P
Q
W
t
Power (watt) rate of doing work
W (js-1)
velocity
Energy (the ability to do work)
J (Nm)
Work (joule)
J (Nm)
Time interval
t f t0
s
ms-1
- 13 -
Date prepared:
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Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
5. FLUIDS
5.1
DENSITY
m
V
Where:
5.2
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
m
V
density
kgm-3
mass
kg
volume
m-3
PRESSURE (ENERGY DENSITY)

P=
F
F s W Energy
= =
A
A s V Volume
Where:
5.3
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
P
F
A
s
W
V
Pressure (Pascal)
Pa (Nm-2 )=J/m3
Force (Newton)
N (kgms-2)
Area
m2
Distance/displacement
Work Done
Volume
m3
PRESSURE (POTENTIAL ENERGY DENSITY)

P = gh
Where:
5.4
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
h
g
Pressure (Pascal)
Pa (Nm-2 ) =J/m3
density
kgm-3
Height above datum
m
-2
Acceleration due to gravity (9.812ms )
ms-2
PRESSURE (KINETIC ENERGY DENSITY)

P=
1 2
v
2
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Pressure (Pascal)
Pa (Nm-2 ) =J/m3
density
kgm-3
velocity
ms-1
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Date prepared:
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5.5
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Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
BERNOULLI EQUATION (ENERGY BALANCE)
Q
1
1
P1 + gh1 + v12 = P2 + gh2 + v22 + Pf
2
2
V
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
v
Pf
Q
Pressure (Pascal)
Pa= (Nm-2 ) =J/m3
density
kgm-3
velocity
ms-1
Friction Pressure Loss
Pa= (Nm-2)
Work added to system
Flow rate
m3s-1
Acceleration due to gravity (9.812ms-2)
ms-2
V
g
1
2
5.6
Initial Condition
Final Condition
BERNOULLI EQUATION (IN LIQUID HEAD TERMS)

P1
v2
P
v2
+ h1 + 1 = 2 + h2 + 2 + h f hQ
g
2 g g
2g
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
v
hf
hQ
Pressure (Pascal)
Pa =(Nm-2 ) =J/m3
density
kgm-3
velocity
ms-1
Friction head Loss
g
1
2
5.7
head added to system i.e. pump
m
-2
Acceleration due to gravity (9.812ms )
ms-2
Initial Condition
Final Condition
HYDRAULIC POWER (WATER)
Q = PV
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
P
Q
Pressure (Pascal)
Pa= (Nm-2 ) =J/m3
Power/Work added to system
W (js-1)
Flow rate
m3s-1
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Date prepared:
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Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
6. GAS LAWS
6.1
JOULE THOMSON EXPANSION (TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION)
2a
1
T = P
b
C p
Ro T
Where:
Variable
T
P
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Change in Temperature
K (C)
Change in Pressure
Pa
a
b
T
Cp
M
Ro
Van de Waals attraction coefficient
Pa m6mol-2
Van de Waal's size coefficient
m3mol-1
Temperature prior to throttling
Isobaric heat capacity
J mol-1 K-1
Molar Mass (atomic mass unit) of gas
Universal Gas Constant

R = 8.314570[70] J K-1 mol-1 Universal Gas Constant
Bracketed value is 1st standard deviation
J K-1 mol-1
Name
Formula
Gas
Air
Ar
CH4
CO2
H2
H2O
He
N2
O2
Air
Argon
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Steam
Helium
Nitrogen
Oxygen
* Note:
6.2
Van der Waals Coefficients

a
b
6
-2
3
-1
Pa m mol
m mol
0.1358
0.0000385
0.1355
0.0000322
0.2303
0.0000431
0.3658
0.0000427
0.02452
0.0000265
0.5537
0.0000305
0.00346
0.0000237
0.1370
0.0000391
0.1382
0.0000318
Cp (@300K)*
-1 -1
J mol K
29.002
20.781
36.154
37.048
28.647
33.733
20.788
29.196
29.491
Cp is pressure and temperature dependent (hence estimation)
IDEAL GAS LAW (MOL)
First order equation of state
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
= const.
T1
T2
PV = nRoT
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Ro

Number of moles
J K-1 mol-1
n
P
V
T
Note:
mol
Absolute Pressure
Pa
Volume
m3
Temperature
1 mol Ideal Gas at STP occupies 0.0224197m3 = 22.4197 L
- 16 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
6.3
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR MASS

Example
Water (H2O)
(2 x Hydrogen) + Oxygen = Water

H2
+
0
= H2O
(2 x 1.00794) + 15.9994 = 18.0153
Example
Sodium Chloride (NaCL)
Sodium +
Na +
22.9898 +
Chlorine = Sodium Chloride

CL
=
NaCL
35.4527 =
48.4425
Ref. section x for full listing of Relative Atomic Masses
6.4
AVOGADRO'S NUMBER
Avogadro's number (NA) is the number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) in a mole.
Avogadro's number is.
NA = 6.02214199(47) x 1023 mol-1
particles per mole of any substance.
M
= m.
1000 N A
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
NA
M
m
Avogadro's number 6.02214199(47) x 1023 mol-1
mol-1
Relative Atomic or Molecular Mass
Mass of individual molecule
kg
- 17 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
6.5
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
MOL - KG - LITRE (STP) - M3 (STP)

nM
= m.
1000
n 22.4197 = VL
n 0.0224197 = Vm
n=
m. 1000
M
Where:
6.6
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
n
M
m
VL
Vm
Number of moles
mol;
Relative Molar Mass (Atomic Mass)
Mass
kg
Volume Litres (STP)
Litre
Volume m3 (STP)
m3
STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, REFERENCE CONDITIONS

Acronym
Standard
Temperature
K
Pressure
Pa
Humidity
%RH
STP
ISA
NTP
ASM
SATP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

International Standard Atmosphere
Normal Temperature & Pressure
Army Standard Metro
Standard Ambient Temperature & Pressure
273.15
288.15
293.15
288.15
298.15
101325
101325
101600
99991.6
100000
0
78
-
Lapse
Rate
K Km-1
-6.5
-
- 18 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
6.7
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
CONVERSION OF UNIVERSAL TO CHARACTERISTIC GAS CONSTANT
R' =
1000 Ro
M
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
R
M
Ro
Ideal or Characteristic Gas Constant
J kg-1K-1
Relative Molar Mass (atomic mass) of gas
g mol-1

J K-1 mol-1
Atomic And Molecular Masses of Some Common Substances

Atomic Number
Symbol
H
H2
H2O
He
C
CO
CO2
CH4
N
N2
O
O2
Na
Cl
2
6
7
8
11
17
Name
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Gas
Water
Helium
Carbon
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Gas
Oxygen
Oxygen Gas
Sodium
Chlorine
Atomic/ Molecular mass

g/mol
1.00794(7)
2.01588
18.0153
4.002602(2)
12.0107(8)
28.0101
44.0095
16.04246
14.0067(2)
28.0134
15.9994(3)
31.9988
22.989770(2)
35.453(2)
Green for Gases Ref. section x for full listing
6.8
IDEAL GAS LAW (MASS)
First order equation of state
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
= const.
T1
T2
PV = mR 'T
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
R
m
P
V
T
J kg-1K-1
Mass
kg
Absolute Pressure
Pa
Volume
m3
Temperature
- 19 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
6.9
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
VAN DE WAALS EQUATION
Second Order equation of state approximation
n2
P + a 2 .(V nb ) = nRo T
V
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Ro

Number of moles
J K-1 mol-1
Absolute Pressure
Pa
Volume
m3
Temperature
Van de Waals attraction coefficient
Pa m6 mol-2
Van de Waals size coefficient
m3 mol-1
n
P
V
T
a
b
Tc
Pc
mol
Critical Temperature
Critical Pressure
Pa
PV Diagram Water
Name
Formula
Air
Ar
CH4
CO2
H2
H2O
He
N2
O2
Van der Waals Coefficients

a
b
Gas
Air
Argon
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Steam
Helium
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Note:
Pa m6 mol-2
0.1358
0.1355
0.2303
0.3658
0.02452
0.5537
0.00346
0.1370
0.1382
m3 mol-1
0.0000385
0.0000322
0.0000431
0.0000427
0.0000265
0.0000305
0.0000237
0.0000391
0.0000318
Cp
(@300K)*
J mol-1 K-1
29.002
20.781
36.154
37.048
28.647
33.733
20.788
29.196
29.491
Pc
Tc
Pa
3770000
4860000
4600000
7390000
1300000
22090000
230000
3390000
5080000
K
133
150.7
190.6
304.2
33.2
647.3
5.2
126.2
154.7
Cp is pressure and temperature dependent (hence estimation)
Critical Temperature - The highest temperature at which a distinct liquid phase exists. When the
temperature of a substance is below its critical temperature, its vapor can be liquefied by raising the
pressure. Above the critical temperature, however, it can't be liquefied thus it behaves as a gas no
matter what the pressure is because only one phase can exist.
- 20 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Critical Pressure - The vapor of a liquid at the critical temperature.

Equation listed for interest only and as used in Joule Thompson Expansion equation. This would be
the limit for manual calculation more accurate equations of state such as the Peng-Robinson EOS
are used in computational thermo and fluid dynamics.
6.10 REAL GAS LAW (MASS)
Second order equation of state approximation
PV = zmR ' T
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
R
z
m
P
V
T
J kg-1K-1
Compressibility Factor
Mass
kg
Absolute Pressure
Pa
Volume
m3
Temperature
6.11 CALCULATION OF COMPRESSIBILTY FACTOR

Law of Corresponding States
Pr =
Tr =
T
Tc
Pc
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Pc
Tc
P
T
z
Critical Pressure of Gas
Pa
Critical Temperature of Gas
Gas Pressure
Pa
Gas Temperature
Compressibility Factor from table overleaf
Note: Compressibility factors for methane CH4 range from 1 to 0.79 depending pressure and temperature, so can have
a significant effect on calculation.
- 21 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
6.12 COMPRESSIBILTY FACTOR LOOK UP TABLE
Tr
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.5
4
Pr
0.01
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.98
0.985
0.988
0.99
0.992
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.05
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.01
0.01
0.009
0.938
0.95
0.96
0.967
0.973
0.977
0.979
0.98
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.983
0.984
0.984
0.986
0.987
0.989
0.99
0.993
0.994
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.998
0.999
0.999
1
1
1
1
1
1.001
0.1
0.029
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.021
0.02
0.019
0.018
0.896
0.917
0.932
0.944
0.953
0.957
0.96
0.963
0.964
0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.971
0.975
0.978
0.981
0.985
0.988
0.991
0.993
0.994
0.996
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999
1
1
1
1.001
1.001
0.2
0.058
0.052
0.048
0.044
0.041
0.039
0.037
0.036
0.034
0.034
0.854
0.881
0.902
0.912
0.917
0.923
0.925
0.928
0.93
0.932
0.934
0.94
0.949
0.955
0.961
0.97
0.977
0.982
0.986
0.989
0.991
0.993
0.994
0.997
0.998
0.999
1
1.001
1.002
1.002
0.4
0.116
0.104
0.095
0.088
0.083
0.078
0.074
0.071
0.069
0.067
0.967
0.066
0.78
0.806
0.821
0.834
0.84
0.846
0.851
0.856
0.861
0.874
0.893
0.908
0.921
0.94
0.953
0.964
0.971
0.978
0.982
0.986
0.989
0.994
0.997
0.999
1.001
1.002
1.004
1.004
0.6
0.174
0.156
0.143
0.132
0.124
0.117
0.111
0.106
0.103
0.1
0.932
0.098
0.101
0.664
0.697
0.724
0.736
0.747
0.757
0.767
0.776
0.8
0.832
0.858
0.878
0.908
0.93
0.946
0.958
0.967
0.974
0.98
0.984
0.991
0.996
0.999
1.001
1.003
1.006
1.007
0.8
0.232
0.208
0.19
0.176
0.165
0.155
0.148
0.142
0.137
0.133
0.131
0.13
0.132
0.136
0.141
0.558
0.589
0.614
0.635
0.654
0.671
0.713
0.765
0.803
0.833
0.876
0.906
0.928
0.944
0.956
0.966
0.974
0.98
0.989
0.995
0.999
1.002
1.004
1.008
1.009
1
0.289
0.26
0.238
0.22
0.206
0.194
0.184
0.117
0.17
0.166
0.163
0.161
0.163
0.166
0.171
0.178
0.184
0.196
0.29
0.465
0.515
0.603
0.688
0.744
0.186
0.844
0.883
0.91
0.931
0.946
0.958
0.968
0.975
0.987
0.994
0.999
1.003
1.005
1.009
1.012
1.2
0.347
0.312
0.285
0.264
0.247
0.232
0.22
0.211
0.204
0.198
0.194
0.192
0.194
0.196
0.2
0.206
0.21
0.215
0.223
0.237
0.263
0.444
0.598
0.68
0.136
0.811
0.86
0.893
0.918
0.937
0.951
0.962
0.912
0.985
0.994
1
1.004
1.007
1.012
1.014
1.5
0.434
0.39
0.356
0.329
0.307
0.29
0.275
0.263
0.254
0.246
0.241
0.238
0.238
0.241
0.243
0.247
0.25
0.254
0.258
0.264
0.272
0.313
0.458
0.52
0.661
0.762
0.826
0.869
0.9
0.923
0.941
0.955
0.966
0.983
0.994
1.001
1.006
1.01
1.016
1.018
2
0.578
0.52
0.474
0.438
0.409
0.385
0.366
0.35
0.336
0.326
0.318
0.313
0.311
0.312
0.314
0.316
0.318
0.32
0.322
0.326
0.33
0.345
0.395
0.476
0.561
0.691
0.175
0.833
0.874
0.904
0.928
0.946
0.96
0.981
0.995
1.004
1.011
1.015
1.022
1.025
3
0.865
0.778
0.71
0.655
0.611
0.575
0.545
0.52
0.499
0.482
0.469
0.459
0.453
0.451
0.45
0.45
0.451
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.455
0.46
0.477
0.504
0.543
0.634
0.72
0.789
0.841
0.881
0.912
0.936
0.955
0.982
1.001
1.014
1.022
1.028
1.037
1.04
5
1.437
1.29
1.116
1.084
1.009
0.948
0.896
0.853
0.816
0.785
0.76
0.739
0.722
0.714
0.709
0.705
0.704
0.702
0.1
0.699
0.698
0.696
0.695
0.698
0.707
0.736
0.716
0.82
0.862
0.898
0.93
0.956
0.977
1.009
1.031
1.046
1.057
1.064
1.072
1.074
7
2.005
1.799
1.637
1.502
1.402
1.313
1.24
1.171
1.124
1.019
1.04
1.007
0.979
0.965
0.956
0.948
0.944
0.941
0.937
0.934
0.93
0.922
0.911
0.903
0.899
0.9
0.911
0.93
0.952
0.915
0.996
1.015
1.033
1.06
1.019
1.093
1.102
1.108
1.114
1.114
10
2.851
2.554
2.321
2.134
1.98
1.852
1.744
1.652
1.573
1.505
1.446
1.394
1.35
1.326
1.311
1.297
1.29
1.284
1.277
1.271
1.265
1.248
1.223
1.202
1.184
1.158
1.142
1.134
1.132
1.134
1.139
1.145
1.152
1.164
1.173
1.179
1.183
1.185
1.183
1.177
- 22 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7. SERVICE CALCULATIONS
7.1
CALCULATION OF PIPE FILL VOLUME

L
Vt =
D L
2
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
D
L
Vt
Diameter of pipe
Length of pipe
Fill Volume of system
m
m
m3
Estimation of pipe volume based on simple cylinder, more complex shapes will require more
complex modelling, if they comprise a large percentage of the system. For instance manifolds,
wellheads.
7.2
AIR INCLUSION
Va =
{Sa St} Vp 100

Vt
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Va
Air Content (expressed as % of total fill Volume)
Sa
Actual number of pump strokes to 35 Bar
St
Theoretical number of pump strokes to 35 Bar
Vp
Volume per pump stroke
m3
Vt
Fill Volume of system
m3
To calculate St : Find the average pump strokes taken to raise the pressure by one bar between the
pressures of 25 to 35 bar. Multiply this average by 35 to obtain the theoretical
stroke figures, this figure approximates the volume to pressurise to 35 bar with no
air present in the system.
Estimation of the volume of included air, primarily this is a safety concern the secondary effect of
large volumes of included air is to increase fluid compressibility and amplify temperature response.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF AIR CONTENT
Elastic Line
Pressure
Volume of Water Added

Volume of Air (Va)
Extrapolated Line
- 23 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
7.3
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ASSESSMENT FOR PRESSURE CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATION

METHOD 1 (FRESH WATER)
P =
264.7 Tf
D / t + 100
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
is the pressure change in Bar /oC
Tf
is the temperature factor (from attached graph)
D
t
is the nominal pipe diameter
is the nominal wall thickness
Bar /oC
The temperature factor Tf should be read from the attached graph at the mean test temperature.
P should be multiplied by the temperature change during the test to find the pressure correction.
Account should be taken of both ambient submerged and pipework temperature, when calculating
the pressure temperature relationship.
Note 1: It has been observed that a significant time lag may occur between a change in ambient temperature
and a corresponding change in pipe temperature.
Note 2: Chill or heat factors on exposed pipe may have an effect on pressure readings.
(Source: PD8010 Part 1)
Estimation of temperature variation during a pressure test with fresh water as the test medium, this
is not the only method but is simpler than using fresh water coefficients in the J.C. Gray formulae
later in this document. The calculation is used to demonstrate that pressure variation can be
accounted for by temperature (in most cases we are trying to explain pressure losses, but the
calculation applies equally to pressure increases, however it is unusual for a client to request these
to be calculated).
- 24 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Tf Graph
(Temperature factor)
2.5
Temperature Factor
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
-0.5
-1
Tem perature C
- 25 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
7.4
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ASSESSMENT FOR PRESSURE CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATION

METHOD 2 (SEA WATER)
(Source: J.C.Gray)
7.4.1 Pressure Volume Formula
The following formulae are used to determine the theoretical volume to pressurise a restrained or
unrestrained pipeline.
RESTRAINED
Vt Vt 1 y 2 ID
V = P +
WE
k
UNRESTRAINED
Vt Vt[5 4 y ]ID
V = P +
WE
k
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Volume to pressurise
m3
Test Pressure
Bar
Line Fill Volume
m3
/C Reciprocal of compressibility
Bar
Compressibility Factor of Water
Bar -1
ID
Internal Diameter of Pipeline
Pipe wall Thickness
E
y
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity for Pipe material
Vt
Bar
Poissons Ratio for Pipe Material
Approximate values for Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio
E = 20.7 x 105 Bar

y = 0.3
Estimation of the required volume to pressurise a pressure test with sea water as the test medium
(fresh if C for fresh water is used), this is the J.C. Gray formulae. Other formulae have been derived
(Shell EM 065) but the results have negligible difference. Be aware of local differences in salinity
(most waters are 3.5%). Data can be produced via software for any salinity.
- 26 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.4.2 Pressure/Temperature Formulae
This formula is used to calculate any pressure changes attributed to the temperature effect on the
pipeline system under hydrostatic test.
WE[ B 2 A]
P =
2
OD 1 y + WEC
]}
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Pressure change due to temperature
Bar / oC
Coefficient of expansion of pipe material
o -1
Pipe Outside Diameter
Compressibility Factor of Water
Bar -1
Expansion Coefficient of Water
o -1
Pipe wall Thickness
E
y
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity for Pipe material
Bar
P
A
OD
Note:
Poissons Ratio for Pipe Material
For restrained pipelines substitute 3 A for 2 A
The properties, A , E and y are constant for any one type of pipe material, the most commonly
used material being steel. The values of A , E and y for steel are listed:
A = 1.116 x 10 -5 oC-1
E = 20.7 x 105 bar
y = 0.3
The allowable pressure change attributable to environmental effects must be calculated for each C
of the temperature change experienced over the test period and then averaged.
i.e.
x bar at aC
y bar at bC
z bar at cC
Estimation of temperature variation during a pressure test with sea water as the test medium, this is
the J.C. Gray formulae. Other formulae have been derived (Shell EM 065) but the results have
negligible difference. Be aware of local differences in salinity (most waters are 3.5%). Data can be
produced via software for any salinity.
- 27 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
C Graph
Compressibility Factor of Sea Water 3.5% Salinity
48.0E-06
3.5 % Salinity
47.0E-06
46.0E-06
45.0E-06
44.0E-06
43.0E-06
42.0E-06
1 Bar
50 Bar
100 Bar
41.0E-06
150 Bar
200 Bar
250 Bar
Compressibility
40.0E-06
300 Bar
350 Bar
39.0E-06
400 Bar
450 Bar
500 Bar
38.0E-06
550 Bar
600 Bar
650 Bar
37.0E-06
700 Bar
800 Bar
900 Bar
36.0E-06
1000 Bar
1100 Bar
35.0E-06
34.0E-06
33.0E-06
32.0E-06
31.0E-06
30.0E-06
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Temperature
Compressibility calculated from the formulae within . The Specific Volume of Seawater, Chen Tung Arthur Chen & Frank J Miller.
- 28 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
B Graph
Expansion Coefficient of Sea Water 3.5% Salinity
450.0E-06
3.5 % Salinity
400.0E-06
350.0E-06
1 Bar
300.0E-06
50 Bar
100 Bar
Expansion Coefficient
150 Bar
200 Bar
250 Bar
250.0E-06
300 Bar
350 Bar
400 Bar
450 Bar
200.0E-06
500 Bar
550 Bar
600 Bar
650 Bar
150.0E-06
700 Bar
800 Bar
900 Bar
1000 Bar
1100 Bar
100.0E-06
050.0E-06
000.0E+00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Temperature
Expansion coefficient calculated from the formulae within. The Specific Volume of Seawater, Chen Tung Arthur Chen & Frank J Miller..
- 29 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
7.5
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR ELEVATION FROM TEST DATUM OR

CALCULATION OF STATIC HEAD
Instrument Point
h (-ve correction)
PCorrection =
gh
100000
Test Datum (e.g. LAT)
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Density of Test medium
kg/m3
ms-2
Height from test datum (+ve or -ve)
Pressure Correction
Bar
PCorrection
Sea water
Fresh water
1024 Kg/m3
1000 Kg/m3
=
=
Calculation pressure due to the static head of a column of water, take care of regional differences in
density and gravity.
7.6
PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR TIDAL CHANGE

Tidal Height at
commencement of
test
PCorrection =
0.3 g h
100000
Tidal Height at end

of test
LAT Datum (lowest

Astronomical Tide)
h
(+ve)
Time
Static
Head
Seawater
Item under Test
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Density of Seawater
kg/m3
ms-2
Change in height of tide (+ve or -ve)
Pressure Correction
Bar
PCorrection
Sea water
1024 Kg/m3
Estimation of pressure change due to changes in tidal height, note only 30% is shown to be
transferred to the pipeline contents. Other factors may shield pipe from tidal effect i.e. bundle, pipe
in pipe, heavy insulation and deep burial.
- 30 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
7.7
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ESTIMATION OF PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR ALTITUDE CHANGE
Ph = P0e h / h0
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
P0
Pressure at Sea Level (1.013 Bar A)
Bar A
Ph
Pressure at Altitude
Bar A
2.718281828
Change in height altitude (+ve or -ve)
h0
Scale Height of Atmosphere (8500m)
Estimation of pressure change due to changes in altitude, this is for operational planning lower air
pressures effectively derate the horsepower developed by engines and the efficiency of
compressors.
- 31 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
7.8
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TO DRIVE A PIG RULE OF THUMB
P =
210
D
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Differential Pressure to drive pig
Bar
Internal Diameter in mm
mm
Source: British Gas Spec BGC/PS/PC1
P =
Brush Pig
Poly Coated
Foam
Cone Pig
Bi-Di Pig
Dual Cone Pig
Bare Foam
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Sphere
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TO DRIVE A PIG
7.9
K
D
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Differential Pressure to drive pig
Bar
Factor from Diagram
Internal Diameter in mm
mm
Ref: Cordell, J.L Design of Pigs for subsea systems, Subsea Pigging Conference, September 1986, Haugesund.
- 32 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.10 CALCULATION OF FLUID VELOCITY IN PIPES
v=
D
Q&
Q&
D 2
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Q&
Fluid Flowrate
m3/s
Diameter of pipe
Flow Velocity
m/s
7.11 CALCULATION OF FLUID PRESSURE DROP IN PIPES

P =
f L v2
200000 D
P1
P2
Fluid Density
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Pressure Drop (P1-P2)
Bar
Diameter of pipe
Length of pipe
Flow Velocity
m/s
Friction Factor (function of surface & fluid friction)
Fluid Density
kg/m3
Darcy Weisbach Equation
- 33 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.12 CALCULATION OF REYNOLDS NUMBER
Re =
vD
Low Reynolds Flow

Turbulent Sharp Velocity
Profile
Q&
v
High Reynolds Flow
Turbulent sharper profile
Q&
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Re
Reynolds Number
Diameter of pipe
Kinematic Viscosity
m2/s
Dynamic Viscosity
Pa s
Flow Velocity
m/s
Fluid Density
kg/m3
- 34 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.13 CALCULATION OF FRICTION FACTOR LAMINAR FLOW Re <2000
f =
64
Re
v
Laminar Flow
Shallow Velocity
Profile (High core flow)
Q&
Where:
Variable
Re
f
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Reynolds Number
Friction Factor
7.14 CALCULATION OF FRICTION FACTOR TURBULENT FLOW 2000< Re <108

f =
.
1325
5.74
e
Ln 3.7 D + Re 0.9
Where:
Variable
Re
Description
Reynolds Number
Friction Factor
Pipe Diameter
Ln
Natural Logarithm
UNITS (Metric)
Absolute Roughness
Swanee and Jain (1976), Explicit formulation for the moody diagram
- 35 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.15 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES
P =
K f V 2
200000
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Kf
Factor from Nomographs
Pressure drop over fitting
Bar
Flow velocity
ms-1
Fluid Density
Kg/m3
Refer to attached Nomographs section 6.17
- 36 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.16 MOODY DIAGRAM
- 37 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.17 PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES
- 38 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.18 NOMOGRAPHS FOR PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES
- 39 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.19 TYPICAL VACUUM DRYING OPERATION
7.20 ESTIMATION OF TIME TAKEN TO EVACUATE A SYSTEM

The design of high Vacuum Systems C.M. Van Atta 1960
t=
V
P1 Pvap
Ln
C
P2 Pvap
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
System Volume
m3
Average Pump Speed
m3/Hour
P1
Initial Pressure
mBar A
P2
Final Pressure
mBar A
Ln
Natural Logarithm
Pvap
Saturated Vapour Pressure at system temperature
mBar A
Time taken
Hours
Estimation of time required to reduce the pressure within a system below atmospheric using a
vacuum pump or similar device.
- 40 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.21 CONDUCTANCE
The design of high Vacuum Systems C.M. Van Atta 1960
C High Pr essure = 190
D4
L
C Low Pr essure = 13.6
D3
L
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Conductance
Litres/sec
Diameter of Pipe
cm
Pipe Length
cm
Note: Conductance is an estimation of throughput High pressure being viscous flow Low Pressure being
diffusive flow. It should be noted that final draw downs to the low millibar levels starts to enter into the diffusive
flow regime also at this stage we are on the very low throughput areas of any vacuum pump curve making
approximations of the final drawdown very difficult as any vapour evaporation event will take the system from
one regime to the other in a very short time. In general all activities are within the viscous flow regime.
Calculations within diffusive flow regimes are usually fruitless as more often than not the system is cycling from
one to the other and even different areas can be in different regimes simultaneously.
7.22 ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION TIME

wR( T + 27315
. )
t=
C Pvap 100 M
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Estimated Mass of water in system ref 7.24
Kg
Universal Gas Constant (8314.4 J/Kmol K)
J/Kmol K
Temperature of System
Average Pump Speed
m3/Hour
Relative Molecular Mass Water (18 Kg/Kmol K)
Kg/Kmol K
Pvap
mBar A
Time taken
Hours
Estimation of time required to evaporate free water from a system using vacuum pump or similar
device.
- 41 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.23 ESTIMATION OF MASS REMOVAL RATE AT EVAPORATION STAGE
(P 100) C M
m& =
R (T + 273.15)
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS
m&
Estimated Mass removal rate
Kg/hr
J/Kmol K
Average Pump Speed
m3/Hour
Kg/Kmol K
Pressure at Evaporation Stage
mBar A
Estimation of water quantity removed from a system using vacuum pump or similar device.
7.24 ESTIMATION OF PIPELINE SYSTEM WATER CONTENT
w=
(D 2 (D 2F ) 2 )
4
F
D
L
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Estimated Mass of water
Kg
Diameter of Pipe
Film Thickness (0.1mm, SA55 0.05mm)
Pipe Length
Density of Fluid (water 1000 Kg/m3)
Kg/m3
In addition to the volume calculated above estimations of volumes trapped in tees and branches
should also be added.
Estimation of water quantity within a system is based upon Industry research and experience of
films left after conventional dewatering.
- 42 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Pipeline Condition or Coating, Film Thickness

1
Standard Carbon Steel Pipe
2
Smooth Blasted Carbon Steel Pipe (SA55)
3
Standard Flow coated pipe
4
Smooth Flow coated pipe
5
Effective dewatering on Standard Carbon Steel
6
Effective dewatering on Smooth Carbon Steel (SA55)
7
Effective dewatering on Flow Coated pipe
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
0.1 mm
0.05 mm
0.03 mm
0.02 mm
0.05 mm
0.03 mm
0.01 mm
Refer to: Best Practice Estimating residual film thickness PPS-BP-002 for further details.
7.25 TYPICAL CHARACTERISATION OF AIR DRYING PROCESS
- 43 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.26 ESTIMATION OF AIR DRYING TIME
wR(T + 273.15)
t=
C Pvap Pgas Pinject 100 M

Pinject
([
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Estimated Mass of water in system ref 7.24
Kg
J/Kmol K
Compressor Speed
m3/Hour
Kg/Kmol K
Pvap
mBar A
Pgas
Vapour Pressure of water in injected gas
mBar A
Injection Pressure / Mean flowing Pressure
Bar A
Time taken
Hours
Pinject
t
This is the basis for calculation of an air drying duration, the variable Pinject changes along the
length of the pipeline as the drying gas expands so it is usual to calculate the pressure drop along
the pipeline, remembering this is compressible flow so the pressure drop is not linear over the
pipeline length as it would be with a liquid. The calculation can then be applied for each interval of
pipe. The total of the times being the drying duration. It should be noted that when:
.
Pvap = Pgas Pinject
DRYING WILL NOT OCCUR
- 44 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.27 SATURATION VAPOUR PRESSURE AND VAPOUR DENSITY TABLES OF

WATER
(Source: Smithsonian Meteorological Tables 6th Edition, 1971)
-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
ps
mbar
39.35
44.49
50.26
56.71
63.93
g/m3
38.21
43.01
48.37
54.33
60.98
0
1
2
3
4
ps
mbar
6.108
6.566
7.055
7.575
8.129
g/m3
4.847
5.192
5.559
5.947
6.360
4.602
5.544
6.665
7.996
9.574
-45
-44
-43
-42
-41
71.98
80.97
90.98
102.1
114.5x10-3
68.36
76.56
85.65
95.7
106.9x10-3
5
6
7
8
9
8.719
9.347
10.01
10.72
11.47
6.797
7.260
7.750
8.270
8.819
9.672
11.60
13.88
16.58
19.77
11.44
13.65
16.24
19.30
22.89
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
0.1283
0.1436
0.1606
0.1794
0.2002
0.1192
0.1329
0.1480
0.1646
0.1829
10
11
12
13
14
12.27
13.12
14.02
14.97
15.98
9.399
10.01
10.66
11.35
12.07
-85
-84
-83
-82
-81
23.53
27.96
33.16
39.25
46.38
27.10
32.03
37.78
44.49
52.30
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
0.2233
0.2488
0.2769
0.3079
0.3421
0.2032
0.2254
0.2498
0.2767
0.3061
15
16
17
18
19
17.04
18.17
19.37
20.63
21.96
12.83
13.63
14.48
15.37
16.31
-80
-79
-78
-77
-76
0.5473x10-3
0.6444
0.7577
0.8894
1.042
0.6138x10-3
0.7191
0.8413
0.9824
1.145
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
0.3798
0.4213
0.4669
0.5170
0.5720
0.3385
0.3739
0.4127
0.4551
0.5015
20
21
22
23
24
23.37
24.86
26.43
28.09
29.83
17.30
18.34
19.43
20.58
21.78
-75
-74
-73
-72
-71
1.220
1.425
1.662
1.936
2.252
1.334
1.550
1.799
2.085
2.414
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
0.6323
0.6985
0.7709
0.8502
0.9370
0.5521
0.6075
0.6678
0.7336
0.8053
25
26
27
28
29
31.67
33.61
35.65
37.80
40.06
23.05
24.38
25.78
27.24
28.78
-70
-69
-68
-67
-66
2.615
3.032
3.511
4.060
4.688
2.789
3.218
3.708
4.267
4.903
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
1.032
1.135
1.248
1.371
1.506
0.8835
0.9678
1.060
1.160
1.269
30
31
32
33
34
42.43
44.93
47.55
50.31
53.20
30.38
32.07
33.83
35.68
37.61
-65
-64
-63
-62
-61
5.406
6.225
7.159
8.223
9.432
5.627
6.449
7.381
8.438
9.633
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
1.652
1.811
1.984
2.172
2.376
1.387
1.515
1.653
1.803
1.964
35
36
37
38
39
56.24
56.24
62.76
66.26
69.93
39.63
41.75
43.96
46.26
48.67
-60
-59
-58
-57
-56
10.80
12.36
14.13
16.12
18.38
10.98
12.51
14.23
16.16
18.34
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
2.597
2.837
3.097
3.379
3.685
2.139
2.328
2.532
2.752
2.990
40
41
42
43
44
73.78
77.80
82.02
86.42
91.03
51.19
53.82
56.56
59.41
62.39
-55
-54
-53
-52
-51
20.92
23.80
27.03
30.67
34.76
20.78
23.53
26.60
30.05
33.90
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
4.015
4.372
4.757
5.173
5.623
3.246
3.521
3.817
4.136
4.479
45
46
47
48
49
95.86
100.9
106.2
111.7
117.4
65.50
68.73
72.10
75.61
79.26
t
C
-100
-99
-98
-97
-96
ps
mbar
1.403x10-5
1.719
2.101
2.561
3.117
g/m3
1.756x10-5
2.139
2.599
3.150
3.812
-95
-94
-93
-92
-91
3.784
4.584
5.542
6.685
8.049
-90
-89
-88
-87
-86
t
C
t
C
- 45 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued..
t
C
50
51
52
53
54
ps
mbar
123.4
129.7
136.2
143.0
150.1
D
g/m3
83.06
87.01
91.12
95.39
99.83
100
101
102
103
104
ps
mbar
1013.2
1050
1088
1127
1167
D
g/m3
597.8
618.0
638.8
660.2
682.2
55
56
57
58
59
157.5
165.2
173.2
181.5
190.2
104.4
109.2
114.2
119.4
124.7
105
106
107
108
109
1208
1250
1294
1339
1385
704.7
727.8
751.6
776.0
801.0
60
61
62
63
64
199.2
208.6
218.4
228.5
293.1
130.2
135.9
141.9
148.1
154.5
110
111
112
113
114
1433
1481
1532
1583
1636
826.7
853.0
880.0
907.7
936.1
65
66
67
68
69
250.1
261.5
273.3
285.6
298.4
161.2
168.1
175.2
182.6
190.2
115
116
117
118
119
1691
1746
1804
1863
1923
965.2
995.0
1026
1057
1089
70
71
72
73
74
311.6
325.3
339.6
354.3
369.6
198.1
206.3
214.7
223.5
232.5
120
121
122
123
124
1985
2049
2114
2182
2250
1122
1156
1190
1225
1262
75
76
77
78
79
385.5
401.9
418.9
436.5
454.7
241.8
251.5
261.4
271.2
282.3
125
126
127
128
129
2321
2393
2467
2543
2621
1299
1337
1375
1415
1456
80
81
82
83
84
473.6
493.1
513.3
534.2
555.7
293.3
304.6
316.3
328.3
340.7
130
131
132
133
134
2701
2783
2867
2953
3041
1497
1540
1583
1627
1673
85
86
87
88
89
578.0
601.0
624.9
649.5
674.9
353.5
366.6
380.2
394.2
408.6
135
136
137
138
139
3131
3223
3317
3414
3512
1719
1767
1815
1865
1915
90
701.1
423.5
91
92
93
94
140
438.8
454.5
470.7
487.4
3614
1967
728.2
756.1
784.9
814.6
95
96
97
98
99
845.3
876.9
909.4
943.0
977.6
504.5
522.1
540.3
558.9
578.1
t
C
- 46 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.28 METHANOL OR MEG SLUG SIZING FOR PIPELINE DEHYDRATION

(Source: BGC/PS/PC1)
v slug = 0.7 D L
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Volume of methanol or MEG slug
Litres
Diameter of Pipe
Pipe Length
v slug
Note:
A minimum of two slugs separated by a batching pig are required for effective dehydration.
Typical Dewatering Pig Train

Nitrogen or Nitrogen Slug & Compressed
Air
Methanol
Methanol
0.7 D x L
0.7 D x L
Fresh
Water
0.7 D x L
In general this will result in approximate discharged concentrations in the first Slug of 55% MeOH
or MEG and 75% MeOH or MEG in the second slug, assuming a film thickness of 0.1mm.
Theoretical Volumes and Concentrations of Recovered Slugs
Film thickness
mm
Pipeline Condition
1st Slug
0.1
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.03
Standard Carbon Steel Pipe

Smooth Blasted Carbon Steel Pipe (SA55)
Standard Flow coated pipe
Smooth Flow coated pipe
Effective dewatering on Standard Carbon Steel
Effective dewatering on Smooth Carbon Steel (SA55)
55.12%
77.56%
86.54%
91.02%
77.56%
86.54%
0.01
Effective dewatering on Flow Coated pipe
95.51%
2nd Slug
75.26%
82.60%
88.35%
91.83%
82.60%
88.35%
95.71%
Volume of Slugs
recovered
55.12%
77.56%
86.54%
91.02%
77.56%
86.54%
95.51%
- 47 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.29 RELATIVE DENSITY OF AQUEOUS METHANOL

(Source: BGC/PS/PC1)
Temperature corrections necessary to obtain Specific Gravity

Relative Density of Aqueous Methanol at 15.5oC
Relative
Density
Relative
Density
0.998
0.977
0.995
Weight
Fraction
Methanol
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.993
0.991
0.990
0.988
Relative
Density
0.961
0.959
0.958
Weight
Fraction
Methanol
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.956
0.955
0.953
0.951
0.987
0.985
0.984
0.982
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.981
0.979
0.978
0.977
0.918
0.916
0.914
Weight
Fraction
Methanol
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.861
0.859
0.856
Weight
Fraction
Methanol
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.912
0.910
0.907
0.905
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.854
0.851
0.849
0.846
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.950
0.948
0.947
0.945
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.903
0.901
0.899
0.897
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.843
0.841
0.838
0.836
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.943
0.941
0.940
0.938
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.895
0.892
0.890
0.888
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.833
0.830
0.827
0.825
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.975
0.973
0.972
0.971
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.936
0.934
0.932
0.931
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.885
0.883
0.881
0.878
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.822
0.819
0.817
0.814
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.969
0.968
0.966
0.965
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.929
0.927
0.925
0.923
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.876
0.874
0.871
0.869
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.811
0.808
0.805
0.802
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.963
0.962
0.24
0.25
0.921
0.919
0.49
0.50
0.866
0.864
0.74
0.75
0.800
0.797
0.99
1.00
Relative
Density
Aqueous Methanol Temperature Corrections to Obtain Relative Density at 15.5oc

Observed
Relative
Density
0.79 to 0.86
0.86 to 0.92
0.92 to 0.95
0.95 to 0.98
0.98 to 1
Correction per oC deviation

from 15.5oC
(per oC)
0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
Note:
The correction is added to the observed relative density for determinations made above
15.5oC and subtracted when sample temperature is below 15.5oC.
- 48 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.30 DEWPOINTS OVER MEG WATER MIXTURES
MEG / Water Dewpoints over mixtures

Dewpoint
Percentage MEG in Water
70%
80%
85%
-4.00
11.00
10.00
-3.00
-9.00
-2.00
-8.50
-1.00
-7.50
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.50
10.50
0.00
-6.50
-9.50
1.00
-6.00
-9.00
2.00
-5.00
-8.00
3.00
-4.00
-7.00
16.75
15.75
15.00
14.25
13.50
12.50
11.75
11.00
10.00
4.00
-3.50
-6.50
-9.50
5.00
-2.50
-5.50
6.00
-1.50
7.00
90%
95%
96%
97%
98%
99%
99.5%
99.8%
99.95%
100%
-19.50
-25.50
-27.75
-30.00
-33.50
-40.00
-56.50
-66.81
-70.94
-73.00
-18.50
-24.50
-26.75
-29.00
-33.00
-39.00
-55.50
-65.81
-69.94
-72.00
-18.00
-24.00
-26.25
-28.50
-32.00
-38.50
-54.75
-64.91
-68.97
-71.00
-17.00
-23.00
-25.25
-27.50
-31.50
-38.00
-54.00
-64.00
-68.00
-70.00
-16.50
-22.00
-24.50
-27.00
-30.50
-37.00
-53.25
-63.41
-67.47
-69.50
-15.50
-21.50
-23.75
-26.00
-30.00
-36.50
-52.50
-62.50
-66.50
-68.50
-14.50
-20.50
-23.00
-25.50
-29.50
-35.50
-51.50
-61.50
-65.50
-67.50
-14.00
-20.00
-22.25
-24.50
-28.50
-35.00
-50.75
-60.59
-64.53
-66.50
-13.00
-19.00
-21.50
-24.00
-28.00
-34.50
-50.00
-59.69
-63.56
-65.50
-12.50
-18.50
-20.75
-23.00
-27.00
-33.50
-49.00
-58.69
-62.56
-64.50
-8.50
-11.50
-17.50
-20.00
-22.50
-26.50
-33.00
-48.25
-57.78
-61.59
-63.50
-4.50
-7.50
-10.50
-17.00
-19.50
-22.00
-26.00
-32.50
-47.50
-56.88
-60.63
-62.50
-0.50
-4.00
-7.00
-10.00
-16.00
-18.50
-21.00
-25.00
-31.50
-46.50
-55.88
-59.63
-61.50
8.00
0.00
-3.00
-6.00
-9.00
-15.50
-18.00
-20.50
-24.50
-31.00
-45.75
-54.97
-58.66
-60.50
9.00
1.00
-2.00
-5.25
-8.50
-14.50
-17.00
-19.50
-23.50
-30.50
-45.25
-54.47
-58.16
-60.00
10.00
2.00
-1.50
-4.50
-7.50
-14.00
-16.50
-19.00
-23.00
-29.50
-44.25
-53.47
-57.16
-59.00
11.00
3.00
-0.50
-3.50
-6.50
-13.00
-15.50
-18.00
-22.50
-29.00
-43.50
-52.56
-56.19
-58.00
12.00
4.00
0.50
-2.75
-6.00
-12.50
-15.00
-17.50
-21.50
-28.50
-42.75
-51.66
-55.22
-57.00
13.00
5.00
1.50
-1.75
-5.00
-12.00
-14.50
-17.00
-21.00
-27.50
-41.75
-50.66
-54.22
-56.00
14.00
6.00
2.00
-1.25
-4.50
-11.00
-13.50
-16.00
-20.00
-27.00
-41.00
-49.75
-53.25
-55.00
15.00
7.00
3.00
-0.25
-3.50
-10.50
-13.00
-15.50
-19.50
-26.50
-40.25
-48.84
-52.28
-54.00
16.00
8.00
4.00
0.50
-3.00
-9.50
-12.00
-14.50
-19.00
-25.50
-39.25
-47.84
-51.28
-53.00
17.00
8.50
5.00
1.50
-2.00
-9.00
-11.50
-14.00
-18.00
-25.00
-38.75
-47.34
-50.78
-52.50
18.00
9.50
6.00
2.25
-1.50
-8.00
-10.50
-13.00
-17.50
-24.00
-37.75
-46.34
-49.78
-51.50
19.00
10.50
7.00
3.25
-0.50
-7.50
-10.00
-12.50
-17.00
-23.50
-37.00
-45.44
-48.81
-50.50
20.00
11.50
7.50
4.00
0.50
-6.50
-9.25
-12.00
-16.00
-23.00
-36.25
-44.53
-47.84
-49.50
21.00
12.50
8.50
4.75
1.00
-6.00
-8.50
-11.00
-15.50
-22.00
-35.25
-43.53
-46.84
-48.50
22.00
13.50
9.50
5.75
2.00
-5.00
-7.75
-10.50
-14.50
-21.50
-34.75
-43.03
-46.34
-48.00
23.00
14.50
10.50
6.75
3.00
-4.50
-7.00
-9.50
-14.00
-21.00
-34.00
-42.13
-45.38
-47.00
24.00
15.50
11.50
7.75
4.00
-3.50
-6.25
-9.00
-13.50
-20.00
-33.00
-41.13
-44.38
-46.00
25.00
16.50
12.50
8.50
4.50
-3.00
-5.75
-8.50
-12.50
-19.50
-32.25
-40.22
-43.41
-45.00
26.00
17.00
13.00
9.25
5.50
-2.50
-5.00
-7.50
-12.00
-19.00
-31.50
-39.31
-42.44
-44.00
30.00
21.00
17.00
13.00
9.00
0.50
-2.25
-5.00
-9.00
-16.00
-28.25
-35.91
-38.97
-40.50
31.00
22.00
18.00
14.00
10.00
1.50
-1.25
-4.00
-8.50
-15.50
-27.50
-35.00
-38.00
-39.50
32.00
23.00
18.50
14.50
10.50
2.50
-0.50
-3.50
-8.00
-15.00
-27.00
-34.50
-37.50
-39.00
33.00
24.00
19.50
15.50
11.50
3.00
0.00
-3.00
-7.00
-14.00
-26.00
-33.50
-36.50
-38.00
Mixture Temperature C
-5.00
- 49 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.31 CALCULATION FOR NITROGEN/COMPRESSED AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR

PIPELINE DEWATERING
Vgas = { Px Vt}
Px
Vt
Fill Volume
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Vgas
Total Volume of gas required
m3
Vt
Fill Volume of Pipe (from 5.1)
m3
Px
Expected Pig Train Driving Pressure
Bar A
Calculation of Px
Px is the total pressure required to drive the pig train this should take into account the following:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Note:
Pig Driving Pressure as calculated in 5.7 or 5.8

Differences in Static Head, Elevation, Profile, Risers etc. as calculated in 5.5
Fluid pressure drop for displaced liquid contents as calculated in 5.10, 5.11,5.14, and 5.12
or 5.13
Depth of receiving structure if submerged. Static Head as calculated in 5.5
Px is in Bar Absolute, conversion Bar g to Bar A add 1.013 to Bar g.
WARNING: If sizing for liquid nitrogen always ensure adequate liquid nitrogen reserves.
- 50 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.32 CALCULATION FOR NITROGEN/COMPRESSED AIR FLOWRATE FOR PIPELINE

DEWATERING
V&gas = Px Vt m n& pig

Px
}
n& pig
V&gas
1m
Vtm
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
V&gas
Rate of gas required
m3/s
Vt m
Fill Volume of Pipe (from 5.1) per unit metre
m3/m
n& pig
Required Pig speed (0.5 to 1.0 ms-1)
ms-1
Px
Expected Pig Train Driving Pressure
Bar A
- 51 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.33 CALCULATION ACCUMULATED HEAD
Accumulated Head Pressure

Ph= g(h1+h2+h3)
Gas/
Air
Liquid Content
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Ph
Rate of gas required
Pa
Density liquid media
Kg/m3
Gravity (9.81ms-2)
ms-1
hx
Cumulative height of liquid columns
- 52 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.34 HYDRAULIC POWER REQUIREMENTS
HHPOutput = Q Pi 2.2358
HHPPumpend =
BHPdriver =
Q Pi 2.2358
Q Pi 2.2358
p e
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Flowrate
m3/min
Pi
Injection Pressure
Bar
HHPOutput
Hydraulic Output Required
Horse Power
HHPPump
Nominal Pump Rating
Horse Power
BHPdriver
Brake horsepower of Prime Mover
Horse Power
Pump Efficiency (typically 0.8)
Driver Efficiency (typically 0.7)
Combined efficiency (typically 0.56)
p e
Note:
1 HHP= 0.746043 kW
- 53 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.35 HOOP STRESS

Thin Wall Cylinder
Do
> 20
t min
h = ( Pi Po )
Do
2t min
Thin Wall Cylinder
Do
20
t min
h = ( Pi Po )
( Do2 + Di2 )
( Do2 Di2 )
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Do
Outside diameter
Di
Inside Diameter
Po
External Pressure
Pa
Pi
Internal Pressure
Pa
tmin
Minimum Wall Thickness
Hoop Stress
Pa
Material
API-5L-A
API-5L-B
API-5L-X42
API-5L-X46
API-5L-X52
API-5L-X56
API-5L-X60
API-5L-X65
API-5L-X70
API-5L-X80
API-5 CT H 40
API-5 CT J 55
API-5 CT K 55
API-5 CT N 80
API-5 CT L80 1
API-5 CT L80 9 Cr
API-5 CT L 80 13Cr
API-5 CT C90 1,2
API-5 CT C 95
API-5 CT T 95 1,2
API-5 CT P110
API-5 CT Q 125
S 30403-S 31603
S 31254
S other grades
N 08028
N 08904
S 31803
SMYS Pa
2.07E+08
2.41E+08
2.89E+08
3.17E+08
3.58E+08
3.86E+08
4.13E+08
4.48E+08
4.82E+08
5.51E+08
2.76E+08
3.79E+08
3.79E+08
5.52E+08
5.52E+08
5.52E+08
5.52E+08
6.20E+08
6.55E+08
6.55E+08
7.58E+08
8.60E+08
1.70E+08
3.00E+08
2.05E+08
2.14E+08
2.20E+08
4.50E+08
- 54 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.36 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND GAUGE PRESSURES

PAbsolute = PGauge + APr essure
Where:
Variable
APr essure
PGauge
PAbsolute
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Environment Pressure
Bar
Gauge Pressure
Bar g
Absolute Pressure
Bar A
Measured Pressure
Gauge
Pressure
Bar G
Environmental Pressure
Absolute
Pressure
Bar A
Atmospheric or
Surrounding Pressure
Zero Pressure
Note:
7.37
Bar A
Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 Bar
PRESSURE CONVERSION CHART

Unit
bar
mbar
kPa
psi
inH2O
inHg
Torr
Kgf/cm2
bar
1
0.001
0.01
0.068947
0.00249
0.03386
750.062
0.980665
mbar
1000
1
10
68.9476
2.4908
33.8639
0.750062
980.665
kPa
100
0.1
1
6.89476
0.24908
3.3864
7.50062
98.0665
psi
14.5038
0.0145038
0.145038
1
0.03613
0.49115
51.7149
14.2233
inH2O
401.463
0.401463
4.01463
27.68
1
13.595
0.535240
393.701
inHg
29.530
0.02953
0.2953
2.03602
0.07356
1
25.4
28.95
Torr
750.062
0.750062
7.50062
51.7149
1.86832
25.4
1
735.559
Kgf/cm2
1.01972
980.665
98.0665
0.070307
0.002
28.9590
735.559
1
7.38 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

From
0
C (Celsius)
0
F (Fahrenheit)
0
C (Celsius)
0
F (Fahrenheit)
0
R (Rankine)
To
0
F (Fahrenheit)
0
C (Celsius)
K (Kelvin)
0
R (Rankine)
K (Kelvin
Multiply by 1.8 and add 32

Subtract 32multiply by .5556
Add 273.15
Add 459.67
Multiply by 0.5556
- 55 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
7.39 NAMES IN METRIC SYSTEM

VALUE
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 001
EXPONENT
1012
109
106
103
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-9
10-12
10-15
SYMBOL
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
n
p
f
PREFIX
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
- 56 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
8. ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS
8.1
CORRECTING RESISTANCE VALUES TO 20OC
The formula for correcting the measured conductor resistance to 20C is as follows:-
R ins20 = R t
1
1000
1 + ( t - 20)
L
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
R ins20
Resistance at 20, in per km
/km
Rt
Measured resistance of L of cable at t in ohms
Ohms
Length of Cable
Temperature Coefficient
/ C
Temperature of Cable
copper
platinum
tungsten
aluminum
8.2
/ C
0.00393
0.00385
0.0045
0.0040
OHMS LAW
V = I R
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Electromotive Force
Volt V
Current
Amperes A
Resistance
Ohms
- 57 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
8.3
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE
R=
L
a
Where:
8.4
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Resistance
Ohms
Resistivity
Length
Cross sectional area of conductor
m2
copper
1.68 x 10-8
platinum
10.6 x 10-8
tungsten
5.6 x 10-8
aluminum
2.65 x 10-8
RESISTANCES IN SERIES
R1
R2
R3
Rn
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..... + Rn
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Resistance
Ohms
- 58 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
8.5
Prepared by:
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RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL
R1
R2
R3
Rn
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ..... +
RT R1 R2 R3
Rn
Where:
8.6
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Resistance
Ohms
CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL RESISTANCES OF SHORTED TRIAD CABLES

R1
Conductor 1
Rm12
R2
Conductor 2
R3
Rm13
Rm23
Conductor 3
Shorting Links
Rm12 Rm 23 + Rm13
2
R + Rm 23 Rm13
R 2 = m12
2
Rm 23 + Rm13 Rm12
R3 =
2
R1 =
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Resistance
Ohms
Rm12
Resistance measured between 1 & 2
Ohms
Rm23
Ohms
Rm13
Ohms
- 59 -
Date prepared:
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8.7
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CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE - 2-CORE / 3-LEG

Lb
Shorting
Link
La
Rm
Lc
Shorting
Link
Equivalent Circuit
R(La)
Rm
2 x R(Lc)
2 x R(Lb)
R(La)
R =
Rm
2 Lb 2 Lc
2 La +
2 Lb + 2 Lc
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Resistance per metre
Ohms /m
Rm
Resistance measured
Ohms
La
Length La
Lb
Length Lb
Lc
Length Lc
- 60 -
Date prepared:
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8.8
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PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Conductor
Insulator
(dielectric)
The insulator prevents the conductor from allowing current to flow to earth, everything will conduct
current to some degree Insulators are simply materials with very high resistances.
8.9
INSULATOR RESISTANCE - 2-CORE / 3-LEG CORE TO CORE

Lb
Shorting
Link Removed
La
Rm
Lc
Shorting
Link Removed
Equivalent Circuit
R(La)
Rm
R =
R(Lc)
R(Lb)
Rm
La Lb Lc
(La Lb ) + (Lb Lc ) + (La Lc )
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Ohms /m
Rm
Resistance measured
Ohms
La
Length La
Lb
Length Lb
Lc
Length Lc
WARNING: Do not energise exposed subsea connectors.
- 61 -
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PPS-CRM-001
8.10 INSULATOR RESISTANCE - 2-CORE / 3-LEG TO EARTH

Lb
Shorting
Link Installed
La
Rm
Lc
Shorting
Link Installed
Equivalent Circuit
Rm
2R(La)
R =
2R(Lc)
2R(Lb)
Rm
2 La 2 Lb 2 Lc
(2 La 2 Lb ) + (2 Lb 2 Lc ) + (2 La 2 Lc )
Where:
Variable
Description
UNITS (Metric)
Ohms /m
Rm
Resistance measured
Ohms
La
Length La
Lb
Length Lb
Lc
Length Lc
- 62 -
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9. PRESSURE DROPS
9.1
TYPICAL WATER FRICTION LOSS
The table below shows theoretical back pressures from friction loss for ID's up to 4" and velocities
up to 4m/s. The friction loss is linear with distance and approximately squared with diameter.
Flushing Speed
ID
Flow Rate
m/sec
Inches
m3/mi
0.000
0.030
0.7
7.0
70.0
1.5
0.046
1.5
14.8
148.3
252.5
Frictional Pressure Drop in Barg

100m
1000m
10000m
0.061
2.5
25.3
2.5
0.076
3.8
38.2
381.6
0.091
5.3
53.5
534.6
3.5
0.106
7.1
71.1
711.1
0.122
9.1
91.0
910.3
0.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.122
0.3
3.1
31.2
1.5
0.182
0.7
6.6
66.1
0.243
1.1
11.3
112.6
2.5
0.304
1.7
17.0
170.1
238.3
0.365
2.4
23.8
3.5
0.425
3.2
31.7
317.0
0.486
4.1
40.6
405.8
0.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.273
0.2
1.9
19.5
1.5
0.410
0.4
4.1
41.2
0.547
0.7
7.0
70.2
2.5
0.684
1.1
10.6
106.0
0.820
1.5
14.9
148.6
3.5
0.957
2.0
19.8
197.6
1.094
2.5
25.3
253.0
0.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.486
0.1
1.4
13.9
29.5
1.5
0.729
0.3
2.9
0.972
0.5
5.0
50.2
2.5
1.215
0.8
7.6
75.8
1.459
1.1
10.6
106.3
3.5
1.702
1.4
14.1
141.3
1.945
1.8
18.1
180.9
- 63 -
Date prepared:
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9.2
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TYPICAL AIR FRICTION LOSS (COMPRESSED AIR HEADER SIZING)

Hose Length and inside
Diameter
50 feet
50 feet
1
50 feet
1
SCFM
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Line Pressure - psi

60
3.1
5.3
8.1
80
2.4
4.2
6.4
9.0
12.0
2.7
4.1
5.8
7.7
2.1
3.2
4.6
6.1
7.9
9.8
12.0
2.4
3.7
5.2
7.0
8.9
2.9
4.1
5.5
7.0
8.8
10.8
100
2.0
3.5
5.2
7.4
9.9
12.7
120
150
200
300
2.9
4.5
6.3
8.4
10.8
13.6
16.6
2.4
3.6
5.1
6.9
8.9
11.1
13.5
16.2
1.8
2.8
3.9
5.3
6.8
8.5
10.4
12.4
1.2
1.9
2.7
3.6
4.6
5.8
7.1
8.4
2.8
3.5
4.5
5.6
6.9
8.2
9.7
11.3
13.0
14.8
2.0
2.7
3.4
4.3
5.3
6.3
7.4
8.7
10.0
11.4
1.3
1.8
2.3
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.0
5.9
6.8
7.7
2.3
3.1
4.0
5.0
6.2
7.4
8.7
10.2
11.7
13.3
15.0
1.8
2.4
3.1
3.9
4.7
5.7
6.7
7.8
9.0
10.2
11.5
1.2
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.2
3.9
4.6
5.3
6.1
6.9
7.8
2.7
3.8
5.0
6.5
8.1
9.9
11.8
13.9
2.3
3.2
4.3
5.5
6.9
8.4
10.0
11.9
13.8
15.9
2.4
3.4
4.5
5.8
7.3
8.9
10.7
12.6
14.6
2.0
2.9
3.8
4.9
6.2
7.6
9.1
10.7
12.4
14.3
- 64 -
Date prepared:
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Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued
Hose Length and
inside Diameter
50 feet
1
50 feet
2
50 feet
2
SCFM
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Line Pressure - psi

60
2.1
3.7
5.6
8.0
1.9
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.3
1.7
3.7
6.5
10.0
80
100
120
2.9
4.4
6.3
8.5
10.9
2.4
3.7
5.2
7.9
9.0
11.2
13.8
2.0
3.1
4.4
5.9
7.7
9.5
11.8
14.0
2.5
3.9
5.5
7.4
9.6
12.1
2.1
3.2
4.5
6.1
7.9
9.9
12.2
14.6
2.9
5.1
7.9
11.2
2.4
4.2
6.5
9.3
12.4
2.7
3.8
5.2
6.7
8.4
10.4
12.5
14.7
2.0
3.6
5.5
7.9
10.6
13.7
150
200
300
2.5
3.6
4.9
6.3
7.8
9.5
11.4
13.8
15.8
1.9
2.8
3.7
4.8
6.0
7.3
8.8
10.4
12.1
1.3
1.9
2.5
3.2
4.1
4.9
6.0
7.1
8.3
2.2
3.1
4.2
5.5
6.9
8.5
10.2
12.0
14.1
16.2
1.7
2.4
3.2
4.2
5.3
6.5
7.8
9.2
10.8
12.4
1.1
1.6
2.2
2.8
3.6
4.4
5.3
6.3
7.3
8.5
2.9
4.5
6.4
8.7
11.2
14.0
2.2
3.4
4.9
6.6
8.6
10.7
1.5
2.3
3.3
4.5
5.8
7.3
- 65 -
Date prepared:
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Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued
Hose Length and
inside Diameter
50 feet
3
25 feet
4
SCFM
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
Line Pressure - psi

60
2.5
3.9
5.5
7.5
9.8
1.9
2.7
3.6
4.7
5.9
7.2
8.7
80
2.0
3.0
4.4
5.9
7.6
9.6
11.7
2.1
2.8
3.7
4.6
5.7
6.8
8.1
9.4
100
120
2.5
3.6
4.9
6.3
7.9
9.6
11.5
13.6
2.1
3.1
4.1
5.3
6.7
8.2
9.8
11.5
13.5
15.6
1.7
2.3
3.0
3.8
4.7
5.6
6.7
7.8
9.0
2.0
2.6
3.2
4.0
4.8
5.7
6.6
7.6
8.7
9.8
150
200
300
2.5
3.4
4.4
5.5
6.7
8.0
9.4
11.0
12.7
14.5
1.9
2.6
3.3
4.2
5.1
6.1
7.2
8.4
9.8
11.1
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.5
4.2
4.9
5.7
6.6
7.6
2.1
2.6
3.2
3.9
4.6
5.4
6.2
7.1
8.0
9.1
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.1
4.8
5.4
6.2
6.9
Reference: Compressed Air and Gas Data Boosters (Second Edition), copyright 1969, 1975, Ingersoll Rand Company, Section 34-77
through 34-165. For a more complete discussion of pressure loses in hose (34-161) pipe, fittings and valves, Section 34-77 through 34165.
- 66 -
Date prepared:
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Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
10. GEL SYSTEMS

10.1 INTRODUCTION
As many as 50 different fluids have been developed to solve various needs within the oil and gas
market. The major types of fluids that remain at the backbone of the industry are as follows:
Conventional linear gels

Borate-crosslinked fluids
Organometallic-crosslinked fluids
Aluminium phosphate-ester oil gels
10.2 GEL CHEMISTRY

It is not possible to discuss gel chemistry without first discussing polymers. The word polymer is
used to describe molecules which are several hundred times larger than a low molecular weight
average molecule. An example is shown below.
CH=CH2
Acrylamide - A vinyl monomer
C=O
NH2
(CH2 CH2)n
Repeat unit of
Polyacrylamide
C=O
NH2
n=2, dimer
n=3, trimer
Example 1: Monomer and Polymer of Polyacrylamide

Polymer (Macromolecule, Polymer Chain, polymeric molecule): A natural or synthetic
compound with large molecules made up of simple molecules of the same kind.
Monomer: A compound whose molecules can join together to form a polymer.
A monomer is sometimes referred to as a repeater unit, and whilst this is not strictly true in all
cases, the terms will be used interchangeably within this manual.
In between monomers and polymers there are many other ..mers which we refer to.
Dimer
=
Trimer =
Tetramer =
two repeater units

three repeater units
four repeater units
- 67 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Oligimer =
Polymer =
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quite a few repeater units (up to 8)

more than eight repeater units
Polymers can be formed from a single type of monomer or from different types of monomer.
Homopolymer
Copolymer
Terpolymer
one type of monomer

=
two types of monomer
=
three types of monomer
Types of Polymer
(a) Natural polymers
Polymers found in nature
Chemical derivatives of those polymers
Polysaccharides
e.g.
cellulose and derivatives
chitin and derivatives
guar and derivatives
starches
Proteins
e.g.
gelatin
Natural polymers have some advantages. They are generally cheaper to prepare as nature has done
a lot of the work, and they tend to be much more marketable due to their more environmentally
friendly nature.
(b) Man made polymers
Synthesised from low molecular weight precursors
Man made polymers are produced in the most part by two different processes and they are
categorised in that way.
(c) Addition polymers
Relatively cheap
Widely used in solution application
(d) Condensation polymers
More expensive
More complicated chemistry
Few applications in gel or solution
Water soluble polymers are often made by addition polymerisation.
addition polymers are polyacrylamide and polyvinylalcohol derivatives.
Common water soluble
- 68 -
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Secondary Structure
To better understand gels, it is important to understand the way the long chain molecules interact
with each other.
Linear: Straight polymer chains lying parallel to each other with no interaction gives a non
viscous fluid with no real gel like properties. However long chain molecules tend to interact
with each other (or themselves), much like a bowl of spaghetti. Trying to lift only a couple
of strands can result in a big knot of pasta as friction and interaction binds the strands
together. The addition of more base fluid (pasta sauce) can reduce viscosity by essentially
diluting the polymer chains (or spaghetti) making the gel less viscose. Conversely the
addition of more binding agent (polymer chains or spaghetti) will increase the overall
viscosity.
Cross-Linked: Structures based on strong covalent bonds between polymer chains which
cannot be broken by the application of heat or the addition of more base fluid. Although
more base fluid cannot break the covalent bonds, the cross linked gel may be "swollen" by
the addition of more base fluid to affect the rheological properties. To break the strong
bonds, the changing of pH or the addition of other chemicals would be required.
Simple Sugars
All simple sugars have the chemical formula C6H12O6. Their differences are due to structural
differences rather than different chemical compositions. In forming the cyclic sugar structure it is
always the carbon 1 which attacks the carbon 5 to give a 6 member ring. This cyclic form is
generally the basis for all the natural polymers we use.
CHO
H
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
C
OH
CH2OH
Simple sugar and the cyclic sugar form

10.3 LINEAR AND CROSS LINKED GELS
The basic properties of any gelled fluid depend a great deal upon the interaction of the polymer
molecules carried in the base fluid. A linear gel is generally a viscous fluid, with the viscosity being
derived from the presence of individual polymer chains.
A cross linked gel has actual bonds purposely formed between the individual polymer chains.
Cross linking gives rise to a 3-dimensional structure. If the base polymer units retain the affinity
for the solvent then the product will be a true gel with the typical elastic character and solvent
retention.
- 69 -
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Higher cross-link density however will make the product stiffer, less elastic and more prone to the
loss of solvent as a separate fluid.
Polymer chains can be linked through physical association or interaction without being truly
chemically cross linked, giving rise to another type of gel. (e.g. XCD)
Linear Gel
Cross-Linked Gel
Linear gels are generally just high viscosity liquids. In order for them to attain any ridgity, high
polymer loadings are required.
The nature of cross linked gels results in a structure that has more rigid properties at relatively low
polymer loadings.
Sometimes terms such as ringing or lipping are used to describe a gel, generally ringing
would apply to something that resembles jelly, lipping would refer to a gel that when poured will
pull itself from the container from which it is poured.
The important thing to realise about Gels is that they are actually long chain polymers in solution.
10.4 HYDRATION
Hydration is the process where the long chain polymers which make up the gel become evenly
distributed though the gel solution The presence of long chains distributed throughout the solution
gives rise to a higher viscosity. Physical interactions between polymer chains, for example
hydrogen bonding or intermolecular helix formation (xanthan), increase the viscosity even more.
Rigid gels can be obtained by chemically crosslinking the chains. This generates in fact one big
molecule.
Hydration is generally pH, time and temperature dependent although it can be mechanically
accelerated in certain gels.
e.g. Xanthan will build viscosity very fast if it is sheared, however if sheared too much physical
crosslinks break down and takes some time to re-build itself.
- 70 -
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10.5 CURING
This term is better used with gels where the bonding is a chemical reaction that slowly builds up the
gel strength.
e.g. a fracturing gel
10.6 PH CONTROL
pH is a measure of how acid or alkaline (base) a solution is. This measure is taken from the number
of hydrogen ions available in the solution. The scale goes from 0 for the most acidic to 14 for the
most base with 7 being neutral (pure water).
The pH of a solution can control how fast or slow reactions take place and as such pH control can
become very important when mixing some gels. The hydration rate and especially the ability to
cross link can all be controlled by the pH level.
For some gel recipes high pH increases the hydration rate, whilst for other recipes, low pH
will increase hydration rate.
The pH Scale
100 10-1 10-2
10-3 10-4 10-5
Acidic
10
11 12
13 14
1 M NaOH
Ammonia
Milk of
Magnesia
Pure
Water
Blood
Milk
Stomach
Acid
Lemon
Juice
Vinegar
1 M HCl
10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14

Basic
[H+]
10.7 CONVENTIONAL LINEAR GELS

Conventional linear gels are very simple to use and can be formulated with a wide array of different
polymers and fluids. Common polymer sources used with the linear gels are guar, HPG, HEC,
carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG), and carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose
(CMHEC).
Previous studies performed with these fluids have indicated that gel residue from guar fluids can be
as high as 8% to 10% by weight. The high residue content of guar gels can leave residues, if further
cleanup measures are not applied.22,23
Similar problems have been observed with linear HPG and CMHPG, though residue is not as
extreme with this type of fluid system. In both HPG and CMHPG fluids, the residue content can be
from 1% to 3% by weight. HEC fluid systems are virtually residue free and provide the cleanest of
the saccharine type materials.
The general characteristics of linear gels are poor debris transport and low fluid viscosity. Linear
gels tend to form thick filter cakes, in pipeline applications the material is so concentrated that the
work is actually being done with a filter cake.
- 71 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
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Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
New biopolymer gel systems have been recently added developed. These fluids feature clean,
controllable breaks and low residue gel. Some new biopolymer systems have high cost and
unfavourable shear-thinning properties.
10.8 BORATE-CROSSLINKED FLUIDS
Borate-crosslinked fluids were once restricted from high-temperature applications, but advances
have improved them for use in temperatures to 300F. The polymers most often used in these fluids
are guar and HPG. The crosslink obtained by using borate is reversible and is triggered by altering
the pH of the fluid system. The reversible characteristic of the crosslink in borate fluids helps them
clean up more effectively, resulting in good regained permeability and conductivity. In addition to
good cleanup properties, with the proper composition, borate fluids provide good proppant
transport, stable fluid rheology, and low fluid loss. The use of borate-crosslinked fluids has
increased significantly over the last decade, and HPG-borates have been used extensively.
10.9 ORGANOMETALLIC-CROSSLINKED FLUIDS
Organometallic-crosslinked fluids have long been the most popular class of fracturing fluids.
Primary fluids that are widely used are titanate and zirconate complexes of guar, HPG, CMHPG, or
CMHEC. These fluids are extremely stable at high temperatures and are currently the only type of
fluids that can be used at bottomhole temperatures that exceed 300F.
The sediment transport capabilities of organometallic-crosslinked fluids are excellent, and can
possible be applied to leak mitigation or repair. The metallic bonds which form the crosslink
mechanism in these fluids are not reversible and do not break when exposed to conventional gelbreaking systems. Cleanup difficulty is the major disadvantage to these types of fluids.
10.10
ALUMINUM PHOSPATE-ESTER OIL GELS
Gelled oil systems were the first high-viscosity fluids used in hydraulic fracturing operations. A
major advantage to this type of fluid is its compatibility with almost any formation type. There are
some disadvantages in using gelled oils. Gelling problems can occur when using crude oils and the
cost of using refined oils is very high. Also there are greater concerns regarding personnel safety
and environmental impact, as compared to most water-fluids. In wells with high-permeability
formations, the advantages of using gelled oils can outweigh their disadvantages, if safety and
environmental issues can be resolved.
- 72 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
10.11
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BREAKERS
Breakers can be used to reduce gel viscosity back to something close to the base fluids rheology. In
some applications, the use of delayed, encapsulated breakers may be desirable. However, this may
pose the additional concerns which follow:
The encapsulated breaker may drop out of the gel if the rheology is unsuitable for
transportation.
Delay in operations may result in untimely break of the gel.
Break testing should be performed before the job is pumped. These tests help ensure that break
times are sufficient to place the treatment, but short enough to allow the gel to break in a reasonable
amount of time. The breaker schedule should provide good fluid properties for twice the anticipated
pump time and a complete break in the required timescale
Chemical descriptions of breakers and the breaking process are presented here. Note that this article
focuses on water-based fluids and does not cover oil-gelled fluids and breakers.
To help readers optimize the fluid system for hydraulic fracturing treatments, this article covers
several aspects of fracturing fluid breakers:
Definition and use of breakers

Performance criteria for selecting breakers
Types of breakers
Testing methods
10.11.1 Definition and Use of Breakers

Gels are used to help create spacers, no pressure seal (to prevent sea water ingress), for
transportation of debris or sediment. Gel usually consists of water thickened with guar or
derivatised guar polymers.
Chemicals used to reduce the viscosity of gel systems are called breakers.
Water-based fracturing fluids are usually made viscous by the addition of 20 to 70 lb of guar or
derivatised guar polymer per 1000 gallons of water. Guar polymer, which is derived from the beans
of a guar plant, is referred to chemically as a galactomannan gum. A mixture of guar dissolved in
water forms a base gel, and suitable crosslinking agents are added to form a much more viscous
fluid, called a crosslinked fluid. The water-based fluids discussed here may be crosslinked with
metals, such as zirconium, titanium, or boron compounds. The viscosity of base gels are typically
20 to 50 cp; when it is crosslinked, the viscosity of the base gel is increased by 2 to 100 times
depending on the temperature, test method, and type of crosslinker used
10.11.2 How Breakers Work
Guar polymer is considered to have a molecular weight of approximately 2.2 million. Breakers
reduce the molecular weight of guar polymer by cutting the long polymer chain. As the polymer
chain is cut, the fluid's viscosity is reduced, as shown in Figure 1. Reducing the guar polymer
molecular weight to chains of about 10,000 molecular weight converts the fluid to near water-thin
- 73 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
viscosity. A single guar polymer must be cut into approximately 200 small pieces to eliminate
viscous effects.
Figure 1: Relationship of Average Polymer Molecular Weight and Fluid Viscosity
On the other hand, crosslinking the guar increases its molecular weight to extremely high values.
The actual number of crosslinks that are possible and that actually form depends on the shear level
of the system: the total molecular weight is inversely proportional to the shear the fluid receives.
The exact number of crosslink sites is not well known, but it could be as few as one to ten. The
number of crosslinks, and thus the molecular weight of the resulting polymer, significantly alters
fluid viscosity.
Crosslinks produced by borate ion are known to be reversible and can be completely eliminated at
neutral or acidic pH. Crosslinks formed by zirconium, titanium, antimony, and aluminium
compounds, however, are not reversible and may be broken only by unconventional methods. Gel
breakers are designed to reduce guar polymer viscosity by breaking down its molecular weight.
This process can occur independent of crosslinking bonds existing between polymer chains.
- 74 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
10.11.3 Mixing Gel Fluids

The effectiveness and efficiency of gels relies on the quality of the base and gel materials used to
perform the procedure. Special care should be taken when handling and mixing fluids. The
following concerns should be applied to protect fluid quality.
10.12
The cleanest base fluid possible should be used.

All base fluids should be filtered through a 10-micron filter or smaller.
Holding tanks should be inspected for cleanliness before adding base fluids. Substances
such as rust, dirt, chemicals, and old gel residue compromise fluid performance.
Each tank should be treated with biocide before the base fluid is added.
Pilot tests of the designed gelled fluid should be conducted on location before preparing
bulk quantities of fluid. Fluid properties such as viscosity, pH, break time, and crosslink
time should be identified. Confirming tests should be performed after the fluid is prepared.
Whenever possible, liquid gel concentrate (LGC) should be used to avoid lumping problems
associated with unhydrated, powdered gel.
Shearing and filtering fluids should be considered in applications where ultraclean fluid is
required.
FOAMED AND OTHER FLUIDS
Other fluids such as polymer-emulsion systems and gas-energized systems exist, but they have
limited application.
10.12.1 Internally Activated Silicates (IAS)
These systems are generally placed as water-thin freshwater based solutions: a silicate source and
an activator designed to trigger gelation of the silicate at a predesignated time. The gel times of
silicates depend on the system pH and temperature. Gel times of most currently applied IAS
systems are controlled by pH, taking the temperatures into account. The target pH is either achieved
on the surface by strong or weak acids or in situ by materials that slowly degrade (either thermally
or with time) to form acids. Resulting gels are stiff, brittle solids. IAS systems have been very
effective in field applications (Vinot et al., 1989; Herring et al. 1984).
10.12.2 Monomer Systems
These systems are placed as water-thin solutions containing a low molecular weight material
(monomers or oligomers) and an activator. After placement, the activator initiates the
polymerization of the monomeric or oligomeric material and results in a solution with a much
higher viscosity. Polymerizations are usually activated by adjusting the system to a pH that will
allow polymerization at the required time at downhole temperatures (similar to the IAS systems), or
by the slow decomposition (either thermal or with time) of the activator to form free radicals
capable of initiating polymerization. Monomer systems that have been used commercially include
phenol and formaldehyde controlled with pH, solid gels;

resorcinol and formaldehyde controlled by pH, stiff fragile gels;
acrylamide and an optional bisacrylamide-crosslinker activated by the decomposition of a
time-delayed oxidizer, molasses-like to rigid ringing gels; and
bifunctional aminoacrylate initiated by thermal decomposition of an oxidizer, lipping to
rigid ringing gels.
- 75 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
10.12.3 Crosslinked Polymer Systems

These are polymer- and crosslinker-containing systems that are placed at viscosities low enough to
allow injectability (generally, 10 to 200 cp). After placement, the systems crosslink to form thick
viscoelastic gels (from lipping gels to rigid gels, while the concentration and crosslinking is
increased).
The polymers used are normally water soluble: partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (PHPA),
thermally stabilized copolymers of PHPA, non-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (NHPA), cationic
polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, guar, guar derivatives, xanthan, and scleroglucan. PHPA and its
copolymers are most commonly used; biopolymers have rarely positive results. Most of the
polymers start out crosslinkable, so they need to rely on the crosslinker chemistry for delay. NHPA
has no place for the crosslinkers to attach, so its crosslinking is delayed by the slow hydrolysis of
the polymer to form crosslink sites (Sydansk, 1993).
Metallic and organic crosslinkers have been used, both of which are generally pumped as "masked"
materials that are unable to interact with the polymer until their masks are removed. Metallic
"masks" are called ligands which are strongly attracted to the metal ion by ionic forces. The
stronger this attraction and larger the ligand, the longer it takes for the metal to release to crosslink
the polymer. The rate at which the metal is released can be controlled by pH or by the ligand
concentration in the system. Excess ligand can be added to the crosslinker or the
polymer/crosslinker solution to delay metal release (Lockhart and Albonico, 1992), but this often
results in weaker crosslinking interactions of the metal with the polymer. Metallic crosslinkers used
commercially include chromium acetate (Sydansk, 1992), chromium propionate (Mumallah, 1988),
zirconium lactate (Moffit et al., 1996), and aluminium citrate (Stavland and Jonsbraten, 1996).
Organic crosslinkers work in one of two ways:
(1)
A weakly-attached organic group that is connected to the part of the crosslinker molecule
that would crosslink slowly hydrolyzes off, leaving the crosslinker molecule free to react
with the polymer (glyoxal: Zaiton et al., 1991; glutaraldehyde: Matre, 1994);
(2)
Components that can slowly form the crosslinker are added to the polymer solution, rather
than a crosslinker (phenol/formaldehyde: Moradi-Araghi, 1994).
10.12.4 Foams
Generally, these materials are placed as solutions with either dissolved gas that expands after
placement, or with no gas so that it subsequently foams in product flow. Foams are not commonly
used but could be considered for water removal applications.
- 76 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
11. PIPE AND FITTINGS ANSI

11.1
PIPE DIMENSIONS
ANSI/ASME B36.10 M-1996
Nominal
pipe
size
in
Outside
Diamete
r
mm
Sche
d 5s
Sche
d 10
Sche
d 20
Sche
d 30
Standar
d
Sche
d 40
Sche
d 50
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Extra
Stron
g
mm
Sche
d 80
Sche
d 100
Sche
d 120
Sche
d 140
Sche
d 160
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
XX
Stron
g
mm
2.41
7.47
/8
10.3
1.24
1.45
1.73
1.73
2.41
13.7
1.65
1.85
2.24
2.24
3.02
3.02
/8
17.1
1.65
1.85
2.31
2.31
3.20
3.20
21.3
1.65
2.11
2.41
2.77
2.77
3.73
3.73
4.78
26.7
1.65
2.11
2.41
2.87
2.87
3.91
3.91
5.56
7.82
33.4
1.65
2.77
2.90
3.38
3.38
4.55
4.55
6.35
9.09
11/4
42.2
1.65
2.77
2.97
3.56
3.56
4.85
4.85
6.35
9.70
11/2
48.3
1.65
2.77
3.18
3.68
3.68
5.08
5.08
7.14
10.15
11.07
60.3
1.65
2.77
3.18
3.91
3.91
5.54
5.54
8.74
21/2
73.0
2.11
3.05
4.78
5.16
5.16
7.01
7.01
9.53
14.02
88.9
2.11
3.05
4.78
5.49
5.49
7.62
7.62
11.13
15.24
17.12
31/2
101.6
2.11
3.05
4.78
5.74
5.74
8.08
8.08
114.3
2.11
3.05
4.78
6.02
6.02
8.56
8.56
11.13
13.49
141.3
2.77
3.40
6.55
6.55
9.53
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
168.3
2.77
3.40
7.11
7.11
10.97
10.97
14.27
18.26
21.95
219.1
2.77
3.76
6.35
7.04
8.18
8.18
10.31
12.70
12.70
15.09
18.26
20.62
23.01
22.23
10
273.0
3.40
4.19
6.35
7.80
9.27
9.27
12.70
12.70
15.09
18.26
21.44
25.40
28.58
25.40
12
323.8
3.96
4.57
6.35
8.38
9.53
10.31
14.27
12.70
17.48
21.44
25.40
28.58
33.32
25.40
14
355.6
3.96
6.35
7.92
9.53
9.53
11.13
15.09
12.70
19.05
23.83
27.79
31.75
35.71
16
406.4
4.19
6.35
7.92
9.53
9.53
12.70
16.66
12.70
21.44
26.19
30.96
36.53
40.49
18
457.0
4.19
6.35
7.92
11.13
9.53
14.27
19.05
12.70
23.83
29.36
34.93
39.67
45.24
20
508.0
4.78
6.35
9.53
12.70
9.53
15.09
20.62
12.70
26.19
32.54
38.10
44.45
50.01
22
559.0
4.78
6.35
9.53
12.70
9.53
22.23
12.70
28.58
34.93
41.28
47.63
53.98
24
610.0
5.54
6.35
9.53
14.27
9.53
24.61
12.70
30.96
38.89
46.02
52.37
59.54
26
660.0
7.92
12.70
9.53
12.70
28
711.0
7.92
12.70
15.88
9.53
12.70
30
762.0
7.92
12.70
15.88
9.53
32
813.0
7.92
12.70
15.88
9.53
17.48
12.70
34
864.0
7.92
12.70
15.88
9.53
17.48
12.70
36
914.0
7.92
12.70
15.88
9.53
19.05
12.70
42
1067
9.53
17.48
12.70
12.70
- 77 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
11.2 ANSI FLANGE TABLES

X
B
C
Y
Blind
Slip On
d
O
G
R
E
RTJ
RF
1.6mm for class 150 and 300

6.4mm for class 400and above
ANSI Class 150

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
mm
89
99
108
117
127
152
178
190
216
229
254
279
343
406
483
533
597
635
698
813
mm
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
C
min
mm
11.2
12.7
14.3
15.7
17.5
19.1
22.3
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
25.4
28.5
30.2
31.8
35.0
36.6
39.7
42.9
47.7
mm
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
139.7
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
mm
63.5
73.2
82.5
101.6
120.7
133.4
154.0
171.5
193.5
219.0
273.0
330.2
406.4
425.5
482.6
546.1
596.9
711.2
No
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
Drilling
G
mm
60.3
69.8
79.4
88.9
98.4
120.6
139.7
152.4
177.8
190.5
215.9
241.3
298.4
362.0
431.8
476.2
539.8
577.8
635.0
749.3
mm
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.8
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
22.2
22.2
22.2
25.4
25.4
28.5
28.5
31.8
31.8
35.0
B
min
mm
22.4
27.7
34.5
43.2
49.5
62.0
74.7
90.7
103.4
116.1
143.8
170.7
221.5
276.4
327.2
359.2
410.5
461.8
513.1
616.0
mm
30
38
49
59
65
78
90
108
122
135
164
192
246
305
365
400
457
505
559
664
mm
16
16
17
21
22
25
29
30
32
33
37
40
44
49
56
57
63
68
73
83
Slip On
Weight
kg
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.5
2.3
3.7
4.2
5.3
5.9
7.0
8.5
13.5
19.5
29.0
39.0
47.0
54.0
70.0
95.0
A
mm
21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0
Welding Neck
Y1
Weight
Blind
Weight
mm
kg
kg
48
0.6
1.2
52
0.8
1.3
56
1.1
1.4
57
1.4
1.8
62
1.8
2.2
63
2.7
2.8
70
4.0
4.7
70
4.5
5.5
71
6.2
6.8
76
7.0
8.0
89
8.6
9.0
89
10.8
12.0
102
18.0
20.0
102
24.0
32.0
114
37.0
40.0
127
47.0
59.0
127
58.0
77.0
140
64.0
95.0
144
77.0
123.0
152
118.0
186.0
Weights are approximate.
- 78 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ANSI Class 300

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
mm
95
117
124
133
156
165
190
210
229
254
279
318
381
444
521
584
648
711
775
914
mm
5.56
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.52
11.13
C
min
mm
14.2
15.7
17.5
19.0
20.6
22.4
25.4
28.4
30.2
31.8
35.0
36.6
41.1
47.8
50.8
53.8
57.2
60.5
63.5
69.9
mm
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
139.7
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
mm
50.8
63.5
69.9
79.2
90.4
108.0
127.0
146.1
158.8
174.8
209.6
241.3
301.8
355.6
412.8
457.2
508.0
574.5
635.0
749.3
No
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
Drilling
G
mm
66.7
82.6
88.9
98.4
114.3
127.0
149.2
168.3
184.1
200.0
235.0
269.9
330.2
387.4
450.8
514.4
571.5
628.6
685.8
812.8
mm
15.8
19.0
19.0
19.0
22.2
19.0
22.2
22.2
22.2
22.2
22.2
22.2
25.4
28.5
31.8
31.8
35.0
35.0
35.0
41.1
B
min
mm
22.4
27.7
34.5
43.2
49.5
62.0
74.7
90.7
103.4
116.1
143.8
170.7
221.5
276.4
327.2
359.2
410.5
461.8
513.1
616.0
mm
38
48
54
63
70
84
100
117
133
146
178
206
260
320
375
425
483
533
587
701
mm
22
25
27
27
30
33
38
43
44
48
51
52
62
66
73
76
83
89
95
106
mm
mm
Slip On
Weight
kg
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
10.1
12.5
17.5
26.0
38.0
52.0
74.0
100.0
127.0
147.0
208.0
A
mm
21.3
26.7
33.5
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0
Welding Neck
Y1
Weight
Blind
Weight
mm
kg
kg
52
10.5
1.5
57
1.8
1.6
62
2.0
2.0
65
2.5
2.5
68
3.5
3.0
70
4.0
3.5
76
5.0
5.5
79
7.0
7.0
81
9.2
9.0
86
11.0
12.0
98
14.0
15.8
98
19.0
23.0
111
30.0
37.0
117
41.0
58.0
130
62.0
83.0
143
84.0
107.0
146
111.0
139.0
159
138.0
177.0
162
171.0
223.0
168
247.0
342.0
ANSI Class 400

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
mm
mm
C
min
mm
mm
mm
No
Drilling
G
mm
mm
B
min
mm
Slip On
Weight
kg
A
mm
Welding Neck
Y1
Weight
mm
kg
Blind
Weight
kg
Use Class 600 Dimensions in these sizes
254
279
318
381
444
521
584
648
711
775
914
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.52
11.13
35.0
38.1
41.1
47.8
53.8
57.2
60.5
63.5
66.5
69.9
76.2
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
174.8
209.6
241.3
301.8
355.6
412.8
457.2
508.0
574.5
635.0
749.3
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
200.1
235.0
269.9
330.2
387.4
450.8
514.4
571.5
628.6
685.8
812.8
25.4
25.4
25.4
28.5
31.8
35.0
35.0
38.1
38.1
41.1
47.8
116.1
143.8
170.7
221.5
276.4
327.2
359.2
410.5
461.8
513.1
616.0
146
178
206
260
320
375
425
483
533
587
701
51
54
57
68
73
79
84
94
98
102
114
13.0
18.5
25.0
34.0
54.0
70.0
85.0
120.0
150.0
185.0
260.0
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0
89
16
15
102
19
21
103
26
28
117
40
43
124
57
65
137
80
95
149
105
126
152
131
163
165
159
206
168
190
256
175
275
387
- 79 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ANSI Class 600

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
1 1 /4
1 1 /2
2
2 1 /2
3
3 1 /2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
mm
95
117
124
133
156
165
190
210
229
273
330
356
419
508
559
603
686
743
813
940
mm
5.56
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.52
11.13
C
min
mm
14.2
15.7
17.5
20.6
22.4
25.4
28.4
31.8
35.0
38.1
44.5
47.8
55.6
63.5
66.5
69.9
76.2
82.6
88.9
101.6
mm
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
139.7
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
mm
50.8
63.5
69.9
79.2
90.4
108.0
127.0
146.1
158.8
174.8
209.6
241.3
301.8
355.6
412.8
457.2
508.0
574.5
635.0
749.3
No
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
24
24
Drilling
G
mm
66.7
82.6
88.9
98.4
114.3
127.0
149.2
168.3
184.1
215.9
266.7
292.1
349.2
431.8
489.0
527.0
603.2
654.0
723.9
838.2
mm
15.8
19.0
19.0
19.0
22.2
19.0
22.2
22.2
25.4
25.4
28.5
28.5
31.8
35.0
35.0
38.1
41.1
44.5
44.5
50.8
B
min
mm
22.4
27.7
34.5
43.2
49.5
62.0
74.7
90.7
103.4
116.1
143.8
170.7
221.5
276.4
327.2
359.2
410.5
461.8
513.1
616.0
mm
38
48
54
64
70
84
100
118
133
152
189
222
273
343
400
432
495
546
610
718
mm
22
25
27
29
32
37
41
46
49
54
60
67
76
86
92
94
106
117
127
140
Slip On
Weight
kg
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.1
3.1
4.0
5.4
7.0
8.9
16.0
25.0
30.0
43.0
70.0
86.0
100.0
142.0
175.0
221.0
315.0
A
mm
21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0
Welding Neck
Y1
Weight
Blind
Weight
mm
kg
kg
52
1.5
1.4
57
2.0
1.6
62
2.5
2.1
67
3.2
2.6
70
4.5
3.3
73
5.5
4.4
79
8.0
6.0
83
10.5
7.4
86
15.6
9.5
102
19.0
17.0
114
31.0
27.0
117
37.0
32.0
133
53.0
46.0
152
86.0
74.0
156
102.0
90.0
165
150.0
108.0
178
190.0
150.0
184
240.0
188.0
190
295.0
230.0
203
365.0
325.0
ANSI Class 900

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
1 1 /4
1 1 /2
2
2 1 /2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
mm
mm
C
min
mm
mm
mm
No
Drilling
G
mm
mm
B
min
mm
mm
mm
Slip On
Weight
kg
A
mm
Welding Neck
Y1
Weight
mm
Blind
Weight
kg
kg
Use Class 1500 dimensions in these sizes
241
292
349
381
470
546
610
641
705
787
857
1041
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
11.13
11.13
12.70
12.70
15.88
38.1
44.5
50.8
55.6
63.5
69.9
79.2
85.9
88.9
101.6
108.0
139.7
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
155.4
180.8
215.9
241.3
307.8
362.0
419.1
466.9
523.7
593.9
647.7
771.7
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
190.5
235.0
279.4
317.5
393.7
469.9
533.4
558.8
616.0
685.8
749.3
901.7
25.4
31.8
35.0
31.8
38.1
38.1
38.1
41.1
44.5
50.8
53.8
66.5
90.7
116.1
143.8
170.7
221.5
276.4
327.2
359.2
410.5
461.8
513.1
616.0
127
159
190
235
298
368
419
451
508
565
622
749
54
70
79
86
102
108
117
130
133
152
159
203
11.6
19.8
32.0
41.0
71.0
100
133.0
152.0
184.0
258.0
317.0
608.0
88.9
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0
102
14.5
14.5
114
23.0
24.0
127
37.0
39.0
140
50.0
51.0
162
85.0
89.0
184
118.0
130.0
200
163.0
175.0
213
186.0
206.0
216
224.0
259.0
229
300.0
367.0
248
373.0
463.0
292
680.0
875.0
- 80 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ANSI Class 1500

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
mm
121
130
149
159
178
216
244
267
311
375
394
483
584
673
749
826
914
984
1168
mm
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.52
11.13
11.13
14.27
15.88
17.48
17.48
17.48
20.62
C
min
mm
22.4
25.4
28.4
28.4
31.8
38.1
41.1
47.8
53.8
73.2
82.6
91.9
108.0
124.0
133.4
146.0
162.0
177.8
203.2
mm
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.7
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
mm
60.5
66.5
71.4
81.0
91.9
123.9
136.7
168.1
193.5
228.6
248.0
318.0
371.0
438.0
489.0
546.0
613.0
673.0
794.0
No
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
Drilling
G
mm
82.6
88.9
101.6
111.1
123.8
165.1
190.5
203.2
241.3
292.1
317.5
393.7
482.6
571.5
635.0
704.8
774.7
831.8
990.6
mm
22.2
22.2
25.4
25.4
28.5
25.4
28.5
31.8
35.0
41.1
38.1
44.5
50.8
53.8
60.5
66.5
73.2
19.2
91.9
B
min
mm
22.4
27.7
34.5
43.2
49.5
62.0
74.7
-
mm
38
44
52
63
70
105
124
133
162
197
229
292
368
451
495
552
597
641
762
mm
32
35
41
41
44
57
63
-
Slip On
Weight
kg
1.8
2.4
3.5
4.0
5.5
10.0
13.9
-
A
mm
21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0
Welding Neck
Y1
Weight
Blind
Weight
mm
kg
kg
60
2.0
1.8
70
3.0
2.7
73
4.0
4.0
73
4.6
5.8
83
6.5
6.5
102
11.5
11.5
105
15.8
15.5
118
22.0
22.0
124
30.0
33.0
155
58.0
60.0
171
70.0
72.0
213
119.0
122.0
254
204.0
210.0
283
303.0
315.0
298
426.0
460.0
311
567.0
610.0
327
737.0
835.0
1062.0
356
930.0
1510.0
1712.0
406
ANSI Class 2500

Size
NPS
1
/2
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
O
mm
133
140
159
184
203
235
267
305
356
419
483
552
673
762
E
mm
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.52
9.52
11.13
12.70
12.70
14.27
17.48
17.48
C min
mm
30.2
31.8
35.0
38.1
44.5
50.8
57.2
66.5
76.2
91.9
108.0
127.0
165.1
184.2
R
mm
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
K
mm
65.0
73.2
82.6
101.6
114.3
133.4
149.4
168.1
203.2
241.3
279.4
339.9
425.5
495.3
No
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
Drilling
G
mm
88.9
95.3
108.0
130.0
146.0
171.5
196.9
228.6
273.0
323.9
368.3
438.2
539.8
619.3
d
mm
22.2
22.2
25.4
28.5
31.8
28.5
31.8
35.0
41.1
47.8
53.8
53.8
66.5
73.2
X
mm
43
51
57
73
79
95
114
133
165
203
235
305
375
441
A
mm
21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.0
323.9
Welding Neck
Blind
Y1
Weight
Weight
mm
kg
kg
73
3.6
3.3
79
4.0
3.9
89
6.0
5.0
95
9.0
8.1
111
13.0
11.5
127
19.0
17.6
143
24.0
26.0
168
43.0
39.0
190
66.0
60.0
229
111.0
100.0
273
172.0
140.0
317
261.0
236.0
419
485.0
450.0
464
730.0
650.0
- 81 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
11.3 ANSI RING TYPES

ANSI RTJ Ring Numbers
Size
NPS
1
/2
150
Ring Number
300
Ring Number
R11
400
Ring Number
R11
ANSI Class
600
Ring Number
R11
900
Ring Number
R12
1500
Ring Number
R12
2500
Ring Number
R13
R16
R13
R13
R13
R14
R14
R15
R16
R16
R16
R16
R16
R18
11/4
R17
R18
R18
R18
R18
R18
R21
11/2
R19
R20
R20
R20
R20
R20
R23
R22
R23
R23
R23
R24
R24
R26
21/2
R25
R26
R26
R26
R27
R27
R28
R29
R31*
R31*
R31*
R31
R35
R32
3 /2
R33
R34
R34
R34
R36
R37
R37
R37
R37
R39
R38
R40
R41
R41
R41
R41
R44
R42
R43
R45
R45
R45
R45
R46
R47
R48
R49
R49
R49
R49
R50
R51
10
R52
R53
R53
R53
R53
R54
R55
12
R56
R57
R57
R57
R57
R58
R60
14
R59
R61
R61
R61
R62
R63
16
R64
R65
R65
R65
R66
R67
18
R68
R69
R69
R69
R70
R71
20
R72
R73
R73
R73
R74
R75
24
R76
R77
R77
R77
R78
R79
* For ring joints with lapped flanges in classes 300 and 600, ring number R30 is used instead of R31.
- 82 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
11.4 ANSI BOLTING DETAIL

150 psi
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
Diameter of
Flange
(inches)
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/4
3-3/8
1/2
2-1/4
1/2
3-1/2
1/2
2-3/8
3/4
3-7/8
1/2
2-3/4
4-1/4
1/2
3-1/8
1-1/4
4-5/8
1/2
3-1/2
1-1/2
1/2
3-7/8
5/8
4-3/4
2-1/2
5/8
5-1/2
7-1/2
5/8
3-1/2
8-1/2
5/8
5/8
7-1/2
10
3/4
8-1/2
11
3/4
9-1/2
13-1/2
3/4
11-3/4
10
16
12
7/8
14-1/4
12
19
12
7/8
17
14
21
12
18-3/4
16
23-1/2
16
21-1/4
18
25
16
1-1/8
22-3/4
20
27-1/2
20
1-1/8
25
24
32
20
1-1/4
29-1/2
- 83 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
300 psi
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
Diameter of
Flange
(inches)
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/4
3-3/8
1/2
2-1/4
1/2
3-3/4
1/2
2-5/8
3/4
4-5/8
5/8
3-1/4
4-7/8
5/8
3-1/2
1-1/4
5-1/4
5/8
3-7/8
1-1/2
6-1/8
3/4
4-1/2
6-1/2
5/8
2-1/2
7-1/2
3/4
5-7/8
8-1/4
3/4
6-5/8
3-1/2
3/4
7-1/4
10
3/4
7-7/8
11
3/4
9-1/4
12-1/2
12
3/4
10-5/8
15
12
7/8
13
10
17-1/2
16
15-1/4
12
20-1/2
16
1-1/8
17-3/4
14
23
20
1-1/8
20-1/4
16
25-1/2
20
1-1/4
22-1/2
18
28
24
1-1/4
24-3/4
20
30-1/2
24
1-1/4
27
24
36
24
1-1/2
32
- 84 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
400 psi
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
Diameter of
Flange
(inches)
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/4
3-3/8
1/2
2-1/4
1/2
3-3/4
1/2
2-5/8
3/4
4-5/8
5/8
3-1/4
4-7/8
5/8
3-1/2
1-1/4
5-1/4
5/8
3-7/8
1-1/2
6-1/8
3/4
4-1/2
6-1/2
5/8
2-1/2
7-1/2
3/4
5-7/8
8-1/4
3/4
6-5/8
3-1/2
7/8
7-1/4
10
7/8
7-7/8
11
7/8
9-1/4
12-1/2
12
7/8
10-5/8
15
12
13
10
17-1/2
16
1-1/8
15-1/4
12
20-1/2
16
1-1/4
17-3/4
14
23
20
1-1/4
20-1/4
16
25-1/2
20
1-3/8
22-1/2
18
28
24
1-3/8
24-3/4
20
30-1/2
24
1-1/2
27
24
36
24
1-3/4
32
- 85 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
600 psi
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
Diameter of
Flange
(inches)
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/4
3-3/8
1/2
2-1/4
1/2
3-3/4
1/2
2-5/8
3/4
4-5/8
5/8
3-1/4
4-7/8
5/8
3-1/2
1-1/4
5-1/4
5/8
3-7/8
1-1/2
6-1/8
3/4
4-1/2
6-1/2
5/8
2-1/2
7-1/2
3/4
5-7/8
8-1/4
3/4
6-5/8
3-1/2
7/8
7-1/4
10-3/4
7/8
8-1/2
13
10-1/2
14
12
11-1/2
16-1/2
12
1-1/8
13-3/4
10
20
16
1-1/4
17
12
22
20
1-1/4
19-1/4
14
23-3/4
20
1-3/8
20-3/4
16
27
20
1-1/2
23-3/4
18
29-1/4
20
1-5/8
25-3/4
20
32
24
1-5/8
28-1/2
24
37
24
1-7/8
33
- 86 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Nominal Pipe
Size
Diameter of
NPS
Flange
(inches)
(inches)
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
900 psi
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/2
4-3/4
3/4
3-1/4
3/4
5-1/8
3/4
3-1/2
5-7/8
7/8
1-1/4
6-1/4
7/8
4-3/8
1-1/2
4-7/8
8-1/2
7/8
6-1/2
2-1/2
9-5/8
7-1/2
9-1/2
7/8
7-1/2
11-1/2
1-1/8
9-1/4
13-3/4
1-1/4
11
15
12
1-1/8
12-1/2
18-1/2
12
1-3/8
15-1/2
10
21-1/2
16
1-3/8
18-1/2
12
24
20
1-3/8
21
14
25-1/4
20
1-1/2
22
16
27-3/4
20
1-5/8
24-1/2
18
31
20
1-7/8
27
20
33-3/4
20
29-1/2
24
41
20
2-1/2
35-1/2
- 87 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
1500 psi
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
Diameter of
Flange
(inches)
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/2
4-3/4
3/4
3-1/4
3/4
5-1/8
3/4
3-1/2
5-7/8
7/8
1-1/4
6-1/4
7/8
4-3/8
1-1/2
4-7/8
8-1/2
7/8
6-1/2
2-1/2
9-5/8
7-1/2
10-1/2
1-1/8
12-1/4
1-1/4
9-1/2
14-3/4
1-1/2
11-1/2
15-1/2
12
1-3/8
12-1/2
19
12
1-5/8
15-1/2
10
23
12
1-7/8
19
12
26-1/2
16
22-1/2
14
29-1/2
16
2-1/4
25
16
32-1/2
16
2-1/2
27-3/4
18
36
16
2-3/4
30-1/2
20
38-3/4
16
32-3/4
24
46
16
3-1/2
39
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
Diameter of
Flange
(inches)
No.
of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
(inches)
Bolt
Circle
(inches)
1/2
5-1/4
3/4
3-1/2
3/4
5-1/2
3/4
3-3/4
2500 psi
6-1/4
7/8
4-1/4
1-1/4
7-1/4
5-1/8
1-1/2
1-1/8
5-3/4
9-1/4
6-3/4
2-1/2
10-1/2
1-1/8
7-3/4
12
1-1/4
14
1-1/2
10-3/4
16-1/2
1-3/4
12-3/4
19
14-1/2
21-3/4
12
17-1/4
10
26-1/2
12
2-1/2
21-1/4
12
30
12
2-3/4
24-3/8
- 88 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
11.5 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE (PSIG) AND TEMPERATURE

RATINGS FOR STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
(According to American National Standard ANSI B16.5 1988)
Maximum Allowable non-shock Pressure (psig)
Pressure Class (lb.)
Temperature
150
300
400
1500
2500
450
1125
600
1500
2225
-20 to 100
285
740
990
1480
200
260
675
900
300
230
655
875
400
200
635
500
170
600
140
650
900
3350
5575
9275
2220
3705
6170
1350
2025
3375
5625
1315
1970
3280
5470
845
1270
1900
3170
5280
600
800
1200
1795
2995
4990
550
730
1095
1640
2735
4560
125
535
715
1075
1610
2685
4475
700
110
535
710
1065
1600
2665
4440
750
95
505
670
1010
1510
2520
4200
Hydrostatic Test Pressure (psig)
( F)
800
80
410
550
825
1235
2060
3430
850
65
270
355
535
805
1340
2230
900
50
170
230
345
515
860
1430
950
35
105
140
205
310
515
860
1000
20
50
70
105
155
260
430
- 89 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12. PLANT SPECIFICATIONS

12.1 RECOMMENDED FLOW/VISCOSITY LIMITS FOR TURBINE FLOWMETERS
Flowrates
Range (litres/min)
Flowmeter size
min
max
"
"
1"
1"
2"
3"
2.8
7.6
18.75
55.6
145.8
232.6
27.8
55.6
187.5
694.4
1458.3
2292
4"
375
4514
Viscosity Limits
1 Turbine Meter
1 Turbine Meter
2 Turbine Meter
3 Turbine Meter
4 Turbine Meter
6 Turbine Meter
8 Turbine Meter
100 Centistokes
150 Centistokes
250 Centistokes
350 Centistokes
400 Centistokes
400 Centistokes
400 Centistokes
1 x 104 m2/sec
1.5 x 104 m2/sec
2.5 x 104 m2/sec
3.5 x 104 m2/sec
4 x 104 m2/sec
4 x 104 m2/sec
4 x 104 m2/sec
Above these viscosities you should plan on making calibration factor adjustments. The limits are
stated as Kinematic Viscosities.
Fluid viscosity impacts turbine meter calibration factor. The amount of impact varies with flow rate
and meter size. In general, a turbine meter will have repeatable performance at a given viscosity at a
constant flow rate. Since, with our viscous fluids, we don't enjoy such a luxury during our jobs,
inventory management (tank strapping) is done to provide turbine meter calibration factor
adjustments.
- 90 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.2 FILTER MESH SIZES

Mesh Per
in
Wire
gauge
SWG
Holes per
in2
Aperture
ins
Aperture
mm
% Free
Area
10
23
100
0.076
1.929
58
12
24
144
0.061
1.557
16
28
256
0.047
20
28
400
30
32
40
No. of
meshes
No. of
holes per
cm2
Micron
rating
m
3.93
15
1929
54
4.73
22
1557
1.211
58
6.30
40
1211
0.035
0.894
50
7.87
62
894
900
0.022
0.572
46
11.80
139
572
34
1600
0.0158
0.4013
40
15.75
248
401
60
37
3600
0.0099
0.2506
35
23.60
560
251
80
39
6400
0.0073
0.1854
34
31.50
995
185
100
41
10000
0.0056
0.1422
31
39.37
1550
142
120
43
14400
0.0047
0.1203
32
47.24
2240
120
150
45
22500
0.0039
0.0997
34
59.00
3481
100
180
47
32400
0.0036
0.0903
42
70.80
5020
90
200
47
40000
0.0030
0.0762
36
78.70
6200
76
250
48
62500
0.0024
0.0610
36
98.40
9680
61
300
48.5
90000
0.0019
0.0483
32
118.00
13924
48
per cm
Weave
Micron rating m
Weave
Micron rating m
325 x 3200
10.5
28 x 450
50
200 x 2000
13.0
75 x 550
35
185 x 1500
16.0
24 x 250
75
180 x 1440
17.5
24 x 110
100
180 x 1400
17.5
20 x 300
65
180 x 1300
19.0
20 x 200
115
160 x 1100
21.0
165 x 1440
22.0
165 x 1100
25.0
- 91 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.3 PUMP OUTPUTS

12.3.1 HQ-2000 Quintuplex Pump
- 92 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.3.2 HT-400
- 93 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Neolith NP 160(Quintruplex)
Zone II High Pressure Jetting Unit (150 HP)
Outlet Pressure
Output Flow
Bar
PSI
IGPM
Litres/min
827.6
12,000
15
68.2
575.9
8,350
22
100
420.7
6,100
30
136.4
334.5
4,850
38
172.7
265.5
3,850
48
218.2
210.3
3,050
60
272.8
151.7
2,200
77
350
- 94 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.3.3 AZ Series Pumps (Minipaks)

AZ Hydraulic
Pump
Piston Dia (mm)
Vo./Stroke (ml)
-10
41.2
8
42.2
9
-12
38.1
0
36.2
2
-19
30.1
5
22.7
0
AZ-1
-10
-12
-19
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
12500
15000
20000
25000
30000
40000
50000
23.09
14.80
12.00
8.8
0
18.29
11.39
10.19
7.38
5.03
0
11.60
9.00
7.80
6.61
5.80
5.00
4.20
2.51
0
-26
25.4
0
16.0
9
-30
23.8
0
14.1
3
-36
22.2
3
12.5
5
Model Number
-58
-70
-86
17.4
15.8
14.2
5
8
7
7.60
6.29
5.08
-107
12.7
0
4.02
-140
11.1
0
3.08
-187
9.53
-275
7.92
-425
6.35
2.26
1.57
1.00
Approximate Rate of Discharge (l/min)

Air @ 100psi
-26
-30
-36
-58
-70
-86
-107
-140
-187
-275
-425
8.80
7.29
6.00
1.51
1.15
0.72
0.43
5.85
5.10
4.39
4.72
4.39
3.80
3.90
3.44
3.00
1.21
0
3.65
3.34
3.10
2.34
0.51
0
3.34
3.00
2.56
1.95
1.20
0
3.56
2.97
3.03
1.97
2.51
2.10
1.64
1.28
2.25
1.85
1.52
1.21
1.85
1.70
1.56
1.29
1.02
0
1.61
1.36
1.16
1.46
1.29
1.25
0.93
0
1.20
1.15
1.06
0.97
0.80
0.48
0
1.02
0.92
0.89
0.82
0.72
0.62
0.44
0
0.70
0.59
0.61
0.48
0
0.52
0.46
0.39
0
1.00
0.75
0.48
0.67
0.26
0.41
0.39
0.25
0.34
0.33
0.30
0.21
0
0.21
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.05
0
- 95 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.3.4 DA Model Pumps

Model Ref.
Ram Dia. (mm)
Output/Cycle (l)
DA33
44.45
0.26
DA66
31.75
0.23
DA118
23.80
0.07
DA186
19.05
0.05
DA267
15.88
0.03
Approximate Rate of Discharge (l/min)

Air Drive 100 psi.
Pressure (psi)
DA33
DA66
DA118
DA186
DA267
27.09
13.90
7.82
5.21
3.47
500
23.01
1000
19.18
11.80
7.00
1500
17.13
2000
14.31
9.83
6.41
2500
11.51
9.18
3000
8.42
8.79
5.90
4000
7.34
5.31
5000
5.90
5.02
6000
4.33
4.28
8000
3.54
10000
2.57
12000
14000
16000
18000
1.28
20000
1.48
22000
1.28
24000
1.08
26000
0.85
3.11
4.43
3.93
2.95
3.69
2.62
2.46
3.15
2.29
2.21
2.10
1.84
- 96 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.3.5 DHDA (TDA) Model

Model
Ram Dia. (mm)
Output/Cycle (l)
DHDA33
44.45
0.256
DHDA66
31.75
0.131
DHDA118
23.81
0.074
Approximate Rate of Discharge (l/min) Air Drive 100 psi

Pressure psi
DHDA33
DHDA66
DHDA118
31.70
16.26
9.15
1000
24.54
13.37
1500
7.52
2000
19.93
12.59
3000
15.85
11.01
3500
7.08
4000
12.26
10.23
5000
9.70
9.18
6.20
6000
6.64
8.13
7000
6.29
5.75
8000
4.98
9000
3.41
5.16
10000
10500
4.57
12000
14000
3.54
17500
2.80
21000
1.92
- 97 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.3.6 1 & 2 Diaphgram Pumps

70
2 100psi-70cfm
60
50
Head (m)
2 75psi-60cfm
40
30
20
1 100psi-40cfm
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
Flowrate m3/hr
- 98 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
12.4 LIQUID NITROGEN TANKS (LIQUID LEVEL GAUGE READINGS)
Full
Full
MODEL RMP 7000 HLR
MODEL RBP 8000 HLR
7,400 LITRES GROSS
8,100 LITRES GROSS.
7,000 LITRES NETT
7,690 LITRES NETT
INS.
W.G.
5
10
15
18
20
25
28
LITRES L.N.
SCF
340
860
1490
1750
2250
3020
3500
8364
21156
36654
43050
55350
74292
86100
30
35
38
40
45
* 48
50
** 52.5
55
3850
4650
5250
5410
6140
6590
6750
7000
7240
94710
114390
129150
133086
151044
162114
166050
172200
178104
Full
Full
INS.
W.G.
5
10
15
18
20
25
28
LITRES L.N.
SCF
370
940
1620
1920
2450
3300
3845
9102
23124
39852
47232
60270
81180
94587
30
35
38
40
45
48
50
52.5
55
4210
5080
5770
5910
6710
7200
7380
7690
7910
103566
124968
141942
145386
165066
177120
181548
189174
194586
Cryodiffusion Tanks
By Netherlands Stoomwezen Regulation requirement, tank filling must be limited to 89%

full (11% ullage) whenever operating within Netherlands territories.
**
Full Trycock 5% ullage
- 99 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
13. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT WITH WATER
0.1
10
8.0
7.0
.11
6.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
5.0
.12
3.5
1.2
.14
1.0
.30
.17
2
3
.19
.20
4
5
.20
10
.25
.15
20
30
.30
.1
.40
PARTICLE DIAMETER d (mm)

FOR GRAINS WITH Ss = 2.65 sg
0.5
1.0
1.5
VELOCITY AT LIMIT OF STATIONARY DEPOSIT Vsm
PIPE DIAMETER D (m)
.18
1.4
1.3
1.5
2.5
RELATIVE
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.4
DENSITY
Ss
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
2.2
2.2
1.7
2.65
2.9
3.0
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.0
4.0
5.0
V sm
.16
(m/s) FOR GRAINS WITH Ss = 2.65
3.0
.50.40
.15
1.2
1.3
6.0
1.4
1.3
(m/s) FOR GRAINS WITH Ss
4.0
.13
2.5
7.0
8.0
3.0
10
3.5
1.2
20
1.1
4.0
5.0
6.0
1.0
7.0
8.0
1.0
Fig. 4.3. Nomographic chart for maximum velocity at limit of stationary deposition, from Wilson (1979).
- 100 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
14. CONVERSION FACTORS

Conversion Factors
(Factors in boldface are exact)
ACCELERATION
To convert from
to
acceleration of free fall, standard (gn)
meter per second squared (m/s2)
Multiply by
9.806 65
E+00
foot per second squared (ft/s )
meter per second squared (m/s )
3.048
E-01
gal (Gal)
1.0
E-02
inch per second squared (in/s2)
2.54
E-02
ANGLE
To convert from
to
Multiply by
degree ()
radian (rad) 1.745 329
E-02
gon (also called grade) (gon)
E-02
gon (also called grade) (gon)
degree ()
E-01
9.0
mil
E-04
mil
degree ()
E-02
5.625
minute ( )
E-04
revolution (r)
E+00
second ( )
E-06
AREA AND SECOND MOMENT OF AREA

To convert from
to
Multiply by
acre (based on U.S. survey foot)
square meter (m2)
4.046 873
E+03
are (a)
square meter (m )
1.0
E+02
barn (b)
square meter (m2)
1.0
E-28
circular mil
square meter (m2)
5.067 075
E-10
circular mil
square millimeter (mm2)
5.067 075
E-04
foot to the fourth power (ft4)
meter to the fourth power (m4)
8.630 975
E-03
hectare (ha)
square meter (m )
1.0
E+04
inch to the fourth power (in4)
meter to the fourth power (m4)
4.162 314
E-07
square foot (ft )
square meter (m )
9.290 304
E-02
square inch (in2)
square meter (m2)
6.4516
E-04
E+00
square inch (in )
square centimeter (cm )
6.4516
square mile (mi2)
square meter (m2)
2.589 988
E+06
square mile (mi2)
square kilometre (km2)
2.589 988
E+00
square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)
square meter (m2)
2.589 998
E+06
square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi )
square kilometre (km2)
2.589 998
E+00
square yard (yd2)
square meter (m2)
8.361 274
E-01
- 101 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

To convert from
to
Multiply by
abampere
ampere (A)
1.0
E+01
abcoulomb
coulomb(C)
1.0
E+01
abfarad
farad (F)
1.0
E+09
abhenry
henry (H)
1.0
E-09
abmho
siemens (S)
1.0
E+09
abohm
ohm ( )
1.0
E-09
abvolt
volt (V)
1.0
E-08
ampere hour (A h)
coulomb(C)
3.6
E+03
biot (Bi)
ampere (A)
1.0
E+01
EMU of capacitance (abfarad)
farad (F)
1.0
E+09
EMU of current (abampere)
ampere (A)
1.0
E+01
EMU of electric potential (abvolt) volt (V)
1.0
E-08
EMU of inductance (abhenry)
henry (H)
1.0
E-09
EMU of resistance (abohm)
ohm ( )
1.0
E-09
ESU of capacitance (statfarad)
farad (F)
1.112 650
E-12
ESU of current (statampere)
ampere (A)
3.335 641
E-10
ESU of electric potential (statvolt) volt (V)
2.997 925
E+02
ESU of inductance (stathenry)
henry (H)
8.987 552
E+11
ESU of resistance (statohm)
ohm ( )
8.987 552
E+11
faraday (based on carbon 12)
coulomb(C)
9.648 531
E+04
franklin (Fr)
coulomb(C)
3.335 641
E-10
gamma ( )
tesla (T)
1.0
E-09
gauss (Gs, G)
tesla (T)
1.0
E-04
gilbert (Gi)
ampere (A)
7.957 747
E-01
maxwell (Mx)
weber (Wb)
1.0
E-08
mho
siemens (S)
1.0
E+00
oersted (Oe)
ampere per meter (A/m)
7.957 747
E+01
ohm centimeter ( cm)
ohm meter ( m)
1.0
E-02
ohm circular-mil per foot
ohm meter ( m)
1.662 426
E-09
ohm circular-mil per foot
ohm square millimeter per meter ( mm2/m)
1.662 426
E-03
statampere
ampere (A)
3.335 641
E-10
statcoulomb
coulomb (C)
3.335 641
E-10
statfarad
farad (F)
1.112 650
E-12
stathenry
henry (H)
8.987 552
E+11
statmho
siemens (S)
1.112 650
E-12
statohm
ohm( )
8.987 552
E+11
statvolt
volt (V)
2.997 925
E+02
unit pole
weber (Wb)
1.256 637
E-07
- 102 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ENERGY (INCLUDES WORK)

To convert from
to
Multiply by
British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)
joule (J)
1.055 056
E+03
British thermal unitth (Btuth )
joule (J)
1.054 350
E+03
British thermal unit (mean) (Btu)
joule (J)
1.055 87
E+03
British thermal unit (39 F) (Btu)
joule (J)
1.059 67
E+03
joule (J)
1.054 80
E+03
joule (J)
1.054 68
E+03
calorieIT (calIT)
joule (J)
4.1868
E+00
calorieth (calth)
joule (J)
4.184
E+00
calorie (mean) (cal)
joule (J)
4.190 02
E+00
calorie (15 C) (cal15)
joule (J)
4.185 80
E+00
calorie (20 C) (cal20)
joule (J)
4.181 90
E+00
calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)
joule (J)
4.1868
E+03
calorieth, kilogram (nutrition)
joule (J)
4.184
E+03
calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)
joule (J)
4.190 02
E+03
electronvolt (eV)
joule (J)
1.602 177
E-19
erg (erg)
joule (J)
1.0
E-07
foot poundal
joule (J)
4.214 011
E-02
foot pound-force (ft lbf)
joule (J)
1.355 818
E+00
kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)
joule (J)
4.1868
E+03
kilocalorieth (kcalth)
joule (J)
4.184
E+03
kilocalorie (mean) (kcal)
joule (J)
4.190 02
E+03
kilowatt hour (kW h)
joule (J)
3.6
E+06
kilowatt hour (kW h)
megajoule (MJ)
3.6
E+00
quad (1015 BtuIT)
joule (J)
1.055 056
E+18
therm (EC)
joule (J)
1.055 06
E+08
therm (U.S.)
joule (J)
1.054 804
E+08
ton of TNT (energy equivalent)
joule (J)
4.184
E+09
watt hour (W h)
joule (J)
3.6
E+03
watt second (W s)
joule (J)
1.0
E+00
- 103 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
ENERGY DIVIDED BY AREA TIME

To convert from
to
erg per square centimeter second [erg/(cm2 s)]
Multiply by
watt per square meter (W/m2)
1.0
E-03
watt per square centimeter (W/cm )
1.0
E+04
watt per square inch (W/in2)
1.550 003 E+03
FORCE
To convert from
to
Multiply by
dyne (dyn)
newton (N)
1.0
E-05
kilogram-force (kgf)
newton (N)
9.806 65
E+00
kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)
newton (N)
9.806 65
E+00
kip (1 kip= 1000 lbf)
newton (N)
4.448 222
E+03
kip (1 kip= 1000 lbf)
kilonewton (kN)
4.448 222
E+00
ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf)
newton (N)
2.780 139
E-01
poundal
newton (N)
1.382 550
E-01
pound-force (lbf)
newton (N)
4.448 222
E+00
pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)
newton per kilogram (N/kg)
9.806 65
E+00
ton-force (2000 lbf)
newton (N)
8.896 443
E+03
ton-force (2000 lbf)
kilonewton (kN)
8.896 443
E+00
FORCE DIVIDED BY LENGTH

To convert from
to
Multiply by
pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)
newton per meter (N/m)
1.459 390
E+01
pound-force per inch (lbf/in)
newton per meter (N/m)
1.751 268
E+02
HEAT AVAILABLE ENERGY

To convert from
to
British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT/ft3)

3
British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth/ft )
Multiply by
joule per cubic meter (J/m3)
3.725 895
E+04
joule per cubic meter (J/m3)
3.723 403
E+04
British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT/lb)
joule per kilogram (J/kg)
2.326
E+03
British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth/lb)
2.324 444
E+03
calorieIT per gram (calIT/g)
4.1868
E+03
calorieth per gram (calth/g)
4.184
E+03
- 104 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER

To convert from
to
Multiply by
British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(h ft2 F)] watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 K)]
5.678 263
E+00
British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(h ft2 F)] watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 K)]
5.674 466
E+00
British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(s ft F)] watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m K)]
2.044 175
E+04
British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(s ft2 F)] watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 K)]
2.042 808
E+04
DENSITY OF HEAT
To convert from
to
British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT/ft2)

2
British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth/ft )

2
Multiply by
joule per square meter (J/m2)
1.135 653 E+04
1.134 893 E+04
calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm )
joule per square meter (J/m )
4.184
E+04
langley (calth/cm2)
4.184
E+04
DENSITY OF HEAT FLOW RATE

To convert from
to
British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [BtuIT/(ft2 h)]
3.154 591 E+00
British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth/(ft2 h)]
3.152 481 E+00
Multiply by
British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth/(ft min)]
watt per square meter (W/m )
1.891 489 E+02
British thermal unitIT per square foot second [BtuIT/(ft2 s)]
1.135 653 E+04
British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth/(ft s)]
1.134 893 E+04
British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth/(in 2 s)]
1.634 246 E+06
calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth/(cm min)]
6.973 333 E+02
calorieth per square centimeter second [calth/(cm2 s)]
4.184
E+04
- 105 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
FUEL CONSUMPTION
To convert from
to
Multiply by
gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp h)]
cubic meter per joule (m3/J)
1.410 089
E-09
gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp h)]
liter per joule (L/J)
1.410 089
E-06
mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)
meter per cubic meter (m/m )
4.251 437
E+05
kilometer per liter (km/L)
4.251 437
E-01
liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km) divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon
pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp h)]
kilogram per joule (kg/J)
1.689 659
E-07
HEAT CAPACITY AND ENTROPY

To convert from
to
Multiply by
British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT/F)
joule per kelvin (J/k)
1.899 101 E+03
British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth/F)
1.897 830 E+03
British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine (BtuIT/R)
1.899 101 E+03
British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth/R)
1.897 830 E+03
HEAT FLOW RATE

To convert from
to
Multiply by
British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT/h)
watt (W)
2.930 711
E-01
British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth/h)
watt (W)
2.928 751
E-01
British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth/min)
watt (W)
1.757 250
E+01
British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT/s)
watt (W)
1.055 056
E+03
British thermal unitth per second (Btuth/s)
watt (W)
1.054 350
E+03
calorieth per minute (calth/min)
watt (W)
6.973 333
E-02
calorieth per second (calth/s)
watt (W)
4.184
E+00
kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth/min)
watt (W)
6.973 333
E+01
kilocalorieth per second (kcalth/s)
watt (W)
4.184
E+03
ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT/h)
watt (W)
3.516 853
E+03
- 106 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC ENTROPY

To convert from
to
Multiply by
British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(lb F)]
joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg K)]
4.1868
E+03
British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(lb F)]
4.184
E+03
British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT/(lb R)]
4.1868
E+03
British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth/(lb R)]
4.184
E+03
calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT/(g C)]
4.1868
E+03
calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth/(g C)]
4.184
E+03
calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g K)]
4.1868
E+03
calorieth per gram kelvin [calth/(g K)]
4.184
E+03
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
To convert from
to
Britsh thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ft/(h ft2 F)]
watt per meter kelvin [W/(m K)]
1.730 735 E+00
Britsh thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ft/(h ft2 F)]
1.729 577 E+00
Britsh thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT in/(h ft F)]
1.442 279 E-01
Britsh thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth in/(h ft2 F)]
1.441 314 E-01
Britsh thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT in/(s ft2 F)] watt per meter kelvin [W/(m K)]
5.192 204 E+02
Multiply by
Britsh thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth in/(s ft2 F)] watt per meter kelvin [W/(m K)]
5.188 732 E+02
calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth/(cm s C)]
4.184
E+02
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
To convert from
to
square foot per hour (ft2/h)
square meter per second (m2/s)
Multiply by
2.580 64
E-05
- 107 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
THERMAL INSULANCE
To convert from
to
Multiply by
square meter kelvin per watt (m2 K/W)
1.55
E-01
degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (F h ft /BtuIT)
1.761 102
E-01
degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (F h ft2/Btuth)
1.762 280
E-01
clo
2
THERMAL RESISTANCE
To convert from
To
Multiply by
degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (F h/BtuIT)
Kelvin per watt (K/W)
1.895 634
E+00
degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (F h/Btuth)
1.896 903
E+00
degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (F s/BtuIT)
5.265 651
E-04
degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (F s/Btuth)
5.269 175
E-04
THERMAL RESISTIVITY
To convert from
to
Multiply by
degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [F h ft2/(BtuIT in)] meter Kelvin per watt (m K/W) 6.933 472 E+00
degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [F h ft2/(Btuth in)]
meter Kelvin per watt (m K/W) 6.938 112 E+04
- 108 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
LENGTH
To convert from
to
Multiply by
ngstrm()
meter (m)
1.0
E-10
ngstrm()
nanometer (nm)
1.0
E-01
astronomical unit (AU)
meter (m)
1.495 979
E+11
chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)
meter (m)
2.011 684
E+01
fathom (based on U.S. survey foot)
meter (m)
1.828 804
E+00
fermi
meter (m)
1.0
E-15
fermi
femtometer (fm)
1.0
E+00
foot (ft)
meter (m)
3.048
E-01
foot (U.S. survey) (ft)
meter (m)
3.048 006
E-01
inch (in)
meter (m)
2.54
E-02
inch (in)
centimeter (cm)
2.54
E+00
kayser(K)
reciprocal meter (m-1)
E+02
light year (l. y.)
meter (m)
9.460 73
E+15
microinch
meter (m)
2.54
E-08
microinch
micrometer (m)
2.54
E-02
micron ()
meter (m)
1.0
E-06
micron ()
micrometer (m)
1.0
E+00
mil (0.001 in)
meter (m)
2.54
E-05
mil (0.001 in)
millimeter (mm)
2.54
E-02
mile (mi)
meter (m)
1.609 344
E+03
mile (mi)
kilometer (km)
1.609 344
E+00
mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)
meter (m)
1.609 347
E+03
mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)
kilometer (km)
1.609 347
E+00
mile, nautical
meter (m)
1.852
E+03
parsec (pc)
meter (m)
3.085 678
E+16
pica (computer) (1/6 in)
meter (m)
4.233 333
E-03
pica (computer) (1/6 in)
millimeter (mm)
4.233 333
E+00
pica (printer's)
meter (m)
4.217 518
E-03
pica (printer's)
millimeter (mm)
4.217 518
E+00
point (computer) (1/72 in)
meter (m)
3.527 778
E-04
point (computer) (1/72 in)
millimeter (mm)
3.527 778
E-01
point (printer's)
meter (m)
3.514 598
E-04
E-01
point (printer's)
millimeter (mm)
3.514 598
rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)
meter (m)
5.029 210
E+00
yard (yd)
meter (m)
9.144
E-01
- 109 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
LIGHT
To convert from
to
Multiply by
candela per square inch (cd/in2)
candela per square meter (cd/m2)
1.550 003
E+03
footcandle
lux (lx)
1.076 391
E+01
footlambert
candela per square meter (cd/m )
3.426 259
E+00
lambert
3.183 099
E+03
lumen per square foot (lm/ft )
lux (lx)
1.076 391
E+01
phot (ph)
lux (lx)
1.0
E+04
stilb (sb)
1.0
E+04
MASS AND MOMENT OF INERTIA

To convert from
to
Multiply by
carat, metric
kilogram (kg)
carat, metric
gram (g)
2.0
E-01
grain (gr)
kilogram (kg)
6.479 891
E-05
2.0
E-04
grain (gr)
milligram (mg)
6.479 891
E+01
hundredweight (long, 112 lb)
kilogram (kg)
5.080 235
E+01
hundredweight (short, 100 lb)
kilogram (kg)
4.535 924
E+01
kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf s /m)
kilogram (kg)
9.806 65
E+00
ounce (avoirdupois) (oz)
kilogram (kg)
2.834 952
E-02
ounce (avoirdupois) (oz)
gram (g)
2.834 952
E+01
ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz)
kilogram (kg)
3.110 348
E-02
ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz)
gram (g)
3.110 348
E+01
pennyweight (dwt)
kilogram (kg)
1.555 174
E-03
pennyweight (dwt)
gram (g)
1.555 174
E+00
pound (avoirdupois) (lb)
kilogram (kg)
4.535 924
E-01
pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)
kilogram (kg)
3.732 417
E-01
pound foot squared (lb ft2)
kilogram meter squared (kg m2)
4.214 011
E-02
kilogram meter squared (kg m2)
2.926 397
E-04
pound inch squared (lb in )

slug (slug)
kilogram (kg)
1.459 390
E+01
ton, assay (AT)
kilogram (kg)
2.916 667
E-02
ton, assay (AT)
gram (g)
2.916 667
E+01
ton, long (2240 lb)
kilogram (kg)
1.016 047
E+03
ton, metric (t)
kilogram (kg)
1.0
E+03
tonne (called "metric ton" in U.S.) (t)
kilogram (kg)
1.0
E+03
ton, short (2000 lb)
kilogram (kg)
9.071 847
E+02
- 110 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
MASS DIVIDED BY AREA

To convert from
to
Multiply by
ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ft2)
kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)
3.051 517
E-01
4.394 185
E+01
ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/in )

2
ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard (oz/yd )
kilogram per square meter (kg/m )
3.390 575
E-02
pound per square foot (lb/ft2)
4.882 428
E+00
7.030 696
E+02
pound per square inch (not pound force) (lb/in )
kilogram per square meter (kg/m )
MASS DIVIDED BY LENGTH

To convert from
to
denier
kilogram per meter (kg/m)
denier
pound per foot (lb/ft)
Multiply by
1.111 111
E-07
gram per meter (g/m)
1.111 111
E-04
1.488 164
E+00
pound per inch (lb/in)
1.785 797
E+01
pound per yard(lb/yd)
4.960 546
E-01
tex
1.0
E-06
MASS DIVIDED BY TIME (includes FLOW)

To convert from
to
pound per hour (lb/h)
kilogram per second (kg/s)
Multiply by
1.259 979
E-04
pound per minute (lb/min)
7.559 873
E-03
pound per second (lb/s)
4.535 924
E-01
ton, short, per hour
2.519 958
E-01
- 111 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
MASS DIVIDED BY VOLUME (includes MASS DENSITY and MASS CONCENTRATION)

To convert from
to
grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
1.711 806
E-02
grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)
milligram per liter (mg/L)
1.711 806
E+01
Multiply by
gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm )
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m )
1.0
E+03
ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/in3)
1.729 994
E+03
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)
6.236 023
E+00
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)
gram per liter (g/L)
6.236 023
E+00
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.) (oz/gal)
7.489 152
E+00
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.) (oz/gal)
gram per liter (g/L)
7.489 152
E+00
pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
1.601 846
E+01
pound per cubic inch (lb/in3)
2.767 990
E+04
pound per cubic yard (lb/yd )
5.932 764
E-01
pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)
9.977 637
E+01
pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)
kilogram per liter (kg/L)
9.977 637
E-02
pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal)
1.198 264
E+02
pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal)
kilogram per liter (kg/L)
1.198 264
E-01
slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3)
5.153 788
E+02
ton, long, per cubic yard
1.328 939
E+03
ton, short, per cubic yard
1.186 553
E+03
MOMENT OF FORCE OR TORQUE

To convert from
to
Multiply by
dyne centimeter (dyn cm)
newton meter (N m)
1.0
E-07
kilogram-force meter (kgf m)
newton meter (N m)
9.806 65
E+00
ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf in)
newton meter (N m)
7.061 552
E-03
ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf in)
millinewton meter (mN m)
7.061 552
E+00
pound-force foot (lbf ft)
newton meter (N m)
1.355 818
E+00
pound-force inch (lbf in)
newton meter (N m)
1.129 848
E-01
MOMENT OF FORCE OR TORQUE, DIVIDED BY LENGTH

To convert from
to
pound-force foot per inch (lbf ft/in)
newton meter per meter (N m/m)
5.337 866
E+01
pound-force inch per inch (lbf in/in)
newton meter per meter (N m/m)
4.448 222
E+00
Multiply by
- 112 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
PERMEABILITY
To convert from
to
Multiply by
darcy
meter squared (m2)
9.869 233
E-13
perm (0 C)
kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa s m2)]
5.721 35
E-11
perm (23 C)
kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa s m )]
5.745 25
E-11
perm inch (0 C)
kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa s m)]
1.453 22
E-12
perm inch (23 C)
kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa s m)]
1.459 29
E-12
POWER
To convert from
to
erg per second (erg/s)
watt (W)
Multiply by
1.0
E-07
foot pound-force per hour (ft lbf/h)
watt (W)
3.766 161
E-04
foot pound-force per minute (ft lbf/min)
watt (W)
2.259 697
E-02
foot pound-force per second (ft lbf/s)
watt (W)
1.355 818
E+00
horsepower (550 ft lbf/s)
watt (W)
7.456 999
E+02
horsepower (boiler)
watt (W)
9.809 50
E+03
horsepower (electric)
watt (W)
7.46
E+02
horsepower (metric)
watt (W)
7.354 988
E+02
horsepower (U.K.)
watt (W)
7.4570
E+02
horsepower (water)
watt (W)
7.460 43
E+02
- 113 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
PRESSURE OR STRESS (FORCE DIVIDED BY AREA)

To convert from
to
Multiply by
atmosphere, standard (atm)
pascal (Pa)
1.013 25
E+05
atmosphere, standard (atm)
kilopascal (kPa)
1.013 25
E+02
atmosphere, technical (at)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+04
atmosphere, technical (at)
kilopascal (kPa)
9.806 65
E+01
bar (bar)
pascal (Pa)
1.0
E+05
bar (bar)
kilopascal (kPa)
1.0
E+02
centimeter of mercury (0 C)
pascal (Pa)
1.333 22
E+03
centimeter of mercury (0 C)
kilopascal (kPa)
1.333 22
E+00
centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)
pascal (Pa)
1.333 224
E+03
centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)
kilopascal (kPa)
1.333 224
E+00
centimeter of water (4 C)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 38
E+01
centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+01
dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)
pascal (Pa)
1.0
E-01
foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)
pascal (Pa)
4.063 666
E+04
foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)
kilopascal (kPa)
4.063 666
E+01
foot of water (39.2 F)
pascal (Pa)
2.988 98
E+03
foot of water (39.2 F)
kilopascal (kPa)
2.988 98
E+00
foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)
pascal (Pa)
2.989 067
E+03
foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)
kilopascal (kPa)
2.989 067
E+00
gram-force per square centimeter (gf/cm2)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+01
inch of mercury (32 F)
pascal (Pa)
3.386 38
E+03
kilopascal (kPa)
3.386 38
E+00
pascal (Pa)
3.376 85
E+03
kilopascal (kPa)
3.376 85
E+00
inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)
pascal (Pa)
3.386 389
E+03
inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)
kilopascal (kPa)
3.386 389
E+00
inch of water (39.2 F)
pascal (Pa)
2.490 82
E+02
inch of water (60 F)
pascal (Pa)
2.4884
E+02
inch of water, conventional (inH2O)
pascal (Pa)
2.490 889
E+02
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+04
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2) kilopascal (kPa)
9.806 65
E+01
kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+00
kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2) pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+06
kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2) megapascal (MPa)
9.806 65
E+00
kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2)
6.894 757
E+06
pascal (Pa)
kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in )
kilopascal (kPa)
6.894 757
E+03
millibar (mbar)
pascal (Pa)
1.0
E+02
millibar (mbar)
kilopascal (kPa)
1.0
E-01
millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)
pascal (Pa)
1.333 224
E+02
millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)
pascal (Pa)
9.806 65
E+00
- 114 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued
PRESSURE OR STRESS (FORCE DIVIDED BY AREA)
To convert from
to
poundal per square foot
Multiply by
pascal (Pa)
2
1.488 164
E+00
pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft )
pascal (Pa)
4.788 026
E+01
pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2)
pascal (Pa)
6.894 757
E+03
pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2)
kilopascal (kPa)
6.894 757
E+00
psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2)
pascal (Pa)
6.894 757
E+03
psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2)
kilopascal (kPa)
6.894 757
E+00
torr (Torr)
pascal (Pa)
1.333 224
E+02
RADIOLOGY
To convert from
to
Multiply by
curie (Ci)
becquerel (Bq)
3.7
E+10
rad (absorbed dose) (rad)
gray (Gy)
1.0
E-02
rem (rem)
sievert (Sv)
1.0
E-02
roentgen (R)
coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)
2.58
E-04
TEMPERATURE
To convert from
to
Multiply by
degree Celsius (C)
kelvin (K)
degree centigrade
degree Celsius (C)
degree Fahrenheit (F)
degree Celsius (C)
kelvin (K)
degree Rankine (R)
kelvin (K)
kelvin (K)
degree Celsius (C)
T/K = t/C + 273.15

t/C
t/deg. cent.
t/C = (t/F - 32)/1.8

T/K = (t/F + 459.67)/1.8
T/K = (T/R)/1.8
t/C = T/K - 273.15
TEMPERATURE INTERVAL
To convert from
to
Multiply by
degree Celsius (C)
kelvin (K)
degree centigrade
degree Celsius (C)
1.0
E+00
degree Celsius (C)
5.555 556
E-01
1.0
E+00
kelvin (K)
5.555 556
E-01
degree Rankine (R)
kelvin (K)
5.555 556
E-01
- 115 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
TIME
To convert from
to
Multiply by
day (d)
second (s)
8.64
E+04
day (sidereal)
second (s)
8.616 409
E+04
hour (h)
second (s)
3.6
E+03
hour (sidereal)
second (s)
3.590 170
E+03
minute (min)
second (s)
6.0
E+01
minute (sidereal)
second (s)
5.983 617
E+01
second (sidereal)
second (s)
9.972 696
E-01
shake
second (s)
1.0
E-08
shake
nanosecond (ns)
1.0
E+01
year (365 days)
second (s)
3.1536
E+07
year (sidereal)
second (s)
3.155 815
E+07
year (tropical)
second (s)
3.155 693
E+07
VELOCITY (INCLUDES SPEED)

To convert from
to
foot per hour (ft/h)
meter per second (m/s)
8.466 667
E-05
foot per minute (ft/min)
5.08
E-03
foot per second (ft/s)
3.048
E-01
inch per second (in/s)
2.54
E-02
kilometer per hour (km/h)
2.777 778
E-01
knot (nautical mile per hour)
5.144 444
E-01
mile per hour (mi/h)
4.4704
E-01
mile per hour (mi/h)
kilometer per hour (km/h)
1.609 344
E+00
mile per minute (mi/min)
2.682 24
E+01
mile per second (mi/s)
1.609 344
E+03
revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min)
radian per second (rad/s)
1.047 198
E-01
rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min)
radian per second (rad/s)
1.047 198
E-01
Multiply by
- 116 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
VISCOSITY, DYNAMIC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
centipoise (cP)
pascal second (Pa s)
1.0
E-03
poise (P)
1.0
E-01
poundal second per square foot
1.488 164
E+00
pound-force second per square foot (lbf s/ft2)
4.788 026
E+01
pound-force second per square inch (lbf s/in2)
6.894 757
E+03
pound per foot hour [lb/(ft h)]
4.133 789
E-04
pound per foot second [lb/(ft s)]
1.488 164
E+00
rhe
reciprocal pascal second [(Pa s)-1]
1.0
E+01
slug per foot second [slug/(ft s)]
4.788 026
E+01
VISCOSITY, KINEMATIC
To convert from
to
centistokes (cSt)
2
square foot per second (ft /s)

stokes (St)
SUS Saybolt Universal Seconds
Degree Engler1
meter squared per second (m2/s)
1.0
E-06
9.290 304
E-02
1.0
E-04
4.55
E-06

1
Seconds Redwood - 4.05 (subtract) meter squared per second (m2/s)

1
Multiply by
0.13228188
E-06
1.0
E-06
Where kinematic viscosity is above 50 E-06 m2/s
- 117 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
VOLUME (includes CAPACITY)

To convert from
to
acre-foot (based on U.S. survey foot)
cubic meter (m3) 1.233 489
E+03
barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)
E-01
barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)
liter (L)
1.589 873
E+02
bushel (U.S.) (bu)
cubic meter (m ) 3.523 907
E-02
bushel (U.S.) (bu)
liter (L)
3.523 907
E+01
cord (128 ft3)
E+00
Multiply by
cubic foot (ft )
E-02
cubic inch (in3)
E-05
cubic mile (mi3)
E+09
cubic yard (yd )
E-01
cup (U.S.)
E-04
cup (U.S.)
liter (L)
2.365 882
E-01
cup (U.S.)
milliliter (mL)
2.365 882
E+02
fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)
E-05
fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)
milliliter (mL)
E+01
2.957 353
3
gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)
E-03
gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)
liter (L)
E+00
4.546 09
3
gallon (U.S.) (gal)
gallon (U.S.) (gal)
liter (L)
3.785 412
E+00
gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)
E-04
gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)
liter (L)
1.420 653
E-01
gill (U.S.) (gi)
E-04
gill (U.S.) (gi)
liter (L)
E-01
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3) 1.0
1.182 941
3
E-03
E-03
ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)
ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)
milliliter (mL)
2.841 306
E-05
E+01
ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)
E-05
ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)
milliliter (mL)
2.957 353
E+01
peck (U.S.) (pk)
E-03
peck (U.S.) (pk)
liter (L)
8.809 768
E+00
pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt)
E-04
pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt)
liter (L)
E-01
pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)
E-04
pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)
liter (L)
4.731 765
E-01
quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)
E-03
quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)
liter (L)
1.101 221
E+00
quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)
E-04
quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)
liter (L)
E-01
stere (st)
5.506 105
9.463 529
3
cubic meter (m ) 1.0
E+00
- 118 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued
VOLUME (INCLUDES CAPACITY)
To convert from
to
Multiply by
tablespoon
E-05
tablespoon
milliliter (mL)
1.478 676
E+01
teaspoon
E-06
teaspoon
milliliter (mL)
4.928 922
E+00
ton, register
E+00
VOLUME DIVIDED BY TIME (INCLUDES FLOW)

To convert from
to
cubic foot per minute (ft3/min)

3
cubic foot per minute (ft /min)

3
Multiply by
cubic meter per second (m3/s)
4.719 474
E-04
liter per second (L/s)
4.719 474
E-01
cubic foot per second (ft /s)
cubic meter per second (m /s)
2.831 685
E-02
cubic inch per minute (in3/min)
2.731 177
E-07
cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)
1.274 258
E-02
gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d)
4.381 264
E-08
gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d)
4.381 264
E-05
gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) (gal/min)
6.309 020
E-05
gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) (gal/min)
6.309 020
E-02
- 119 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
15. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

At No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Symbol
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Name
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Atomic Mass
1.00794(7)
4.002602(2)
[6.941(2)]
9.012182(3)
10.811(7)
12.0107(8)
14.0067(2)
15.9994(3)
18.9984032(5)
20.1797(6)
22.989770(2)
24.3050(6)
26.981538(2)
28.0855(3)
30.973761(2)
32.065(5)
35.453(2)
39.948(1)
39.0983(1)
40.078(4)
44.955910(8)
47.867(1)
50.9415(1)
51.9961(6)
54.938049(9)
55.845(2)
58.933200(9)
58.6934(2)
63.546(3)
65.409(4)
69.723(1)
72.64(1)
74.92160(2)
78.96(3)
79.904(1)
83.798(2)
85.4678(3)
87.62(1)
88.90585(2)
91.224(2)
92.90638(2)
95.94(2)
[98]
101.07(2)
102.90550(2)
106.42(1)
107.8682(2)
112.411(8)
114.818(3)
118.710(7)
121.760(1)
127.60(3)
126.90447(3)
- 120 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued
At No
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Symbol
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Name
Xenon
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Atomic Mass
131.293(6)
132.90545(2)
137.327(7)
138.9055(2)
140.116(1)
140.90765(2)
144.24(3)
[145]
150.36(3)
151.964(1)
157.25(3)
158.92534(2)
162.500(1)
164.93032(2)
167.259(3)
168.93421(2)
173.04(3)
174.967(1)
178.49(2)
180.9479(1)
183.84(1)
186.207(1)
190.23(3)
192.217(3)
195.078(2)
196.96655(2)
200.59(2)
204.3833(2)
207.2(1)
208.98038(2)
[209]
[210]
[222]
[223]
[226]
[227]
232.0381(1)
231.03588(2)
238.02891(3)
[237]
[244]
[243]
[247]
[247]
[251]
[252]
[257]
[258]
[259]
[262]
[261]
[262]
[266]
- 121 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Reviewed by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
Continued
At No
107
108
109
110
111
112
114
116
118
Symbol
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Uub
Uuq
Uuh
Uuo
Name
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Ununbium
Ununquadium
Ununhexium
Ununoctium
Atomic Mass
[264]
[277]
[268]
[281]
[285]
[289]
- 122 -
Date prepared:
November 2004
Prepared by:
James MacLennan
Approved by:
Brian McGillivray
Ref No:
PPS-CRM-001
16. PERIODIC TABLE
- 123 -

Calculations Reference Manual PPS-CRM-001

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HALLIBURTON PIPELINE AND

PURPOSE AND SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................ 5

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE ........................................................................................................................ 6

AREAS & VOLUMES............................................................................................................................................ 8

JOULE THOMSON EXPANSION (TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION) ............................................................................................ 16

CALCULATION OF PIPE FILL VOLUME........................................................................................................................................ 23

CALCULATION OF FRICTION FACTOR TURBULENT FLOW 2000< Re <108 ....................................................................... 35

Calculations Reference Manual

MOODY DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................................................................ 37

ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 57

PRESSURE DROPS ............................................................................................................................................. 63

TYPICAL WATER FRICTION LOSS................................................................................................................................................. 63

PIPE AND FITTINGS ANSI ............................................................................................................................... 77

PLANT SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 90

RECOMMENDED FLOW/VISCOSITY LIMITS FOR TURBINE FLOWMETERS........................................................................ 90

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT WITH WATER ................................................................................................. 100

Calculations Reference Manual

CONVERSION FACTORS ............................................................................................................................... 101

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS............................................................................................................................ 120

PERIODIC TABLE ............................................................................................................................................ 123

Calculations Reference Manual

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

Calculations Reference Manual

2.1.1 Expansion Formulae

2.1.2 Quadratic Equation

2.2.1 Basic Ratios

Calculations Reference Manual

2.2.2 Pythagoras Law

2.2.3 Solutions of triangles

2.2.3.3 Area All Triangles

bc sin A ab sin C ac sin B

Calculations Reference Manual

3. AREAS & VOLUMES

Calculations Reference Manual

Volume of a partially filled horizontal cylindrical tank can be calculated as below:

Calculations Reference Manual

a property described by a magnitude only e.g. Speed

Calculations Reference Manual

FORCE (NEWTONS FIRST & SECOND LAW)

SPRING FORCE (HOOKES LAW)

Spring force (Newton)

Normal / kinetic / static Friction

Normal Force (force keeping sliding components

Acceleration due to Gravity (9.812ms-2 )

Calculations Reference Manual

4.10 WORK (SIMPLE MECHANICAL)

4.11 MECHANICAL ENERGY

Energy (the ability to do work)

Total Mechanical Energy

Potential Energy (gravity/magnetic)

Potential Energy (spring/elastic material)

4.11.1 Kinetic Energy

Energy (due to motion)

4.11.2 Potential Energy (gravity)

Energy (due to position in a force field, i.e. gravity)

Calculations Reference Manual

Height above reference datum

Acceleration due to gravity (9.812 ms-2)

4.11.3 Potential Energy (spring)