Project Report On

WIND ENERGY FOR AUTOMOBILE REFRIGERATION

Submitted By:
Arpita Sethi - M-19-2K11
Deepa kumari - M-32-2K11
Jyoti Yadav - M-50-2K11
Kirti Dang M-55-2K11
Manisha Duhan - M-63-2K11

Under the guidance of

Dr. Arvind Gupta
( Associate professor Mechanical department )
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of final year

YEAR OF SUBMISSION - 2015

(YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad)
1

Declaration
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Name:

Roll no:

Arpita Sethi

M-19-2K11

Deepa Kumari

M-32-2K11

Jyoti Yadav

M-50-2K11

Manisha Duhan

Signature

M-63-2K11

Date:

Certificate
This is to certify that our project work entitled WIND ENERGY FOR AUTOMOBILE
REFRIGERATION is an authentic record of our work carried out at YMCA University
of Science & Technology, as per requirement for partial fulfilment of final year for the
award of degree of B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering, under the guidance of Dr. ARVIND
GUPTA.(Associate professor, mechanical department,YMCAUST).

ARPITA SETHI
DEEPA KUMARI
JYOTI
YADAV
KIRTI DANG
M
ANISHA DUHAN

Certified that the above statement made by the students is correct to the
best of my
knowledge and belief

Date: April 21, 2015

Dr. ARVIND GUPTA

(Associate Professor ,
Mechanical department )

YMCAUST

Acknowledgement
With profound respect and gratitude, we take the opportunity to convey our thanks to we do
extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr.Arvind Gupta (Associate professor

, Mechical

department YMCA) for providing his valuable guidance and ideas for completing this
final semester project. We are extremely grateful to all the technical workshop staff of
YMCAUST for their co-operation and guidance. We have learnt a lot working under them
and we will always be indebted of them for this value addition in me. We would also like to
thank the project in charge Mr. Nikhil Dev and Mr. Atul of YMCA UST ,Faridabad and all
the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department for their effort of constant co
operation, which have been a significant factor in the accomplishment of our major Project.
(Jyoti yadav,
Manisha duhan,
Kirti dang ,
Arpita sethi,
Deepa kumari )

YMCAUST FARIDABAD

Abstract
This project entitles the use of wind energy for automobile refrigeration. Wind
energy can be converted into electrical energy using small wind turbines and
generator . The operation, performance and efficiency of vehicles can be made very
much environment friendly. This may be done by using the energy of wind which is
caused by the relative motion between the vehicle and the wind surrounding it. Small
Wind turbines with horizontal axis can be mounted on the body structure of the
vehicle to generate electricity in such a way that it must not create any additional drag
force (rather than the existing drag force due to frontal area and skin friction) upon the
vehicle. An elaborate aerodynamic analysis of the structure of the vehicle along with
the flow pattern and wind turbine is analysed in this report. Some techniques and
methods are proposed to minimize the drag imposed by the introduction of the
turbines as much as possible. Location of wind turbine is also being analysed
Optimum values of different design parameters and related power produced at
different rated velocity of the automobile .

Table Of Contents

S. No.

Name of Experiment

Page no.

1.

Declaration

2.

Certificate

3.

Acknowledgement

4.

Abstract

5.

Introduction

6.

Small Wind Turbine For Automobile

7.

Current State Of Arts

8.

Frictional Drag On Moving Car

9.

Automobile Ac

10.

Literature Survey And Problem Statement

20

11.

Micro Wind Turbine Aerodynamics

21

12.

Wind Generator Technology

22-26

13.

Equipment Details

27-30

14.

Calculations

31-34

15.

Advantages Of Using 2 Turbine

35

16.

Conclusion

36

17.

References

37

8-10
11
12-13
14
15-19

List of Figures :
Figure no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Description
Car showing position of micro wind turbine
Car ac cycle
Refrigeration cycle
Car ac system
Horizontal axis wind turbine
Various turbine positions
Ford motor model
Conversion of wind energy to electrical
Graph between power coff. Vs tip speed ratio
Charging and control circuit

Page no
10
17
18
19
25
25
26
26
28
30

11
12

Design of various radiator grills for different cars

Resultant thrust generated on wind turbine due to
flowing air

32
35

List of Tables :
Table no
1

Description
Power produced at different speeds in automobile

Page no
33

Comparison of power produced at different speeds

34

Introduction
Wind energy for automobile refrigeration means utilization of wind energy for
partially charging of automobile air conditioning. Generally the vehicle which has air
conditioning system consume more fuel as compare to other vehicle in which there is
no any air conditioning system. As we all know the price of fuels like petrol, diesel,
CNG, etc. are increasing day by day due to this mostly people avoid to use air
conditioning during their rides. Thats why we have tried to give solution of this
problem.
For this purpose we have used micro wind turbines in vehicles. Research paper shows
that there can be different position for installed micro wind turbine in vehicles. But
according to our study the best positions are in the front parts of car that is bumper
and on rear sides of vehicles.
A micro wind turbine is a wind turbine used for microgeneration, as opposed to large
commercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms, with greater individual
power output. They are usually approximately 7 to 25 feet (2.17.6 m) in diameter
and produce electricity at a rate of 300 to 10,000 watts at their tested wind speed.
Some units have been designed to be very lightweight in their construction, e.g.
16 kilograms (35 lb), allowing sensitivity to minor wind movements and a rapid
response to wind gusts typically found in urban settings and easy mounting much like
a television antenna. It is claimed, and a few are certified, as being inaudible even a
few feet (about a metre) under the turbine.
Micro turbines have been gaining in popularity since 2000 due to their increased
efficiency over generators. These small electric generators burn gaseous and liquid
fuels to create high-speed rotation to turn an electric generator.

Micro turbines range from 30 to 350 kW, while conventional gas turbine sizes range from
500 kW to 250 MW.
A report prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency says microturbines are best suited
for distributed-generation applications due to their flexibility in connection methods, their
ability to be stacked in parallel arrangements for larger loads, their stable and reliable power,
and their low emissions
Wind power is produced by using wind generators to harness the kinetic energy of wind. It is
gaining worldwide popularity as a large scale energy source, although it still only provides
less than one percent of global energy consumption.
Wind power captures the natural wind in our atmosphere and converts it into mechanical
energy then electricity.
People started using wind power centuries ago with windmills, which pumped water, ground
grain, and did other work.
Today's wind turbine is a highly evolved version of a windmill. Modern wind turbines
harness wind's kinetic energy and convert it into electricity.
Most wind turbines have three blades and sit atop a steel tubular tower, and they range in
size from 80-foot-tall turbines that can power a single home to utility-scale turbines that are
over 260 feet tall and power hundreds of homes.
Wind is a type of renewable energy, and there are three major types of wind power.
The major types of wind power are:
Utility-scale wind: wind turbines larger than 100 kilowatts are developed with electricity
delivered to the power grid and distributed to the end user by electric utilities or power
system operators;
Distributed or "small" wind: which uses turbines of 100 kilowatts or smaller to directly
power a home, farm or small business as it primary use.
Offshore wind:which are wind turbines erected in bodies of water around the world, but not
yet in the United States.
Wind power has increased exponentially since the dawn of the 21 st century. The adoption of
wind energy globally has changed dramatically since the 1980's when California was home to
90% of the world's installed wind energy capacity. In fact, the amount of operating wind
energy capacity has increase more than 16 times between 2000 and 2012, to over 282,000
MW of operating wind capacity.

Different Components shown in figure:

AC Pulley

(CB) Circuit Breaker

(DM) Drive Motor

(BP) Battery Pack

(SS) Start Switch

(D)Drive Motor

(G) Generator

(WT) Wind Turbine

(WH) Wire Harness

(ST) Spare Tire.

Fig1: car showing position of microwind turbine

Fig source : wikipedia

10

Small Wind Turbines For Automobiles

It is assumed that the vehicle is moving in a calm and steady wind stream with zero
wind velocity. If the vehicle is moving at a constant speed of 15 m/s (54 km/h), then
we can think a wind stream with15 m/s is flowing around the vehicle. Normally this
wind will cause a drag force which is opposite to the direction of the propulsion of the
vehicle. At constant speed (zero acceleration) the energy requirements to move the
vehicle forward are To overcome the frictional force (rolling resistance of road) and
to overcome wind resistance . At this Condition, if the air stream flowing around the
vehicle (which was not interacting with the vehicle previously) is allowed to enter
inside and let it flow down to the rear side; then it may be possible to use these air
streams to generate power. The vehicle has already interacted with this wind and it
deflects the stream of wind at the two sides of it by stagnation at the front. This is the
energy that had been lost from the vehicle to overcome the aerodynamic resistant.
Now if these stream generated by the interaction of the wind and vehicle is captured
within the vehicle in such a way that it would not impose an additional drag at the
direction of propulsion of the vehicle, some of the energy can be recovered and fed
back to the battery by means of conventional energy conversion processes. Placing a
wind turbine can serve the purpose. At the same time it will help to increase the
pressure at the back side (according to Bernouliis equation pressure will be increased
if velocity is decreased and velocity will be reduced at the back side of the turbine
after energy extraction) which will reduce the drag force that existed before with the
conventional design of the vehicle. So, vortex shedding will be reduced at the rear
side. For this it is necessary to modify the design of a vehicle which gives provision
of air flow through the vehicle. On the other hand positioning of the turbines will also
be important because they must be placed in such a way that they do not impose or

11

create any additional drag on the vehicle. Symmetrical positioning of the turbine can
do the trick as the thrust acting on the turbines will cancel each other.

12

Current State Of The Art

The micro wind turbine market has exploded in the last three years heck, even the
National Football League is on board with wind power so now is a good time to update
one of CleanTechnicas most popular posts from 2008, Top Five Micro Wind
Turbines. With three of 2008s top five micro wind turbines coming from one company, we
thought it was time to branch out a bit and give you a more expansive picture of the potentials
for micro wind power in 2012 and beyond. Just one caveat: this article is not endorsing any
particular company or wind turbine, but at the end youll find some tips on researching the
product thats right for you.
Were featuring Southwest Windpowers popular Skystream 3.7 turbine in this years top
five not only because it continues to get good reviews, but also because last month the
company announced that it is one of three wind turbines qualifying for Californias wind
energy rebate, under strict new guidelines that include third-party certifications and
performance verification. Southwest Windpower estimates that the rebate for a Skystream
comes to $6,750 based on the California Energy Commissions rebate of $3.00 per watt of
rated capacity. The Skystream 3.7 comes with a five-year warranty and a software package
that enables you to monitor it from your computer. It is also now available in a wind-solar
hybrid package, so if youre interested in this product be sure to research it from both the
wind and solar angles.
An other company news, earlier this year SouthWest Wind partnered with GE to develop
what they bill as the first fully smart grid-enabled micro wind turbine for residential use,
the Skystream 600.
How to know about this technology
A group of Delhi University students has discovered an innovative way of harnessing wind
energy churned out by Metro trains to generate electricity. They proposed setting up a turbine
at an underground metro station to check if it can be successful in harnessing the wind
energy.

13

Without obstructing the operation, safety and security of Metro services, it was decided to put
up turbine along the underground tracks at the mouth of tunnel where the maximum wind
velocity available is 6.5 m/s
In the first phase, they installed a three-blade turbine and later a five-blade light rotor turbine
with a cut-in speed of less than 1.5m/s. they connected it to a battery and measured the power
it generates
After listened this news me and my group member truly inspired by this technology.
Fortunately an idea come in our mind , why should we not use this technology in cars .

Some warm up to micro wind turbine

Small wind turbines generate less than 100 kilowatts, and installation can be costly and timeconsuming. But an increasing number of rural property owners are nevertheless buying them
to provide backup power.
Xzeres, a Wilsonville company, manufactures two types of horizontal turbines: a 2.5-kilowatt
system and a larger, 10-kilowatt system. The firm has sold 150 systems since beginning to
sell them earlier this year. Nationwide, U.S. manufacturers sold $82.4 million worth of new
systems for 2009, a 15 percent increase over 2008, according to the American Wind Energy
Association
The popularity of small wind turbines could be greater, but permitting is a significant
drawback, said Qua Le, vice president of sales and business development for Xzeres, a
Wilsonville company that manufactures small wind turbines. While the small wind system
itself may cost only $6,500, permitting and installation can increase project costs to $12,000
to $17,000. After a harsh winter in Central Oregon last year, Evergreen Energy of Bend got
a call from a woman who wanted to install a small wind turbine and a backup propane
generator on her property. She lost power for five days over the winter, and did not want to
depend on the grid for another year, according to Mark Patt, owner of Evergreen Energy.
Such calls are becoming more frequent, Patt said, though people sometimes need a year to
become convinced that the systems are worth the money.

14

Frictional Drag On A Moving Car

When a vehicle moves it experience wind resistance which are classified in two different
forms- frictional drag and form drag.Frictional drag arises due to viscosity of air and form
drag arises due to variation of air pressure in the front and rear side of the vehicle . As the
vehicle moves forward, it lefts the air stream behind. A turbulence or disturbance is created
on the wind when a vehicle moves through it. If stationary wind turbines are placed near the
road then energy can be extracted from the wind stream generated due to the movement of
the vehicle. Such a study had been carried out in University of Arizona by a group of
students. If it is possible to capture those wind streams within the vehicle itself then it can be
used to recover some of energy that has been used to overcome the form drag (aerodynamic
drag) of the vehicle. If this wind energy is used to extract some power in such a way that it
does not create any component of force or thrust opposite to the direction of the propulsion of
the vehicle, then this gained energy can be used to produce electricity to charge up the battery
of the electric vehicle itself. At the same time drag can be expected to be reduced by passing
this air to the rear side (Low pressure side) of the vehicle. Air stream sliding over the body of
the vehicle cannot enter into the rear side due to vortex shedding . If air streams are allowed
to flow in this region by any means then the form drag will be reduced by some amount and
at the same time it may be possible to generate electricity using the kinetic energy of wind.
Several studies had been carried out in this field but none of them are proved to be scientific.
During the Second World War, wind turbines are used in submarines to charge up the
batteries when they remained static and float in the water. At present it is also common to use
turbines in ships, caravans and vehicles when they are parked.
Electrical energy produced by a wind turbine has many uses. Converting wind energy into
electric energy enables the user to store energy in a battery, transmit it over long distances, or
convert the energy into many different forms (mechanical energy, heat, etc.). Most of the
large wind turbines are connected to the grid. In some small applications, wind turbines are
operated in isolated operation . Battery charging is very popular because of its simplicity and
versatility. DC or AC generators can be used

15

Automobile Air Conditiong

Automobile air conditioning (also called A/C) systems cool the occupants of a vehicle
in hot weather.Automobile air conditioning systems cool the occupants of a vehicle in hot
weather, and have come into wide use from the late twentieth century. Air conditioners
use significant power; on the other hand the drag of a car with closed windows is less
than if the windows are open to cool the occupants evaporatively.There has been much
debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle.
Factors such as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight have to be
factored into finding the true variance between using the air conditioning system and not
using it when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors on the impact on the
engine and an overall engine heat increase can have an impact on the cooling Air
conditioning like it says 'conditions' the air. It not only cools it down, but also reduces the
moisture content, or humidity. All air conditioners work the same way whether they are
installed in a building, or in a car. The fridge or freezer is in a way an air conditioner as
well.
Air conditioning is a field in it's own right, but we'll stick to the main points or a car's air
conditioning and the main parts used and a few hints to keep the air-con system running
properly.A number of people don't realise that turning on the air conditioning actually
reduces the number of miles per gallon of your car. There is energy used in removing the
heat and moisture from the air in the car, and this consumes petrol because of the extra
engine load.Air conditioning's main principles are Evaporation and Condensation, then
Compression and Expansion.
Hard tubing and flexible hoses connect all the actual components of the air conditioning
in your car. Evaporation and condensation, expansion and compression are the physics of
why it works.

16

There are five main components to the whole system, namely the Compressor, Condenser, ,
Receiver-dryer, Expansion valve, and the Evaporator.

The fluid that passes around the whole system is the refrigerant. The refrigerant can evaporate
at a low temperature, and then condense again at a higher pressure. In the bad old days, R-12
was the refrigerant used in almost all cars. It was widely available, however it was found to
be a contributor to the hole in the earth's ozone layer as it was a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC).
These refrigerants were discontinued, and all cars after 1996 use a non-CFC fluid called R134A which is kinder to the environment.

So, here is how all the various parts of a car's air conditioning works:
Compressor: The compressor is the work horse of the air conditioning system, powered by a
drive belt connected to the crankshaft of the engine. When the aircon system is turned on, the
compressor pumps refrigerant vapour under high pressure to the condenser.
Condenser: The condenser is a device used to change the high-pressure refrigerant vapor to a
liquid. It is mounted in front of the engine's radiator, and it looks very similar to a radiator.
The vapour is condensed to a liquid because of the high pressure that is driving it in, and this
generates a great deal of heat. The heat is then in turn removed from the condenser by air
flowing through the condenser on the outside
Receiver: The now liquid refrigerant moves to the receiver-dryer. This is a small reservoir
vessel for the liquid refrigerant, and removes any moisture that may have leaked into the
refrigerant. Moisture in the system causes havoc, with ice crystals causing blockages and
mechanical damage.
Expansion Valve: The pressurised refrigerant flows from the receiver-drier to the expansion
valve. The valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant so that it can expand and
become refrigerant vapour in the evaporator.

17

Evaporator: The evaporator is another device that looks similar to a car radiator. It has
tubes and fins and is usually mounted inside the passenger compartment behind the fascia
above the footwell. As the cold low-pressure refrigerant is passed into the evaporator, it
vaporises and absorbs heat from the air in the passenger compartment. The blower fan
inside the passenger compartment pushes air over the outside of the evaporator, so cold
air is circulated inside the car. On the 'air-side' of the evaporator, the moisture in the air is
reduced, and the 'condensate' is collected and drained away.
Compressor: The compressor then draws in the low-pressure refrigerant vapour to start
another refrigeration cycle. The refrigeration cycle then runs continuously, and is
regulated by the setting of the expansion valve.

Fig2:car ac cycle
Fig source: Wikipedia images

18

Fig 3: Refrigeration cycle

Fig source:

19

Fig 4: car ac system

Fig source:freefilehunt.com

20

Literature Survey And Problem Statement

As energy demand continues to grow in sync with economic growth, and costs of impending
climate change become internalized through regulation, wind energy will have increasing
prevalence in the global energy mix. Regulatory influence, including renewable portfolio
standards, tax incentive programs, and possible carbon credit legislation, along with declining
fossil fuel reserves are driving the shift. The US Energy Information Administration projects
electricity demand to increase 39% from 2005 to 2030, and the Department of Energy has an
overarching proposal to increase wind energy's fraction of this US electricity supply to 20%
in 2030.
Currently, wind power is largely produced through horizontal-axis, land-based and offshore
turbines. This technology is relatively mature, and as of 2011, NREL reports that the US
currently has about 44 GW of wind turbines installed. To get to 20% in 2030, approximately
300 GW of installed wind power will be needed. Current technology, however, has several
limitations. Namely, wind resource near the ground is often inconsistent and low-speed. This
results in a low capacity factor, which represents the actual power produced in a given time
period divided by the theoretical rated maximum for the turbine. The highest wind speeds are
at much higher elevations than practical to reach for land-based turbines, and these winds are
what airborne wind power devices hope to access.
Incremental innovations are continually occurring to decrease capital costs and increase
performance, but the prospect of airborne wind power represents a true disruptive change.
Airborne wind devices use much less material for a specific rated power output than land
turbines. Also, they have a higher capacity factor, making them more suitable for utility scale
grid integration. In this survey, I will touch on the basics of wind resource availability and
highlight some of the major designs proposed to extract this high-altitude wind energy.

21

Micro Wind Turbine Aerodynamics

The shape and dimensions of the blades of the micro wind turbine are determined by the
aerodynamic performance required to efficiently extract energy from the wind, and by the
strength required to resist the forces on the blade.
The aerodynamics of a horizontal-axis microwind turbine are not straightforward. The air
flow at the blades is not the same as the airflow far away from the turbine. The very nature of
the way in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected by the
turbine. In addition the aerodynamics of a wind turbine at the rotor surface exhibit
phenomena that are rarely seen in other aerodynamic fields.
In 1919 the physicist Albert Betz showed that for a hypothetical ideal wind-energy extraction
machine, the fundamental laws of conservation of mass and energy allowed no more than
16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind to be captured. This Betz' law limit can be
approached by modern turbine designs which may reach 70 to 80% of this theoretical limit.

22

Wind Generator Technology

The wind system comprises; the generator, blades, and tail vane mechanism, tower, charge
controller and batteries.
Each component is described briefly below:The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) : The magnet rotor disks are mounted on a
bearing hub so they can rotate on the shaft. They are directly driven by the blades of the wind
generator. Almost every small wind generator on the market uses a directly driven permanent
magnet generator (PMG) of some similar type. They are specially designed and built for the
purpose of extracting power from the slowly turning blades with best efficiency and
minimum complexity. Between the rotors is a stator, cast from plastic resin, holding coils of
copper wire.(Most other PMGs use a laminated steel core for the stator instead.) The ITDG
PMG is constructed as far as possible using readily available materials and off the-shelf
components.
Electricity is generated when the magnets on the magnet disks rotate past the coils
embedded in the stator casting. The magnetic field induces a voltage in the coils which is
ultimately fed to the batteries. At low rotational speeds the voltage is insufficient to charge
the battery, but when cut-in wind speed is reached, a current flows into the battery so as to
charge it.

The magnetic field through the coils reverses as the magnet poles in the rotor disks pass
them, so the voltage produced alternates also, which means that the generator produces
alternating current, or AC.

The coils are arranged three-phase to make most efficient use of the space available, and
deliver a smooth output. The three-phase AC is converted into direct current, or DC, so that it
can charge the battery. The device which converts AC to DC is called a rectifier.
The blades :Modern wind turbine rotors usually have two or three blades. A larger number of
blades would create more turning force (torque), but would not be capable of driving the
PMG fast enough to generate the required voltage, because it would turn more slowly. The
higher speed rotor actually catches slightly more power than the slow one would. The rotor
blades and the PMG are both very carefully designed to match each others speed and power,
so as to extract the maximum energy from the wind. The output of the wind generator over
time depends more on the amount of wind swept by the blades than it does on the power
rating of the PMG.
Electricity generation is especially valuable during low wind periods, when the battery
otherwise becomes discharged. At low speeds power output depends only on the area of wind

23

swept by the blades. The rated power output only occurs in stronger winds, so it is not seen
under these conditions. If the PMG is not connected to a battery or other
electrical load, then the blades will over speed, like an engine at full throttle, out of gear. The
machine will become noisy and may vibrate so much that parts come loose and fall to the
ground.
To prevent this type of problem the following things are important:
Keep the wind generator connected to a load at all times.
The wind generator must have an effective furling system for high winds.
The blades should be carefully balanced so they run smoothly.

Tail vane mechanism: The tail vane is used to face the machine into the wind. It also
includes a mechanism which comes into play when wind speed exceeds a certain level
(usually around 10 metres per second). It furls the generator and blades out of the full force
of the wind, by swivelling the whole machine on a bearing (the yaw bearing) at the top of the
tower. A simple mechanism using gravity on the tail vane maintains the generator and blades
facing the wind when the wind is moderate, but turns it sideways-on in very strong winds.
This system is essential to protect the blades from overspeed and the PMG from damage
Tower :The tower raises the generator, blades and tail vane to a height where the wind is
stronger and smoother than at ground level. The tower is as high as possible above all
surrounding obstacles. Trees and buildings will affect the wind to a height almost double their
own height, but practical considerations, such asexpense, safety and maintenance limit the
height to between 10m and 20m
Electrical controls
Charge controller:The charge controller is there to prevent damage to the batteries. If the
batteries are near to full charge, but the wind is blowing strongly, the charging current needs
to be reduced to prevent damage to the battery. The charge controller will divert some power
from the generator away from the battery and into a dump load. This can be anything from a
series of bulbs to a heating coil in the simplest systems this excess energy is wasted. Charge
24

controllers for solar PV systems are not suitable for wind generators because they unload the
wind turbine by disconnecting it from the battery. Different types of battery require different
settings in the charge controller. For example, sealed batteries are charged at a lower voltage
to prevent gassing, whereas vented batteries are allowed to charge more vigorously and
produce gases .
Low voltage disconnect: Batteries are easily damaged by excessive discharge. A device that
cuts off the current from the battery to the user load (light and other circuits) at a pre-set low
voltage can prevent this. Such a device is often called a 'low voltage disconnect'. This sort of
device is recommended where users will attempt to use energy from the battery until it runs
out. With education and user vigilance such devices are unnecessary.
Inverter: Inverters are used to convert the low voltage DC from the battery (usually12V) into
mains type 230/240V AC. Higher output-quality inverters are better for most purposes, but
these can add substantially to the cost of the whole system. Lower cost inverters have lower
output, and/or12
lower protection against abuse. Inverters generally make sense for small
networks of households with a central generator, since the additional cost can be shared, and
the cable runs are long enough to require the higher voltage supply.
Load control: In more sophisticated systems, and especially where there is more than one
household using the batteries, an individual load, or a group of loads, can be individually
controlled to match demand and supply. These different loads will be switched on and off
depending on the state of the battery charge and this can be done randomly or sequentially.
Batteries: For stand-alone wind systems, where a constant supply of electricity is desirable, it
is essential to have a battery to store electricity for when the wind is light. The battery also
regulates the voltage of the system, which would otherwise vary wildly with wind speed and
cause damage to equipment.
Fuses and circuit breakers :Over current protection is as important in small wind systems as
in households on the grid. Fuses and breakers prevent too much current from flowing in
circuits or appliances, causing damage or fire through faulty wiring. A battery can deliver
very high currents under short-circuit conditions, so fuses or circuit breakers are highly
recommended for fire safety.
25

Fig 5:horizontal axis wind turbine

Fig source:freepix.eu

Fig 6:various turbine positions

Fig source: Wikipedia images
26

Ford motor company is an American automaker and the world's fifth largest
automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales. It is in process of making
cars installed with micro wind turbines to effectively utilize wind energy
for automobile refrigeration. Their proposed design have micro wind
turbines installed on roof of car and the following figure shows this model

Fig 7: ford motor model

Fig source:Wikipedia images

Fig 8:conversion of wind energy to electrical

Fig source :Wikipedia images
27

Equipment Details
Wind turbine
The wind turbine chosen for power generation has the features stated bellow
Two blades (for low solidity).
Horizontal axis.
Lift type.
High lift to drag ratio with efficiency ranging from 0.4 to 0.45. They need a relatively high
tip speed ratio ( = R / vw). For our design we have chosen = 6. For this value of it can
be assumed that the value of C Fwill be 0.4 to 0.45.

Where,
CF = axial thrust co-efficient.
So, Cp/CF 7
This implies that as at perfect dynamic matching generated power will be greater than the
power spend due to thrust. In other words the generated power by a turbine will be greater.
than the thrust acting on the blade as an aerofoil section has high lift to drag ratio. On the
other hand, turbines are placed in parallel to the flow rather than perpendicular to the flow .
Generator
We want to use an A.C. generator with 3- windings with increased no. of poles. The poles
will be permanent magnets and the no. of poles will be 8.
This eliminates the need of a gear box in the system.
We shall use a three phase A.C. to D.C. converter to charge the batteries. Ck converter is
used to give a constant 60V at the output. The current of the converter will vary with the
variation of the speed of the vehicle or the r.p.m of the turbine keeping the terminal voltage
fixed.

28

Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes
the blades to "lift" and rotate
Generator Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that AC electricity.
High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.
Rotor:The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.

Fig 9: graph between Power Coefficient (CP) vs Tip Speed Ratio ()

Fig source : ars grapik

29

Wind turbines typically have two degrees of freedom to optimize power generation.
The ability to change their yaw or compass orientation by turning (using motors) the entire
nacelle unit so the rotor is pointed directly into the wind. This process is controlled by wind
direction information from nearby wind vanes which are located to minimize the effect due to
wake turbulence from the wind turbines.
The pitch of the blades which can be changed to keep a near-constant rotation rate under
varying wind speeds, where the rotation rate is chosen to optimize the power-generation
efficiency of the turbine. Another purpose of both the blade pitch control and yaw
Mechanisms is to act as a brake under extremely strong wind condition.
Cut- in speed: The lowest wind speed at which a wind turbine begins producing usable
power is called cut-in speed. It is about 3m/s.
Cut-out speed: The highest wind speed at which a wind turbine stops producing power is
called cut-out speed. It is about 30m/s.
How do they work?
Wind turbines usually consist of a set of blades attached to a rotor hub, which together form
the rotor; this rotor deflects the airflow, which produces a force on the blades, which in turn
produces a torque on the shaft such that the rotor rotates about a horizontal axis (N.B. this
does not apply to all wind turbines, some rotate about a vertical axis), which is connected to a
gearbox and generator. These are housed in the nacelle (at the top of the tower) with other
electrical components. The generator produces electricity, which is transmitted down the
cables through the tower and out to a transformer, to convert it from the output voltage
(typically around 700V) to the right voltage for either the national grid (33000V) or for
whatever personal use it is being put to (so 240V).
These Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines must always be pointed in the correct direction (into or
away from the wind, depending on the design) if they are to be used efficiently. Those which
face away from the wind downwind turbines (downwind referring to the position of the
turbine relative to the tower) are blown into the correct orientation. In older and smaller
upwind wind turbines, correct orientation is achieved through use of a simple wind vane;
larger turbines contain a yaw meter and yaw motor. The yaw meter detects the direction of
the wind, and the yaw motor rotates the turbine so that it is always facing into the wind.
30

Because it is possible for the turbine to thus yaw in the same direction for many turns,
twisting the cables, turbines have a cable twist counter which causes the system to yaw back
around so that the cables untwist, once they have reached a certain number of turns in one
direction.

Fig 10: Charging and control circuit of the battery. 3 windings are used to
reduce the ripples. A motor control circuit can be used to control the
motor and it will also introduce the provision of Regenerative Braking.
Simple Power diodes can be used for designing the converter circuit. The
cut-in velocity (minimum wind velocity to generate power) of the turbines
is 5m/s.
Fig source: wikipedia

31

Calculations ::
Output power from a wind turbine is given by :
PT =( 0.5 CP Q v2 )
Where,
PT = Power output from the turbine in watt.
Cp = Power co-efficient (Assuming, Cp = 0.4 for the design)
= air density; 1.225 kg/m3.
Q = air flow in m3/s.
v = air velocity in m/s.
FOR TURBINE WITH DIA- 40cm
Speed of vehicle 50KMPH (i.e 13.8 m/s)
A = r2 = 3.1416 0.2 =0.12566 m2
Q = Cv A v = 0.25 0.8 0 .12566 13.8 = .3468 m3/s
Here multiplier of Cv is 0.8 as ratio of the inlet and outlet area is 1.38.
Cv is chosen as 0.25 as it is a skewed flow .
So, Power, Pw = .5 Q v2 = .5 1.2 .12566 13.8 = 39.6 W
Assuming, Cp = 0.4 Then we have,
PT = 39.6 0.4 = 15.85 W 16 W
So, each turbine will produce a power of 180 W. This much power will be fed back to the
battery when it is moving at a constant velocity of 13.8m/s.

32

33

FIG 11: Designs of various radiator grills for different cars

Fig source: Autocad

FOR DIA =40 cm , Area =0.12566 m2

TABLE NO-1
Power produced at different speeds for automobile
SPEED
In KMPH

SPEED
IN m/s

Discharge Q
In m3/s

Power PW

Power PT

In watts

(PW0.4)
In watts

50

13.8

0.3468

39.62

15.85

60

16.6

0.415

6861

27.47

70

19.44

0.4861

110.22

44.08

80

22.22

0.555

164.4

65.76

90

25

0.625

234.37

93.75

34

100

27.7

0.68

317.6

127

110

30.5

0.7625

425.58

170.23

Power PW

Power PT

In watts

(PWo.4)in

FOR DIA =60 cm, Area =0.282744 m2

TABLE NO-2
Comparison of power produced at different speeds

Speed in kmph

Speed in m/s

Discharge Q
In m3/s

watts
50

13.8

0.78025

89.15

35.66

60

16.6

0.9385

155.5

62.07

70

19.4

1.088

246.7

98.68

80

22.22

1.244

368.5

147.4

90

25

1.4

525

210

100

27.7

1.55

717

286

35

110

30.5

1.710

957.5

383

Advantages Of Using Two Turbines

Turbines are placed in such a way that they do not impose or create any additional drag on
the vehicle. Symmetrical positioning of the turbine can do the trick as the thrust acting on the
turbines will cancel each other.

36

FIG 12: Resultant thrust generated on wind turbine due to flowing air

37

Fig source: Wikipedia images

Conclusion

About 720W energy is required by a automobile ac. From our calculations it is clear that a
minimum of 400 W energy can be produced by using a micro wind turbine . Hence the
energy can partially automobile ac taken form the engine will be reduced . This will reduce
the extra fuel consumption which was used in charging the ac and hence increases mileage . It
will furthur reduced the pollution created by the extra fuel consumption .

38

telosnet.com/wind

Wind turbine Wikkipedia

www.journal.elsevier.com

www.earth4energy.com

Onlinelibrary.wiley.com

ZapMeta.co.in(about wind energy)

arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context

allsmallwindturbines.com

turbomachinery.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article

10

www.southampton.ac.uk/.../impact/micro_wind_turbines.page

11

www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-10-78.pdf

12

www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-10-78.pdf

13

www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-19048787

14

www.gizmodo.com.au/...wind-turbine-to-your-electric-car...

16

gizmodo.com/strap-this-wind-turbine-to-your-electric-car...

17

www.gavinshoebridge.com/electric-car...wind-turbines-on...
39

18

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wind_power

References

40