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February,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
19 i 8
657
.Ir:i,0uaRi:m11iil0i11l1111213MEMWaLJLLC-WI:Er:sIErE
"The Boy's Electric Toys"
There have been other electrical experimental outfits on the market thus far, but we do not believe
that there has ever been produced anything that comes anywhere near approaching the new experimental
outfit which we illustrate herewith.
"The Boy's Electric Toys" is unique in the history of electrical experimental apparatus, as in the
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alone is quite novel, inasmuch as everY piece fits into a special
compartment, thereby inducing the young experimenter to be
neat and to put the things back from where he took them. The
box contains the following complete instruments and apparatus
which are already assembled:
Student's chromic plunge battery,
compass-galvanometer, solenoid, telephone receiver, electric lamp. Enough
various parts, wire, etc., are furnishea
to make the following apparatus:
Electromagnet, electric cannon, magnetic
pictures, dancing spiral, electric hammer,
galvanometer, voltmeter, hook for telephone
receiver, condenser, sensitive microphone,
short distance wireless telephone, teat storage battery, shocking coil, complete telegraph set, electric riveting ,machine, elec
tric buzzer, dancing fishes, singing tele.
phone, mysterious' dancing man, electric
jumping jack, magnetic geometric figures,
rheostat, erratic pendulum, electric butter.
fly, thermo electric motor, visual telegraph,
etc., etc.
This does not by any means exhaust the list, but
a great many more apparatus can be built actually
and effectually.
With the instruction book which we furnish, one
hundred experiments that can be made with this
outfit are listed, nearly all of these being illustrated
with superb illustrations. We lay particular stress
on the fact that no other materials, goods or supplies
are necessary to perform any of the one hundred
experiments or to make any of the 25 apparatus.
Everything can be constructed and accomplished by
means of this outfit, two hands, and a screw- driver
Moreover this is the only outfit on the market to -day
in which there is included a complete chromic acid
plunge battery, with which each and everyone of the
experiments can be performed. No other source of
current is necessary.
Moreover, the outfit has complete wooden base,
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you have to do is to mount the various pieces by
means of the machine screws furnished with the sei
The outfit contains 114 separate pieces of material and 24 pieces of finished articles ready to use
.
at once.
The box alone is a masterpiece of work on account

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piece of apparatus fits.
Among t h e
finished material the follow"The Livest Catalog in America"
ing parts are
No. EX2002
included:
Chromic salts for battery, lam socket, bottle of mercuri, core wire (two different lengths), a
bottle of iron filings, three spools of wire, carbons, a quantity of machine screw., dezhle cord, two
wood bases, glass plate, paraffine paper, binding Boats, screw -driver, etc., etc. The instruction book
is so clear that anyone can make the apparatus without trouble, and besides
section of the titanic.
lion book is taken up with the fundamentals of electricity to acquaint the layman with all important
facts in electricity in a simple manner.
All instruments and all materials are well finished and tested before leaving the factory.
We guarantee satisfaction.
We wish to emphasize the fact that anyone who goes through the various experiment'
will become proficient in electricity and will certainly acquire an electrical education widish
cannot be duplicated except by frequenting an electrical school for some months.
The size over all of the outfit is 14 x 9 x
Shipping weight, 8 'ha:,
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No. EX2002 "The Boy's Electric Toys,"
outfit
as
described
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1918
_ d,i-
AVIATION MECHANICS
Needed for New Positions
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Whole No. 58
Vol. V
FEBRUARY, 1918
A GYRO ELECTRIC DESTROYER

From
Front Cover
a painting by George Wall
NEW ORCHESTRA l'l1ONOl ;RAPII PLAYS 48 RECORDS AT
ONCE
66I
W1lY NOT AERIAL "STEI'l'INI; STONES" FROM U. S. TO
663
EI'RuI'E?
By F. S. Winger
664
HUGHES' BALANCE LOCATES BURIED SHELLS
665
THRILL OF SCIENCE IN NEW MOVIES
ternsback
By
U.
r
666
A GYRO. ELECTRIC DESTROYER
"THE DELUGE"-The Show That Electricity Made Possible
A NEW ELECTROMAGNETIC TRAIN STOP
By George Holmes
BOSSIE GETS AN OUTDOOR BATH

TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARDS OF YESTERDAY
HOW JIMMY SAVED THE TROOP TRAIN....By John T. Dwyer
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS- LESSON 10-PHOTOGRAPHY
By John J. Furia, A. B., M. A
THE IIOMETREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS BY HIGH
By Dr. Frederick Finch Strong
FREQUENCY CURRENTS
HOW NEW YORK POLICE USE RADIO
MINIATURE RADIO.CONTROLLED TANK.Bv 'rank Coperman

TILE HOW AND WHY OF RADIO APPARATUS
By H. \\'infield Secor, Associate I. R. E. and A. I. E. E
A
1JLIJl.,1l JL L1111JL11lN1J
1J
No.
10
DETAIL CONSTRUCTION OF A DAMPED AND UNDAMPED

WAVE RECEI'TOI(
By F. MacMurpby
EXI'ERIMENTAI. MECHANICS- LESSON 1[ -THE LATHE..
686
By Samuel Cohen
688
By Frederick Von Lichtenow
690
HIGH FREQUENCY PHENOMENA AND EXPERIMENTS
AMATEURS: TILE "SMELLOSCOI'Et" YOUR NOSE KNOWS

(IOW TO BUILD .\ \'1IEATSTONE BRIDGE
By Thomas W. Benson
By E. F. Jaspers
HOW TO MAKE A MEDICAL COIL

A PORTABLE ANL RELIABLE ARMATURE TEST SET
By Frank Iluskinson
:\ PRINTING BOX FOR TILE AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER
By John G. Albright
HOW TO MAKE IT DEPT. (Prize Contest)
WRINKLES. RECIPES ANL FORMULAS..Edited by S. Gernsback
EXPERIMENTAL- CHEMISTRY -20th Lesson,
By Albert W. Wilsdon
"ELECTRICAL LABORATORY "-Prize Contest
LATEST PATENTS DIGEST
PHONEY PATENTS -CONTEST
QUESTION BOX
668
670
672
673
678
680
681
682
684
685
L11L'
0.1111_ P1JPAIR1
PRJ
691
692
694
695
696
697
699
700
701
702
703
704
Mil!4J 1141111
Gravitation and Electricity

will still attract the stone. But so will the large mass
of the mountain, with the result that the string will
not hang absolutely at right angles to the level of the
earth, but the stone will be pulled slightly towards the
Mountain, because of the attracting mass of the
our issue of October, 1916, we mentioned editorially that gravitation was an

electromagnetic phenomenon. We also
ventured the opinion that what we know
as gravitation -like light -probably was
only still another manifestation of that
mysterious thing we call ether. We
furthermore advanced the term of "gravitational
waves," to better express our thoughts, because we
felt that if gravitation was an electromagnetic phenomenon, it was probably due to a distinct wave motion
in the ether.
Up to the time of our writing there did not exist
experimental proof that gravitation really was an electromagnetic manifestation of the ether; the ideas in
our editorial merely being the rather plausible theories
of our leading scientists. To the layman the idea of
gravitation being an electric phenomenon came somewhat as a surprise: nor were there many adherents to
the new theory. For, the reasoning was, what electrical force could possibly draw a stone earthward,
when released by the band? But at last experimental
proof has beep forthcoming thru the untiring labors
of our brilliant Professor Francis E. Nipher, of the
St. Louis Academy of Science. In a pamphlet issued
November 8th, 1917, Professor Niplier supplies experimental evidence that gravitational attraction can
not only be suspended or nullified by the electrical current, but it actually can be transformed into "gravitational repulsion!"
All during the summer of 1917, Professor Nipher
has had his apparatus in almost continuous operation
and the experiments have been repeated time and again,
always with the same result. To understand better
what follows, let us keep in mind the fact that all
masses attract each other gravitationally. Thus, for
instance, if we suspend a stone by means of a string
at sea level, the only mass that will attract the stone
will be the earth. In this case the stone will hang
absolutely vertical, i.e., at right angles to the earth. But
take the same stone with its string and carry it up a
mountain, let us say half way up, then the earth, too,
N
Professor Nipper's apparatus briefly consists of two

large lead spheres ten inches in diameter, resting upon
heavy sheets of hard rubber. Two small lead balls,
each one inch in diameter were now suspended from
two silk threads, stationed at the sides of the two large
lead spheres, from which they were separated a little
distance. Moreover, the suspended balls were insulated elaborately from the large spheres by enclosing
them first airtight in a long wooden box, which was
also covered with tinned iron sheets as well as cardboard sheets. There was furthermore a metal shield
between the box and the large metal spheres. The
large metal lead spheres now exerted a certain gravitational pull upon the suspended small lead balls, just
as the mountain attracted our stone as mentioned before. The silk suspension threads therefore did not
form a "plumb -line" but the small lead balls were
slightly pulled over towards the large spheres.
Now, Professor Nipher applied an electrical current to the large spheres -20 amperes alternating current. The gravitational attraction was quickly reduced
to zero, and not only that but in 15 to 20 minutes the
small lead spheres had .loved away over one -half as
much to the opposite direction as the distance they had
been attracted originally towards the large masses.
Thus gravitation had not only been completely nullified,
but it was actually reversed.
This is equivalent to our stone rushing skyward when
released. instead of falling to the earth!
Prof. Nipher's historic experiment is certainly one
of the most important discoveries of the century. \\'hen
it leaves the laboratory, as it surely shall
will not
only revolutionize the world. but it will make man free
from his gravitational fetters that now chain him to
the earth like a rock.
H. GERNSBACR.
-it
m1
1,411111,1411, J !.1+11L..1 L!1JL 441k ,11,1J1,1JI!
1.L!1L1.1.
Tha ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER le publisht on the 15th of each month at 233 Fultoo
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ELECTRICAL EXI'EItI ENTER.
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Monthly. Entered sa eecond.clue matter at the
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER.
New York Post Once. under Act of Congress of March 3. I579
Title registered II. S.
Patent OSlee, TURvrk:hL 1919. by E. P. l'o.. hho.. New. York
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659
February, 1918
660
flERE YOU LEARN BY DOING

Electricity
And Now
If you have an ambition to make
School open to risitors 9 A.
name for yourself in the electrical field
ELECTRICAL
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Electrical School. It will be an advantage

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Electrical Profession.
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The only uay you can hecome an e\pert is by doing the very work under competent instructors, which you will be called
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learn by doing. That is the method of the
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Five minutes of actual practice properly
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CURRENT
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EXPERI M ENTER
H.
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H. W.
Vol. V.
5ECOR
A55OCILITE EDITOR
February,
Whole No. 58
EDITOR
Number
1918
10
New Orchestra Phonograph Plays 48 Records at Once

WHILE the phonograph or gramophone has been perfected lately
to a very high degree, there nevertheless still remained the fact that
all sound waves of various lengths
had to be produced at the same time with
a single diafram or soundbox.
sible? The note of the violin sound may

be much higher than the note of the 'cello.
with a variation in the length of both
sound waves so great as to require a very
different vibration of the diafram to produce those two particular sounds properly
and actually at the same moment. To do
different sounds must have been produced at

different times successively, notwithstanding that we seem to hear them to a certain
extent distinctly and apparently at the
same tinte. The fractions of time between
both sounds are so short that we cannot
distinguish between them, just as we see
"
#
SOUD NGRr,S
.J ARNS
V
VOIE
rt CORD
[l
R[ IN[
oRIVINGMUt0R
LNt
AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC ORCHESTRA

Theatre Managers Have Often Tried a Phonograph In Place of an Orchestra. Bot the Volume of Sound Proved Insutfrlent. The Latest
Is the "Orchestra Phonograph," Which Records Each Instrument or Voice Separately and Reproduces Them All Together In Perfect Harmony. The Records Are Made on a Special Film. It Represents Science Applied to the Phonograph. for It is Manifestly Impossible for a
Single Record to Record and Reproduce Faithfully More Than a Few Voices or Instruments.
Assume that the sounds produced at exactly the same moment by a violin and a
violincello or contrabasso shall be reproduced by one diafram respectively and
thru the vibration of one needle trans mitted to said diafram. How is it pos-
just as impossible for the

it would for a pendulum to
swing to the right and left at precisely the
this would
diafram
be
as
same moment, or for an elevator to move

up and down its shaft at the same time.
It is. therefore, obvious that these two
661
a moving picture apparently only one

continuous picture and are unable to distinguish between the many thousands of
single pictures which pass actually before
our eyes.
This fact also explains why we find that
in
662
February, 1918
Testing The "Ears of The Army"
University. It is from an officer in command of an American vessel, and his comThe accompanying photo shows a Brit- single lad who is over here, doing his bit plaint is, that aside from the human symish "Tommie" of the signal service testing
either afloat or ashore, for God's sake write pathy it engenders, the lack of friendly letan army telephone line near the battle front.
to him."
ters from the home side of the sea is a
The
poles
serious detriment to
shown in this Britthe morale of his
ish official photocrew.
graph are used to
"Only one of my
keep the wires high
men hears regularly
enough from the
from his friends,"
ground to avoid
he says. "Mail does
grounding while at
not reach us often.
the same time they
About once a month
are low enough to
a batch arrives, and
prevent their being
if you or any of the
seen by the enemy.
boys could see the
The telephone lineblank dismay, the
man in this war is
bitter expressions of
as much of a hero
homesickness th a t
as the man in the
cannot be kept down
trenches. He must
when I have to say
often go out to re'No mail for you
pair broken circuits
this time, Jack,
when that particular
you'd sit right down
line is under shell
and write a long.
fire. The "ears of
newsy, chatty letter
the army" must not
to every man you
fail -not even for
know who's over on
an instant. Every
this side, three thoubreak in a circuit
sand miles from any
must be repaired as
American town."
soon as possible.
It'll take up only
and that u s u a l l y
a little bit of our
means a few mintime: let's every one
utes after a shell
of us shoot along
was hit. One thing
the good word to
is certain -the Sigevery man we know
nal Corps men are
l'h.H.H:raph Cor, right by rnderwood & Underwood
And
rendering wonderover there.
A British "Tommy" Repairing Telephone Lines Near the Battle- Front. Note the Short
Poles in Use.
fully efficient serthere is not one of
vice in this war.
us but who has at
This is an extract, unabridged, from a least one friend in or alongside the Big
GET OUT THE INK! WRITE TO letter which came to one of us this week Fight.
THE SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.
from faraway Egypt. says a writer in The
"Tell the boys who are still on your
Oscillator,''the magazine publisht by the
A new dining room table is equipt with
side of the water that if they know a
U. S. Naval Radio School at Harvard
electric plate warmers, built in the table.
little
the reproduction of a single voice or a single instrument, for instance a violin solo.
is so much more distinct and why we obtain better effects than if we listen to a
record reproducing at apparently the same
time several voices or instruments. We also
can understand the words of a single person spoken at a time from a record much
better than if we hear several voices to-
a chorus or the musicians of an orchestra would not act in perfect harmony.

The difficult problem of reproducing
different voices or musical instruments
with a phonograph or gramophone at the
same time with as many different. independent diaframs and sound records in absolute perfect synchronism and harmony
has now been solved in a surprisingly simple manner by Mr. H. Hartman. an electrical engineer of New York City, who has
applied for patents on his invention in
practically all the larger countries. In a
personal interview at his laboratory the inventor gave the author interesting details
regarding his novel, wonderful invention
ers of
inventions of Mr. Hartman in previous

numbers of the ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER.
and also his "SPEAKING CLOCK" in
our February, 1917, issue. which tells the
time every quarter of an hour. In this
speaking clock Mr. Hartman uses a flexible
celluloid file: in place of a solid disk or
cylinder as the carrier of the sound records,
and out of this basic idea he has developed
gether, because the reproducing vibrations
his present ,Multiple Diafram Phonograph
of the diafram are curtailed by the differor "Electrical Orchestra." While he uses
ent vibrations required for the reproduction
than two inches wide in his
a film less
of ditTejent voices or instruments, as in
above mentioned speaking clock, having
most cases the diafram has to make a sort
forty -eight different sound record lines,
of a compromise between the different viparallel to each other, the present invention
brations produced at a certain moment, and
is also based upon the use of a film as
has to adjust itself
sound carrier with as
accordingly to a cer
ma n y independent
tain vibration whic
sound record lines on
actually does not rei
the same as there are
resent the p r o p e
diaframs in his insound of any of th
strument. The numvarious sounds at th
ber of these is pracmoment. but which
2'i
TRCMACFE :CORO
SHARE CRUM RECiR
tically. unlimited. The
4
CDR " Ei RECCRO
BASS ORUM RECORD ETC.
seems to our ears to
PHONOGRAPH HEEOLES
SAAOPHOHE RECORD
2 "e CORNET RECORO
film, which moves
loME FOR EACH RECORO)
give the composite
with about half the
This Diagram Shows How the New "Orchestra Phonograph" Has Each Instrument
effect of all of them.
speed of that in a moRecorded On a Special Film. A Separate Needle Rests in Each of the 48 Sound Record
While we reproduce
tion picture projecLines and All of Them Thus Reproduce in Syntony and Harmony.
with a wonderful pertor, is wound upon a
fection a single voice or a single instruwhich probably will revolutionize the phonreel and inserted into a lower compartment with the gramophone. the effect
ograph and secure to the same a dominat- ment from where the film is led over
obtained never equals the original when, it ing place in many places of recreation. es- guide rollers to a long. narrow and
comes to reproducing an orchestra of mupecially- in moving picture theatres, large
horizontally arranged compartment which
sicians or a chorus of singers.
restaurants, music halls, etc., where this contains as many sound -boxes (diaframs)
Therefore, many persons and phono- new "electric orchestra" will play- without as there are record lines on the film. In
graph manufacturers have attempted dur- interruption for hours the best works of designing this remarkable machine care has
ing the past several years to perfect an inour great masters of music in a manner
to be exercised, of course. to isolate each
strument wherein several diaframs, needles difficult to distinguish from the original sound box as much as possible. so as to
and sound records are used at the same music which has been thereby recorded. It prevent confusion of the sounds in the
time, but the difficulty of obtaining a perwill probably also soon be found in many
sound -box compartment.
All diaframs
fect synchronism proved unsurmountable.
homes thruout the world, especially in
are in a horizontal line and resting
If the different diaframs are not actuated country places. as it can reproduce whole with their own weight freely upon the
in absolute synchronism, the discordant efoperas and a whole chorus of singers in film which passes thrtt a small channel rail
fect can easily be imagined.
It would
perfect synchronism.
and then over a second series of guide roll amount to the same as if the various singWe have already described various other
(Continued on page 732)
1
IXICE11
ELECTRICAL
February, I918
EXPERIMENTER
663
Why Not Aerial "Stepping Stones" from

By F. S.
U. S.
to Europe?
\Fi\GER
Each "stepping stone" a gigantic floating fortress, and the distance between each one 200 miles let us say. A constant stream
of aeroplanes could thus fly from the United States to Europe -20,000 of them in one year -predicts the author of this interesting article. Radio messages could be relayed from one "stepping stone" to another with much less chance of interference
and interception as at present.
it is admittedly impossible at present to

attempt Flying the entire aerial fleet of
Uncle Sam across the ocean, however
much it might expedite the delivery of the
promised 20.000 aeroplanes to our Allies.
Here's a unique and feasible plan -feasible
at least under this war's conditions, with
Germany's battle-Acct bottled up-which is
proposed by a Chicago genius and author
Mr. F. S. Winger, who originally conceived this idea and described it in his
a repair department, etc., and to

have just sufficient mobility to enahle it to
successfully oppose any drifting tendency
on the part of either ocean or 'air currents,
maintain
so
that they could maintain
fixt latitude
and longitude- -their chief purpose.

Should such craft be maintained successfully and be constructed along lines for the
temporary accommodation of an endless
stream of aeroplanes emanating from the
shores of America en route for Europe,
England, even then the air -craft would

have to be unloaded, unboxed and reassembled. and then assigned to an aviator
who had encountered the same dangers as
in the instance of the knocked -down planes
Then think of the other situation by way of
comparison both aviator and airship will
have reached their destination without such
hazard. and both ready for immediate service when they land; the aviator accustomed to the idiosyncrasies of this par-
Instead of Shipping the Thousands of American Aeroplanes Across the Ocean. Mr. Winger Has Made the Unique Suggestion Here Illustrated
Namely -Have a String of Gigantic Aerial "Stepping Stones" Across the Ocean and Let the Aviators Fly Their Machines Over. These
Armored Ships Could House Dozens of 'Planes at Night. When Necessary, and They Would Be Marked at Night By Powerful Vertical Shaftof Light.
boot, "The 11'izard of the Island," (litho

in that work the idea has not a military
dress. The present article prepared for the
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER by Air. Winger,
describes his latest ideas in this direction.
r
s
r
*
*
*
MAKE
each
"Stepping Stone"
huge float -each float a veritable floating fortress, defensively armed and equipt to meet any
emergency which the enemy
could menace then with, which under the
conditions of their bottled -up -Navy would

probahly be limited to their submarines.
Each float to carry a supply of stores,
then, in my humble opinion, one of the

most difficult of our problems will have
been solved.
Under existing conditions a single pair
of wings of the average type of aeroplane
is a very bulky article for the hold of a
ship at best. as when boxed its cubic contents would be represented by a bulk approximately three feet by five feet by thirty five feet. Think of the tremendous storage
space these alone would occupy, with the
possible and even probable eventuality of
their being destroyed by a submarine torpedo.
Furthermore should all the parts
successfully reach the shores of France or
ticular plane -in fact having been in actual

continuous service while becoming ac-
quainted with his machine!

Suppose that it would take twenty hours
of actual flight to reach the shores of
France or England. The aeroplane would
still have from seventy -five to eighty hours
of usability left before requiring replacement of wornout parts.
The "floats" would necessarily have to
be very large, with top deck free from obstructions so as to facilitate the safe landing of the airships. The process of accommodating the stream of aircraft might be
(Continued on page 7171
February, 1918
664
Hughes' Balance Locates. Buried Shells

N the early days of the war it frequent-
that the French farmers

would run their plows into unexploded shells buried a few feet in the
ground, with oftentimes fatal results. One
of the French army engineers thought of a
novel electrical scheme for accurately locating these buried shells, thousands of
which had landed in the fertile fields along
the one -time firing line. His idea involved
the application of an extra large size
Hughes' balance, an instrument well knwon
to every electrician. The exploring coils
of this shell -locating electrical balance are
mounted on a light two -wheeled truck, as
shown in the illustration, so that the operly happened
atives using the device can propel it over

the ground at a fairly rapid rate. The ex-
3%" in diameter, would with exactly 300

turns of No. 32 single silk wire, spaced
evenly, layer on layer. Any difference in
the windings will cause trouble when the
coils are adjusted.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of connections. The
secondary coils are connected in series
with a galvanometer or 'phones. An experimenter who has no galvanometer can
purchase an inexpensive \Veston ammeter.
When the shunt has been removed, this
will serve very well as a galvanometer.
Some form of interrupted primary circuit is necessary to induce currents in the
secondary. An interrupter, mounted on
the armature of a buzzer, serves for this
purpose. When the key is closed the interrupted primary circuit induces a current
tuai induction of the coils, the amount depending on the metal. In the same way
metal (iron or steel) shells are located,
their presence upsetting the balance between the four coils.
The sensitivity of receivers can be compared by inserting a variable high resistance in the primary circuit. The receiver which gives a sound with the greatest resistance cut -in is the most sensitive.
Of two magnets, the one giving the greater unbalancing effect when held a given
distance from one secondary, and directly
over the center. is the stronger.
When the difference in frequency of
two alternating currents is measured, one
circuits is connected to coil 2 and the other
circuit to coil 4. The current in the secondary coils will give beats; that is, the
sound will grow strong, then weak. The
number of beats per second is the difference in the frequency in cycles. Other
proposed uses for this sensitive device include the locating of submarines, mines,
etc., under water.
THE PRODUCTION OF COLORED

FLAMES FOR DEMONSTRATION AND EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES.
Many people will have experienced the
need for a highly luminous and steady flame
in arranging lecture demonstrations of spectra and interference experiments. An ingenious appliance for this purpose is described by G. A. Ifemsalech in the Philosophical Magaeine. The flame utilized is
produced by coal -gas and oxygen fed into a
specially designed burner, having a series
of apertures not more than 2 mm. in diameter. Thru these orifices the air -coal gas
mixture passes. and by suitably proportioning the mixture a very hot non- luminous flame from 12 in. to 18 in. in length
and about % inch in diameter may be produced. The flame can then be colored by
the aid of a series of specially designed
Sack of the Battle -lines in Northern France the Land Had to Be Tilled. Many Fatal Accidents
Occurred. Due to the Plows Striking Burled Unexploded Shells, Until the Hughes' Balance
"Shell Locater" Here Illustrated Was Devised.
ploring work has to be done reasonably

slow in order to note the indications of the
instrument. The necessary battery and
current interrupting devices are mounted
in a substantial container on the chassis,
along with the locating coils. The action
of the apparatus is as follows:
The induction balance is composed of
four coils, two in the primary and two in
the secondary circuit. When the relative
positions of the coils are adjusted correctly, the inductances neutralize each other and no current flows in the secondary
circuit. If, however, the slightest change
is made in any of the coils, such as by the
insertion of any metal object, the mutual
induction is unbalanced and a sound is
made in the telephone receiver.
A small experimental balance for use in
detecting counterfeit coins. etc., was described in the August. 1917. issue of the
ELECTRICAL Ex PER IMENTER.
Each spool is
in the secondary, causing the galvanometer
to deflect until the inductances are evenly

balanced.
To balance the circuits so that the inductances neutralize each other and there is
no deflection of the galvanometer, it is
first necessary to make sure the secondaries have the windings in opposite directions to the primaries. This done, the
coils are carefully adjusted until the needle
of the meter is at zero. A more satisfactory indicator is a 75 -ohm receiver.
For detecting counterfeit coins, a genuine coin is placed in the hole thru one secondary coil and the apparatus is balanced.
Any other good coin of the same size will
also balance the inductance, but if a counterfeit is inserted there will be a deflection
of the indicator, or a sound in the telephone receiver. This effect is caused by a
difference in conductivity of the metals.
The insertion of the coin changes the mu-
sprayers. Each of these sprayers consists

of a glass vessel containing a small portion
of the solution which it is desired to introduce into the flame, and allowing air to pass
over the same to the burner. Two capillary
tubes also pass into the vessel, carrying electrode wires of iron or aluminum. The
positive electrode is central and terminates
slightly above the level of the liquid, while
the negative passes down the side of the
vessel and passes into the liquid. The positive electrodes of all the sprayers are connected to one of the coatings of a Leyden
jar, and the negatives are arranged so that
any of them in turn can be connected to
the other coating of the jar. An induction
coil, giving a 6 inch spark, is sufficient for
working these sprayers. In working the
apparatus all the sprayers, except the one to
be used, are disconnected. A gentle current
of air is then allowed to pass and coal gas
admitted until a flame is obtained which is
still luminous near the tip. Oxygen is then
added until the flame is non- luminous. The
flame is then colored by passing sparks
thru the sprayer intended to be first used.
Any of the other sprayers can he connected
and used instead, in succession. In this way
a flame colored by any desired ingredient
can be obtained. The flames thus produced
are stated to be very useful for showing, in
a large lecture theatre, the spectra of the
more volatile elements such as Ca. Sr, K,
Cu, etc.
JACK "WIRELESS" BINNS NOW A

CANADIAN LIEUTENANT.
Jack Binns. who leaped into fame as a
wireless hero a few years ago, is now a

lieutenant in a Canadian instruction camp.
February, 1918
665
Thrill of Science in New Movies

GAIN we have with us the ever interesting "scientific movie." At
present much interest is evinced by
the public in all photoplays dealing
with the war, secret service and the
spy element. Realizing this the studios are
working day and night to gratify this craving for the sensational, and how well they
are succeeding is seen by the crowds storming the doors of the "film" houses.
First and foremost we might mention a gripping drama of the German
spy and espionage system just released
in serial form under the title of "A
Daughter of Uncle Sam," by the Jaxon
Film Co. The inside story of the sensational manner in which countless German spy plots and intrigues have been
baffled by the United States Secret
Service within the last three years is
shown for the first time in this tremendously patriotic photoplay. The twelve
the placing of the secret substance in the

hands of the United States Government
which is anxious to secure it for war service but wishes to recover the treasure first.
The Germans are equally bent on securing
this wonderful substance-thereby putting
plenty of thrill and punch into the photo play. The photo shows the "Phantom"
Left Photo: "The Hidden Hand" Disguising

Confederate. Note the Poison Gauntlet.
Lower Photo Shows An Exciting Moment
When the Spies Use a Radlo- Torpedo In "A
Daughter of Uncle Sam."
plies.
In the photo may be seen the spy's den
and the various plotters watching a Radio controlled torpedo. Jane Vance and William Sorelle are featured in the swift,
rapid -fire action of this film -play.
Universal's new serial "The Mystery
Ship" abounds in numerous thrilling situations. The story centers about a semivisible ship which can travel on land, water,
and in the air. To make it invisible it is
painted with a substance, the inventor of
which is trying to recover for the heroine
a large treasure, which had been the cause
of her father's long search, finally ending
in his death. The treasure is very difficult
to locate and the "phantom" is trying his
best to get it. Eventually he has in mind
have been produced by this company and

therefore the success of its latest attempt
seems assured.
The story abounds in many tense situations and gives opportunity to the brilliant stars. Who is her father? That is
the question a young and beautiful girl
must answer. The man she had reason to
believe was her father has been mysteriously murdered in his library and is
also an agent of a foreign power. Before the agent dies he reveals to those
present the secret of two mysterious
packets and a locket which will establish the identity of the heroine, that she
is a princess. "The Hidden Hand" has
received news of the agent's arrival and
made up one of his confederates to represent a secret service man, who is investigating the mysterious circumstances surrounding our beautiful hero-
The Inside of the Invisible Boat

In "The Mystery Ship." Right Photo: Using
the Telephone to Direct the Stupendous Film
Play "The Woman God Forgot."
Top View:
episodes reflect the campaign of the

government against the destruction inaugurated in the United States by German
agents. It shows how the activities of the
enemy spies have been balked in their attempts to destroy ships, munition plants,
warehouses containing food and other sup-
Hand." Many startling and brilliant serials
seated in a corner of his laboratory on his

scientific ship.
Artcraft pictures present a wonderful

photoplay spectacle featuring the famous
opera star Geraldine Farrar in "The
Woman God Forgot." It abounds in many
thrilling and tense situations, dealing with
the Spaniards' early attempt at conquering
the new world with all the splendor on one
side-interwoven with barbaric cruelty on
the other. The photo herewith shows
Cortez up -to- date -Mr. Hobert Bosworth,
as the Spanish adventurer Cortez, whose
army conquered Montezuma and his Aztecs
-at the telephone assisting Cecil B. DeMille direct the big battle scenes, showing
how necessary it is to have communication
with the thousands of men taking part in a
"movie battle," to assure a realistic and
successful "scene."
Much attention has been attracted by the
new Path mystery serial "The Hidden
As
ire, thereby causing many complications.

Others are also interested in the packet as
strange provisions of the will, as yet not
discovered, are suspected.
In the present photo may be seen "The
Hidden Hand" in his laboratory making
up one of his confederates to resemble the
secret service agent and so cleverly is his
work done that the fair heroine is non plust to tell who her sweetheart is. for"as it happens in the movies" -she is soon
in love with the secret service man. On
the right of the "Hidden Hand" may be
seen his terrible poison gauntlet. When he
so desires he can shoot a stream of poisonout gas into his antagonist's face. thereby
laying him away for good.
HEARD FROM THE TRENCHES

The officer comes up an' says, "Which one
of you boys would like to have a night out
of the trenches ?" I steps forward, an' 'e
says, smilin'. "\ \'ell done, my boy, you will
complete the wiring-party to- night. "
Sketch.
many of our readers have recently become unduly agitated as to when they could obtain THE ELECTRICAL
in
wish to state that the newsstands have the journal on sale between the twelfth and the eighteenth of the month
should be is
the eastern part of the United States and about the twentieth of the month west of the Mississippi River. Our subscribers
by the
possession of their copies at these dates. Kindly bear in mind, however, that publications are not handled with the someasdispatch
to non -arrival
Post Office as a letter, For this reason delays are frequent, therefore kindly be patient and do not send us complaints
of your copy before the twenty -fifth of the month.
DATE OF ISSUE.
EXPERIMENTER. we
666
February,
1918
A Gyro -Electric Destroyer

By
primarily in this war to win

it and to.win it quick. This war
has demonstrated the fact that
men against men result unavoidably in a deadlock. There is but
little doubt that any of the men of the warring nations today are not as good as those
of any other. If we arc to win the war,
we will win it with machinery. As this
war has demonstrated and keeps on demonstrating right along, it is a conflict of machines vs. machines, and the nation that has
WE are
II.
GERNSBACK
well known the first British tractors

went into action in the Somme offensive
which began on September 15, 1916. The
object of the Tanks was to drive the Germans out of some high ground running
east and south of Thiepval. The Tank
having the clement of surprise, the Germans in the first assault were driven back
quite a little, but they soon rallied, and began to shell the various slow- moving Tanks.
Now it is not our. intention to minimize
the results or the successes of the British
is
the best and the

biggest machines
is most likely to
win out in the
Amerwith its in-
long run.
ica
exhaustible m
chanical resources should

and can do much
towards shortening the war, and

it is absolutely
certain that if we
do not bring into
t h e field monstrous machines
capable of smash-
GvROSCOPE
cover ground rapidly, so that it becomes

almost impossible for the enemy to get the
range.
In view of the fact that the United States
Government is seriously contemplating to
equip our national army with Tanks, we
wish to voice our strong opposition against
them, as being unfit for the important work
that they are supposed to do. We have in
the past issues shown designs of large
machines which could batter down barbed
wire entanglements and which were to be
used in offensive
work, but we believe that the machine here described h a s all
the good qualities
of the present
Tank, but none of
its many faults.
Transportation
of war stores
to
the Western
front at the present time is quite

a difficult problem
for the
United States. It
becomes a huge
ing thru anything,
task just now to
then the Germans
ship even one
ARMORED
hundred Tanks to
will do it.
fi6NTINJ CARS
America h a s
Europe, as they
GYROSCOPE CONTROL
the resources and
take up a trementhe brains to acdous amount of
complish the recargo space. In
sult. It is simply
contradistinction,
SIDE VIEW
a matter of doing
the machine deCROSS- SECTION
it, and doing it
scribed in t h i s
Sectional View Thru Front and Also Side View of Mastodonic "Gyro - Electric Destroyer." It
at once. Let our
article could be
Measures 45 Feet in Height and Can Progress Over Trenches, Barbed Wire and Gun Emplace officials ponder
shipt knocked
ments at 40 to 60 Miles Per Hour, Instead of Creeping Along as Do the "Tanks."
over the logic
down, the entire
and truth of this
frame work of
It is bound to arise again.
Tanks, but at the saine time, as we have
statement.
the wheel being made of channel iron,
If proof were needed What machinery pointed out before and insist in pointing which takes up very little room. This is
out again, the British Tanks as constructed
has been able to accomplish in this war the
a large item, and should be carefully conrecent advance of the English by means
today do not lend themselves for major
sidered, as no doubt it will.
of their ponderous Tanks before Cambrai, operations. They are all right for a surThe present gyroelectric destroyer is a
would be a good example. Likewise, the
prise attack, as at Cambrai, and it is quite
single steel wheel as clearly shown in our
German 42- centimeter guns have given us
doubtful in our mind if such a perform- front cover and accompanying illustrations.
a good idea that, given sufficient machinery,
ance can be repeated, as the Germans by
about 45 feet high. The top of the wheel
most any obstacle can be battered down.
this time have learned their lesson well.
is not flat, but is in the shape of an arc
It has been the pet contention of the
The great trouble with the Tank is its
which makes running a good deal easier.
ELECTRICAL EXI'EIUn1ENTER for years that
very slow speed. No tractors have been
The wheel itself looks like a huge ferris
the big machine is the thing in modern
constructed so far that can move at more wheel, and is constructed of channel steel
warfare. In our February, 1915, issue, long than eight to ten miles an hour, and as
thruout; in order to make it as light as
before the present Tank made its appearsuch they become easy prey to the enemy's
possible, it has no continuous tread or rim
ance on the Western front, we already picbut rather the steel pieces at the circumferguns which readily get the range of the
tured a ponderous machine that could be slow -moving vehicles, and begin to shell
ence are spaced about one foot apart, leavused to batter down not only trenches, but
them. While the British claimed no losses
ing a clear space for two reasons. First,
any kind of fortress as well. In this same
in the last Cambrai offensive, the Germans
the weight is cut down. Second, as our
issue, we also depicted a huge two- wheeled
claim that they shot twenty Tanks to pieces.
front cover illustration depicts, much betaffair which we termed a "Trench tractor,"
Presuming that this amount is exaggerated,
ter purchase is had on the ground, the
and this monster was supposed to make
there probably is quite a good deal of truth
machine not being apt to slip as would
trench warfare impossible.
There was
to it.
be the case if the top of the wheel was solid.
much publicity accorded these various deAttention is called to the fact that the
The wheel has one large shaft passing
as
well
as
signs
very much ridicule, as it
movable belt tread of the Tank is quite a
thru the center and extending at each side
was not then believed that the big machines
sensitive affair. If hit, even the bullet of
as shown in the cross -section in our illuswere what we claimed for them.
a small caliber gun will almost certainly
tration. This shaft is hollow and need not
Just the same, our ideas were the forecripple the Tank. The belt is the most
weigh very much. It is constructed of
runners of the present British Tanks, and
vulnerable part of the tractor, and as soon
steel. At the hubs and at the ends of the
in February, 1916, the first British machine
as it stops moving, the Tank stops moving
shaft the latter is provided with armored
was completed and taken down to a farm
as well, and as far as offensive work is
projections, which will not be damaged in
near London. In this locality pits, trenches
concerned, the machine is out of action.
In the center of the
case of shell fire.
and various fortifications had been deAs we have pointed out before, what is
wheel is suspended the engine cab which
stroyed so satisfactorily by the Tank, that
wanted is a machine, not necessarily moncomprises a gasoline engine of some three
an order was given at once for one hunstrous and weighing many thousand tons,
hundred to five hundred horsepower, the
dred machines. The first delivery of the
as much as a machine that need not weigh
energy being fed to a generator as shown.
British Tanks was made in July, 1916. As more than the present Tank, but that can Two of the electric motors are used for
AMONG the hundreds of new devices and appliances publisht monthly in The Electrical Experimenter, there are several, as,
a rule, which interest you. Full information on these subjects, as well as the name of the manufacturer, will be gladly
furnisht to you, free of charge, by addressing our Technical Information Bureau.
February,
19I8
propulsion of the wheel only; they are attached by means of a chain drive to the
central shaft as shown.
It will be understood by studying the illustrations that as soon as the motors
start operating, the engine cab swings forward while the wheel moves forward also.
The heavy weight of the engine cab prevents it from turning a somersault as it
were, but it does swing forward, and in
case the vehicle is to be stopt, the cab
must swing backward as shown in the
illustration below. The engineer thus has
it ill his power to run the destroyer fast
or slow, simply by changing the speed of
1t should also be noted that
Iris motors.
only a very moderate speed of the motors
is necessary, being that the diameter of the
wheel-45 feet --is so large that it will
move at the rate of from forty to sixty
miles with the motors running at very
slow speeds. So much for the power plant.
Our attention is now called to the fact
that we must steer the destroyer and steer
it quickly. To accomplish this, advantage
is taken of the gyroscope, which lends itself admirably to this work. The cross section of one of our illustrations shows
how this is accomplisht. A huge cast steel gyroscope wheel is stationed on the
central shaft and is driven rapidly by
means of a special electric motor as shown.
The gyroscope wheel while in motion, of
course, prevents the destroyer from toppling over, but the writer has incorporated
a new idea in the device, whereby it becomes possible with a single gyroscope to
steer the vehicle. By shifting the gyroscope wheel either to the left or to the
right. the vehicle will "turn" momentarily,
all depending on the amount of shifting
of the gyroscope, and this shifting need
not be very much. If the gyroscope wheel
is shifted to the right, the machine will
-
move to the left. 1f the wheel is moved

to the left, the destroyer will move to the
right. Attention is called to the fact that
this "leaning" is very slight, as the gyroscope tends to keep the machine in its upright position always. For instance, the
destroyer will turn corners, not by leaning
at a picturesque angle, as might be supposed, but it will actually turn corners in
a
vertical position,
due, of course, to
the gyroscope which
tends to keep t h e
wheel in its upright
1/2
It is simply a
power plant.
Inasmuch as the wheel of the destroyer
is not solid, but made of channel steel, it
will be readily understood that even a large
size shell will easily pass thru the lattice
work of the destroyer without doing much
damage, and here is where this machine
shows its superiority over the tank.
It
will be almost impossible to damage this
destroyer by means of shell shot. Even a
"dead hit" from a medium caliber gun will
not cause much damage, and even a good
sized shot hitting the gyroscope will not
hurt it very much for the reason that the
latter spins at enormous speed and will
be almost certain to deflect the shot, unless, of course, it is a dead hit at right
angles to the face of the wheel. The external chain drives are encased in heavy
armor, and it should be as heavy as possible to prevent the machine being put out
of action, and this can be readily done. It
will be noted that this chain drive, the
most vital part of the machine, presents
hut little surface to an oncoming shell. In
contrast thereto you will notice the broad
and very large moving tread of a British
tank, which comprises almost one -quarter
of the surface of the entire tank.
Reverting back to the gun cabs. There
is really no good reason why these cabs
are needed at all. Nor is there any good
reason why the British tanks should carry
guns. If the machine was at all built for
offensive purposes, its weight alone would
he sufficient to crush down any opposition.
thereby making the guns useless. This is
exactly the purpose of the present machine. Imagine this machine starting on
its offensive journey. It will first smash
thru all the barbed wire entanglements
without any trouble whatsoever. It simply
mows them down as so many match sticks,
thereby cutting open a path for the infantry that follows. Suppose a nest of machine guns is encountered. Our guns become practically useless, for if the destroyer runs over the machine guns or even
threatens to do so. the enemy must of
necessity abandon the guns, and the destroyer "walks" over them, crushing them
into the ground. The same is the case
sive purposes whatsoever.
motion
Stopping
position always. No
technical difficulty is
occasioned in t h i s
gyroscopic drive or
control, and any engineer familiar with
gyroscope
667
is to cut down barbed wire entanglementssecond to run over artillery, thereby putting it out of action. if we employed
enough destroyers, it can be readily conceived how the enemy must invariably retreat as soon as these machines begin to
advance, for the enemy denuded of all
artillery must give up ground.
Some of these destroyers would, of
course, be used to run parallel to the
trenches, and here is where the gun carriages of the destroyers would come into
their most effective work.

They could
drop bombs into the trenches as Ivell as
spray the occupants with machine gun bullets in order to demoralize the men in the
trenches. It would become a more or less
simple task to take trenches by means of
this machine, but, of course, the most important part would be to destroy the larger
artillery behind the supporting lines of the
enemy. This the huge machines would do
without any trouble whatsoever. There
is practically nothing known today that
could stop the progress of the destroyer.
Of course this machine cannot climb steep
mountains, nor ford deep rivers, but then
the present tanks can not accomplish this
either. But the gyroelectric destroyer can
run up a hill by taking a zig -zag or oblique course. Rivers that are not too deep
can be readily negotiated by running thru
them obliquely, not fording them at right
angles.
\Ve are quite confident that a machine

of this kind should do as good work as a
thousand men in the field, and, perhaps,
better.
NEW -CODE RULE WILL REQUIRE

POLARIZED WIRING.
At the recent meeting of the Electrical
Committee of the National Fire Protection

Association for revision for the next edition of the National Electrical Code, it Was
voted to change Rule 26a as follows:
"The neutral conductor of all three -wire
circuits and one conductor on all two -wire
circuits must have an identifying insulating
covering readily distinguishing it from
other wires. This wire must be run without transposition thruout the entire installation and properly connected at all
fittings to properly
identified terminals
in order to preserve
its continuity. When
one of the circuit
wires is to be
grounded, the
ground
connection
must be made to this
identified wire and
work
should be able to
work out the details
as
of the machine
CE
readily.
At the two sides

of the wheel we note
the
armored g
u n
These can be
round or square as
may be desired they
hang from the shafts
cabs.
fng l'ab stiayr
v Cornard uadro^t
Cur, Cad to
rear gtrodroot
lebic/e s/apped by ap,o/;//n,

brode or reducing ireogPnnenhich coc ses .Cob
.[.ring a
PO/padran'Cn,d /hUS
oJrca'c.e
agro Idvc/e toms

earners .n icd.ta'
prescribed
in
Rule 15 and 15/I."

This rule will appear in the new edition of the Code, to
be known as the
19]3 edition, and
does not become effective until January 1 1919. All fittings having w i r e
terminals, such as
,
Diagrams Which Show the Action of the Suspended "Engine Cab" and "Gun Cabs" When
Gyro -Electric Destroyer Is In Motion; When It Is Stopped and When Turning Corners.
sockets, receptacles,
As there
cut -out base s, atis nothing to hold
tachment plugs. etc.. must have some identiwith the large size guns. You may be
them back, the two cabs will move backfying mark to enable them to be easily conquite sure that if the gunners see the maward due to their inertia while the machine
nected with the proper terminal. Therefore.
chine coming. they will most certainly
is in motion ; they will move forward for
the organization known as the Associated
abandon their gun. and in this case the
the same reason when the destroyer is
Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies has
destroyer is powerful enough to run over
suddenly stopt. Our illustrations show
submitted the matter to members of all of
the gun, thereby putting it out of action.
this clearly.
its sections covering the devices affected,
This machine is not designed, as might
These armored cabs have the usual guns,
asking that proper committees be appointed
be supposed, to kill off as many of the
the same as the British tanks, and they
to consider the matter and report results at
enemy as possible. That is not at all the
also have a bottom tube for the discharge
purpose of the machine. It is simply to
as early a date as possible. in order that
of bombs as shown. All the offensive
put out of action other machines, prethey may be fully prepared for the new orwork is carried out by the two -gum cabs,
ferably guns, not men. Its first purpose
der of rules when in effect January 1, 1919.
the engine plant not being used for offenby means
of loose
slip rings.
668
February, 19I8
"The Deluge" -The Show That Electricity Made Possible

By GEORGE HOLMES
R1'HUR HOPKINS, who has

presented the critical public with
many successes, has outdone himself in "The Deluge " -one of the
best acted and intensely interesting
dramas ever presented upon the American
Even tho it comes at a time when
all the world is in a turmoil, the play
serves to illustrate the law of human nature
truer and more realistic than anything seen
in years. Many fine bits of side -play are
shown between members of the cast and a
number of tensely gripping scenes help to
make the play one of the distinct successes
of the present theatrical season.
The play deals with the various emotions
that will grip a number of persons with
widely disassociated traits and vocations
when thrown together and facing death,
who try to make in their last moments
reparation for past transgressions, striving
stage.
I wish to convey the danger that faces

the characters in the story, which by the
fascinating science of "stagecraft" is carried out in a remarkably realistic manner.
In the first act the various persons are
drawn to a cafe, not of the ordinary sort,
but one whose regular life only begins at
midnight, behind closed doors when all the
world is asleep. Reports have been circulated that a cyclone is on its way and general apprehension is felt as to whether the
dams on the river above the town will hold.
Suddenly, without warning, the terror
strikes the town, and all rush to safety
;
the various persons trapt in the cafe arc

expressing the chances of the dam's holding; amongst their number is a lawyer
who has participated in a graft contract
on the construction of the dam and who
realizes that it will not hold if the storm
continues to last much longer, and so in-
on the part of the actors in the cast.

Now as to the mechanics of this stupendous production -and believe me the
effect of the deluge striking the town sure
does sound like the "real stuff," when
you're sitting "out front" -which far surpasses anything done heretofore in this
direction.
The stage has always held for most
folks, be they old or young, a certain thrill
of fascination and mystery. They see
marvelous effects, experience novel sensations and then wonder how it is all done.
The people who produce the effects and
all "show folks" in general have an unwritten law about divulging details of the how
and why of things, and, therefore, much
of the mystery still remains. Only in rare
instances are the uninitiated so fortunate
as to be allowed a peek back of the "curtain" where the make -believe and mystery-
of Dozens of Electrical
"The Deluge " -a Master -piece of the Theatrical World Recently Pro duced In New York, Involved the Application
Are Required, Some work
and Aiheu "Stunts" to Keep the Audience on Edge. To Give the True Effect of a "Bursting Dam" Nineteen MenFull
Size
"Anchor Chain" IS
Noise"
a
for
the
"Big
and
a
Chute,
and
Down
Machines,
Balls
Up
ing the "Wind"
Others Rumbling Cannon
Dropt Forty Feet Onto a Steel Plate!
hand in hand to whisk death away from

Suddenly, finding themtheir doorstep.
selves face to face with the fact that the
danger is past, they forget all their good intentions and fall back into paths of socalled civilization, completely ignoring each
other as in the past. A play with a moral
that is strikingly told.
It is not my intention to dwell on the
merits of the drama more than is necessary to give the reader the basic theme
upon which the play is written.
forms those assembled. Immediately there

takes the upper hand and
orders that everything be securely locked.
Iron shutters on the windows and doors
are lowered by cranks, etc., which make the
room absolutely watertight; in other
words the people are shut tip in a living
tomb -then the big crash comes of the dam
bursting and loosing the torrents of water
over the town. For a whole night the suspense continues, their fates in the balance,
and gives rise to some very fine portrayals
is a panic, but he
producing scenes of Theaterdom take place.

Having been intimately connected with
stage life for a number of years, the author takes pleasure in giving the general
public an insight as to the rle played by
modern stagecraft in this recent New York
success.
"Back stage." all the space available is

devoted to the miscellaneous apparatus
necessary to produce the effect of the "Deluge."
The innumerable cables, braces. stands,
February, 1918
NEW ELECTRIC FOOD VENDING
MACHINES.
Automatic self- service restaurants are
very popular in large European cities. We
have also in some of our more prominent
American cities a limited number of them.
Automatic self -service in restaurants has
great advantages over other restaurant systems. The most important ones are improved sanitation, quicker service and the
elimination of tips and delaying waiters.
In the present device the coin inserted
is accepted or rejected, depending upon
whether or not there is food in the chamber. A signal- system is operated to notify
the attendant of the need of refilling and
the salts recorded, all of which represent
entirely novel features, assuring an absolute control of each individual purchase,
collectively showing the volume of sales.
This recording- system makes it possible to
operate an unlimited chain of restaurants.
Moreover, the recording- system is put up in
the form of an electric panel indicator in
the manager's office, who can by this method
see at a glance how his business stands
at any hour of the day. Then again,
when the attendant refills the empty
compartment, all these operations are
reversed.
All of the operations mentioned above
are accomplisht thru the employment
of electro magnets, which may be of the
two -pole horseshoe type or may be of the
ironclad solenoid type. These electro magnets are placed below the table level and
the physical pull exerted by them is transmitted to the compartments above by thin
steel rods operating a rocking arm or shaft.
These shafts are concealed in horizontal
bars supporting the glass shelves on which
the food is displayed. The locking mechanism is also concealed in a hollow framespotlights and maze of ropes would test
most people's ingenuity, particularly those
unacquainted. with life behind the scenes.
In this particular production every available bit of space is utilized. The scene
proper is what is known as a "box set,"
and is a permanent arrangement thru the
three scenes of the play.
Details have been given strict attention,
and the lowering of the iron shutters to
make the place watertight is a most ingenious arrangement, the audience being
able to see the shutters slowly descending
as the ratchets and cranks do their work
noisily and dramatically. Now for the
"big stuff ":
Seated at a keyboard provided with
numerous "tell- tale" lamps, the stage manager signals to the various men stationed in
distant nooks and corners, to produce
whatever effect they have charge of at the
critical moment or moments. Near each
stage hand is set a signal lamp in series
with a tell -tale lamp on the stage manager's
keyboard, and both work together. It requires nineteen men to produce the "atmosphere" of the deluge!!
Some "work" large trays, made of resinous wood and resembling the shape of a
cheese box cover, with very small peas in
the same. These trays are held in both
hands and worked around in a rolling motion, thereby giving the effect of light rain.
and may be seen being used by the men on
the slightly elevated stands or platforms.
Next comes our heavy rain machine made
of a stand in which is suspended a drum
made of fine mosquito screening and inside
of the drum a few pounds of small peas
are thrown; when the drum is revolved
by means of a crank the sound effect of
heavy rain is produced. The wind retaking
work, so there is actually no mechanism to

obstruct the light which illuminates the food
from all sides. Heating is done electrically.
669
AUSTRALIAN RAIN STIMULATING
DEVICE.
The Commonwealth Government of Australia, thru Mr. W. A. Watt, Minister for
Works and Railways, has decided to install
two llalsillic plants for the stimulation of
rain in Victoria and in New South Wales, in
the Malice and Riverina districts respectively.
\Ir. J. G. Balsillie, an Australian, has become famous for his inventions in wireless
telegraphy. lie has now carried his inventive genius into the domain of rain -making
or rain -stimulating by means of high tension
electricity liberated in the upper atmospheric
strata. As a result of official trials made
with his device at Bookaloo, 50 miles west
of Port Augusta, an increased rainfall of
between 50 and 70 per cent has been noted
there. Having examined the results of a
year's experiment, Mr. Watt has been very
much imprest with the possibilities of Mr.
Balsillie's invention. The vast importance
to Australia of a successful method of rain stimulation has been recognized by the Minister, hence the new tests which will be
made.
LINEMEN IN INDIA MUST EAT.
New Automatic Electric Waiter-Drop Nickel

In Slot -Out Comes the Plel
France imported $12,221,300 worth of

electrical materials during the year 1916.
machine is nearly the same as the rain machine excepting that the drum is made of
large chicken wire over which a strip of
canvas is thrown weighted on one end so
that it bears against the drum. When the
drum is revolved the friction exerted
against the canvas gives the effect of wind.
For shrieking wind a large hand blower
such as used by riveters and blacksmiths
is utilized, and the wind is sent thru a number of chambers and then out thru a large
horn; when the handle is turned swiftly a
loud shrieky wind effect is secured. And
now for our "big slam" -large wooden
troughs are used for the rumble effect and
are about ten feet long by two feet wide
with zig -zag slats on the bottom to bounce
the cannon balls as they are rolled back and
forth.
The mighty rumble of the dam bursting
is made by having a similar arrangement
of troughs extending from the top of the
"fly gallery" (about forty feet) down to
the floor of the stage, as shown in the picture which, in this case, were attached to a
zig -zag stairway leading to the dressing
rooms. When the "thunder -man" is signaled lie lifts a small door in a big case
containing all sizes of cannon balls, and
permits a choice quantity of them to run
down thru the zig-zag troughs, with a resulting sound climax that resembles General Byns smash thru the "Hindenburg
Line"-tanks and all -and then to top it
off a life -size anchor chain is dropt from
the fly -gallery on to a large iron plate. making a never- to -be- forgotten crash! Besides
all this there is an immense tremble machine built like an organ, which when set
to going gives you the creepy feeling that
the building is about to collapse! The machine is worked by a giant electric blower
and air compressor, which equipment is
It is said that the native in India is extremely particular about regularity in

his meals; once accustomed to eating
at a certain hour he must stick to it
at all costs. An English engineer had
an awkward experience of this when
erecting a 100 -foot steel pole with the
aid of about 30 natives and the minimum of tackle. The pole was halfway up when the "headman" intimated
that it was dinner time. Only the most
desperate entreaties, coupled with threats.
prevented the men letting the pole conic
down with a run, tho it had taken several
hours to get it into this position.
located in the cellar with pipes leading up
thru the floor to the machine proper.
Add to all this the mass of paraphernalia,
cables, curtains, etc., actually used and it
certainly looks like one big confusion, but
to those who are acquainted with all the
details, little of the seeming disorder is
noticed, for by a systematic routine everything happens so that all ends well and
"they are happy ever afterwards!"
MEMORIAL TO DR. ALEXANDER

GRAHAM BELL.
The memorial erected in honor of Dr.
Alexander Graham Bell, and his invention
of the telephone in Brantford, Ont., Can.,
was unveiled in that city October 24, in the
presence of the Governor- General of
Canada, the Duke of Devonshire, and other
distinguished persons. Doctor Bell was
present and took part in the ceremonies.
Mr. Theo. N. Vail, president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, had
been invited, but sent his regrets at not
being able to be present. Bell telephone interests were represented by other gentlemen.
however.
The memorial cost over $25,000. while the
total outlay for the grounds and Bell homestead, dedicated as the Alexander Graham
Bell Gardens, represent a cost of $65,000.
COLONEL J. J. CARTY NOW

REGULAR ARMY.
IN
J. J. Carty, chief engineer of the American Telepfione and Telegraph Company. and
lately appointed senior major of the Signal
Reserve Corps. has been appointed by
President \Vilson a colonel in the Signal
Corps in the regular army of the United
States, to rank as such from August 15.
February, 1918
670
A New Electro- Magnetic Train Stop

varied failTHE. numerous and
ures made by American inventors
seeking to perfect automatic train stops and controls to eliminate railroad wrecks, have spread abroad
pessimism on the subject, which has sud-
should he be sick, injured or dead in the

cab, or should he misunderstand or purposefully disobey them. The present signals are operated by circuits in the rails
low voltage currents too weak to leak

across from right rail to left rail by creep-
Fig 2, by swivels, from the axles of the

forward trucks of the tender. As the magnets are housed and fixt in the track and
do not move to operate, they are not inter-
fered with by snow, sleet, ice, debris, etc.

When the engine and tender pass over an
energized "caution"
track magnet, the
soft iron armature
is pulled downward
( or else released upward, if denergized
magnets are used
f o r danger signaling and control),
closing for an instant the control
contacts (Fig. 2),
thus applying the
brakes partially for

moment. The
"stop" track magnets will cut off the
steam and apply the
brakes.
In another, newer
arrangement, the
armature bar under
the engine does not
change position in
its function and the
a
same natural conditions such as snow,

debris, etc., do not
affect it. It is a
member of a closed
circuit on the engine
from the moment
the engine leaves the
On
round - house.
the top of it, so
housed that it is
independent of oil.
gas, speed, shock,
oscillation, v i b r a-
The Efficacy of This New "ElectroMagnetic Train Stoo" Is Demonstrated By Its Inventors With the Aid o'
This Complete Miniature Electric Railway System. If the Engineer Fails to Obey the Signals the Track
Magnets Act To Cut Off the Steam and Apply the Air Brakes.
'
dente been dispelled by the advent of a

new electromagnetic method. known best
among railroad men as the M -V system.
It lias been pronounced technically and
practically invulnerable by government and
railroad authorities, and promises revolutionary changes in the present method of
operating trains. so its sponsors state.
Never have the railroads hauled so much
government property as during this war.
and the tens of millions lost in wrecks in
the past few months has incited war conservators to support the new system as a
tear measure. Inasmuch as it is a simple
tilo peculiar adjunct of the present block
signal systems it can be installed quickly
and inexpensively.
A danger condition in any given block
energizes a field of electro -nuggets of a
new type placed in the track at braking distance from the semaphore in the approach
block, and also a field of titagliets at a
given distance from the "caution" semaphore. The last field reduces the speed of
the train to a predetermined rate, while the
first field operates a stop under service application of the air -brakes, regardless of
the presence of either engineer or fireman
in the engine cab. It works equally well
on either steam or electric railways.
See
Fig.
1.
At present danger of
head -on, rear
end, side -swipe or crossing collision, or a

broken rail, open bridge, open switch, rock.
snow or land slide, wash-out, burned
bridge, etc., in "A" block causes the operation of a "stop" signal in "B" block and a
"caution" signal in "C" block, all of which

are worthless should the engineer he unable
to see them thru smoke. fog or snow; or
or any contact lighter than the wheels
age
of
loaded hand -car.
rent -rides
tion, or foreign cur-
balanced trip or trigger

with one end held to the bar by the magWhen the bar
netism of the steel bar.
passes at either low or high speed over an
energized M -V track magnet, the bar partly
demagnetizes in the usual way and the trigger falls by the infallible law of gravity,
breaking the closed electric circuit on the
engine. This sets the cab air and steam
valve actuating device in operation.
(Continued on opposite page)
a
The M -V system operates with these

same low voltage currents without additional installation save that the current
from semaphore battery or feed wire is
relayed from battery well or supply station to the field of track magnets. The
magnets have the form of a square "U,"
with short poles of precise ratios to the
bulk thereof. As
a new result the
low voltage cur
rent in its transit
Diredio/p of from
thru one of these
MI.MI
In
magnets secures a
remarkable distance
re
traction
that enables t h e
magnet to pull
positively thru
any known substance of several
inches thickness.
Present M. C.
B. standards require three inches
clearance
41.6011
J00..royaidt
ance t h e M -V
system suspends
bar of soft
preferably
suspended in one
of its designs, see
zeo
iaoyo ei
mC
Jtoywz(r
Jyv.r/
fig t
Jn./N conbs4mmppo.rDra.fes
cnds/eem
ro.bss
GaanrOmcqx/a'?e/oy
on
trains, the cowcatcher being carried at that and

everything e l s e
being higher. At
four inch cleara long
i r o n,
y
,1:
1
kern
mcsxh
sicu
mcgne'
"
Cm.OGS
fig
eyroDk soL'iro1
rmeum
eng.x
r'll
ners
sl
lm
f/eUro-mcqne,7
t7 /roet
fig 3
Jvcds4orn
ro/res mn/.a,'ec
ou.,omo/leo//y oy
erUro
r.ox/
This Diagram Illustrates How the Electro Magnets Are Placed Along
the Track at Danger Points so as to Act Gradually on the Train's
Air Brakes. Also Two Methods of Applying the Magnetic Action.
February, 1918
JAPANESE WARSHIPS USE
RADIOPHONE.
Many of the largest Japanese warships
have been cquipt with wireless telephones,
which operate successfully for distances up
to 100 miles.
(Continued from opposite page)

The main function of this cab device is
to turn off the steam (or electric power) instantly and to begin a service application
of the air -brakes. On an electric locomotive
the breaking of the circuit automatically
breaks the power circuit. On a steam locomotive the breaking of the closed circuit
turns a valve in front of the throttle. The
service application of the air brakes is more
involved.
In the cab device, which occupies but a
square foot of cab space, are two small
solenoids operation on the closed circuit.
The breaking of the closed circuit releases
a small superimposed armature which by
spring action makes a new contact that
energizes two larger solenoids; these draw
downward a transverse bar serving as the
foot of a plunger carrying a pin valve, that
by the descent of the bar is drawn into line
with the duct of a small divergent line from
the train pressure pipe. The air from the
train pipe passes thru the pin valve into a
cylinder and operates against a piston which
actuates a lever that gives one reduction
of the air pressure by a valve to the open
air, and then exhausting, returns by spring
pressure and gives another reduction and so
on till the train comes to a complete standstill smoothly, without sliding of the wheels
or destructive jar. The amount of each
reduction is' predetermined according to the
length and weight of the train, by a special
ratchet movement on the lever to which
various wheels are adjusted, notched for
from six to one hundred cars or more.
The system is immediately valuable in
that it enables the big steam railroads of
the country to put into speedy operation the
same operative protection which has given
absolute satisfaction in covered trackage in
the New York subways, Boston and London subways and the Hudson & Manhattan
tubes since their construction, without one
collision, loss of life or money. It is prospectively revolutionary in that railroads
are now enabled to "get" from the track
into the train infallibly at any point of line
under all weather conditions. It is possible
to run a train from New York to Philadelphia today without either engineer or fireman, say the inventors of this new method
of "stopping a train with a magnet," and it
may soon be practicable.
ON BUSINESS BY
ELECTRICITY.
EGGING
Off with the old, on with the new. Grandma's method of guessing the egg is 99 per
cent pure fails to pass the censor today.
Modern methods have egged off the old
ideas, and today efficient electricity has the
call, saving time, temper and trouble.
Here are nimble fingered, keen eyed egg
testers, separating the false from the true
by means of electric egg candlers, operated
671
A New York rapid transit company introduced improvements in the year which,
according to the patent office, have caused a
drop in coal consumption from 2y: pounds
a kilowatt hour to 1% pounds a kilowatt
hour.
An electric plant, thru some new invention, it has shown, is now able to generate
electricity from coal more cheaply than can
be done from the waters of Niagara Falls,
says Patent News. These great economies
Here We See Nimble Fingered, Keen Eyed Egg Testers Separating the False from
the True by Means of Electric Egg Candlers, Operated from the Ordinary Lighting Circuit.
on ordinary house lighting circuits. The

electrical egg tester never lies. Its hidden
eye and supersensitive nose rout out hen
products that are inclined to "cheat."
This form of commercial electrical inspection dispells the doubt and guesswork.
speeds up shipments, cuts labor costs and
is helping Hooverize cost-to- customer.Photo Society for Electrical Development.
MANY NOVEL PATENTS ISSUED

IN YEAR.
Invention in this country reached high tide during the calendar year 1916. Forty two thousand separate patents were issued
to inventors by Uncle Sam.
It is not the number of patents issued, however, that is
worthy of note, but the character of the inventions. The
patent office deals with all
the efforts of the world in
every field of industry to advance the useful arts. Great
interests are involved, not
merely of private, but of public concern, in the discoveries
that are listed with the patent
office.
A Full Size Model of the "Cab Device" as Demonstrated

by the Inventor. It Automatically Shuts Off the Steam
and Applies the Air Brakes.
As an illustration of what
the discoveries of the 12
months mean, reference may
be made to the fact that one
concern in Chicago reports
that it lias effected a reduction in coal consumption from
nearly seven pounds a kilowatt hour to 2.7 pounds a
kilowatt hour, as a result of
a new invention.
are due in large measure to new inventions

relating to automatic stokers and regulators
attached to furnace construction, to forced
draft and to coal-handling machinery.
The year brought new and valuable inventions that had to do with wireless telegraphy. telephony, the control of torpedoes,
searchlights and gun pointing. vacuum
cleaning. X -ray apparatus, liquefaction of
air to produce oxygen and nitrogen for
commercial use, flying machines. the moving picture and mercury vapor lamps.
For a period of some five years an industrial fellowship maintained by trained
scientists have devoted their time to the
study of methods of bread -making, with
the object of producing better bread. In
the last calendar year, certain of the processes developed thru this study were
patented and put into operation.
Better nourishment of the yeast lias reduced the amount required in raising the
bread and maturing the dough, with the
consequent lessening of the amount of flour
and sugar used up by the yeast and converted into carbon dioxid and alcohol. The
savings of these and other economies to
those employing the novel processes
patented during the year are estimated to
amount to more than $1,000,000 a year.
This estimate is based on the present high
scale of prices. but on any scale of prices
would. it is asserted, be enormous.
The patents in the electrical field during
the year were numerous. In the field of
farming implements there came the improved tractor engines, better apparatus for
digging, irrigation and drainage canals.
improved beet harvesters, and thousands of
other useful as well as interesting ideas.
February, 1918
672
One of the most menial tasks about the

farm and dairy is that of keeping the cows
Progressive dairies are rapidly
clean.
awakening to the fact that a small electric
Material used was four layers of

absorbent cotton covered with two layers of
silent or underlay table cloth, and finished
with two layers of gauze or cheese cloth.
This was soaked in a solution of sodium
bicarbonat (ordinary baking soda) iii to a
quart of water. To make the connection
with the rheophore and the positive pole a
carbon terminal was used instead of metal
in order to avoid any possibility of metallic
ionisation. This carbon terminal was a portion of the carbon element of an old sal ammoniac cell. The spring from an old dry
cell was fastened by a screw to the carbon
:lnd used to make the connection with the
conducting cord. I have found this spring
very satisfactory means of making connections for electrodes. The electrodes for the
eyes were of copper gauze wire twisted to
form a stiff centre piece with flat ends the
size to cover the eves. The center was
covered with adhesive plaster, the eye pieces
with 2 layers of absorbent cotton, then two
lavers of silent cloth followed last with
3" x 6 ".
Bossie Gets An Outdoor Bath

The patient, Mrs. pif., was free of these
troubles and had a vision of R. E. 20/100,
L. E. 20/70. We had then a favorable case.
Treatment was commenced February 11,
cheese cloth.
These electrodes for the eyes were well
soaked in a 2% sodium chlorid (common
table salt) solution and kept wet thruout
treatment by applying the solution frequently with a dropper. Mode of application was three (3) to ten (10) milliamperes
twenty minutes daily, six times a week.
Fifteen treatments were given in February, 27 in March, 23 in April, 16 in May, 7
in June, making S treatments given during
five months.
Results. The oculist's report was as
Photos courtesy of Society for Electrical Development
-It
is Cleaning the Cows. And

Is One Job That the Boy on the Farm Detests
Modern Dairy Regulations Demand Extreme Cleanliness from the Cow. Down to the
Final Product. Wherefore We Learn That Dairymen Are Now Using Electric Vacuum
Cleaners for Keeping the Cows Thoroly Clean.
If There
vacuum cleaner of the portable type will

soon pay for itself in performing this duty.
A few deft whisks of the vacuum cleaner
tool over Bossie's hairy coat and she's as
clean as a whistle. It is doubtful if there
is any other method which can approach
this one for cleaning the coats of such
animals as the cow.
A small electric motor, costing but a few
cents per hour to run. drives the highly
efficient vacuum suction brush. This treatment has been found to promote sanitation
and health among cows as well as horses.
The new device does away with the laborious as well as unsanitary task of currycombing the cattle to produce the rich, full
coat which the experienced farmer accepts
as a sign of good health.
The electric vacuum milker is another of
the modern devices which have proven a
god -send to the dairymen. The second
illustration herewith shows the 20th century
way of milking cows. All the attendant
has to do is to attach the four suction nipples to the cow's teats, the machine does
the rest. It milks the cow more quickly
than the old -fashioned method and is more
sanitary in every way.
ELECTROTHERAPY HELPS CATARACT OF THE EYE.
If there is one ailment that has baffled

treatment by either surgical, mechanical or
electrical treatment it is cataract of the eye.
Many people, especially older men and
women, go permanently blind with this
trouble. It is, therefore, that we read with
gratifying interest of a successful electrotherapeutical treatment of such a case and
which is discust by Dr. Moses G. Campbell
in the American Journal of Electratherapeutics and Radiology.
1916. Radiant light

tion and galvanism
first month 1 had
proper electrode. I
and heat. The
patient
fa
and heat, autocondensawere used. During the

difficulty in securing a
then used radiant light
follows:
"On first examination patient reports o
haze or cloud before both eves, being unable
to sec clearly with glosses. She noticed about
the last of March a marked improvement in
clearness of vision, that 'the cloud' before
eves was not so great. My impression was
that in June when she left Atlanta that the
cloud had about disappeared. With the
ophthalmoscope the cataracts appeared not
so dense."
He admitted that the improvement was
beyond his expectation and was such as to
enable him to make her vision practically
normal with glasses -1.50 sph.
At the time treatment was discontinued,
ed
to improve
during
t h i s
time, and complained of pain
in the eyes. The
light was then
omitted. Auto -
condensation
was given thruout the treatment with the

idea of improving the general
nutrition of the
patient who was
a rundown
state on account of a spell
of grippe, and
to relieve or
improve h e r
rheumatoid condition of hands
in
and feet.
Galvanism
was
the
main
local a g e n t
used. The mode
w a s
negative
pole to the eyes

and positive to
the back of the
neck.
To Milk
Do the
Fifty Cows
Used to Be a Job for Ten Men -Now One Man Can

to the Electric Vacuum Milker Here Illustrated.
Work- Thanks
The electrode that gave best service was

made as follows
The pad to the back of the neck was
:
Her home
oculist examined the eyes and told her she
would never go blind.
site could see objects clearly.
February,
9 I8
673
Telephone Switchboards of Yesterday

HELLO. Central, give me Rector
four- six -four -two! Thus speaks
the twentieth century business
man -and in ten seconds he is in
telephonic communication with
the desired party. That is, if Central is
feeling right and the line is not busy. But
imagine the exasperation of the business
man of 38 or 40 years ago. who could count
himself lucky indeed if he got his party
after half an hour of arguing with the
"Central boys" -who, we are told, often became so flustered that they sast the subscribers back in several languages.
The telephone probably furnishes the
most impressive object- lesson in development in the comparatively few years of its
life, but the switchboard has undergone the
most remarkable metamorphosis of all.
The illustrations herewith are exceptionally interesting in that they bring the
old and new types of central telephone exchange switchboard into strong contrast,
and many people will be inclined to remark, "is it possible that such changes
could have taken place in telephone switchboard development within forty years ?"
But the world has been moving forward
with rapid strides since Dr. Alexander
Graham Bell first brought his telephone to
the attention of the skeptical world, in
1876.
In Fig. 1, is shown the appearance of the

first commercial telephone switchboard.
of that year. Fig. 3 is a photograph of an

early American telephone switchboard of
unknown date. It apparently
possest several advantages over
the first types used, judging by
the elaborate arrangement of
the connecting jacks.
A good idea of the early telephone switchboard is given in
an article in Electric industries
by Mr. James G. Lorrain, one
of the pioneers in English telephone developments. Mr. Lorrain says in part:
"The Manchester (England)
Exchange was the first (July,
1879) telephone exchange in
Great Britain, and indeed in
Europe. The switching apparatus consisted of a Williams' (American make, as devised by T. A. Watson) 'standard' switchboard, as it was
called, and a separate operating
table. Two operators were required to work 75 lines. One sat
at the table to receive calls and
ceeded to
transfer its business
to
the
Lancashire and Cheshire Telephone Corn
shouted them out to the other

operator, who plugged the lines
together at the switchboard.

The noise in a switchroom
fitted with a number of such
operating tables may he imagined when it is considered that
Fig. 3. -A Really Pretentious Telephone Switchboard of

Early Vintage. Its Exact Age Is Not Known But It
the First Attempts Made To
one "Central Was Among
Establish Telephone Service.
li o y" had to
shout the num- parry, Limited.
ber to another
"In planning the Edinburgh Exchange
boy at the plug made a good many departures from previ1, o a r d, situated
ous practise. Instead of taking the lines
about 10 to 12 of all our subscribers to one central station,
feet a w a y! In
I put up four central stations, three in dif1879 and
I880 ferent districts of Edinburgh and one in
1
New York City

had some of
t Ii e s e telephone
exchanges
n
s
t a l l e d and
working.
These
switchboards
were of the plug

and strip type
and patterned after the old style
telegraph switchboard. It soon
led to the abandonment of such
apparatus
Fig.
1.
Used In
The First Commercial Telephone Switchboard. It Was First

New Haven, Conn., Jan., 1878, and Had Connections for
"Eight" Subscribers.
used in New Haven, Conn., in January,

1878. It had connections for eight subscribers, as shown by the call box on the
upper right hand corner. The names of
these eight subscribers ought to he engraved on the rolls of fame for their faith
in the telephone promise.
As becomes evident to any electrician this
telephone switchboard resembles the "attic"
laboratory switch panel of one of our later day electrical "bugs." The telephone receiver shown was made of wood, and it is
indeed interesting to note that while the
modern telephone switchboard bears a resemblance to the old -time hoard, in name
only, the telephone receiver remains almost
identical to the one yon see in this historic
illustration. It shows that Dr. Bell had the
right idea from the very start.

The early switchboard shown at Fig. 2,
bears the date of 1878 and was used in establishing the first telephone system in Chicago, Ill. It was put in operation in August
in
large stations.
'Almost immed
at ely
after-
Leith, and these I fitted with the 'Jones'

operating tables. This central switching
apparatus differed considerably from that
of the '\Villiams' type used in the English
exchanges. With the Jones system each
operator was seated at a separate table
fitted with 50 lines and arranged in such a
manner that flexible connecting leads could
connect any two of the tables. A very much
more rapid service could be given by this
means; and there was no shouting in the
exchange room. I also adopted magneto
call -bells for the subscribers. instead of bat tery call -bells as had hitherto been the practise. Some of these were constructed on
the old 'thunder -pump' principle."
There is probably no other business
which has advanced as speedily as the telephone system.
.The appearance of a modern telephone
switchboard -that of the Chelsea Central
office in New York City-is shown in Fig.
wards the Lout

d on
Exchange
was started, Mr.
Ormiston and Mr. Fletcher
acting as engineers. About
three weeks later i went to
f
Liverpool and started the exchange there ; and this was
-4
quickly followed by ais exchange started in Sheffield by
the late Mr. Tasker and by
one in Wolverhampton. About
this time Mr. Edison's representatives started the formation
of exchanges in this country
with, I think, the 'Fitch' form
of Edison carbon transmitter
and the Edison 'motograpli receiver.
In August, 1879. a company
-the Lancashire Telephonic
Exchange, L i in it e
was
formed to take over the Manchester and Liverpool exchanges ; and that company
Fig. 2. Original Sketch of First Telephone Switchboard
subsequently, in 1881, proUsed In Chicago, Ill., August, 1878.
d-
7 In
674
Such an exchange handles thousands of

"calls" in a single hour. Instead of requiring anywhere from 10 minutes to half
an hour to com-
'.ion of traffic. The \Western Union Telegraph Company gave all the equipment for
the course and fitted up the laboratory. A
4.
-it
plete a call
now
takes about 10 seconds.
February,
Arlington, just across

the river from Washington, talked with a
man on the Eiffel tower in Paris by telephone without wires.
"But that is not
less, and a man in
all. A man in Honolulu heard the conversation.

From
Honolulu to t h e
Eiffel tower is 8,000
miles, one -third of
t h e circumference
of the globe. Does
it mean that we can
talk from any part
of the world to another and without
wires ?"
TEACHING TELEGRAPH AND

TELEPHONE AT
COLLEGE
OF
CITY OF NEW
YORK.
The College of
the City of New
York has establisht
an evening telegraph and telephone
course as an introduction to practical
operating methods
and commercial
systems in telegraphy and telephony.
There will be lectures and illustra-
ELECTRIFICATION IN THE
CASCADES.
War burdens have
failed to halt the

MilwauChicago,
kee & St. Paul road
in its electrification
of its Cascade mountain division. Contracts, it is announced, have been
awarded for locomotive and sub -station equipment at
an approximate cost
tive laboratory experiments on the
following
1918
topics:
General
telegraph
equipment, general
Fig. 4. Contrast This Picture of a Modern Telephone Exchange With Those of the First
telephone equipment,
Telephone Switchboards Shown on the Preceding Page. Instead of Waiting Half- AnHour
telegraph city conFor a Call, It Is Now Put Thru In 10 Seconds.
centration units, Atkinson repeater, magneto stt itchboard, large attendance is assured for these exof $3.000.000.
coin collector telephone stations, line
The contracts call for I7 locomotives,
cellent courses.
faults and tests, duplex telegraphy, quadrucosting about $100,000 each. and for subPROF. BELL ON TALKING BY
plex telegraphy, common battery telephone
station equipment on the 211 miles from
RADIO.
switchboard, artificial telephone lines and
Othello, Wash., to Tacoma and Seattle.
In his speech recently to the Canadian
transmission tests, Wheatstone high speed
The road is rushing the work to save in
s, Ont., Can., Dr.
St.
Catharin
Club
at
telegraphy, simplex submarine cable telegfuel. The electric zone now extends 440
Bell,
inventor
of
the
Alexander
Graham
raphy, terminal and outdoor construction.
miles from Harlowton, Mont., to Avery,
telephone. said :
The material in this course is specially
"1f the telephone has not reached its Idaho.
chosen so as to make it of value to emextreme limits, what next?
GEORGE H. PARKMAN
ployes of telephone and telegraph companies
"I can not say what next, but I can tell
of WASHINGTON, D. C.
who desire advancement, and who may ex- you of something that happened in Wash- is requested to communicate with the Editor
pect to secure this by mastering something
ington about three weeks ago.
of this publication at once in a matter that
of the methods used in everyday transmis"The telephone has been applied to wire- will be of great interest to him.
or
CARTOONING FAMOUS ELECTRICAL MEN.

IF YOU take it from the man who in-
vented it, the telephone is a nuisance.

The man who invented it, of course. is
Alexander Graham Bell. And he is still a
young, spry and industrious youth of seventy, full of schemes and dreams. And still.
as it has been for forty years. his hour for
What the Cartoonist of a Prominent New

York Newspaper Thinks of Alexander
Graham Bell, Father of the Telephone.
retiring
is anywhere between 2 and 4 o'clock

m., says the New York Evening Mail.
accompanied by the grotesque yet novel
sketches here reproduced. But about the
-a.
physics and chemistry for the years 1916

and 1917. The prize for I917 will be reserved until next year.
telephone:
"My interest in it ceased." he says,
"when it grew to commercial utility. It no
longer needed me nor I it. In fact, I won't
have one of the things near me if I can
help it. They're a nuisance."
Perhaps it's a good thing we're not all
inventors.
And then they tackled Thomas A. Edison,
the electrical wizard of Menlo Park, who
is now hard at work helping Uncle Sam to
win the World \Var. And the signs are
that he is succeeding. To resume :
\\'hen Edison was a night telegraph
operator and very young, he rigged up a
device that would automatically send over
the wire every half hour a signal indicating he was awake and on the job when he
was in fact blissfully sleeping. And he has
been busy ever since.
This little device he developed into the
call box, millions of which are now used
the world over to keep messenger boys
eternally at work. It really wasn't a very
chummy invention, but then it's only one
of twelve hundred or more for which he
has taken out patents in the last half
century, and the rest average up better.
Mr. Edison is only seventy; his grandfather lived to be 103 and his great- grandfather was 102. so he figures he has a long
and busy life ahead of him.
THE NOBEL PRIZES.

The Stockholm Academy of Science has
decided not to award the Nobel Prize for
And Here's His Opinion Exprest In Pen and

Ink of the Inventor of the Incandescent Lamp
-Thomas A. Edison.
February,
9 8
I
AN ELECTRIC WATER
PURIFIER
FOR THE HOME
Potable drinking water is rarely found.

All water is either polluted, is hard, has
an offensive taste, color or odor; contains
organic matter or other unhealthy vegetable
or mineral solids. The methods of treatment at supply stations are unreliable,
These new cells operate on a pressure

of 110 volts. The maximum current that
can pass without fusing the selenium is
about 75 milliamperes, at the above pressure. The dark to light resistance ratio is
about 4 to 1.
A six- or eight-inch length of insulated
copper wire is inserted in a piece of cop'
by H" inside diameter. The
per tubing, /z"
insulated wire just fits the tube, and when
it is inserted the copper wire is central to
the tube and lies in the tube's axis. The
copper tube does not touch the bare wire at
any point; 1/16" from the end of insulated
wire the insulation is cut away. This end
of the wire is inserted in the tube until
flush with end of tube, so that there is a
circular air -gap between the inner surface
of the tube and the wire. This air-gap is
bridged with a filling of fused selenium.
Electric current cannot pass from tube to
wire without flowing thru the selenium,
and, as stated above, the selenium changes
its electrical resistance according to the
amount of light falling upon it. These
unique cells are now available on the market.
Electricity is measured out by the usual

house service electric meter with greater
accuracy than water measured with a water
meter or gas measured by a gas meter. It
is immeasurably finer in accuracy than any
grocer's or butcher's scales, and the average
percentage of accuracy is over 95 per cent.
Where Water Has to Be Purified for Drinking and Cooking, the "Electrolytic" Water
Purifier Does the Work; Quickly and Efficiently. It Connects with Any Lamp or Base
Receptacle.
whereas the electrolytic process of sterilization possesses high efficiency and insures
absolute protection.
Boiling water has become a common
practise, but boiled water is not potable.
Bottled waters are also extensively used.
and besides being expensive they are not
always safe when delivered to you.
Appreciating the need of some method of
rendering drinking water safe, numerous
filters and sterilizers have been manufactured and sold, ranging in price from fifty
cents to five hundred dollars. Filters remove some of the impurities but do not
sterilize, while the Electric Water Purifier
does the combined work of the high -priced
sterilizer and filter and with greater efficiency, according to the publisht bacteriological tests.
A
NEW SELENIUM CELL.

By R. G. Morgan.
Herewith is illustrated the latest multiple unit selenium cell, which is of simple
design, also a casing, with one soldered
connection, for holding a number of these
cell units.
The influence of light upon the electric
current when flowing thru selenium, prop-
A New Form of Light -Sensitive or Selenium

Cell. It Is Formed of Many Small Cells, All
Held In a Brass Ring, Which Forms One
Pole of the Circuit.
erly prepared, is well known to electricians.

The cells on the market at present are
expensive and quite delicate, having a dark
to light resistance ratio usually of about
10 to 1, carrying a maximum current of 20
milliamperes.
LET THE "ELECTRIC BULL -DOG"

LIGHT YOUR CIGAR.
Those who have electric current in their

homes will find this "Bull -Dog" cigar
lighter an ornament and convenience at the
Novelty Electric Cigar Lighter for Home Use.
same time. It is fitted with a flexible cord

and plug so that attachment to any electrolier or floor pocket is but the work of a
moment. Zip, goes the button. Presto!
your cigar is lighted. No mussy, smelly
alcohol smudge pots to soil your clothes.
or burn your hands. And the beauty of it
is that it always works -no pushing an
igniter trigger ten times to obtain a single
light -not to mention the cussing.
A TOY ARMORED CAR.
The miniature electric armored engine
here shown is
a faithful copy
675
ELECTRIC CURB MACHINE SUPPLIES FREE AIR TO AUTOISTS.

A new and decidedly appealing device for
automobilists has recently been placed on
the market by a
Baltimore concern,
consisting of a
curb machine for
distribution of free
air.
The free air machine
is
automatically operated
day and night. The
pressure dial in the
upper front door is
flooded with light
by an electric lamp
concealed inside
the cabinet, and
the tire valve connector on the end
of the hose is so
arranged that the
pressure in the
tire before starting to inflate is
registered on the
dial.
Directly over the
hose
rack,
as
shown in the illustration, is the electric switch conveniently located
for starting and
stopping the machine when the
large dial registers the desired
pressure.
It is impossible
for anyone to
tamper with the
working parts of
this free air station, for the reason that they are
all contained in the
upper locked com- New Automatic Elecpartment, even the tric Air Machine for
switch controlling Free Use of Autoists.
the large opalescent globe being
locked in this compartment. This leaves
nothing but the hose and starting switch in
the lower compartment and, if so desired,
the lower compartment can be locked and
keys furnished customers.
The machine operates on either direct or
alternating current. The cooling system is
automatic and uses no liquid, eliminating
freezing and evaporation. It has no exposed mechanism, electrical or mechanical,
and is perfectly safe for even a child to
operate.
on a small scale
of those new
a n d terrifying
siege guns now
being operated
on specially
built temporory
tracks on the
battlefields o f
Europe. T h e
bodies of these
monsters a r e
formed out of
heavy sheet
steel. The die
work
War Has Invaded Toyland -Here We See the Latest Miniature Electric
Armored Car for the Kiddies.
brings
out every detail of the heavy riveted
plates, ventilators, doors, etc. Another
realistic detail is the battleship gray enamel
in which they are finished.
The revolving turret upon which two
long miniature guns are mounted is a
reproduction of the original. The motor
is similar to those used in other miniature
electric railway engines, and is powerful

enough to haul any number of trail cars,
which are enameled in the same battleship
gray as the motor car. One of these armored trains makes a timely addition to any
boy's outfit.
676
ELECTRIC SPOT -WELDER SAVES
TIME AND MONEY.
Electric spot welding is the process of
joining or fusing together electrically two
cents for power and two dollars for wages;
cost to weld one article 2-10 of a cent. Before installing a welder this same firm was
paying ten dollars for wages and sixty cents
for rivets for riveting one thousand articles; cost of riveting
one article, one and six- tenths
cents.
Which goes to show by installing an electric welder this
firm made a saving of one and
four- tenths cents per article, or
$14.00 per day on 1,000 articles.
Spot welding is acknowledged to be 75% to 100%
stronger than riveting, is much
faster, leaves a better finish and
is far more economical, besides
being perfectly noiseless.
February.
918
the engine starts and recharges the batteries when they are' 25% discharged. Thus
the battent' is never allowed to drop below
75% of full charge capacity. "sulfating" of
the plants is prevented. and long life of the
batteries is assured.
THE
-A
"GALVANOSET"
ELECTRO- MEDICAL
APPARATUS.
NEW
One of the great problems always conthe electro- medical practitioner

has been how best to safely apply currents
derived from the ordinary lighting mains.
With this new English make of apparatus one utilizes the main supply of electricity by attaching it to any electric light
socket by a s'andard attachment which
can be quickly :onnected when required.
The current is then conducted thru two
NEW 5 K. W. AUTOsuitable resistances into a vessel of water
MATIC ELECTRIC
by means of two electrically indestructible
PLANT.
electrodes. which are placed on opposite
To meet a constantly increas- sides of the vessel. At right angles to
ing demand for a larger size these two electrodes a second pair of elecautomatic electric light in g trodes is placed in the water; these are
plant, an Ohio concern anconnected to the patient. As long as the
nounces the addition of a 5 K. two electrodes, which we will call "Patient"
W. lighting plant. As shown
electrodes, remain at right angles to the
in our illustration, this model
two electrodes, which we will call "Supp r es en t s an exceptionally
ply" electrodes, no current will be obtained,
sturdy and business -like ap- as the electrical potential in this position
pearance.
will be zero. The supply terminals are
It furnishes current for light mounted on a disc of vulcanite, arranged
and power, requiring no atten- so that it is free to rotate over a graduated
tion beyond replenishing the celluloid scale. If this disc is now rotated
supply of fuel and oil. The from its right angle or zero position, any
action is automatic thruout.
desired current can be obtained from miniThe Electric Spot Welder Here Shown Can Be Operated
The engine is 4- cylinder, mum to maximum by the most gradual inby Unskilled Labor and Does the Same Work As the Old
4-cycle, and develops 20 horsecrease. If it is desired to reverse the
Fashioned Riveter, Faster and At a Much Lower Cost.
power, giving it a reserve ca- polarity of the current leading to the paor more metal sheets or parts without any pacity for nearly 100% overload. This, tient, the disc is brought back to its zero
preparation of the stock used. Mechan- together with the fact that the set runs at right angle position and then rotated in the
ically, it is equivalent to riveting, but it is the slow speed of 900 R.P.M. insures
opposite direction.
claimed to be stronger and much quicker smooth, easy running, and long life.
A current giving every degree of variaThe generator is especially designed fo rtion from 0 to 500 milliamperes and at a
and more economical.
voltage from zero to the maximum
The process of spot welding is simrequired, and absolutely safe under
ple: The material is placed between
all circumstances, is readily obtainthe electrodes or welding points
able. This apparatus has great adwhere it is desired to make the weld.
vantages over wire rheostats. The
Then, by applying pressure either
disadvantage of wire rheostats is that
with the hand or foot lever, the
they are apt to break and give the
metals are prest together, electrical
patient a severe shock. Again, with
contact instantly made and the weld
the wire rheostat the patient is always
accom pl ish t.
connected to one pole of the supply,
Single- phase, alternating current is
and if by accident the patient gets into
used in electric welding. As the
connection with the opposite pole, he
voltage is reduced in the welders by
is then in direct connection with the
a special transformer, there is no posmain supply.
sibility of the operator receiving any
With this apparatus it is impossible
shock.
for the patient to get into direct conWrought iron and steel are the best New 5 Kilowatt Gasoline - Electric Generating
Plant, Corntact with either the positive or negamaterials for electric welding. Rust, plete With Automatic Battery Charging Devices.
The
scale and dry paint act as insulators
tive side of the supply.
Plant Is SeifStarting.
and should be removed from steel
The weight of the complete apparabefore welding so that the current may flow the work, and is directly connected to the tus is seven
freely. Galvanized iron can be welded, but engine thru a flexible coupling, the arma- pounds, so it
the galvanized coating will be burnt off ture being permitted to "float" in its bear- can very conwhere the welding points touch the iron. ings.
The engine is water- cooled, the pump be taken to a
Copper, brass and bronze welding is a trifle
slower, as they are such good conductors of forcing water from a tank of large capacity patient's house.
electricity they offer practically no resistance thru the cylinder jackets. This heated A dead - beat
to the flow of current. The welding of cast water is then returned to the water tank D'Arsonval miliron is not recommended.
after being cooled by passing thru an autop e
As a general rule, current cost 50% less mobile type radiator, thru which a fan emeter, with
than rivets, but the principal item which forces a stream of air.
shunt winding,
makes spot welding invaluable to sheet
The electrical apparatus is mounted on a records the curmetal and ornamental iron manufacturers. neatly arranged switchboard and may be rent passing to
etc.. is the very large saving in labor. For installed wherever convenient near the plant. the patient.
instance, a large stove manufacturer in- It provides for the full automatic opera- This is mountstalled an electric spot welder and it is tion of the plant, keeping the batteries ed on the appanow doing the work of six riveters, the charged at all times. Any flow of battery ratus in a con-"
current costing less than one -half that of current, either charge or discharge, is ac- venient posirivets.
curately measured so that the batteries are tion, and is
A general idea of the cost of operating
given better attention than if used on a p ermanently
Unique Electro -Medical
these welders may he obtained from a state- hand operated plant. For starting, current connected in
Current Regulator.
ment made by a manufacturer using one of is taken from the battery and the genera- the circuit.
these devices: The operator welded a tor is temporarily a motor until the engine
The construction of this device is exthousand articles per day at a cost of ten starts firing. The plant is so arranged that tremely simple, yet sturdy and efficient.
fronting
veniently
ham
r-
February, 1918
A NEW ELECTRIC ARMY OVEN.
A new method of cooking is rapidly becoming popular. It is in the combination
electric oven which is designed for all kinds
of cooking; Boiling, Roasting, Baking, etc.
677
An electric hot plate is mounted external-
ly on one side of the oven on which the

coffee urn rests. The oven has the follow-
ing compartments Lower compartment has

swing -type doors which can be opened independently of each other. The
upper compartment has the
Swing -type
drop -type door.
door has outside shelf. Compartments are separate -making it possible to heat only one
when a limited amount of
cooking is to be donc. Has
three heating elements-one
under each deck and one at the
top of the upper compartment.
Each element is operated by a
three -heat switch. Two nier
cury thermometers are fitted
on the oven. The oven has
maximum consumption of 15
kilowatts. It weighs approximately 1,500 pounds.
:
LIVELY ELECTRIC SKELETON.
Dr. Ratledge, of Los Angeles, has a

novel idea of explaining a method of heal ing or manipulating the spine. He has
fastened a skeleton so that it hangs in a
NEW ALTERNATING
CURRENT SOUNDER.
The illustration shows a

practical alternating current
sounder, the principle of which
is so simple that it is a wonder
it. was not discovered long ago.
It was invented by Mr. J. J.
ihegan.
The instrument is the same
size as the regular local sounder which it resembles in general appearance, the only change
being in the position of the
magnet spools and the construction of the armature. It
can be used on any 110 -volt,
60-cycle alternating current
A New Electric Oven Designed for Use by Uncle Sam's
circuit either in series with a
Soldier Boys. It Is Rated at 15 Kilowatts and Has Several Separate Compartments Provided With Three -Heat
lamp or thru the secondary of
Switches. The HotPlate at the Left Is Used to Heat a
a small step -down transformer.
Coffee -Urn.
The transformer method is
preferable, as with it the local
One of these large electric ovens designed
wiring may be of the ordinary kind used
for use by the U. S. army is illustrated
in local battery work, and one transformer can furnish current for several
here.
There are many advantages in this system sounders.
of cookery. First, the use of such a comThe instrument can also be operated on
bination oven eliminates the necessity of a
the 110 -volt circuit without either lamp or
range-as it handles all the heavy cooking.
transformer, when specially wound for such
Short orders and any small emergency cookuse.
ing can be done on a hot plate-which is
Altho the current required to operate the
much more economical than maintaining a
sounder in the ordinary way, thru the front
fire in a big stove. Secondly, it conserves
of a relay, is very small, it can be
heat, kitchen space and time -and saves the contact
work thru the back stop so
heating of one, two and oft -times three arranged to would
that current
be used only when the
cooking devices.
Foods boiled this way are more evenly sounder might be working.
This sounder will work on direct curand thoroly cooked because the constant,
uniform heat penetrates all sides of the ves- rent without any change of adjustment, so
that in places where there is a liability of
sel at the same time. Thru the heavilyinsulated walls and the closely -fitting
doors of the oven, there is no air
circulation to carry off the flavors
and juices of baking and roasting
meats.
Moreover, the great saving in
meat shrinkage is an important factor and there are a number of restaurant owners who have estimated that
it more than pays their entire electric
bill which includes ovens, lights, coffee urn heaters, etc. Another feature is the efficient utilization of the
Thru the heat -conserving
heat.
properties of the oven, oat meal and
other cooked cereal, baked apples,
pork and beans. etc., can be placed in
it after the current is off and the
day's work finished -and be thoroly
cooked next morning by the slowly
receding heat.
New Alternating Current Telegraph Sounder.
The fireless cooker construction
eliminates the air currents and this
to the alternating current lightfeature in turn eliminates the interchange interruption
circuit. two dry cells could be switched
of odor and the impregnation of the flavor ing
in to bridge over any such interruptions.
of one food with that of another.
California Doctor Has Devised an Electr
Skeleton with Which He Clearly Demon strates, by Flashing Different Lights About
the Limbs, the Action of the Spine and It s
Nerves.
frame made from pipe. Electric lights are

placed where the different vital organs were
once located. Small lights are placed in
the eye -sockets, and long tubular lights are
placed on the arms and legs.
Along the spine at the point where the
nerves lead off to the various vital organs
there are placed electric switches which connect with the various lights. To illustrate
what happens to the vital organs when the
nerves leading from the spine become
pinched or otherwise injured, the instructor
turns the switch leading to any particular
organ, which instantly dims the light supposed to represent the particular vital
organ, such as the heart, lungs, etc. This
is supposed to illustrate the manner in
which the force flowing to the vital organs
is shut off when the nerve is obstructed. To show what happens
when the nerve is cut or otherwise
becomes unable to transmit the
nervous energy, he turns the switch
off, causing that particular light to
go out, illustrating how a vital organ
becomes incapable of performing its
work when shut off entirely.
Contributed by G. W. GEIGER.
PRINTING TELEGRAPH ON
LACKAWANNA RAILROAD.
The Lackawanna Railroad Comnany has installed and put into op-
cration two printing telegraph instruments between the offices of the

traffic manager, located in New
York. and the car service superintendent in Scranton, Pa., a distance of
150 miles.
These instruments are
used in connection with the freight
clearing house system recently adopted by
the Lackawanna Railroad. This printing
system is proving very successful.
678
February, 1918
How Jimmy SavedT. the Troop Train
By JOHN
DWYER
Showing How Quick -Witted "Jimmy" Hanlon Thought of. the Right Idea at the Critical
Moment and Thereby Earned the Gratitude of the War Department
esIWONDER how Jack made out with
his examination," mused Jimmy Hanlon. as he sat at his key in the dispatcher's office of Winslow station.
"Seems to me he ought to pass easily
enough. Well. I should know pretty soon,
for here comes the rascal now or I'm greatly mistaken. But Lord! he sure is making
enough noise."
Bang! went the lower outside door of the
station and the resulting vibration sent a
remor thru the whole building. Then a
you won't want to look at your friends any

more."
"Nix, Jimmy, you know I'm not that kind,
altho to tell the truth, it does make me feel
a little tighter around the vest to realize
that I'm to wear chevrons. But say, I wish
you would reconsider your decision and join
with nie," continued Jack more seriously.
"We've been chums so long now that it will
go kind of hard to separate. Come, can't
you manage it somehow ?"
"No, Jack," replied Jimmy soberly. "You
"That's interesting," he said, after getting the news. "Harris at Edgeville states
that a special train loaded with a regiment
or so of infantry has just gone thru there
on the way to the coast from where the
boys will embark for France. No doubt,
she'll pass by here in another half hour
or so. Seems to me, it would be a good
idea for the people of Winslow to give
them a rousing greeting and send -off."
"Not much chance," Jack replied rather
scornfully. "In the first place, there are
r.,c
Y'
C,rc ,.,t
<
!r
,,II
Shot
Itow
j immy's
.Iw Rd
Idea %c,rked
.
Young Man," Spoke Up One of the Officers. Whose Eagle Insignia Showed Him To Be the Colonel in Command, "What You
.
Such Work as You Have
Have Done I Consider To Be the Cleverest Birof Ingenuity That I Have Come Across in a Long While.
You Have Saved the Lives of at Least One Thousand of the Nation's Fighters."
Performed To -night Will Not Go Unrewarded. . .
.
clattering of hasty footsteps and finally the

office door swung on its hinges, revealing the
puffing and panting Jack Godfrey, who generally acted as night shift for Jimmy.
For a few seconds he stood there trying
to get his breath, and then blurted out:
I've come
"Congratulate me. old boy
!
And what do you

think? They actually gave me a rating.
From now on I'm Corporal Godfrey of the
Signal Corps, if you please."
"Whew! you don't say so!" ejaculated
Jimmy. " \Vhy pretty soon you will be a
General or something, and then I'll bet
out with colors flying!
know there are others depending on me

and it wouldn't be fair to them. But," and
his eyes lighted up with enthusiasm, "you
may be sure that if I had 'no entangling
alliances,' as Washington might say, I'd be
there in a jiffy. Never mind." he continued, "I'm a good deal like Micawber and
will hope for something to turn up, which
will enable me to take my place beside my
old friend."
Further conversation for the time being
was interrupted by the sudden sounding
of the instrument and Jimmy turned to
give it his attention.
too many rabid pro- Germans in this burg.

\Vhy, really I wouldn't be at all surprised
if some of these hot -headed Dutchmen tried
to wreck it."
"Nonsense! Jack -the kind we have here
are of the harmless variety. Besides, there
are still a number of true Americans in
this town that would make short work of
them if they tried any such low -down
stunt."
"Well." he added rather abruptly, "here
I am talking like a I905 model Edison
phonograph, when I should be on the road
for home. So, you had better take charge
February,
1918
of the fort, General, or rather Corporal,

until morning. Good night! and don't let
any German plots worry you in the meantime."
"Good night!" responded his chum
cheerily.
The fact that it was growing dark and
that Jimmy lived about three miles outside
the town prompted him to take as short a
cut as possible, and so it was he decided
to go by way of the railroad. This would
shorten the distance considerably and, at
the same time, enable him to reach home
before supper.
He had gone but a little ways, when as
usual with one of his mental temperament,
he soon fell into a deep study over the
events of the day, especially as regarded
his friend's enlistment and his own misfortune in not being able to join.
"I don't know what I'll do when Jack is
called," he mused rather sadly. "He's always been such a good scout that it will
go hard to lose him even for awhile. and
then again, perhaps, it may be forever."
This latter pessimistic thought he put away
from his mind, as he did not like to entertain any such fate for one who had been
his constant companion since boyhood.
"Yes," he continued, "1 sure will miss him.
In my mind, Sherman didn't say half
enough about the virtues of war."
Jimmy had been so intent on his own
mental retrospections that he failed to notice the silhouettes of three figures standing along the track about twenty -five yards
ahead of him. They, on the other hand,
were equally oblivious of the proximity of
another, which was due mainly to the fact
that they were busily engaged in conversation.
At first, the three spoke in low tones
but gradually, as their confidence increased
in the belief that there could be no one
to hear them at such a time and place, they
became less cautious in controlling theftvoices, with the result that Jimmy was
soon rudely awakened from his reverie by
the sounds.
His interest and curiosity aroused, he

resolved to be a silent party to their animated conversation. While, at first somewhat scrupulous on the point of acting as
an evesdropper, he put aside his conscience
by arguing that perhaps something might
he wrong, after all. "It certainly does look
queer," he admitted to himself. As he was
about to move closer so as to catch the
topic of their conversation, one of them
struck a match, evidently in order to light
a cigarette, and the resulting illumination
enabled Jimmy to secure a look at their
faces. To his surprise, he recognized at
once the features of one of them as Fritz
Schuster, the town butcher, who was notorious for his rabid pro- German leanings,
wahich had taken expression several times
in an abusive denunciation of America for
waging war against the Fatherland.
Jimmy's curiosity at once gave way to
suspicion, for to him it seemed very significant indeed that one so firmly antagonistic to the country should be found at
such a place; the more so, when taking
into consideration the fact that the troop
train would be due in a few minutes. Whatever doubts he might have had as to the
grounds for his suspicions were immediately
dispelled by hearing the conversation that
followed
"1 tell you, Fritz," spoke up the rather
tall one, who appeared to be a German
secret service agent, "that was a clever idea
of yours to place the 'nitro' on the tracks
running alongside the bluff. When she explodes, the train will not only be blown
off the rails, but ditched as well, and down
In
a hundred foot embankment at that.
my opinion," lie added grimly, "there will
be no survivors."
"Jah !" answered Fritz, in a little broken
:
English, "so mooch the better! I chust loi
them Americans! Vell, dis will be two
thousand less for the dear Vaterland to
fight. Maybe," he continued with a show
of pride and vanity, "maybe the Kaiser giff
me un iron cross, chess? Ain't dot so ?"
"Most certainly he will," spoke up the
third and shorter man who seemed to be
the one in authority, "for if this job turns
out right, I intend to bring the matter to
the attention of the Imperial Government.
Germany always takes care of those who
serve her interests."
Jimmy waited to hear no more. He had
listened long enough to convince himself
that the troop train was in peril. There
The
"March" Electrical Experimenter --
have in preparation a great

variety of subjects for the "March"
issue of the ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENT- =`
ER.
We are sure that you will enjoy
every one of them and moreover
find them both entertaining as well
as highly instructive. A great many
1Ve
people complain now and then because we publish articles which scent
mere "theories." Perhaps so -but you
can rest assured that these special
articles. often illustrated at great expense by elaborate wash drawings,
possess a new basic feature: some-
-A
=_
thousand miles or more.
"The First Trolley"-With inter-
esting photos, by George Moines.

-_
"Experimental Physics " Lesson
11, by John J. Furia, A.B., M.A.
How to Make a Water Jet Vacuum
E.
Pump -by Prof. H. E. Metcalf.
Telegraphing thru the Earth
interest to all "Radio- bugs. " -By Roy
T. Griffith.
Siphons -How they work, by F. 1V.
Russell and J. L. Clifford.
I['az'emeters-Their uses and Construction -bv M. !I'. Sterns.
-of
L' IEJLEMIIIIIIIIIIIIICIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiIitG 1111IiIIIIIhIfIL,"""1:1:
111
remained but one thought in his mind and

that was to save it either by removing the
dangerous explosive or else warning it in
time of the menace. With Jimmy. "to
think was to act" and so, swiftly and silently. he beat a detour around the conspirators to avoid being detected by them.
Now, it was about three -quarters of a mile
to the spot where the explosive had been
placed, so he figured that by pushing himself to the utmost, he could cover the distance in time. Bracing himself for a momeut, he exerted all his strength and then
leaped forward.
The race with Death liad begun!
Now it was that his old training practise
came into good use. Swiftly he sped by
the trestles until they fairly seemed to fly

past him. One hundred! two hundred!
three hundred yards! -still more than a half

mile to go. Manfully, he tried to keep up
the same pace but the strain was too great
and he gradually slackened. And no wonder! His legs now seemed to weigh tons
so that it took excessive effort to force
them ahead and his breath came in quick
short gasps. The "man" in him, however,
would not quit, but urged him to renewed
exertion.
"Oh, Lord give me strength. Two thousand lives!" he murmured again and again.
If he could only hold out for a little longer,
the race would be won and Death cheated
of its prey.
Then it happened. A thud against something hard and the next moment Jimmy
was sent hurling to the ground. Stunned
by the suddenness of it all. he did not arise
at once but lay prone for a few seconds.
Almost immediately, however, he sought to
get to his feet, but the effort caused such
an agony of pain !hat he sank back again
to the ground. His right foot and ankle
had received a serious sprain in falling over
an iron hand bar which had tript him. The
pain was excruciating but not enough to
drive from his mind the troop train, the
whistle of which, even at that moment,
sounded in his ears.
"My- God! it's coming and I am helpless
to save it
Oh, if only there were some
way to signal the danger."
That word "signal" brought the big idea
to Jimmy, for like a flash, there past thru
his mind a plan as simple as it was practical and he at once lost no time in putting
it to the test.
It was this: Only recently, the railroad
for which Jimmy worked as operator, had
installed a new electric Block System for
a distance of about two miles on either
side of the town, with the blocks about a
mile apart. This system was of the "normal safety" type and the semaphores at
the entrance of each so called "block" were
kept normally in an upright position of
"clear" by means of a local motor and
relay, operated in turn by the normally
closed track circuit. As long as the block
remained open, that is, not obstructed by
a train ahead. the semaphore would remain
in the "clear" position, but as soon as a
train entered the same, then the rail current would be short -circuited via the axel
and wheels of its locomotive, thus depriving the local relay of current. This being
so, the semaphore naturally would obey the
laws of gravity and fall to a horizontal po!
thing which will invariably visit us in IS

F. daily life before a great while. Past Erexperience has proven this many
times over. Such an article appears
on page 66I of this issue describing
a radically new principle in talking
machines -the 48 record "Orchestra
Phonograph." It's new -it's interesting-it's instructive! Read it and
learn something.
For the March issue:
"At War With the Invisible "
gripping story, well told and with a
thoroly scientific atmosphere, by R.
and J. Winthrop.
"Arlington via the Talo Club " -An
amusing account of a visit to the King
of all Radio Stations, by I1'. J.
Howell.
"Wireless on the Submarine " -A
topic of universal interest. Explains
how the U-boat flashes messages a
679
sition of "danger." Should another train

then come, it would be in a position to know
just what the condition of the track
ahead was, and stop accordingly.
Fortunately, from the description unwittingly disclosed during the conversation
of the conspirators, Jimmy surmised that
the explosive must have been placed about
fifty yards within the entrance of the block.
so if there could be found something to
provide a "shunt" across the track circuit.
the semaphore could be dropt and thus the
oncoming train warned of the danger
ahead.
Feverishly, he searched his pockets for

of loose wire but without sucSomething must be done and done
cess.
quickly, for already he could perceive the
train as it took the curve two hundred yards
or so before the block entrance.
"Why, the very thing!" he cried aloud.
Notwithstanding the intense
suffering
caused by the movement he crawled over
to the track and picked up the iron bar
which had caused him to fall. A few short
seconds and it was placed directly across
the rails of the track in such a way as to
bring about a complete "shortcircuit" of the
electric current.
(Continued on page 733t
some pieces
February, 1918
680
Experimental Physics
By
JOHN J. FURIA, A. B., M. A. (Columbia University)
LESSON 10.*
Photography.
IN lessons S and 9 tic discust the formation of images by mirrors and
lenses and noticed that it was quite
easy to "catch" the image of an object
thru a tense. If the screen on which
the image is caught is sensitized so that it

will retain the image after the object has
giving an exposure of about three minutes.

Naturally it would be quite inconvenient
to have to wait so long for each exposure,
and one would have to limit oneself to taking pictures of still life, so that for practical purposes we use a lense in place of a
pin -hole which gives us a sharp image and
at the same time lets in a great deal of
light hence permitting a short exposure.
From the discussion in the last lesson it is
apparent that the convex lens is the type
to be used, and also since the image is
sharp only when "focused" the back or
front of the camera must be movable so
that the distance between the lens and
screen (ground glass or plate) can be
changed as required. If F represents the
focal length of the lens (found by the
method explained in lesson 9) and I and
0 represent the distances of the image and
the object, respectively, then 1/F
I/I -i--
the sensitive surface of the plate or film

are those from the violet end and are
called actinic or chemical rays. The visual
rays are from the red end. Hence if these
rays are separated by the lens the image
formed on the screen is not the one which
will make the picture. However, flint and
How
Illustrating the Principle of the "Pin -hole"

Camera. The Object Is Reversed on the
Screen as Indicated at D.C. One of the First
?Lh o,`/7)..224
Cameras.
been removed, we have a photograph. In

this lesson we shall take up in detail the
formation of the image on the screen
(photographic plate or film) and the next
lesson will be devoted to the retaining of
the image.
larf
r
,SJ.!h0(/CIIe ~
a.`movn
firfil
S.
EXPERIMENT 55-
The simplest form of the camera (the

pin-hole camera) can be easily constructed
and used successfully (see figure 48). Secure or make a light -tight box about 6
inches on a side, and punch a pin -hole
thru the center of one side. We shall call
this side the front and the side behind it
the back. The back should be hinged so
that a photographic plate can be inserted.
Let "A" represent a tree or some other
object. Then light from the top of "A"
will pass thru pin -hold "P" to point "C"
on the back, while light from the bottom
of "A" will pass to the point "D" (above
"C "), illustrating the principle that light
travels in straight lines. If a room be
darkened and light from a bright object be
permitted to come in thru a pin -hole an
inverted image will be formed on the wall
of the room just as in our pin -hole camera,
and a picture can be taken. It is important
to note that a clear image is formed despite
the fact that no lens has been used.
Prism Breaks Up
Beam of White
Light into Its Component Colors, as Shown

at the Right.
-A
The Principle of the "Silhouette "

Partial
Eclipse is Caused by the Moon Getting Between the Sun and Earth, Casting a Shadow
or Silhouette on the Earth.
1/0 is the formula from which any one of

the quantities can be computed if the other
two quantities are known. Hence by use of
this formula the maker of the camera is
able to furnish a scale showing just where
crown glass have different dispersive powers, and, therefore, one can be made to correct the action of the other. Flint glass
bends the chemical rays more than does
crown glass, and so by combining a negative lens of flint with a positive of crown
glass the chemical and visual rays are
brought to focus at the same point. In the
case of small cameras dispersion (chromatic abberation) is so slight that it is not
necessary to use the achromatic lens.
DIAFRAM OR STOPS. -The best part
of a lense is its center since the light passing thru the center is correctly refracted
as in the case of the pin hole. Hence the.
smaller the lens opening (diafram stop) the
sharper the picture but the greater the
time required for the exposure. The fast
lenses are lenses which will focus sharply
even when the diafram is open at a large
stop, thus letting in a large amount of
light and permitting a short exposure.
EXPERIMENT 57To make a silhouette of a person or object take the picture with the camera facing the illuminating source (the sun for
snapshots) and the object or person in between the camera and the illuminating
source. The relult on the ground glass
will be a shadow of the person or object,
and the picture of this shadow will be a
silhouette. It should be noted here that a
partial eclipse is really nothing but the
Diagram Showing How, When Light is Past

Thru a Photo Negative, the Image Can be
Enlarged by a Lens "A," and Thrown on a
Screen at E.F.
W :Ill
Illlili!\illll(lllllllllll
to set the camera so that an object a certain distance away will be in focus.
EXPERIMENT 56f a strong light is focused thru a lens
The Difference Between the Focal Point of

Simple Lens (I) and the Achromatic
Lens (II).
The writes has made good pictures of

outdoor scenes with a pin -hole camera
Continued frn,n ;''o;'-, 017. issu:
on a white screen it will be found that the

actual focal point will be difficult to find.
A point "A" will be found which seems in
focus, but which gives a violet tinge to the
image. (See Fig. 49.)
Another point "C" will be found giving
an image with a reddish tinge and other
points in between of various tinges. This

dispersing of the different colored rays
(to be treated on in detail later) so that
the different colors do not focus at the
same point, is corrected by the use of the
achromatic lens. The rays which act on
'%/%//'%///%
III
Il
'lllllll IIII'I
If White Light
Is Past Thru Two Prisms,

the Result Is White Light, Since the Rays
Bent Up by the First Prism Are Bent Down
by the Second Prism.
passing of a silhouette over the earth (see

Fig. 50).
February, 1918
681
The Home -Treatment of Tuberculosis by

High- Frequency Currents
By DR. FREDERICK FINCH STRONG
Lecturer in Electrotherapeutics, Tufts College. Roston
STATISTICS show that
one death in
every seven is caused by tuberculosis.
usually in the form called "Pulmonary tuberculosis." "Tuberculosis
of the Lungs" or "Consumption."
Sanitary regulations, isolation of cases and
hygienic education are rapidly lowering this
high death rate, but tuberculosis is still humanity's most terrible scourge.
Thruout the ages "The Great White
Plague' has done more to retard human
progress than all the wars of the centuries
-not excepting the present Armageddon.
Fortunes have been spent in the study of
the prevention and cure of this disease;
countless fortunes have been made by
quacks and mistaken enthusiasts who either
claimed or believed themselves to have discovered "A Sure Cure for Consumption."
The discovery of tuberculin by Koch was
widely heralded as the longed -for panacea,
but it proved a failure, and up to the present time no "specific" has been found for
the cure of tuberculosis.
The importance of the subject is further
emphasized when we reflect that even when
it does not manifest as consumption, tuberculosis still does its insidious work in
undermining the stamina of the entire race.
Dr. A. C. Geyser states that "ninety per cent
of all children are infected before their
twelfth year, and nearly all bodies that
come to autopsy show unmistakable signs
of previously existing tubercular lesions."
That more people do not develop the disease in its active form is due to the natural
curative forces that are always at work in
the human body.
Disease germs grow only in a suitable
soil or medium; healthy human tissues do
not furnish this medium. Only when these
tissues are weak, inactive or charged with
dead matter do they allow disease germs to
multiply in their midst and produce their
poisonous secretions.
In a previous article in the March, 1917,
ExprRt1uETTER- "Electricity and Life" -the
writer called attention to the existence of
the "Vital-force," or "Prana," thru the
activity of which all life is maintained. This
is absorbed from the food, air and water.
and is probably distributed by a circulating

system all its own
subtle "Etheric Body"
which interpenetrates the coarser molecules
of the organism and is doubtless formed of
i m p o n derable
-a
chemical atoms
finer than the
gas atom and
coarser than the
electron. J u s t
as
//OY.AC.
7F,
than that resulting from the "poison cas" of

the war zone. What can we do for these unfortunates? Those of them who can go to
the special tuberculosis sanitariums and
modern
physicists find
it necessary to
employ the
hypothesis o f
"The Ether of
Space" in order
to account for
the phenomena
of radiant energy, so the
most advanced
of our physiologists and biologists are assuming the existence of the
"Etheric Body"
in order to explain the phenomena of life
in animal and
SOLENO/D
BLOCH TIM
ELECTRODES
CONDENSER PAD
vegetable bodies.
Probably the
great
thetic
sympanervous
system distributes the life -
carrying matter
of the etheric
Fig. t Shows Treatment of Tuberculosis by "Dlathering." Flg. 2,

body in much
Treating Tuberculosis by "Ozone Nebula" and Tesla Currents.
the same way
as the heart and
blood vessels transmit food and oxygen to have daily treatment under proper surthe cells and tissues. The latter circulation
roundings stand a fair chance of recovery,
depends upon the maintenance of the forespecially when the disease is in the early
mer. for if pressure is made over certain
stages. There are hundreds, however, who
nerve centers the blood stream is retarded cannot go to such institutions.
or ceases altogether ; pressure on another
When we do not use a machine it rusts
center stops the breathing mechanism and
and falls to pieces; when we do not use
death from syncope follows. Great dis- an organ or tissue of the human body the
coveries will be made in the immediate life -force and blood supply are diminished
future thrti the study of the nerve cur- and we have a condition where disease
rents and their relation to the Etheric germs can find a ready foothold. If cerBody and to "Vital Force."
tain parts of the lung are not periodically
It is because this vital circulation is expanded by the inspired air they become
fairly active in the majority of persons ".anaemic" and susceptible to tubercular inthat so many recover spontaneously from
fection, which afterwards spreads to other
pulmonary tuberculosis. But in cases of
parts of the lung. Now if we can find a
weak "vital resistance." where the Prana
way of revitalizing these anaemic areas, nais not actively distributed to the lung
ture will use the blood and oxygen to start
cells, the tubercular germs grow. mula regenerative process and the bacilli and
tiply, secrete poisons and ultimately dead cells will be thrown off in the expecmake the physical body unfit for its hutoration. This latter material -the "tuberman tenant tclto is forced to move else cular sputum" -carries the infection to
tt here
others; it should always be burned or reThis lowered cell vitality results from ceived in vessels containing antiseptics such
hereditary weakness, improper food. and as creolin or sulphonaphthol. 11 this were
above all, from insufficient fresh air and always done the disease would soon be
out -of -door exercise. We can prevent stamped out.
this hereditary weakness in future genIt is a well known fact that high-freerations by following Eugenic principles quency currents when past thru the body
and exercising the same care that we cause every molecule to vibrate to their
now use in breeding blooded cattle and
particular periodicity, and this vibration
horses.
produces secondary effects, notably the reBut meanwhile we have in our midst lease of heat in the tissues and the incountless thousands of poor sufferers in
crease of local blood supply.
When an
whom tuberculosis exists in an active acute infection occurs in any part of the
form, and the majority of whom face a
Portable Yet Effective Electrical Apparatus for
Dlathering and Tesla Treatment of Tuberculosis. lingering death scarcely less horrible
(Continued On Qage 71S)
!
b82
February, 1918
-DERARVAUM
Notice to All Radio Readers
As most of our radio readers ore undoubtedly aware, the U. S. Government has decided that oll Amateur Wireless Stations, whether licensed or unlicensed, or equipt for receiving or transmitting, shall be closed.
This is a very important consideration, especially. to those who are readers of THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER,
for the reason that we desire to continue to publish valuable articles on the wireless art from time to time, and which may treat
on both transmitting and receiving apparatus. In the first place, there are o great many students among our readers who will
demand and expect a continuation of the usual class of Radio subjects, which we hove publisht in the past four years, and
secondly, there will be hundreds and even thousands of new radio pupils in the various naval and civilian schools thruout
the country, who will be benefited by up -to -dote wireless articles treating on both the transmitting os well os receiving equipment
/term.- wber that you must not connect up radio apparatus to any form of antenna. -The Editors.
How New York Police Use Radio

iN
the programme of general preparedinstituted by the Police Depart-
ness
ment of New York City, wireless

telegraphy was adopted early in 1916
by Commissioner Woods, as an added
means of communication between the dif_
ferent divisions of the Force. As such it

first instance on record where wireless telegraphy has been brought into use
in a municipal department in the world.
Altho the Police Department already had
a large private telephone system, the necessity of a deis the
pendable
means
of
communica-
tion in addition, was realized.
Con-
siderable
work was
done with signal flag and
Morse "blink-
er" light system, and also
with portable
field telephones,
but
wireless telegraphy has re-
ceived the
most attention to these various auxiliaries.

In introducing this part of his plan for
police preparedness. Commissioner Woods
first establisht a school of instruction in
radio work at headquarters, one of the
class rooms of the Training School being
fitted up with a buzzer system for code
practise and with blackboards for demonstration lvork and circuit diagrams. Sergeant Charles E. Pearce, a member of the
uniformed force and a former telegrapher,
who has been studying and experimenting
with wireless in his spare time for several
years, was given charge of the school, and
thirty of the members of the department
who had had experience in telegraph, telephone or signal work were assigned for
the course of study. On completion of the
course all past the Federal examination
and received licenses as first class radio
operators.
High grade commercial wireless equipments were then installed in the headquarters buildings in Manhattan and Brooklyn.
and also on the Department steamer
"Patrol." This ship is the flag -ship of the
Con/inned on page 716)
Fig. 1. The New York Police Boat "Patrol," Fitted with Radio and of Inestimable Service To the Harbor Department. Fig. 2. Interior
of Radio Cabin On the "Patrol." Fig. 3. Some of New York's "Finest" Being Taught the Radio Code and Method of Handling the
Apparatus.
February, 1918
NEW RADIO BUZZER AND BLINKER KEY.
The new Icy -torte radio buzzer here il-
lustrated was designed by a New York

radio engineer, Mr. Louis G. l'acent. It
is fitted with locking attachments that lock
the adjustments after the proper pitch or
note is obtained. Once locked the adjustments will not loosen and the note or tone
will remain steady until the user wishes
to obtain another note.
ELECTRICAL
Storage Batteries for Electron Relays

By MILLER REESE HUTCIIISON. E.E., Ph.D.
available battery appeared. incorporated
fact that the "wing"
-known
It is a well
circuit of an electron relay or Audion with a standard size storage battery for
heating the filament. Both 1,a.(7 proven
must be energized by a source of electrical
energy entirely
free from pulsation of electromotive force.
Notwithstand-
ing
The common adjusting screw, or the one

which is mostly used, is made into a miniature vise; this permits the user to make
the necessary adjustments without the use
of tools of any description. The special
adjusting screw is provided with a slot and
needs to be adjusted only in special cases
where a larger difference of tone is desired.
These buzzers are supplied with this screw
adjusted so that the user can easily do his
own adjusting with the common screw,
for the clear tone mostly used -namely 500
cycles or 1,000 sparks per second.
The base is of Bakelite -Dilecto, an insulating material which affords small losses,
will stand any climate and is past by the
United States Navy Department. Special
hard silver contacts are used which wear
evenly and a clear, persistent tone is obtained. The cap is of brass, black enameled
and is fastened to the base by a bayonet
socket.
The by -tone radio -buzzer has been approved by the United States Navy Department Bureau of Steam Engineering.
It will prove extremely useful for exciting wave meters, inductance bridges, etc.,
and is ideal for learning the code in conjunction with a telephone receiver.
The "blinker key" is made in conformity
with the specifications of the United States
Navy Department, and is equipt with Navy
standard contacts, which are of sterling
silver, % inch in diameter. The key was
designed by Mr. Pacent also, and several
other models similar to it have been designed for handling heavy radio transformer currents.
These contacts are interchangeable and
can be readily replaced when necessary.
The lower contact can be removed without
disturbing the insulation or fitting holding
Improved Brinker and Radio Key for Hand ling 110 Volt Currents. Fitted With Shock
proof Knob and Heavy Silver Contacts.
it in place
so that it is not necessary to remove the key from the base.

A special phosphor bronze current carrying spring is fastened on the base and
lever so that the current is carried by this
splendid
which has
the
work
New Hy -tone Radio Buzzer for Learning the

500
Code
Tone Is Adjustable.
Cycle Note, ndrTon
683
EXPERIMENTER
been done in "ironing out" the commutator ripples of

dynamo electric
machines,
there
arc frequent periods when, owing
to any one of a
number of causes.
non- periodic pulsations
result,
which seriously
affect the operation of the relay.
It is for this
reason that batteries, both primary and secondary, have been
satisfactory
Complete Set of Special Nickel -Iron Storage Cells In Carrier for

Use in "Electron Relay" Circuits. The Battery Is Placed In a Steel
Case, Fitted with a Folding Lid.
sources of electrical energy for the wing
circuit.
Until recently, batteries of miniature dry
cells have been employed and have proven

fairly satisfactory when absolutely sew
ones could be readily obtained from the
factories; but such cells have a comparatively short period of usefulness, produce
a "frying" sound in the receiver when polarization of the elements occurs, and are
relatively expensive because of the necessity of frequent substitution by new ones,
etc. These disadvantages are pronounced
on shipboard, where the dampness makes
the life of such a battery particularly short
and uncertain, where the unreliability of
any piece of apparatus is emphasized, and
where a reserve stock of dry cells cannot
be depended upon because of their rapid
deterioration at sea, says the author in a
recent paper presented before the Institute
of Radio Engineers. On long cruises this
uncertainty is of considerable moment.
About a year ago. radio engineers and
those upon whom devolves the responsibility of maintaining radio apparatus at remote land stations and aboard ship, cast
about for a more dependable and more economical battery for this service.
\Iv attention was first called to this demand by Professor Alfred Goldsmith, who,
having used storage batteries in the Radio
Telegraphic and Telephonic Laboratory of
the College of the City of New York, was
familiar with their ruggedness and de-
highly satisfactory in practical service and
have been adopted as the standard for electron relay service by at least one Government.
A battery of any kind, for use in radio
work, must, aboie all things, be dependable, even when subjected to the greatest of all abuse-neglect. Of course, when
tinder the eye of a trained battery expert
almost any kind of a storage battery will
give good service, if the demand upon it
is such as does not necessitate ruggedness;
but small units, widely scattered and in the
hands of many who may be entirely unskilled in storage battery practise, seldom
receive more attention than an occasional
charge (which may be a prolonged overcharge at excessively high rates). and the
pendability.
A special storage cell was thereupon developed and several batteries of these cells
were sent to Professor Goldsmith for an
extensive series of tests. After due time
and a few minor changes, the commercially
spring and not by the trunnion screws.

The trunnion standards are tapt and
threaded to take a bushing which is also
tapt hut threaded at one end only. The unthreaded ends take the lever trunnionThe bushing is for making the coarse adjustments which are made permanent by
means of lock nuts. The threaded end of
each bushing is fitted with screw and lock
nut making and securing fine adjustments.
The advantage of this double adjustment,
secured by employing adjustable bushings,
prevents the ejectment of the key trunnions
from the trunnion sockets and also permits
of severe usage without impairment.
Parts of New Nickel -Iron Light Weight

Storage Cell for Use In "Electron Relay'
Wing Circuits.
ELECTRICAL
684
EXPERIMENTER
A Radio- Controlled "Tank"

By FRANK COPER\ I AN
Much can be accomplisht in the art of
radio -telemechanics by the aid of simple
apparatus found in the experimenter's laboratory. The photos show a model radio controlled "Tank." The frame and cover
are constructed of wood, reinforced by
It is propelled
cross wires.
by a spring motor geared
with the front rollers, which
are music cylinders obtained
from a music box. A number of wooden feet with
closed just as the flag points over contact

No. 1 the tank will start off. When the
flag reaches contact No. 7 a press on the
key will bring the tank to a standstill.
Over any other contact a press will fire
one of the guns which are brass tubes
plugged at one end with a
cork having two wires run

thru with a piece of resistance
wire across the ends. A small
amount of flashlight powder
in each tube furnishes the
February, 1918
based on the recent Patent No. 1,233,84I,
printed in the "Patent Department" of THE
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER.
Mr. Elmer E.
Bucher is the owner of the above mentioned patent. As yet I have not seen in
print anything referring to the reception of
undamped waves using this system.

The principle of the arrangement is to
have a condenser (variable) either geared
or belted to a motor, which rotates the
movable plates at a uniform rate of speed.
Thus the capacity rises from Zero to Maximum, and then starts over again after having returned to the zero mark. Mr. Bucher
states that this system is applicable to both
spark and arc systems, but as far as I have
succeeded, strong spark signals were the
only ones of this character received. It
works admirably well in connection with the
reception of undamped waves. Owing to
the above conditions, I have arranged connections which allow this condenser to be
used in receiving undamped waves in its
proper place (in series with the receiving
circuit, same as the tikker), but for damped
waves, as indicated in diagram, the three pole double -throw switch is thrown in position
This allows the condenser to be
used as the SHUNT CONDENSER across
the secondary of the loose coupler, and in
this position the ordinary connections used
-I.
An
Interesting Radio -Controlled "Tank" Which Fires Several Cannons and Ambles
Along Just Like the Real Ones, Which the "Tommies" Are Using.
twisted braid on each side make up the

caterpillar belts. The points on the rollers
grasp the braid and carry the belt around
without slippage. The belts are set on a
slant so that the Tank travels in a large
circle.
An electromagnet to each side of the
brake on the spring motor serve to throw
it on and off. The coherer and de- colterer
are mounted on the base of a 150 ohm
relay; this in turn is suspended upside down
in the center of the tank; coiled springs
on each side keep it from swaying. The
selective control is novel, as only one press
on the key is needed to start and stop the
tank or fire any one of the five guns at
will. A circular piece of cardboard (see
diagram) with several curved contacts, cut
from copper strip, mounted as shown, is
fastened over the dial of a clock -work from
which the balance wheel has been removed.
The minute hand is replaced by a copper
strip; this moves over the contacts with
moderate friction. A rod with a tin "flag"
to serve as a pointer is mounted along
with the copper strip as shown in the diagram. This clockwork switch is mounted
in the rear end of the tank with the tin
flag projecting up between the belts. The
cross wires and a two foot chain pulled
along behind serve as antennae to pick up
the waves sent from a two -inch spark coil,
untuned transmitting set.
When the clock -work switch is wound,
the flag slowly revolves. If the key is
Gentags
gam
rJ +as too/be'-
Cordbaud Ora/
an a/aim
c/a t
"bang." This "Tank" answers to the name

of "Kaiser Kanner No. 13."
NON -RADIO COMMUNICATION

SCHEME DON'T WORK?
One of the readers of the ELECTRICAL Ex-
recently complained that he had

tried the ground circuit non -radio communication scheme suggested by Mr. E. T. Jones
in the Sept., 1917, issue, and that it would
not work.
We referred the matter to Mr. Jones,
who replied to the querist as follows:
"Your letter of 12th regarding my non radio communication system, has been
PERIMENTER
handed to me by the ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER and I am indeed sorry to learn of

your unsuccessful attempts to communicate
with your friend. I will endeavor to throw
some light on the subject in order that you
may try this system again.
"The condensers must be of large caMF, furpacity, in fact not smaller than
thermore you state that you are using 75
ohm phones, in this respect I may say that
these phones are not sensitive enough to
pick up the disturbance caused by the buzzer at the other end. I am using 2000 ohm
phones with my set. Also notice that you
have the three wire system, while this
should not make any difference, so long as
the middle wire is accepted as the grounded
side, but it may be to some advantage to
try both of the outside wires; that is at different intervals; try it on the other ungrounded wire instead of the one now emIf after trying this you do not
ployed.
hear signals cut two lamps in series parallel,
thus allowing more current to flow thru
the buzzer circuit. Should this prove of
no avail, then your friend must either be
on a different circuit (where no metallic
connection whatever is made between your
house and his) or his or your apparatus is
not properly connected. as no one here has
had any trouble whatsoever with this system; I have worked as far as thirteen city
Mocks. I hope that you will obtain the desired results now."
Y.L
Ill
!!1-
.s..-sc,.-.bl .
Con/Oct mode rvl>
revs''emqd/oles
5:
1
1
L
2
USING
THE ROTARY
CONDEN-
SER TO RECEIVE UNDAMPED
WAVES.
Diagram of Connections Used In Miniature

Interesting
Radio- Controlled "Tank " -An
Model Which Every Radio -Bug Will Want
To Build.
d9n'ar
dond/e
Having noticed your special request in

the last few editions for articles treating on
"Wireless Subjects," I herewith submit a
practical way to receive Undamped Waves,
Various Hook -Ups Used With Bucher Rotary

Condenser Scheme For Receiving Undamped Waves.
for the reception of spark signals
is had.
Now, when the switch is thrown over on

the other side (position 2) this SHUNT
CONDENSER is thrown in series with the
secondary, fixt condenser, and 'phones in

which position the set is ready to receive
undamped waves. Of course the motor is
started and the condenser plates made to
revolve.
There is a lot more of experimenting to
be done along these lines as this is an entirely new field pertaining to the reception
of undamped waves.
Contributed by
E. T. JONES.
(Chief Electrician- Radio, U. S. N. R. F.)
February, 1918
685
The How andIf. Why of Radio Apparatus

\1'iNFIELD SECOR, Assoc. I. R. E.
By
No. 6 -Radio Receiving Tuners.

From time to tine we will describe one
particular instrument used in either the radio transmitting or receiving set, explaining just how it works, and why. We hove
received so many requests from new readers asking for such explanations, that we
have decided to publish this matter in serial
form. In the course of several issues all
of the principal transmitting and receiving
The
apparatus unii have been covered.
subject for the sixth paper is RADIO RE-
CEIVING TUNERS.
oscillating magnetic field thus set up induces

a similar current in the secondary which
acts upon the detector and 'phones. Usually, a variable condenser is connected across
the secondary coil to enable the operator to
tune this circuit in syntony with the primary
oscillatory circuit, with regard to frequency
and wave length.
Fig. 3 shows a typical receiving circuit
employing two variometers; one in series
with the aerial lead -in to act as a loading
coil, the other acting as a means of transferring the aerial circuit energy to the de-
one and can he revolved about its axle

thru 180 degrees. Now, when in one concentric position, the two coils are connected
so that their magnetic fields oppose. the in-
ductance of the variometer is practically

zero. If the inner coil is then turned on
its axle, the inductance will gradually increase and maximum inductance obtained
when the inner coil has revolved 180 degrees; i.e., when this coil has completely
changed sides with respect to the outer coil.
This effect is readily understood from the
diagram Fig. 4. The dotted lines show the
THE tuning of incoming radio mes-
sages is accomplisht tliru some form

of inductance coil or coils. The
simplest tuned circuit involves the
use of a tuning coil; as shown in
Fig. 1, this comprises a single layer of wire
wound on a hard rubber, fiber or other
stable, insulating tube and which has an air
core. The number of turns in use at any
time is adjustable by virtue of movable
sliders or else by multi -point switches connected up to equally spaced sections of the
coil.
The hook -up, Fig. 1, shows what is known
as an auto-transformer connection; i.e., the
single coil acts as both primary and seconThe aerial tuning
dary simultaneously.
circuit is formed thru lead -in, inductance.
slider B, and so to ground. The closed
oscillating or detector circuit is composed
of the detector, slider C, inductance between
C and D, slider D, and fixt condenser F.C.
The telephone receivers ere shti9ted(across

the fixt condenser. The 'phones are sometimes connected across the detector as indicated by the dotted lines. The former
hook -up is usually preferable, especially
where the capacity FC is variable, either
gradually or in steps. The magnetic field
set up within the inductance coil is shown
by the dotted lines. It is possible to obtain
higher or lower potential in the detector
circuit C D, as compared to that existing in
the primary by simply arranging the sliders
C and D to emhrace more or less turns than
are in use in the primary circuit at any
instant. High wave lengths are tuned in
by connecting a variable condenser across
the secondary sliders C and D, and also in
some cases across the aerial and ground
inductance terminals, depending upon the
amount of inductance and capacity in the
antenna. To tune in short waves, shorter
than the fundamental period of the antenna
circuit. it becomes necessary to insert a
variable condenser in series with the ground
lead as indicated at X. This reduces the
capacity of the aerial circuit in accordance
with the formula for the joint capacity of
two or more condensers connected in
series:
Cj=
-+ -G,
1
./
"
,
toaseCouP/er
TU/7/9 CO//
I-
VOriometer
-2-
3-
p'11...
H'a
:
..1
looting
lay/
Tinhee:
avA'aals
OCmilomm
vt
persec
Auoron
,c
sofC arm/
6
MogTTet/C
Oe/tdor
-6-
AyrreJm//
SYondord
Audios set
Tiiehook up
-7-
-8-
-i0 -
te
Cr
where Cj is the total or joint capacity and

Cm and C, are the respective capacities connected in series.
The received signal current taken off in
the detector circuit at C D passes thrtt the
crystal or other detector and fixt or blocking condenser as shown. The crystal detector acts as a rectifier of the high frequency incoming oscillations, and the signals are heard in the 'phones.
Fig. 2 illustrates a two -coil coupling
transformer or loose coupler as it is called
in radio parlance. The primary winding is
connected to aerial and ground, and is thus
energized by the aerial oscillations. The
The Diagrams Above Show All the Principal Radio Receiving Circuits, Including the Arrange ments for Employing Tuning Coils. Loose Couplers and Varlometers. Circuits for Both Damped
and Undamped Wave Reception Are Given.
tector circuit in the manner apparent.

The variometer is a very efficient tuning
instrument and acts upon a unique principle.
This action is outlined at Fig. 4. Simply
exprest, the variometer changes the inductance in the circuit by the reaction between
the magnetic field of the primary and secondary. The complete variometer comprises two short cylindrical coils (sometimes
spherically wound) with the inner and
smaller diameter coil pivotally mounted
within the larger stationary coil. The inner
coil is connected in series with the outer
magnetic field due to the outer coil

"A," as well as the resultant electromagnetic field produced by the inner coil
"B." As becomes evident in the relative
position of the two coils here shown. a considerable portion of the North and South
magnetic field due to coil "A" is neutralized
or counteracted by the South and North
poles of coil "B." \\'hen coils "A" and "B"
are turned until their faces align with their
N. and S. poles coinciding. then it is seen
how the one magnetic field will completely
686
Detail Construction of
9 8
1
Damped and Undamped Wave
Receptor
By F.
DURING the past year I have been

studying different forms of receivers for different uses and have
finally arrived at the conclusion
that 1 have as efficient a receiver
for practically all uses as can be obtained
at a fair price. The set about to be de-
February,
Mac\ICRPHY
ing is complete, to insure stability. Four

wooden blocks hold the condenser to the
base of the panel.
Figure 4 gives the details of the condenser mountings 6 and 8 as numbered.
while Fig. 5 gives the details for the condenser bolts used in the above named con-
this same manner. A fine cutting tool can

be used to cut the rod down a short way,
after which a hack saw must be substituted.
Be sure and keep the lathe in motion while
the sawing is being done; otherwise a

square cut cannot be obtained. In mounting these condensers to the panel, proceed
as follows :-On the Blitzen condensers
there are three screws which hold the stationary plates to the rubber top- Remove
the two end ones and in their place fit 8/32
threaded rod which has one end threaded
6/32. Obtain a 6/32 threaded nut and
and screw this on to that part of the rod
threaded 6/32. Then it is only necessary
to screw that part of the rod into one of
the holes from which the original was
taken. The nut acts as a lock to hold the
condenser firmly to its top. The entire
length of this threaded rod should be
inches. If this form of fastening is used,
the collars do not have to be but % inch
in length. Two bolts threaded 8/32 by 1
inch in length are needed for the mounting
of each condenser.
1
Rheostats.
The mountings for the rheostats are

clearly given in Figure 6. The switch arm
originally on the rheostat is taken off and
connections made to a new shaft threaded
10/24. This shaft is
inches long. The
collars on these rheostats are % inch high
and are made in the same manner as given
under "Condensers." Two brass machine
bolts
inch long threaded 8/32 are needed
for the mounting of each rheostat.
The detail mountings of switch 3, is given
in Figure 7. This shaft is threaded 14/24
and is 24 inches long. It is necessary to
drill a hole in the units switch arm considerably larger so as not to make contact
with the shaft. Figure 8 gives the switch
arm details which shows the brass sector
needed for switches 3 and 4. The other
switch details are given by Figures 10, 11
and 12. Instead of using small washers
1
Appearance of Finished Damped and Undamped Valve Receptor.

Type and Is Both Efficient and Attractive.
scribed is suitable for the reception of both

spark. arc and high frequency alternator
stations. Credit is due Mr, A. S. Natterman's article in this journal for suggestions made relative to this station. No
greater mistake could be made by the amateur experimenter than to try to build a
receiver of this type suitable for damped,
as well as undamped waves. without first
having a definite and sure knowledge of
the principles involved, as failure will
surely follow. If the receiver is to be used
to receive the high -powered stations in
Germany and Honolulu for example (after
the war, to be sure), then it must be very
carefully proportioned and thoroly understood.
In the accompanying diagram (Fig. I)
is shown the general design of the panel
compartment. The Cabinet is made of
mahogany and has a Bakelite panel 24
inches by 12 inches, % inch thick. fitted
into it, as shown in the figure. Tubular
Audion bulbs were used in practise and
sockets were substituted by four binding
posts as shown in Fig. 2. This figure gives
the detail dimensions of all the panel mountings ; while Fig. 2A gives the side view of
the cabinet showing hots the panel is fitted.
densers. The collars used on these condensers are Y8 inch in diameter and are
made by centering a % -inch round brass
rod in a lathe and drilling a 3/16 -inch hole
by means of a drill press chuck, fitted
into the lathe tail -stock in place of the
center. All the other collars are made in
.4
Interior of Cabinet (Condensers).
Figure 3 gives the details of the mounting of condenser No. 7. Two brass miter
gears are used to work the shaft. Into
the horizontal gear is fitted either by
threads or set screw a rod threaded 8/32
by % inch long. A brass rod, % inch
square by 1% inches long. has a hole bored
into it 3/16 inch in diameter to allow the
rod to enter. This rod has a few threads
on one end so as to allow the small threaded rod in the horizontal gear to be held
together by the lock nuts. These lock nuts
must be soldered together after the mount-
It is of the Cabinet
'
..._
V
- 1,
,.
Front View of Radio Receptor Cabinet, Showing Dimensions for Drilling Holes for Various
Switches, Etc. Also Detall of Knob on Variable Condenser.
February,
687
1918
next to the back side of the panel, i prefer

to drill a 3/16 inch hole in a small piece of
brass sheeting %r inch wide by about
inch long as the wire connection can be
soldered to the saine much easier than by
using small washers.
Inductance Coils.
The coil No. 3 or the primary is wound
on a tube 434 inches in diameter by 6
inches long, with No. 26 D.C.C. wire. Fifteen taps of 10 turns each are taken off,
as well as 10 taps of one turn each, for
the units section of the Switch 3. The
secondary coil No. 4, is wound on a tube
4% inches by 5 inches and contains a
winding length of 4% inches of No. 28
D.C.C. wire with 12 taps taken off. As it
will be noted in the wiring diagram (Fig.
15), there is a coupling coil numbered 34,
which is not contained in the cabinet. The
outside coil of this coupler is 4% inches in
diameter by 6 inches long, wound full with
No. 28 D.S.C. wire, and the inner coil is 4
inches in diameter by 6 inches long, wound
with the same wire the full length of the
coil. These coils are to be mounted on a
separate base and arranged to slide in and
out of one another. It should be possible
to separate them about 2 inches. The
Switch 35, shown in the diagram, can best
be mounted on this base. The coil No. 5
is 6 inches in diameter and 11 inches long
and is wound with No. 32 D S.C. wire
having 25 taps taken off. Figure 13 gives
the necessary facts to be used in constructing the small loose coupler No. 2. In the
construction of this coupler be sure and
drill the holes in the wooden drum and in
the support, as well as in the panel, larger
than is necessary, since if a tight fit is
obtained, trouble will be experienced with
The general idea involved in receiving

sustained waves by the heterodyne or beat
principle is to introduce into the receiving
circuit a second or superimposed sustained.
auto -transformer can be constructed as follows:-A core 2 inches in diameter by 14

inches in length consisting of a bundle of
very soft iron wires is wound with several
layers of No. 34
S.
wire.
C.
S.
About
pounds
of this wire will

be necessary.
The condenser
No. 28 should
consist of two
the nuts turning.
inches by 3
inches separated
by a piece of par affined pa p e r .
2
The coupler No.
have
the following dimensions. Wind-
30 and 31
ing
length
12
inches, diameter
7% inches, wound
with No. 30 D.
wire for the
primary coil No.
30, while coil No.
S. C.
31, the secondary

has a winding
length
of
ro /a,05
/urn each
12
inches, diameter
674 inches, wound
with No. 32 D.
wire. The
primary has 25
taps, while the
S. C.
Plzen amp ca'

11
Con'
secondary has 18
taps taken off. It
should be possible to separate
them about 9
of
pable
a n s-
is
ca-
being
Bend
ig. 4-
XI IS
sir
lead
RnNSlol
sw pomis
Dolt Inns
...
far earar
L- j`-.
Bross reeler NnJi4
2red /k231rf
_agi
Bend hero
Bend
!~i --=--
Bross
1 ATG'a/n
Erase
Manhnq for
ta3
fig _
ife
!914
Bronze
/arJwi/CM3 LeiN.
oscillating current of radio -frequency.

These sustained waves are obtained from a
sustained high -frequency generator at the
receiving station. By obtaining a frequency
of this local oscillation slightly different
from the oscillation arriving, the two will
interact, and produce a beat frequency
which may be made quite low, and quite
within the audible limits. This socalled
beat frequency is then the difference be(Continued on page 720)
Met
memorize the sentence "Now 1 hope I shall

recollect." The words in this sentence
represent the figures by the number of letters they contain, thus
3.
I
shall recollect
I hope
One -fourth of the aboye numbers, viz.:
.7854, is also in frequent use for finding the
areas of circle, etc., and may be committed
to memory by means of the sentence
Now
.7
diameter
Squared
Contributed by
area
finds
H. J. GRAY.
AUTHORS!!!
All matter intended for publication -not
on'frsnl no/f /pLzt z4.z<zz
only by us, but by any other magazine or

newspaper as well- should be written on
If it
i one side of the paper only and in ink.
isn't. somebody else must copy part of it
Etc.
Support,
Mountings, Rheostat
.,tT on another sheet before it is given to
Set.
Used InatheblConstruction of
the printer.
!91
No Iron Screws Should Be
/l
s(
fgii
De/odd
sw: 3
C[
HOW TO REMEMBER 3.14159

To some people the following dodge will
doubtless prove useful. The factor 3.14159
is in constant use for obtaining the circumference of a circle (when multiplied by the
diameter) and for other purposes. Those
who cannot remember the figures in their
proper order will find it much easier to
Shee/ Ih/ot
of condensers 4as
View.
Some of
Top View of the Cabinet, Showing the' Method of Placing
the Apparatus, Including Variometer Type Coupler.
Pomler
Maunlmg
t%p
fig /4
separated over
12 inches.
Such
loose coupling is quite imperative when receiving waves of the order of 6,000 meters
to 12,000 meters. The "Cambridge" tuner is
almost identical in construction to the one
just described.
Cand a
inches. The
former
A top view of the cabinet showing the

method of placing some of the apparatus
in the cabinet is given by Figure 14.
If the wiring diagram as shown in Figure
16 is used, it is necessary to obtain a
"Blitzen" amplifying coil, while if the diagram as shown in Figure 15 is used, the
20
of tin foil
sheets
author's t r
Conclusion.
Pas:Macr'
lute
Dee
Soot
sol'er
fig, g.
ELECTRICAL
688
THE
..,.....
SEX
LJI
D
_
10
)C-lt
EXPERIMENTER
February,
9 I8
E
_
00C100
Experimental Mechanics
13)
S:\\IUEL COHEN
LESSON
THE LATHE
THE lathe, the topic for this
us consider that we have decided upon and
lesson.
is the most important tool in the
work -shop, and if one becomes a
thoro master of this tool, he is practically a master of most of the tools
used
in modern machine shops.
11.
On the
FIg. 3. A "Turning Operation" -The Piece

Being Machined is Held Between the "Live'
and "Dead" Centers and Driven By Means of
About
a "Dog" Attached to the Face Plate.
the First Job Lathe Hands Tackle.
other hand. if an individual is thoroly familiar with another machine such as a drill press, milling machine, etc., he would be
entirely lost when placed before a modern

lathe. the reason being that the lathe embodies practically all the fundamental operations of all other machine tools. It is for
this reason that the author advises the
novice to become as expert on the lathe as
he possibly can.
Since the lathe is of such importance in

the shop, the writer will endeavor to show
the experimenter how he can utilize it for
many purposes other than the turning of
wood or metal. Eventually he will find

that he can produce a great variety of
work with this single machine by the aid
of certain attachments which otherwise
would require several individual machines.
Some of the work which can he satisfactorily carried out with a lathe provided
with the proper attachments are
drilling.
grinding. screw cutting, milling and tapering. It is therefore clearly seen that by
acquiring the necessary tools for an engine
lathe, a complete machine shop can he had
with that individual machine. : \t the beginning of this course the writer discust
the manner of selecting and purchasing a
lathe. Now for the sake of argument let
:-
obtained the type of machine desired. Further, let us assume that the machine is a
nine -inch swing screw- cutting engine lathe.
When receiving the machine carefully unpack the crating and see that ever' part
Usually a
is shipt with the equipment.
price list containing all the parts that are
included in the set is given and it is advisable to check them up with the parts
sent with the lathe.
When unwrapping the lathe it twill he
seen that the bright parts of the machine
are thoroly covered with heavy grease in
order to prevent rusting. To remove this
grease use a rag that has been dipt in kerosene (or gasoline), then wipe the parts
dry. Clean all the gears and the various
other movable parts.
The next consideration is the location of
the lathe and there are several factors entering into this problem, viz :-space available; position of driving shaft and the
direction of the light. The first and second factors are left entirely to the amateur.
tt'hile for the third it is advisable that the
light for the lathe shall enter over the
right shoulder of the operator in order to
obtain best results. It is very important
that proper illumination should he obtained
if accurate and delicate work is to be carried out.
The foundation underneath the lathe
should he very rigid and care should he
taken to see that no shaking can occur when
the machine is running.
Before delving into the workings of a
lathe let us acquire some fundamentals with
respect to this valuable machine. There
are various forms of lathes, each of which
1 -The
first
have their particular value.
and most common one is the foot -lathe.
which by its name signifies that the revolving member is driven by means of a
hand -lathe; one which
foot treadle. 2
has no means of controlling the cutting
tool by means of the operator's hand.
Self- acting lathe; one which has an attachment to hold the cutting tool and permitting said tool to travel and be fed acro,
the lathe bed both transversely and lateral
ly. This arrangement is found in practically all screw -cutting engine lathes.
For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the various parts of the lathe
the skeleton drawing and its corresponding
key shown herewith gives the proper names
of the most important parts of the machine.
(See Fig. 1.) This shows a standard screw cutting engine lathe.
The next consideration in regards to the
lathe is to make a suitable foundation for
it and it is essential that the lathe he securely fastened to the floor. If it is to he
secured where sound flooring is not available. it is advisable to thoroly strengthen
the floor by bracing in order to prevent as
much as possible any vibration when the
lathe is in operation. The lathe should he
carefully leveled up with an accurate spirit
level. The levels should be placed across
the width near the head stock.
Several
measurements at different points along the

entire length of the bed should be taken in
order to see that even point is properly
leveled. The countershaft should be fastened in a position so that the belt between
the pulleys of the counter -shaft and the
lathe are in exact line. It is necessary that
the axis of the lathe spindle he parallel to
that of the counter -shaft. It is, of course,
not necessary that the lathe spindle be directly underneath the countershaft. It can
be from five to fifteen inches on either side,
and a great deal of judgment must be exercised by the experimenter in this direction.
As soon as the counter -shaft and the
spindle cones are in proper position so that
the belts will run properly, fasten the lathe
firmly, using lag bolts.
:\ few words relative to belts will be
of value especially to the novice. Leather
When
is always recommended.
belting the counter -shaft to the line shaft
tw o Lela are asst a_ys used. The belt nearest the head end of the lathe is usually
belting
-A
3-
FIg. 4. A Good View of Actual Lathe installation Equipt With Motor Drive. A Drilling Operation Is Shown, the Drill Being Held
In Tail Stock Chuck.
February,
19 I8
made straight. The other is reversed or a

crost belt. The counter -shaft belt should
be so arranged that when the shipper rod
(the rod for changing the belt from the

loose to the tight
pulley) is t h r o w n
over in the direction
689
give it a necessary oiling but to make sure

that any dust or dirt in the bearings will be
washed out.
before starting see that the shipper rod is

properly adjusted. See that the spindle
cone bearings are properly adjusted, so that
the spindle can be
revolved easily by
hand or by means
of the back gear.
Then test the back
gear connection with
of the lathe head
spindle, the lathe

will revolve so that
the top of the spindle runs toward the
operator when be is
in front of the machine. The smooth
side of the leather
belt should be placed
next to the pulley.
The reason the belt
is made smooth at
one side is that in
passing over the pulley there will be no
air pockets. It is advisable to dress the
belt frequently by
means of a good
belt dressing, in order that the flexibility of the belt may
be retained and also
to prevent slipping.
In lining up two pulleys, such as those
on a lathe and counter-shaft, it is the
usual practise to use
a piece of chalk line.
This cord is
stretched taut and
held against the outside edges of the
pulley rims and the
machine shifted until the line touches
at four points, i.e..
hotlt front and rear
edges of both pulley
rims. Pulleys of unequal face widths
can be lined up thus
and the narrower
one reset afterward
by measurement.
the gear clamp, and

Names of Lathe Parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.
7.
lied.
Head Stock
'gall Stock
Apron
Compound Rest
head Strait Spindle
Tall Stock Spindle
Heed and Tall Stock Centers
Spindle Cone
8.
0.
10. Bull Gear
11. Spindle Reverse Gear
12. Reverse Twin Gear
13. Lead Screw Change Gear
14. Lead Screw Drive Gear
15. Lead Screw
16. Lead Screw Bracket
17. Curiage Starting Lever
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Apron Hand wheal

Auto Apron Knob
Tail Stock Binding Lever

Tall Stock Clamping Bolt
Tail Stock Band Wheel
23.
24.
25.
2t).
27.
76
Tool Poet
Transverse Randle
Compound Rest Handle
Face Plate
Rack
70
/2
H.
1\
2/
that the spindle

runs when the back
gear is thrown into
action.
A very good arrangement of the
gears and the lathe
in general is shown
in Fig. 2.
This is
a
standard 9 -inch
lathe, avd it is this
type of ILthe that the
author recommends
the amateur to purchase. The gears are
properly
protected
by means of a box
see
made from tin or

sheet iron. The vari-
our reduction gears

are secured to a
board on the wall.
This lathe is driven
by means of an elec-
trie motor, which is

hung from the ceiling. The motor is
rated at 110 volts, 14
horse power, direct
current. The various speeds are ob-
tained by controlling
the power supplied
to this motor. and
this controller is stationed
underneath
the lathe. This is
very clearly seen in
Fig. 2, at the lower
right hand corner.
/9
The
we-
controller
is
operated by a foot
t
treadle. The switch
panel as seen conFig. 1. This View of a Modern Lathe Shows All the Principal Parts With Their Nantes.
tains two switches,
As
Well
As the Counter -shaft With Belt Shift and Clutc h Pulley.
Having belt e d
one, the main conthe lathe to the countrol switch, and the
A great deal of attention should be exerter -shaft and secured the driving motor in
other the reversing switch. This arrangecised in seeing that all the parts in the head
its proper position, the next and most imporment is very satisfactory, and is strongly
tant thing is to go over carefully the vari- stock spindle and the mechanism in apron
recommend to the amateur, this scheme
and the lead -screw bearings are well oiled. providing great flexibility.
ous parts of the machine, and see that all
It is advisable that the lathe should be gone
the parts function properly. Every oil hole
The novice is advised to carefully study
over at least once a day to see that every
should he located and a generous supply of
the manner in which the motor is mounted.
revolving part is properly oiled.
good quality machine oil poured in them,
Note the two small beams on which the
\Ve are now ready to start the lathe and
covering each revolving part, not only to
Fig.
General View of Lathe With Protected Gears (Left) and

Foot Controlled Rheostat. An Efficient Arrangement.
2.
Fig.
5.
This Illustrates How the Amateur Can Rig Up

Saw and Table On His Lathe.
Circular
690
February, 1918
High Frequency FREDERICK

Phenomena
and Experiments
LICHTENOW
By
\PERIME \TAI_ electricity
in its
various phases has always held an

unresistable fascination for me.
Under its captivating influence I
find myself experimenting thruout
the year, whenever time allows this, ever
'
-It
The High Frequency "Spark Tube "

Comprises a Glass Tube Partially Filled with
Powdered Carbon. It Is Charged by "Uni.
polar" Current from a Tesla Coil.
in search for the unknown trail leading to
some new wonderland of electrical manifestations. This trail is exceedingly hard to

find, not to speak of the wonderland beyond, in the shape of a "new discovery"
The principles underlying the thousands of
tried experiments are known to science; and
in order to present
something perfectly
new, the principle
involved must at
the same time be a
novel one.- I have
not succeeded that
far, sorry to say,
and the few experiments given here
may
be
original
only in the way in
which they are of-
fered. From
VON
plugged up with corks, thru the centers of

which short ends of brass or copper wire
are inserted in order to make connection
with the carbon particles. The outward
protruding ends are shaped into rings, preferably soldered at the joints, (see Fig. 1).
The smaller ring connects to one secondary
post of the Tesla coil, while the larger one
supports, and at the same time "grounds."
the tube on the table.
As indicated already uuipolor current is
employed. When the current passes, won derfully blue -white sparks run in a steady
stream over the carbon fragments, illuminating the whole tube, while the larger ring
sends off a spray of violet light on its lower
curve. Upon approaching the tube with the
hand, fingers spread apart, violet streamers,
accompanied by a sizzling noise, can be
drawn thru the glass into each extended
finger, (Fig. 2).
The length of these
streaming sparks depends naturally on the
electrical output of the generating set used.
With only a ]' inch "Bulldog" spark coil
and a standard "Electro" Tesla transformer
of the same make, together with the proper
condenser capacity and a spark gap provided with long, sharply pointed zinc electrodes, I was able to draw sparks one inch
Gehl /e
7z/e
worthless
..
in
\o.
limited to a foot and a half on the outside.

Upon the current being turned on and
wires approached to within about % inch,
violet- colored sparks will pass between their
points. If the wire
on the further end
is now grounded by
holding it in one
hand, the sparks will
be increased to more
than trice their former length. .This
JnducfercACoi/
FiyS
fE
A Short Distance Away from the "Oscillator" Plate, Charged by a Unipolar Tesla Current,
There Is Placed an Inductance Coil. The Current Induced in It Will Light uo a Geissler
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
in length which were visible in a lighted
room. However, the beauty of this experiment can be appreciated to the fullest in
perfect darkness only, when the actual
length of the sparks, which are really con siderably longer, may be ascertained. To
heighten the effect. the spark gap should be
darkened also. l may add that the glass
tube soon cracks under the electrical strain
and has to be replaced by a new one.
EXPERIMENT
ò.
An inductance, resembling the secondary

coil of an Ondin resonator is placed within
the center of a helix, (see Fig. 6). At the
time when this idea occurred to me, I employed a standard "Electro" helix, (after
having the top removed) and a specially
made inductance coil
inches in height,
2% inches in diameter and wound with a
single layer of very fine, (No. 36 or 38
8/
dress
Fingers Are Approached to
"Spark Tube." Fine Sparks Will Be

Drawn Thru the Glass to the Hand. These
Are Harmless, Owing to the Very High Frequency. The Experiment Works Best in the
Dark.
copper rod, carrying a 1 inch solid brass

ball, brightly polished. on its end and soldered to it, (see Fig. 3.) Hard -rubber
stands as shown in Fig. 4 support the oscillating plate and afford the proper insulation.
In the plane of the waves oscillating from
the sheet of zinc, a large inductance coil,
about 2 feet long, 2 inches in diameter, and
wound with a single layer of fine (No. 36
or 38 B. & S.) insulated magnet wire, is
then placed. This coil has a binding post on
either end, to which pieces of stout copper
wire are fastened, and may be mounted
on a separate table from the one holding
the Tesla set (Fig. 5). Here again the
geiss/e
b .r//.
A flexible helix wire, having a clip on one

end, is connected to one secondary binding
post of the "Tesla coil, while the clip engages in the copper rod attached to the
oscillator. This latter consists of a plate
of zinc 8 or 10 inches square and a heavy
he
ings.
Tube.
1.
A tube of glass
about a foot long and one-half nrcll in
diameter is filled with enough small
fragments of carbon (those taken from an
ordinary lead pencil or arc light carbon
suffice) so that they cover its lower surface
completely, when placed flat on the table.
The openings at both ends of the tube are
f the Extended
experiment affords
very spectacular
way
of
lighting
Geissler and other
vacuum tubes. The
coil ends should. for
best results, be constructed of some
insulating material.
or if made of wood
this should be thoroly coated with shellac, the same as the
insulated wire wind-
einefe,
_-----_--.r_ L'L"la
-
they are
EXPERIMENT
Insulators.
7-17
prac-
fact,
they would cease to
he experiments with
the moment they
could be put to a
practical use.
;
An Interesting Tesla Current Experiment

Can Be Made with the Aid of This Metal
"Oscillator" Plate. It is Charged by a Unlpolar Current and Rests on Hard Rubber
tical or mechanical
standpoint
power of the generating set regulates the

distance between the oscillator and the inductance coil. With the aforementioned,
comparatively small outfit, this distance was
/uc/ance
-Coi/
.i"
],'
lue-
t
-
>-
s L-9+ $4
4,3
He/ix
Fiq 7
An Unusual "Oudln" Coll Is Made from a
Helix and a Small Inductance Coil Built as
Shown. The Latter Has Brass End Cheeks
Which Help to Pick up Energy from the
Charged Helix, with Which It Has No Connection.
The Smaller Coll Measures 8,4"
by 2/2..
February,
B. & S.) silk covered, magnet wire, thoroly

coated with shellac. The brass ball proper
has a diameter of two inches. Both coil ends
consist of solid brass instead of some in-
sulating material for the sake of other

experiments. (Fig. 7)
If the helix is now connected up as shown
in diagram, sparks may be taken off at the
coil terminal, Geissler tubes lighted, etc..
altho this coil is in no wise connected to the
circuit, both coil and helix merely working
under the principle of the Tesla transformer. In all these experiments it is imperative to have the connecting wires as
Cand
PO
Jpn
JG
Grail/ op,o/yin9/a
/e5/aca/
e.Iîimeill Jana'?
f 9 d Pere/axe
co./
Spa
tai/
Cana
Crcud app/ /o
g rwp
fiy
.3
dvD.t
Diagrams Showing How the High Frequency

Apparatus is Connected for the Experiments
Here Described.
short and straight as possible and also heavy

Both the rubber -covered copper
besides.
cable and the insulated flexible stranded
copper wire are entirely satisfactory in this
respect.
SHOWING FIELD OF STATIC

CHARGE.
- The following experiment
to demonstrate
the lines of force in a static charge can be
performed by anyone having a \Vltimshurst static machine, such as the E. 1. Co.
type.
First buy or prepare some powdered glass

by grinding up a few old test tubes in an
iron mortar and sifting thru a fine screen.
Dry a 10 x 14 inch (size need not be exact)
pine board thoroly and tack a sheet of
smooth drawing paper on it.
Prepare two pointed tinfoil strips AA'

about 8 inches apart on paper and connect
with the two rods of the static machine.
Draw the balls on the machine far enough
apart to prevent a discharge. Drive off all
moisture from the powdered glass by heating it and sprinkle a light layer over paper.
\Vllen the static machine is started, tap the
hoard very lightly and the glass particles
will form in curved lines, similar to the
lines formed by iron filings and a magnet.
Contributed by GRANT JENKINS, JR.
.: 'rEit
..
.,
The Extent of
691
9 8
"Static Field" May
Be
illus-
Amateurs! The "Smelloscope!" Your Nose Knows
invention to perfection.
Then again there are many important
developments that are doomed to pass into
oblivion, owing to the fact that the inventors cannot secure -sufficient capital and
backing to make these inventions a success.
Of no man can this be said more truly
than the hero of every experimenter, Mr.
Thomas A. Edison. Volumes have been
publisht on his early life, trials, and tribulations and the few amusing incidents that
brightened his struggles.
In those days when a part such as a
socket, switch or even wire was required.
one had to make it and devise the machinery for making the same; nowadays, all
one does it to drop in a supply store and
secure almost anything wanted in the line
of parts.
It is in such circumstances that the mind
is given the chance for inventiveness, for
"necessity is the mother of invention."
Many useful and interesting things were
brought out which were never brought to
the public's attention, or if by chance the
people saw any new development they were
skeptical and soon forgot the incident.
A rather odd and little known about invention of his early work was the "odoroscope" or "smelloscope." A popular tobacco
manufacturer's slogan at present to advertise his tobacco is "Rub, Smell ; Your
Nose Knows." Why do all this, when
Edison's "smelloscope" is so handy and it
saves the use of one's nose! The instrument is a modification of his tasimeter and
has been named the "odoroscope" primarily
from its ability to measure odors which
may be inappreciable to the unaided senses.
The conditions relating to the registration
of moisture belong properly to the province

of the odoroscope.
The "Smelloscope"- -a LittleKnown Instru

ment Devised by Thomas A. Edison Which
Measures Smells by Electricity.
pressure, and on this principle the odoroscope works.

The instrument as may be seen from the
illustration resembles very much the early
type of telephone. It consists of a carbon
button placed between two carbon plates
A current of electricity
passes
thru one
plate. then thru the carbon button, and

A piece of
thence to the other plate.
gelatine is supported so as to press against
both plates. The whole is then placed in
connection with a galvanometer and bat-
tery.
The action of the apparatus is as follows: Heat causes the strip of gelatine to
expand and press the plates closer together
on the carbon, allowing more current to
thru and deflect the needle of a

sensitive galvanometer. Cold decreases the
pressure on the plates. 'Moisture. on which
principle the odoroscope operates. it near
the strip of gelatine, works the plates in
the same manner by increasing or decreasing the pressure and accordingly deflecting
the needle.
By means of this very sensitive arrangement of apparatus, combined with a sensitive galvanometer. it is possible to
pass
in the right shape, and if the bearings are

warmed before pouring it will insure a
better job.
To Mend Broken Oil- stones: A valu-
able oil-stone can usually be saved when

broken, even if there are several pieces.
The pieces must be thoroly cleaned and all
oil driven from the fractures by heating
on a hot plate. After this, dust powdered
shellac over the broken places and heat
again until the shellac melts and runs into
the cracked places. The broken pieces
should be heated very slowly on the hotplate, as it is likely to burst in other places.
When the shellac is well melted press the
pieces together and clamp very tight. A
joint so made will often last as long as the
stone, and if made carefully, leaves no mar
in the cutting surface.
To Keep Steel Tools in Their Handles:

To keep steel tools in their handles, fill the
handle with powdered resin and very fine
sand. Heat the tang of the tool hot, and
push it down hard into the handle. \\'hen
it is cold it will be firmly set.
trated by Means of Fine Glass Particles

(Powdered Glass) Spread on a Piece of
Drawing Paper. A Small Static Machine
Will Serve to Supply the Charge.
Mix together
TO PREVENT BABBITT METAL OR

LEAD FROM EXPLODING.
To Write Black on Bright Metal or

Glass: Mix to 2 parts of silicate of soda
with 10 parts of India ink (Higgins). Use
Before pouringthe babbitt metal, throw

in a piece of resin the size of a walnut, and
allow it to melt. This will keep the babbitt
All odors naturally travel thru the air

and the varying changes of density they
impose upon the atmosphere changes the
Most everybody in these modern times

is so accustomed to hearing of marvelous
feats of science that they rarely stop to
think of" the whys and wherefores of things.
taking much of it for granted, and forgetting the many years of toil and hardships
that might have been necessary to bring the
A Fine
Lubricant for Lathe Centers:
part grafite and 4 parts

tallow. Apply this to the moving surfaces.
1
steel pen point and write very carefully.

Contributed by FORREST M. KIMBLE.
a
-It
The "Insides" of the "Smelloscope "

Comprises Two Carbon Diagrams Separated by a
Carbon Button. A Gelatine Diagram is Placed
in Front of the Forward Carbon Diagram.
Galvanometer and Battery Are Connected as
Shown.
measure
the
Fahrenheit.
millionth part of a degree
Such being the case why not

be conservative and use a machine to tel)
us what's going on in the region of smells.
ELECTRICAL
692
The Construction of
February. 1918
EXPERIMENTER
Wheatstone Bridge
By THOMAS W. BENSON
OF the many methods devised for
measuring electrical resistance the

Wheatstone bridge has proven itself superior by every test. Utilizing the zero method, that is, a
network of resistance that must be balanced
so that no indication is given on the meter
4 S
.--f.
.6
3
l
r--0
g
r
--,.,
mmwmnnnns.1ws1mmnn
Fig
/roc' b/orits
_,.
O
a
IMw..n.ss
/iroorroid.5oa d
/ ,rasher
i7
1- :
/Mood dowe/
--1
o--
..57L-',..
n --e,
`De%odoÀ68
Pig2
fr
Detail or
6;
View of Finished "Wheatstone Bridge" and

Detall of Resistance Bobbin.
This Bridge
Is of the Well -Known Side -Wire Type.
or galvanometer. all errors due to unforeseen changes in the electromotive -force are
effectively eliminated and a high degree of
accuracy maintained.
Experimenters often have use for a
Wheatstone bridge and too often fall into
the belief that they are difficult to construct and handle. This is more or less
true with the Post Office type using plugs
in both the ratio and rheostat arms. but a
slide -wire bridge as described herewith can
be built at a small outlay and enables the
experimenter to check accurately the reristance of various instruments and devices. It can also he used in determining
capacities and inductances by using the
proper standards in the rheostat arm.
Being of the slide-wire type the balances
are quickly obtained with a minimum of
trouble and the construction is simple and
cheap. By a special design ratios as high
as 50 to 1 are readily obtained which gives
a resistance measuring range from 50,000
ohms to .02 ohms, with a high degree of
accuracy. The above is accomplisht with
a slide -wire but 20 inches long and a rheostat arm with a maximum resistance of
1,000 ohms.
At Fig. 1 is given the general layout of
the base, which is 24 inches long and 8
inches wide. After smoothing up the surface and shellacking, holes are laid out and
drilled for the two six point switches, the
slide -wire blocks and the eight binding
posts. The details of the blocks for the
slide -wire is shown in Fig. 2 A. Two pieces
of % square brass rod each two inches
long, are drilled with three holes as shown.
The hole in the center is tapt for a No.
8 -32 screw to hold the wire. the other two
holes are for fastening to the base.
These blocks are mounted on the base
exactly 20 inches apart. A scale is .made
from a strip of paper and divided tip into
100 equal parts and numbered. This scale
is fastened to the base between the blocks
as shown.
The two six point switches illustrated
control two sets of resistance coils that
can be added to the slide -wire and thus

give a greater range of ratios. The winding for each of these coils consists of exactly 20 inches of No. 24 S. C. C. Climax
wire. The method of supporting the windings is shown in Fig. 2.
A piece of As inch wood dowel three
inches long is fitted with square heads cut
from wood. Holes drilled in the heads
hold the dowel. Four washers made from
fiber are slipt over the dowel and equally
spaced. In winding the coils, first cut off
exactly 22 inches of the wire, double it
upon itself and wind into place on the
dowel. \\'hen all five coils are wound the
spool may be covered with tin or cardboard and painted if desired. The ends of
the wire are carried to the contacts and
soldered. Care should be taken that one
inch of the wire is used for the purpose,
thus leaving twenty inches in use. The
coils are wired to the contacts so that they
will be in series.
The wiring for the eight binding posts
is shown in the illustration. The wire
should be of fairly large size and soldered
at all points to prevent poor contacts. It
will be noted that the switch levers are
connected so that they short -circuit the resistance coils. The movable contact for
the slide-wire consists of a spring clip cut
and filed to a point as illustrated. The
flexible cable to which this is soldered can
be made of lamp cord, the other end being
fastened to the binding post 6.
The slide -wire itself consists of a length
of No. 24 Climax wire, which is drawn
taut (but not stretched) between the two
brass blocks. This wire should be renewed
when it shows signs of being scratched or
badly stretched. This completes the bridge
proper so we will turn our attention to the
rheostat.
The details of the rheostat are shown in
Figs. 3 and 4. Twelve resistance coils are
renuired. namely. 1, 2. 2, 5, 10, 20, 20. 50,
100. 200, 200. 500 ohms respectively. This
gives us a range up to 1.000 ohms in steps
of 1 ohm. Instead of using plugs to vary
this resistance use is made of spring binding posts, connected with flexible cords.
In the figure the box is arranged for a
resistance of 157 ohms. The coils are connected in series between the binding posts
and by shunting out unwanted coils any
desired resistance may be obtained.
previous case and separated by fiber washers. The box measures 7 by 7 by 3 inches
inside. The strips 1 and 1 support the
dowels. while strip 3 has contacts placed
on it to which the ends of the windings are
soldered.
\Ve now come to the most difficult part,
that is the making of the coils which must
have a known and accurate resistance. This
is not so important in the ratio arms, since
we can take it for granted that the resistance varies directly as the length, therefore
units of length can be used in the formulas.
Here, however. known resistances must be
used.
To one having access to a standard
bridge this is not difficult, but inasmuch
as we have not a standard bridge we shall
use the bridge just constructed to measure
the coils for the known resistances.
To do this it is necessary to have a
standard 1 ohm coil. This may be purchased or perhaps borrowed from some
friend.* The resistance wire required
should be No. 24; 1 lb. of this wire costing about $2.00 will be sufficient to build
the rheostat. S. C. C. Climax wire is advised for the purpose.
To make the coils, wire the bridge as
shown in Fig. 5, where Y is the known
standard of 1 ohm. One or two dry cells
will do for the battery; the galvanometer
may be replaced with a telephone receiver
and a balance is then obtained when no
click is heard in the receiver when the contact is touched to the slide -wire.
The
switches are placed on the first point so the
resistances are cut out and the movable
contact is connected to the slide -wire over
the middle of the scale.
The No. 24 Climax wire has nearly 1.3
ohms resistance per foot. Therefore for
the 1 ohm coil take about 14 inches of the
wire, double it and wind it on the dowel.
Solder one end to one of the contacts on
the strip 3, Fig. 3, and connect this contact to the post A. Fig. 5. A wire is carried from the other post B and is moved
over the other end of the coil of wire
under construction till the galvanometer indicates a balance by remaining stationary.
The wire on the resistance coil up to the
point where the heavier wire touches it
has a resistance of 1 ohm, it should be
soldered at that point to another contact
on strip 3, Fig. 3. We now have the first
s
l
Illustrating Resistance Box Containing Coils of Known Ohmic Resistance and Arrangement of Spring Binding Posts. By This Means It Becomes Possible to Readily Change
the Resistance In Circuit.
The interior of the box is arranged as

illustrated in the figures. The windings are
supported on two wood dowels as in the
'Write the Editor, inclosing stamped envelope

and address of concern supplying these coils will
be
furnished.
ELECTRICAL
February, 1918
ohm value.
standard resistance coil of
This coil is now connected in series with
the standard resistance to form a rheostat
arm having 2 ohms resistance. liy taking
two feet of the wire, doubling it and winding on the dowels and proceeding as in the
previous case to get a balance, the two
ohm coils can be constructed. This process
is continued till all the coils are made.
By keeping the movable contact on the
slide -wire at the center, the ratio of these
arms is 1 to I; therefore when the known
resistances are put in one arum the same
resistance will be in the other arm when a
balance is obtained.
In making the larger coils it will be found
advisable to wind them on a small paper
tube that will slide over the dowels, thus
making it easier to handle.
\\lien all the coils are in place the contacts should be connected to the bolts
holding the spring binding posts on the top
of the box. This completes the rheostat.
The only other instrument that is used
in connection with the bridge is the galvanometer. The construction of these have
been described from time to time in the
ELECTRICAL ExPERI\IENTL:R, but the writer
prefers to make use of a center zero ammeter with the shunt removed. These can
be purchased quite cheaply, in fact, the one
the writer is using for this kind of work
at present cost but 50 cents. Telephone
receivers can be used but have the disadvantage of not indicating whether the rheostat is of too high or too low a value:
thus if the resistance to be measured is
not known approximately it takes some time
to get a balance.
As to using the bridge. The complete
connections are shown in Fig. 6. After
condecting as illustrated, resistance is
plugged in on the rheostat to about the
same value as the unknown or X resistance. The switches Al and BI are placed
on the first point so as to cut out these
coils. Touch the movable contact at several points along the length of the slide wire. Should the galvanometer swing one
way when the contact is at one end of the
wire and the opposite way when it is at
the other end, a balance will be obtained
somewhere on the length of the wire. When
the point is reached where the galvanometer gives no deflection the following
formula applies:
B
1
(
\X
- x yJ
A
Where :-X is the unknown resistance.
B is the number of divisions between the movable contact and
the right hand end of the
slide -wire.
direction when the contact is placed at

either end of the wire. The method to
remedy this and get a balance is as follows: Determine which end of the bridge
the lowest reading on the galvanometer is
obtained, then move the switch at the op
posite end over one contact and try for a
A is the number of divisions on

the left hand side of the movable contact.
Y is the value of the known resistance.
Sometimes it will be found that the galvanometer will show a deflection in the one
proach a constant value as the temperature

is lowered to the lowest value (1 .6 K) at
which such measurements hate been made.
The critical temperature at which the
,e
balance.
Should it then be possible to
balance it. add 100 divisions to the reading
of side of the bridge on which the switch
moved.
When measuring resistances higher than
1,000 ohms, switch Al is left on the first
point and switch BI is moved over a number of contacts to get a balance. When
measuring resistances within the range of
the rheostat both switches arc on the lirst
point and for resistances below 1 ohm,
switch Al will have to be moved and switch
I1I1i
is
BI left on the first point.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN
METALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES.
The experiments of Il. Kamerlingh

Onnes on the resistivity of metals at liquid
helium temperatures have shown that certain metals possess an enormously increased
conductivity when the temperature, current
density, and magnetic field arc less than
certain critical values. It is pointed out by
MI
_I
a,
Always add 100 to the scale reading for

each contact that the switch is moved over,
or the calculated resistance will be wrong.
US~C-
'
8
Another Connection of the Resistance Bridge

With the Home -Made Resistance Box of
Known Values at "y" and Unknown Resistance Being Measured at
"x."
change occurs is very definite when the current used to measure the resistance is small,
but when the measuring current is very
large the critical temperature is found to be
definitely lower. Conversely, if the t rnperature of the bath be held constant some
degrees below the critical value and the
current be increased a certain "threshold"
value of current will be found at which the
resistance suddenly appears. The lower the
temperature the greater the value of the
critical current.
It is further found that when a superconductor is placed in a weak magnetic field it
remains superconducting, but that as the

is increased the normal resistance appears suddenly at a certain critical value of
the magnetic field, and for still higher values
of field increases slowly with the field. The
critical value is slightly less when the field
is transverse to the direction of current flow
than when it is longitudinal, but the difference is not great.
The particular point which is the subject
of this discussion is that the "threshold"
value of current is that at which the magnetic field due to the current itself is equal
to the critical magnetic field.
In other
words, the phenomenon of threshold current need not be regarded as a distinct
phenomenon to be explained by heating,
etc., but is a direct result of the existence of
the phenomenon of threshold magnetic
field.
In case the specimen is in the form of a
flat coil of wire it is evident that the inner
turns are in a magnetic field, due to the
current in the other turns, which is cer
similar to that due to an entirely external
electromagnet. Consequently, when upon
increasing the current this field reaches
the critical value, first the inner turns will
become resisting and, as the current is increased, more and more of the wire will
cease to be superconducting. Because of
the enormous factor by which the conductivity decreases from the superconducting to the normal state most of this decrease will take place when only a small
fraction of a turn of the coil ceases to be
superconducting. Owing to the cumulative
effect of the successive turns the field produced by a given current is much greater in
the coil than in the same wire when straight
and consequently the current required to
give the critical field strength will be much
less.
This is verified by the results of
Onnes on coils of lead and tin wire. which
showed critical currents one -fifteenth and
field
Connection of the Slide -Wire Bridge,

Using individual Resistance Units of Known
Value at "y "; Unknown Resistance at "x ".
One
Francis B. Silsbee, in a recent publication

of the Bureau of Standards, that a definite
relationship is to be expected between the
values of critical current and critical field,
and that this relation is in agreement with
the experimental data available.
The present state of our experimental
knowledge of this subject is somewhat as
follows: Certain metals- mercury, tin, and
lead -at the very low temperatures obtainable in a bath of liquid helium show a very
greatly increased electrical conductivity, to
which Onnes has given the name "superconductivity." The actual resistivity of the
metal in this state is too small to measure
but has been shown to be less than 2.10
times the resistivity at 0 C. As the temperature of any of these metals is lowered
from room temperature the resistance decreases uniformly with the normal coefficient of about 0.4 per cent per degree until
the temperature is very low, when the rate
of decrease becomes for a time less rapid.
At a certain critical temperature, however
(4 .2 K for mercury, 3 .3 K for tin, and
6 K for lead), there is a sudden break in
the curve connecting resistance and temperature. and within a temperature range
of a few hundredths of a degree the resistance drops from about 10-' times its value
at 0 C to less than IO -'" times the same
value. Other metals. such as gold, silver,
platinum, iron, etc., do not show this phenomenon, and their resistivity tends to ap-
-"
Resistance Unit In Place In Cabinet, Showing

How Connection Is Made to the Spring
Binding Post Terminals.
693
EXPERIMENTER
February, 1918
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
694
A MOTOR -ACTUATED SIGNAL
How To Make a Medical Coil
Herewith is a diagram of an electric

motor-actuated horn of my own design. At
By E. F. JASPERS
HORN.
we have a metal disk fastened to B, the

puller of the motor. D is a diafram
fastened to an opening in a small box in
which the motor is mounted.
AMEDICAL coil, or shocking coil
as
it is commonly termed, is nothing

more nor less than a small induction
coil having a core, primary and secondary
Ot,o/jp/ sty/e_..
of disc
riere
Is an
Electric Signal Horn Operated by a Motor. It's Right There with

Can Be Used for Auto or Factory Signaling.
Small strips of heavy sheet metal, E, are

fastened to the disk A, and of such a
length that they will just hit the diafram
in revolving. The rotating disc may be
made of tJ inch fiber, about 3 inches in
diameter, the metal blades E being let into
slots sawed on the periphery. If the disc
is of metal then the strips E can either be
soldered or riveted to it. G and G represent binding posts to which wires are attached from and connected with a battery
and push button in the usual way. The
fastcr the motor runs, the higher the tone.
Wallop.
windings and an interrupter (vibrator).

The first step in constructing a medical
coil is the making of the tube which holds
the core. This tube is 21/2" long and 5/16"
Contributed by BRIANT F. BRAXTING.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF
COPPER.
The following excerpt is taken from a

very interesting pamphlet by courtesy of a
well -known Copper Company:
5.89
Density annealed copper at 20 deg. C
1083
Melting point Deg. C
1981
Melting point Deg. F
2310
Boiling point Deg. C
43.3 cal
Latent heat of fusion
0.0917
Specific heat at 25 deg. C

Specific heat at t deg. C.
0.0917
0.000048
(t-25)
Thermal conductivity ( Silver -100) .... 73.6

0.28 mm.
Vapor Tension at 1120 deg. C
Co- efficient of linear expansion per
Deg. C
0.000017
Tensile strength No. O Wire annealed

32000.
pounds per sq. in
Tensile strength No. O hard drawn
54500.
wire pounds per sq. in
Elastic limit No. 0 wire hard drawn
30.000.
pounds per sq. in
Tensile strength pounds per sq. in. for
any given diameter (D ") of hard
70,000- 45.000 D
drawn wire
Standard Resistivity annealed copper
at 20 deg. C.
Microhms -cm.
1.7241
0.67879
M is ro hm s -inch.
0.15328
Ohms (meter -grant)
875.20
Ohms (mile -pound)
Resistivity Temp. constant per Dcg. C.
Microhms -cm.
Microhms-inch.
0.00681
0.00268
0.000597
Ohms (meter -gram)

Ohms (mile -pound)
One cubic inch cast copper weighs..
3.41
31
lbs.
Details as Well as Connections for Medical

nduction Coll. To Obtain Best Results the
Vibrator Should Be Fitted with Platinum
Contacts.
in diameter. It is formed of ordinary paper rolled and glued together and is afterward filled with No. 22 B. & S. gage soft
(annealed) iron wire, Fig. 1.
The ends of the coil are made out of a
piece of fiber 1" square, with a 5/16" hole
in the center, Fig. 2. The other end is
w" round with a 5/16" hole in the center Fig. 3. These coil checks are
glued to the core tube, leaving enough to
project at one end for the interrupter,
Fig. 4.
The core is then wound with four layers
of No. 22 B. & S. gage single cotton covered magnet wire. The ends of the wire
are led out of the holes A and B, which
have been previously made. The primary

should be covered with three layers of
waxed paper, after which it should be
wound to within 1/16" of the top of B,
with No. 34 B. & S. gage single cotton covered magnet wire, Fig. 6. It is
best, but not absolutely essential, to place
a layer of thin waxed paper between every
two layers. That known as onion -skin
paper is excellent for small coils such as
this.
The interrupter used on the medical coil
is one of the simplest forms and can be
best understood from the drawing. The
contact points should be provided with a

piece of silver which is taken from a ten cent piece and soldered op. Platinum ur
tungsten points are best; for cheap coils
nickel or German silver is often used.
The medical coil parts are now ready fen
assembling.
One wire of the primary
should be connected to one of the battery
binding posts, while the other should be
connected to the vibrator. A jumper lead
connects the contact screw and the remaining battery binding post. Thus, when a
battery is connected to the two binding
posts, the current will enter the primary
and come thru the vibrator spring to the
contact post and then back to the battery,
forming a complete circuit.
As soon as the current flows it produces
a magnetic field which attracts the vibrator
spring, breaking the circuit; the core thus
loses its magnetism and frees the vibrator
spring, which flies back to the contact post,
only to be drawn forward against the core
once more, this action being repeated at
a high rate of speed.
The secondary terminals are led out to
two of three binding posts as shown, to
which are connected two electrodes, which
may be made out of the carbon from an
old dry cell or a piece of copper or brass
tubing. Refer to Fig. 7, for connections
used whereby to obtain primary shock (two
right -hand posts), secondary shock from
two left -hand posts. and combined primary
and secondary shock from two outer posts.
The medical coil is now completed, except for testing. If you grasp the electrodes
while the battery is connected to the binding posts, a powerful shock will be felt.
The shock can be regulated with a tin or
brass tube, ?" inside diameter and 2" long.
When this tube is all the way off. the
shock felt is the strongest, and when the
tube is all the way over the coil. the shock
is weakest. Of course, any shock between
the two extremities can be had by sliding
the tube in or near the middle. A graduated scale may be pasted on the coil so
that the regulating tube as it slides off,
will expose more and more of the scale
the figures 'reading in an ascending ratio.
View of Finished Medical and Shocking Coll.

The Brass Current Regulating Tube Is
Placed on the Outside of Both Primary and
Secondary.
The secondary coil should be covered with

layer or two of paper, glued in place. A
coil of this type is very useful.
a
February. 1918
695
Armature Test Set

A Portable and Reliable
By FRANK HUSKINSON
THE electrician frequently
has a mo-
tor with the armature grounded; that

is one or more of the armature wires
or commutator bars arc burnt and snakThis
ing contact with the iron core.
ground as it is called by electricians, has
to be removed before the armature will
run, the wires must be reinsulated so as
to not make contact with the iron core, or
ill case the wires are in bad shape or the
coil is shorted as well as grounded and
can not be repaired, there being no time
to put in a new coil, the remedy is to cut
out the burnt or grounded coil and close
the open circuit in the commutator. Armatures that are in use on commercial motors, may have several coils cut out and
will give good service for an indefinite
tittle; it is not always possible or advisable
to rewind an armature, if the trouble is
only due to one or more coils being
grounded or short -circuited.
It frequently happens that an 'armature
has a grounded coil and upon a very careful examination it does not show up on
the visible parts of the armature, but by
testing with a lamp between the armature
shaft and the commutator the lamp will
light up to its full candle -power. This indicates that the coils are grounded in some
part of the armature. In order to find the
exact coil that is grounded the old -time
method was to remove all the wires from
two or three commutator bars on each side
of the commutator, then test with the lamp
to find out if by chance the trouble was
in one of the halves. It is very seldom
that it is, then the next move is to remove
all the wires from other sections of the
commutator and keep this up and test with
the lamp until the exact coil is located.
This method takes considerable time and
generally the band wire next to the commutator has to be removed so that after
the coil that is grounded is located and
cut out or repaired, all of the wires that
have been removed from the commutator
must be reinsulated, replaced and resold ered in the commutator and the band wires
rewound on the armature. It is very seldom that an armature can be repaired and
ready for use in less time than five to
twenty -five hours by the old -time method.
The writer has a test set that he made
several years ago and has used it at all
times. It can be used to locate a grounded
coil or commutator bar, or a coil that is
The writer has often
short -circuited.
found that an armature that tested
grounded and would not run, upon examination had no visible trace of the ground,
Connections Used in Portable Armature

"Test Set." The Use of a Telephone Receiver Makes Thls Set Extremely Sensitive
it Being Possible to Check Up a Single
Short -Circuited Turn.
but by using the test set shown he located

the exact coil that was grounded. The
wires are then removed from the commutator and tests made with a lamp to see if
any other coils are grounded and to check

the test; finding the other coils clear of a
ground, the ends of the grounded coil are
then cut off or bent back away from the
commutator. The open circuit caused by
the removal of the coil is then closed and
the armature is ready for use again. The
.older a flexible lead on each of the ends.

Coil 13, is made so a. to slide inside of coil
\. \lount coil A on a suitable base and
place coil B, inside of coil A.
Arrange connections as per diagram. The
battery current flows thru the watch -case
buzzer and is converted into an alternating
Every Electrician Will Find it Worth While to Build This Small and Highly Effective
Armature and Fleid Coll "Test Set." It Utilizes an Induction Coll. Battery, Buzzer and
Telephone Receiver.
writer
has on several occasions removed

such grounds in the manner just described
from armatures and had the motor back
in operation in less than an hour.
A complete description with diagram is

given below so that any electrician can very
easily make the set for his own use at a
very small cost and will find it an indispensable aid in his daily work. It is absolutely reliable and in the use of it the condition of the coils is noted by the degree
of sound heard in the receiver. This test
set will instantly reveal the presence of
short circuits and open circuits and of
grounded coils in an armature. If the coil
is open circuited the sound in the receiver
is very loud, if the coil is short- circuited
the sound is very low; the tests for opens
and shorts are made by touching the test
terminals on adjacent commutator bars. In
testing for a ground, one of the test terminals is held on the armature shaft while
the other one is touched to each commutator bar successively and as the
grounded coil is approached, the sound in
the receiver diminishes and when the exact commutator bar is touched that has the
grounded coil connected to it, there is practically no sound at all in the receiver. Upon
locating the ground this bar is marked, and
then the test is continued around the commutator until the other side of the coil is
located, then the wires are removed from
the commutator, and the grounded coil repaired or cut out.
To make a Test Set.--In the diagram are
shown the connections of the Test Set. To
make coil A. wind enough No. 8 D.C.C.
magnet wire on a wooden form i" diam.
to make a single layer coil 6" long; remove
the form and you will have a hollow coil
of wire. Form the ends to make a support
as well as terminals. To make coil B, cut
enough pieces of No. 18 soft iron wire to
form a core 6%" long by ! :" diam. Insulate this core and wind on it two layers
of No. 20 or 22 D.C. C. magnet wire. leaving about N" of the core on each end without windings; this will bring the two ends
of the wire out on the saine end of the core:
current ; the buzzer is in series with coil

B. The alternating current in coil B induces a current in coil A. The 75 ohm
watch -case telephone receiver is fitted with
a head -band so as to leave both hands free.
The receiver is connected across the terminals of the coil A, and the test terminals
are connected in parallel with the receiver.
The strength of the sound in the receiver
may be varied by moving the coil B, in or
out of coil A. The amount of adjustment
needed depends upon the size and the style
of armature that is under test. One dry
cell will operate the set and lasts for
months; the writer has his Test Set arranged so that it is very compact, light, and
handy. He has a light oak box large
enough to hold one dry cell, the receiver
with head -band and the test cords. The
buzzer, switch, and terminals are all
mounted on the inside of the top cover,
which is hinged and has a lock on it. The
outside is fitted with a leather handle for
carrying.
HARD RUBBER FROM BATTERY

CELLS.
Experimenters residing in towns wherein
a storage battery service or repair station
is located, need never want for hard rubber
sheets 3/16" or less in thickness, such as
ttottld be desired for small bases, panel
fronts, etc., as the containers from worst out
and broken storage batteries, which are
made of hard rubber, can always be obtained for the asking, or at the most, for
a few cents.
Saw the hard rubber container carefully
down thru the corners, then by plunging in
hot water it maw be bent in any desired
shape. If badly warped, place in hot water
until it becomes flexible, clamp between two
boards while still warm and leave it cool.
All hard rubber sheet becomes quite flexible when warmed in a hot water bath but
soon hardens when removed.
L. HAGERMAN.
Contributed by
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
696
A Printing Box for the Amateur Photographer

are few things that the amateur
photographer uses that afford more
pleasure than a good printer. The one
herewith described and illustrated can be
easily and economically made and is extremely useful to the amateur who has access
to the electric lighting current. By using odds
and ends that are usually found around
the work shop the total cost of the printer
would probably be less than one dollar.
The box and lid are made of some soft
wood, preferably poplar. one -half inch thick.
It can be purchased from a lumber company or if the maker wishes to be economical, store boxes of the right kind of ma-
THERE
grade pennant felt or a good heavy grade

of canton flannel. This felt should be
glued on the lid smoothly in one piece
and then cut along the line joining the
two parts of the lid with a sharp knife.
The glass which is supported by the thin
strips T, tacked around on the inside of
the box. should be strong and thick. preferably plate glass. If plate glass is not
available some good strong window glass
will do, care being taken that the bulge
of the glass is upward. The spring S is
made from a piece of sheet brass. The
contact screw C can perhaps best be made
from
piece of sheet brass, and a binding

post from an old dry
The octagonal
cell.
nut O can he soldered
to the brass piece N.
while the knurled nut
K can be soldered
fast to the bolt and
the screw C formed
by filing off the head.
The position of both
lamps is shown in the
drawing; all the wiring is inside the box.
The wires to the
spring S and the
be
C,
can
screw
brought thru the
screw holes and thus
kept hidden. The
length of the lamp
cord, which is provided with a plug, can
be made to suit the
of the inneeds
Con/oU Screw
i
b
NO v
Comp Core
fnd new
44'S
dividual.
Showing Sir Ich
The inside should

painted with some
light- reflecting
good
paint, while the out-
6'
be
side
be
had
best
some dark
painted
color.
Contributed by
JOHN G. AL-
BRIGHT.
FREAK
TROUBLE. TIPS TO
"BUG" HUNTERS.
BY THOMAS \\'.
i
/op Pew Showin91id
l'iew Inside Shorving
!9hls
BENSON
rt
Electrical apparatus
seems
to be
subject
to more trouble to the

square inch than any
other class of apparaRuby Lamp Burns Steadily.
tus. Perhaps this may
be due to the fact that
I am more acquainted with trouble in this
terial can be used to a good advantage.
field than in any other, still I feel sure my
The lid is made in two pieces, so that
Common
is
fairly correct.
statement
the back piece can be lowered on to the
troubles are nothing unusual, but some of
paper and film when they are in place and
the "freak stuff" it has been my pleasure
held firmly until the outer part is lowered.
to "shoot" ought to be interesting news
On lowering the outer part and pressing
it down firmly, the projecting point li to my fellow sufferers.
One of the most puzzling perhaps was
strikes the spring S and forces it down
the affair of the power circuit that went
on to the point C, thus closing the circuit
dead and then alive in turn without rhyme
and lighting the printing lamp P, as shown
or reason. In a certain plant a number
ruby
The
small
diagram.
wiring
in the
of machines were driven by motors consmall
a
If
time.
burns
all
the
lamp R,
this circuit. Suddenly all the
ruby lamp is not available, one can be made nected to would
stop and before the electhat answers the purpose very well by wrap- machines
trician could get a test on the entire line
ping a small bulb of low candle -power
on. This occurred
with two or three thicknesses of red crepe the power would come
so often and gave rise to so much trouble
In fact the latter is to be prepaper.
that the man stayed with a motor till it
ferred, as the intensity of the ruby lamp
went dead.
can be regulated to suit the needs by reAll the fuses were intact, the line fuses
moving or adding extra thicknesses of the
and motor fuses, and this was as far as
paper.
he would get with his test before the
The under side of the lid is covered
power returned. \ \'ell, he started to trace
with some thin kind of felt, such as a good
Closing
A Clever Electric Printer for Amateur Photographers.
the
the Outer Lid Causes a Switch to be Closed. Lighting The
the
Circuit.
"Printing" Lamp. Raising the Lid Opens
February, 1918
out the line, inch by inch, thru floors, across
ceilings, clean down to the switch -board
without finding a single thing the matter
with it. A circuit- breaker was connected
in the circuit to protect the fuses on the
board. As an after- thought the trouble
man remarked to the engineer of the plant:
"Gus, does that breaker ever let go ?"
"Oh, yeah, every hour or so. I just slam
it in every time I notice it out," was the
quiet reply.
There you are. \ \'here can you place
the blame?
Then again, a large generator was being
overhauled. The armature had been taken
out and the fields retaped and painted. The
repairman made a ground test with a meter
connected to the power mains. And the
meter said -grounded- perfectly and securely. The connecting wires between each
of the fields were removed and each field
Each and every field
tested separately.
coil to all appearances was grounded. Oh,
beautiful sight for the junk man.
When, -as a matter of fact all of them
were clear. The false meter reading was
finally discovered and the explanation was
simple as A B C.
The machine made connection to the
ground. being in contact with an iron post.
One test lead was connected to the center
wire of the three -wire power mains. A
wire was run from one outside leg to the
meter and the other terminal of the meter
was connected to the other test lead.
On applying the test leads, the first to the
field coil terminals and the second to the
frame of the machine, the meter would register full voltage. But the current was not
flowing from the field coil into the frame.
Oh, no; it was flowing from the outside
leg of the mains, thru the meter, into the
frame of the machine, thence to ground.
The center wire of the system being
grounded at the power station resulted in
a complete circuit being formed.
\Vhy, even a "Doorbell Engineer" has
his troubles. A certain calling system comprising twelve push-buttons, two bells and
an annunciator was dead. A test of the
batteries showed them rather weak. A set
of nice new dry cells was obtained and
cheerfully wired into the circuit -but the
system remained dead as the proverbial
door -nail.
Shunting the master leads behind the
annunciator and cutting out the push buttons resulted in a signal at the bells, which
indicated that the trouble was between the
annunciator and the bells.
The annunciator was examined carefully
but everything was in perfect condition.
The leads between the annunciator and the
push- buttons all tested clear. Where was
the trouble?
Briefly, the man who designed the annunciator was at fault. The type used is
no doubt familiar to most trouble -men.
One board in the back of the apparatus
supports the coils and indicators. The
back of this board is fitted with a series of
springs that push outward and make connection with a number of screws attached
to a second board. The wires from the
push -buttons are connected to the screws
on the latter board. And the whole trouble
was caused by the springs not making good
contact with the screws. This would not
be noticeable because there is no way of
determining this fact when the boards are
in place except that the device tests open.
and when taken apart appears to be all
right. Of such things "troubles" are made.
Now let me tell you of the freakiest bit
of trouble it has ever been my pleasure to
hear of. First let me assure you that the
February,
ELECTRICAL
9 I8
EXPERIMENTER
697
This department will award the following monthly prizes: First Prize. $3.00; Second Prize, $2.00; Third Prize, $1.00.
The purpose of this department is to stimulate experimenters towards accomplishing new things with old apparatus or old material,
and for the most useful. practical and original idea submitted to the Editors of this department, a monthly series of prizes will be awarded.
For the best Idea submitted a prize of $3.00 Is awarded for the second best Idea a $2.00 prize, and for the third best prize of $1.00. The article
need not be very elaborate, and rough sketches are sufficient. We will make the mechanical drawings. Use only one side of sheet. Make
sketches on separate sheets.
FIRST PRIZE, $3.00
SECOND PRIZE, $2.00
SIMPLE FLASHLIGHT AND

BATTERY TESTER.
LET THE BREADMAN WAKE YOU

WITH THIS ALARM.
The illustration. Fig. 1, explains itself.

The material for the flash -light was an old
reflector, a piece of very thin brass and a
I.5 volt bulb. A hole was bored in the reflector to accommodate the center binding
post of the dry cell, and the spring brass
strip was cut out and bent to suit. The
light can be switched on by pressing the
spring against the lamp base.
The "battery and lamp tester" shown in
Fig. 2, was made from a broken miniature
socket by merely fixing it on to a thin strip
of wood and screwing in the right size
bulb: a 1.5 volt bulb was used for testing
the single cells of tubular batteries and a
3.5 volt lamp for the flat 3 cell, etc. It can
also be used for testing lamps.
Contributed by DONALD HOUSTON.
herewith submit an alarm system which
is very easily constructed and installed. By
THIRD PRIZE, $1.00

A
FOUNTAIN PEN TELEGRAPH

RECORDER.
An ordinary telegraph sounder is used

to build this recorder with, but the standard H is changed somewhat, as is plainly
seen in sketch. To the hammer is atAt the end
tached an extension -K.
of K, at the correct angle a fountain
pen is fastened so that when the circuit
is closed it marks the dots and dashes on
the drum J. This is made of a pasteboard
tube or a baking- powder can. The drum
turns on a brass rod which is supported
by standards D. The paper is held on the
drum by rubber bands, clips, etc. A
handle I is mounted at the end of the rod.
to turn the drum. By turning the handle
slowly, a fairly long message may be recorded, and by mounting the drum on a
threaded rod, so as to make it move from
left to right, as it rotates, a very lengthy
With This Simple Alarm Bell Attached to

the Bread Box, the Breadman Wakes You
on His Morning Round.
fig
tt
Simple Battery Flashlight and Battery

Tester Which Anyone Can Make In a
Few Minutes Without Any Tools.
MEASURING SMALL QUANTITIES

OF LIQUIDS.
Small quantities of acids and other
liquids cannot be accurately measured in a

wide glass, while the practise of quoting
quantities in "teaspoons ' which is still followed by some writers is altogether unsatisfactory. Not only does the quantity
of liquid contained by different teaspoons
vary, but if the liquid happens to be a
strong acid the spoon will be attacked and
partially dissolved.
A convenient pipette for measuring small
quantities, tip to a few cubic centimetres,
can be made from a fountain pen filler.
Paste a narror strip of paper along the
glass tube, making two marks, one just
above the tapered end and another near the
rubber bulb. By filling the tube up to the
upper mark 20 times and emptying into
any available graduated measure until the
water reaches the lower mark, the cubic capacity of twenty times the length of straight
tube between the marks will be found with
sufficient accuracy. Dividing titis by 20
gives the actual capacity of one length, any
error in the original observation having
been reduced by division to a practically
negligible quantity. It only remains to divide up the space between the two marks
so as to show v, cb. cm. or .5 cb. cm., and
the measure is complete.
Contributed by
H. J. GRAY.
the use of it one can arise every morning

at a regular time, when either the milkman
or bread -man arrives, or any other form
of early delivery.
I noticed in the September edition you
considered the Rain Alarm of value, so I
thought this form of alarm would meet
with the approval of the "E. E." readers.
E. T. JONES.
Contributed by
A
SIMPLE THERMOSTAT.
Contrary to general practise, in this

thermostat the resistance wire itself is the
"expanding" unit. The base and supports
may be of any insulating material. A, is
A Telegraph Recorder Made From an Old

Sounder and a Fountain Pen.
message can be recorded. It is a simple

matter to rig up this drum to be driven
by a spring or electric motor.
Contributed by CHARLES FRANK.
One should be fastened to spring B, and

the other movably mounted on the base.
D is the wire adjustment. The bolt slips
loosely thru the support. Wire A is fastened
to its head. The nut is screwed on the
other end for adjustment. E represents
the binding posts. Note series connections.
Contributed by CLINTON SIMPSON.
A GOOD
Somewhat Different Thermostat for AmaThe Expansion Unit Is
teurs to Make.
Made of Wire.
the resistance wire. It may be any kind.

even iron. The size required varies for
different temperatures. For one or two
lamps, Nos. 30 to 32 wire should be used.
For 2 amperes No. 28 is right. B, is the
brass spring that keeps the wire taut. It
is 3" x %" x' ". C, represents the contacts.
They are made by cutting off two flashlight
battery carbons W" from the brass caps.
/s
DIELECTRIC FOR
CONDENSER.
FIXT
Paper is some times not entirely satisfactory for condensers. Owing to this fact
I got to looking for something else and ran
across three old pieces of photographic
film which liad been spoiled in the making.
A condenser made from it and some tinfoil proved entirely satisfactory in every
way.
Contributed by
T. S. LIVELY.
EXPERIMENTERS
Don't forget to write up that
little "stunt." It may win a prize.
Address all manuscripts to the
! ! !
Editor, Electrical Experimenter,

233 Fulton Street, New York City.
February, 1918
698
IMPROVED NON -RADIO SIGNALING SCHEME.
After having experimented a while with
my non -radio communication set, 1 have

devised a new scheme for receiving; i
both amplifies and protects the 'phone:
against damage from the 100 -volt circuit
The Radio Amateur Will Find of Interest

This Improved 110 -volt Buzzer System for
Short -Range "Non- Radio" Communication.
should the condensers become punctured.

It also brings into use apparatus or parts
of the same which are on the shelf. due to
the ban on the amateurs by the Government.
As you will notice where the 'phones
were connected I have inserted what I may
call the primary, which is composed of about
100 turns of No. 22 S.C.C. magnet wire on
a laminated core. Over this, after insulating
it well I take an old secondary unit of my
transformer and place it in the middle of
the primary winding on the core. Now we
have what I might call a small open -core
transformer. This as you will notice protects
the 'phones as they are now bridged across
the secondary and are inductively connected
to the power line. It also amplifies the
signals.
E. T. JONES.
Contributed by
HOOK -UP CORRECTION

While looking thru the September issue
EXPF.RI>MENTER, I noticed a mistake.

On page 327, the article, "A Home -Made
Magnetic Window Attraction," it says that
the lamps should be connected in series
with the electromagnet, but the diagram
shows them connected across the main line.
In this way they would have no effect on
the magnet whatever and fuses would be
blown every time the magnet was connected.
Contributed by GUI' A. KENNEDY.
of THE
taking individual voltage readings of the

cells.
device that makes these tests easy when

large number of cells has to be tested is
shown in the illustration. Two iron rods,
inch in diameter are
12 inches long and 3
pointed at one end and fitted with wooden
handles at the other end. A small voltmeter, with a scale reading 0 -3 volts in
10ths is mounted on one rod near the
handle. One terminal from the voltmeter
is connected to the rod on which it is
mounted, while the other terminal is connected to the other rod by means of a two foot length of flexible lamp cord. The
rods should be well taped to prevent them
short- circuiting any cells should they accidently come in contact with the terminals.
To take readings on the cells the load
must be switched on and then by forcing
the points of the iron rods into the soft
lead of the binding posts on the cells the
voltage can be read. A cell showing less
than 1.7 volts should be charged separately
until up to the voltage of the other cells in
the set. No reading or a reverse reading
:\
It
is
superior to the French curve also,
because if the ink runs to the ruling edge

its shape prevents the ink reaching the
paper and smearing. Hence work may be

done quickly and neatly.
Contributed by ROBERT VALVERDE.
"French" Curves of Various Intricate Shapes

are Easily Made from Heavy Copper Wire.
CLEANING SOLUTION
FOR GLASSWARE.
A GOOD
Good Place for the Voltmeter In Battery

Testing is on One of the Test Prods.
indicates a shorted cell. This should be removed and examined for the trouble.
It is well to take hydrometer readings
on storage cells at regular periods and to
examine the height of the solution, keeping
it at all times about one inch above the
plates.
Contributed by THOS. \V. BENSON.
SPRING DEVICE FOR TIGHTENING BELTS.
For those who experience annoyance

from slipping of leather belts on static ma-
A good cleaning solution (chromic acid

may be made by dissolving potassium or
sodium chromat in concentrated sulfuric
acid. until a saturated solution results. Apparatus to be cleaned should be covered
with a thin layer of this solution, and
rinsed with water.
Contributed by H. C. KIHLSTROM.
A BELT "GOVERNOR" FOR
REGULATING AUTO DYNAMOS.
It is a well known fact that a small dynamo connected direct to an automobile

motor, without a governor of some kind,
will burn out its armature or the lights with
which it is connected, due to the rise of
the voltage when the motor is speeded up.
The accompanying illustration shows a
device which prevents this and answers all
the purposes of a speed regulator. An idler
pulley mounted on a movable arm, controlled by an adjustable spring, furnishes
the necessary tension to the belt driving the
dynamo. A flat iron armature mounted on
the opposite side of the movable arm is
controlled by an .electromagnet wired in
series with the dynamo and lights.
As the current increases the magnet
Spiral Spring Forms an ideal Automatic

Belt -Tension Adjuster.
chines. I would suggest that they connect

the ends of the same by a small coil spring.
(see Fig.), such as can be easily procured
from a typewriter or purchased at any
hardware store for a few cents a piece.
This will serve to take in whatever slack
there may be and thus keep the belt at an
even tension when revolving.
JOHN T. D\\TER.
Contributed by
MAKING FRENCH CURVES FROM

COPPER WIRE.
The Lamp Bank Shown Controls the Amoun
The
of Current Thru the Magnet Coil.
Flasher Opens and Closes the Circuit, Causing the Cigarettes to Dance.
TAKING STORAGE BATTERY

READINGS.
The voltage of a storage battery is a fair
indication of its condition. Faulty cells
in a series of batteries can be detected by
Here is an efficient substitute for the

French curve. I often have occasion to
plot curves for efficiency, watt loss. terminal volts. etc., and find they do not bend
much. The curvature of the average French
curve is too great. So I stript the insulation from a 12 inch piece of B. and S. No.
6, soft drawn copper wire, being careful not
to injure its surface. Laying it on a flat
surface 1 approximated the general shape
of the curves shown and used it as a French
curve.
'
S
-cbta'ch9
cD-r.es
J-
n this Simple Auto Dynamo Governor the

Variations of the Current Act Thru an Elec.
ro-Magnet to Regulate the Belt Tension by
Means of an Idler Pulley.
draws the idler back and allows the belt to

slip until the dynamo speed returns to
normal.
Contributed by
HARRY
R.
WHITEHEAD.
February,
19
Wrink1e
.
'
,=eas
To grow a tin tree, dilute commercial
tin chlorid solution with forty times its
bulk of water and proceed the same as
when making the lead tree.
Contributed by ALBERT \V. PUTLAND.
MARKING POISON BOTTLES.

A very convenient way to mark bottles
o mulcts
containing poisons so that they can readily

be distinguished in dark rooms or closets
EDITED BY S.GERNSBACK
Under this heading we publish every month

useful information In Mechanics. Electricit>
and Chemistry. We shall be pleased, of
course, to have our readers send us any
recipes, formulas, wrinkles, new ideas, etc.,
useful to the experimenter, which will be
duly paid for, upon publication, If acceptable.
EXPERIMENTERS' APHORISMS
le the following, we wish to give to the

Experimenter some hints as to the use of the
different ingredients and how to work them:
(1) Always bear in mind that exact working
of a formula requires ACCURACY, CLEANLINESS, PATIENCE, and SKILL.
(2) Know what you are about, before you
start to experiment.
(3) "THE HISTORY OF FAILURES IS THE
HISTORY OF SUCCESS" goes an old adage, and
It applies well to the experimenter.
(4) Many times impure, wrong or deteriorated raw materials. spell FAILURE instead of
SUCCESS.
(5) A great many of the chemicals and ingredients required, cannot be obtained Irom
drug stores; buy them at a reputable supply
house.
(6) BEFORE CONDEMNING A FORMULA.

sure the fault does not lie with the manner of
handling it, or the purity of the ingredients.
(7) Be sure to mix the materials comprising
a certain formula in the proper sequence.
(8) When starting to prepare a mixture,
especially one containing liquids, ask yourself:
"IS THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY CORRECT, AS
INDICATED BY A HYDROMETER? IS THE
TEMPERATURE RIGHT? IS THE QUANTITY
OR WEIGHT RIGHT?
(9) Acids and water, when mixed, should be
manipulated in the proper manner, i. e., THE
ACID SHOULD BE POURED INTO THE
WATER, and not vise versa as the solution is
liable to be forcibly ejected from the containing
vessel and into the mixer's lace.
(IO) For any kind of SYSTEMATIC WORK,
a floating THERMOMETER and HYDROMETER,
se well as measuring glasses and scales, should
always be provided. as GUESSWORK is EXPENSIVE. and SOMETIMES FATAL.
(II) Put labels on ALL bottles, boxes and
packages with FULL INSCRIPTION as to their
contents. it will avoid troubles and mistakes.
(12) Remember that a beginner cannot expect to make articles AT FIRST, which will compare with regular manufactured products.
cent pieces in 2 fluid drams (about
a Disc of Sand -paper or Emery Paper

and Glue It on Top of Your Poison Bottle
Cork
Cheap Yet Efficient Marker Which
You Can't Miss In the Dark.
Take
-a
is to cut a piece of heavy, coarse sandpaper the size of the top of the cork and
paste or glue the piece on the top of the
cork or stopper of the poison bottle. As

one's hand invariably comes in contact with
the top of the cork in opening a bottle,
this simple device will prevent mistaking
a bottle containing poison for another.
Contributed by
J.
were bothered by nocturnal cherry thieves.

So I contrived a )rap by annealing one end
of a clock spring and puncturing it with two
screws. I next screwed it to a wooden base
so that the free end clamped to the base
with a little pressure. I then screwed a
piece of metal on the bast so that the spring
rested on it. The spring and metal were
connected so as to close a bell circuit. A
small block of non -conducting material was
placed between the spring and metal contacts and a thread tied around the block, so
that the pulling of the thread would pull the
block out and cause the circuit to be closed.
The thread encircled the tree and the thief
walking into it rang the bell. This device
costs practically nothing and may save many
dollars worth of fruit or poultry.

INK THINNER
your drawing ink
clots or gets lumpy from standing open, add
some aqua -ammonia and shake well.
DRAWING CLEANER-When your
drawing -board or drawing becomes dirty
from grafite and finger marks, etc., it may
be cleaned by rubbing with stale bread.
Wall paper may be cleaned the same way.
CLEANING BLACKBOARDS -A little

a rag will free
"3 in I oil" or similar oil on

blackboards of chalk.
KEROSENE TORCH -By placing a

blotter in a bottle partly filled with kerosene and lighting the protruding end, one
has a good improvised light or stove.
Contributed by
EMERSON ESTERLING.
EDWARD WHITE.
SMALL FORGE FOR THE

AMATEUR.
HOW TO PREPARE PURE SILVER

FROM COIN SILVER.
HOW TO FROST OR COLOR LAMP

BULBS.
Silver coins are not pure silver, but contain copper to make them harder. Canadian silver coins contain 925 parts of silver and 75 parts of copper to each 1000
parts, and the metal is called Sterling
Silver. United States silver coins contain
900 parts silver and 100 parts copper to
each 1000 parts, and the metal is called "900
fine."
In order to prepare the pure silver and
to get rid of the copper, a silver coin is
dissolved in dilute nitric acid (HNO1).
The solution is then diluted with bot water
to 200 or 300 cubic centimeters (approximately 7 or 10 ounces). To this add a
solution (hot) of sodium chlorid (common salt) which will throw down an insoluble precipitat of silver chlorid. \\'ash
the precipitat thoroly by decantation; that
is, by successively pouring on hot water
and allowing the precipitat to settle, then
pouring off the clear liquid. After a thoro
washing in this manner. filter the solution
thru filter paper and dry it carefully in
warm air. Remove the precipitat from the
filter paper and place it in a porcelain crucible. Heat gently with a small flame until the silver chlorid is melted then let it
cool.
Cut out a piece of sheet zinc large enough
to cover the bottom of the crucible and lay
it on the silver chlorid. Now add a little
water and a few drops of dilute sulfuric
acid (H,SO.) and let the whole stand
for twenty -four hours. The silver chlorid
will be reduced to silver and zinc chlorid
is formed. Take out the piece of zinc and
wash the silver with a little dilute sulfuric
acid and then with water. This finely divided silver may be ,fused in a crucible by
drying it and mixing with half its weight
of sodium carbonat and apply sufficient
Dip the bulb in a thin solution of white

shellac and alcohol, which gives it a frosted
appearance. Add diamond dues of the
desired shade to the solution for colors.
Contributed by WADE ROBINSON.
Contributed by D. J. THOMSON.
[Ed. Note: There is a statute law
against destroying or mutilating U. S.
money.]
While engaged in some experimental

work at home, I needed a small forge, and
proceeded to make one myself. Its construction is very simple. An old granite
basin from the sink was filled with cement
and a bole left for the fire box. While the
concrete was still damp a sheet of asbestos
was laid around the inside. This is to keep
the heat in. A small tin funnel was put on
the inside and the spout arranged to stick
out underneath. Some rubber tubing was
to this and thence to an old
gasoline tank under the table thru a stop
cock to regulate the flow of air. The other
end of the tank was fitted with a tire valve
and an ordinary tire pump connected up as
shown. Charcoal or coke may be used in
this furnace.
Contributed by
M. C. CAMPBELL.
connected
Asbestos
des-
sertspoonful or two teaspoonfuls) of concentrated nitric acid, evaporating nearly to

dryness to drive off excess of acid (evaporate by holding solution over a flame).
Cool, and dissolve the resulting crystalline
salts in sufficient distilled water to make
a saturated solution. This solution will be
slightly blue on account of the copper
which is alloyed with coin silver. Place
the solution in a glass vessel having a
curved bottom. Add a drop of mercury
the size of a large pea and set aside for a
day. A large growth of mercury and silver
amalgam will be produced which may be
kept indefinitely.
To make a lead tree, place in a tall jar
(a quart preserving bottle will answer the
purpose) a solution made by dissolving 4
ounces of lead acetate in one quart of water.
Place the bottle where it will not be subject
to vibration and suspend in it a strip or
cylinder of zinc; battery zinc will answer
An abundant
the purpose very well.
growth of crystalline spangles will collect
on the zinc within ten days.
AMATEUR "KNICK- KNACKS."

THIEF CATCHER -Last summer we
-If
be
METALLIC TREES.
To make a silver tree, dissolve two ten -
699
11.!
Brncr.
_
wr
Concre%
ce.,atac tv_Ir
Nose
Trre Pump
Tire
Valve
A,rTonk
Here Is
Way to Make
Handy Forge for
Amateur Shop -work.
heat.
February, 1918
700
Chemistry
Experimental RILSUON
By ALBERT W.
Twenty -first Lesson
ELECTRO- CHEMISTRY
LAWS AND CONDITIONS
spark, or electric arc, chemical
combination as well as decomposition can be produced. But the
Galvanic current induces chemiDecomposition
can decomposition only.
OOOOO
00000
-)
Ca/bode
O O
fig. /00
ii
-,
WITH the aid of the induction coil
Non electrolytes of the firsf'ctbss may be wlV negative electricity are attracted to the
illustrated by such substances as rock salt, positive electrode, or anode, and those with
and solid salts generally, which resist an positive electricity to the negative electrode,
electric current, tho in some cases they are or cathode. Thus metallic or positively
melted by the current and thus become elec- charged ions are attracted to the cathode
and non -metallic or negatively charged ions
trolytes.
to the anode, whenever a current passes
Non- electrolytes of the second class are
liquids, or substances in solution or fusion
that offer great resistance to the current,
or if they conduct at all, very slightly.
The wires which carry the current into
and out of the electrolytes are called the
electrodes. There must be two electrodes
in order that electrolytic action take place,
one of these, the positive ( +) carries the
current into the electrolyte and is called the
anode, while the other carrying the negais the cathode.
tive current (
THE IONIC THEORY:

We now approach a new phase of a solution. When an electrolyte of the second
Hound capper die
Upper Line
Illustrating Ions and Molecules: Lower
Line
Ions;
+ Ions; Middle Line
Undissociated Molecules. Arrows Indicate
Cations
and
Anode
to
Anions
of
Direction
to Cathode.
which is caused by the galvanic current is

termed electrolytic decomposition, which
operation is termed electrolysis. All substances do not conduct the electric current,
and for this reason they are classified as
and /at/erred /o lhe/ ira
w//4 /ro/es
riz
Afofe 2
of each
per/aro/ed
or/m.6'&S.
current.
Break here
follows:
1. ELECTROLYTES, which are substances which quite readily conduct electricity, and,
2. NON- ELECTROLYTES, which conduct it with great difficulty, or not at all.
Each of these divisions may be classified
as follows:
Electrolytes of the first class, these usually being metals, such as silver, copper,
platinum, etc. These may be in any convenient form as sheets. wires, etc.
Electrolytes of the second class, are generally acids, bases and salts, either fused
or in solution. We shall chiefly deal with
this class.
fg. /0/
et
Details of Electrolytic Apparatus Shown in

Photo Fig. 102.
class is dissolved in a solvent like water, a

certain amount of it is believed to be dissociated or broken up into its positive and
Diagram Representing Ions At Rest In Solu

Ion.
tion; each T Ion Balanced By a
thru an ionized solution. This is a modification of Faraday's theory of direction of
coppe. -/rire
to titra test fade he/
If
An ion is, by derivation, a traveler. During the passage of a current those ions that
travel towards the anode are called anions
or upward travelers, those moving to the
cathode are called cations (or Kations),
or downward travelers (see Fig. 100).
Anions are, therefore, metallic or minus
ions, while cations are metals or phis ions,
their destination giving the prefix of their
names. These terms were assigned by
Faraday about 1833. He thought the electric current produced the ionization, but
Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, in 1887, announced the present theory, namely. that
the act of dissolving on electrolyte produces the ionization, and that the current,
whenever it is applied, simply sets the ions
in motion toward their respective electrodes.
On arrival there, they part with their charges
of electricity and become atoms or atomic
groups (radicals and molecules).
00000
/0
/0.5
FE
Diagram Showing ions In Motion Under Effect of Electric Current. Atoms Are Formed
in This Process.
negative constituents. \ \'hen sodium chlorid
Photo of Actual Apparatus Set Up

for Experiment With Migration of Ions.
Fig. 102.
(common salt) dissolves to saturation in

water, a certain portion goes into solution
without being broken up into its elements
or having the size of the molecule changed;
but a certain other large part splits up into
sodium ions which are charged with positive electricity, and chlorin ions, charged
with negative electricity, which exists intermingled in the solution with the undissociated sodium chlorid molecules. In the
same way, when silver nitrat (AgNOa) is
dissolved, a portion is broken up into silver
(Ag) ions and NO ions. The process is
called ionization. Fig. 100 may represent
ionized and non -ionized particles of NaCl.
\\'e have seen that elements and compounds
of an opposite nature attract each other
more than those of like properties; metals
have affinity for non -metals, acids for
bases. In a similar way opposite electricities attract, and vice versa; like repel like.
or, put in another way, substances charged
Another View of the Electrolytic Apparatus

Schematic ArIllustrated in Fig. 102, WithEach
Electrode.
rangement of the Ions At
February. I918
701
Our Amateur Laboratory Contest is open to all readers, whether subscribers or nnt. The photos are judged for best arrangement and efficiency
apparatus. To increase the interest of this department we make it a rule not to publish photos of apparatus unaccompanied by that of the owner. Dui
preferred to light toned ones. We pay each month $3.00 prise for the best photo. Make your description brief and use only one side of the beet.
Address the Editor, With the Amateurs" Dept.
of the
photos
"Electrical Laboratory" Contest

In the March issue we will publish an interesting story with a number of interesting photos, describing one Amateur
Electrician's experimental laboratory. Now "Bugs"-we want to publish a similar article each month. Here's our proposition: \Vhy not write up your "Electrical Lab.," in not more than 500 words. Dress it up with several good clear
photographs. If we think it good enough we will publish the article in display style and pay you well for it. The remuneration
for such articles will range from $5.00 to $10.00. And 'Bugs " -don't forget to make your article interesting. Don't write
"I have a voltmeter, an ammeter, a switchboard," etc., ad infinitum. For the love of Pete put some punch in it! Tell us what you
do with your instruments and apparatus. You don't mean to tell us that every Experimenter does exactly the same thing.
" \Ve" know different -but from the general run of such articles which we have received in the past, one would naturally
think every "Lab.," exactly alike. Remember-send a photo of YOURSELF along. Typewritten articles preferred. Tell us
the facts and don't send in photos smaller than 3W' by 4W. They must be sharp and clear -not veritable "picture puzzles."
We can read -but we are not mind- readers. Address the Editor "With the Amateurs Prize Contest."
A GROUP OF
REPRESENTATIVE AMERICAN AMATEUR LABORATORIES.
Electrical Laboratories of, -Phil Krippner. Diecn nay. Wis.; 2 -Frank Sloan, San Diego, Calif.; 3- Raymond E. Snyder, Akron, Ohlo;
4-J. Hustic Holden, Westmount, Que., Can.; 5- Herbert M. Maus. Milton. Pa.: 6-R. E. Breunig, Chicago. 111.; 7 -Hugh Stevenson,
Rochester, N. Y.; 8 -D. Kenneth Auck, Bucyrus, Ohio; 9- Harold H. Wilson. Silver Creek, N. Y.; 10- Everett E. Twombly, Pasadena, Calif.
1
702
February,
1918
4IRTE5 T P4ITENTS
Electric Fly Trap
1,247,45e; issued to William
A. Bass.)
An improvement in electric fly
traps which provides an outer pro-
(No.
sired surface-coloring on the glass

either by incorporating the color or
colors in the nature or construction of the glass or by application
of stain to the glass. Each of the
lamp tubes used in this device contains a multiplicity of filaments
regularly spaced and by the special
means of construction here employed
for obtaining the color
effects, etc., the location or shape
of the incandescent filaments are
not discernible.
tery and control button may he

placed at any distance desired from
the camera.
The outfit is light and
unobtrusive, and may be readily
carried in the coat -pocket.
(No.
Telegraph and Telephone
Receiver
(No. 1,245,266; issued to Grenleaf
Whittier Pickard.)
This patent provides a simplified
form of radio telegraph and teleRadio
Electric Musical Instrument

(No.
1,245,517; issued to Harold

Scuterud.)
An improved musical instrument
which is said to be free from ob-
c.uucll
4714art0;.1
ton
I
phone receiver having an inductance
connected between the aerial and
ground in the manner indicated,
and which is caused to transfer the
oscillatory energy in the antenna
circuit to two secondary inductances,
connected in a unipolar manner to
a crystal or other detector shunted
by a sensitive telephone receiver.
Secondary coils 5 and 6 are connected together and are wound in
such directions that their outside
ends are of opposite potentials.
tective cage designed to prevent

anyone from getting in contact with
the live wires of the inner cage, in
the manner shown. There is also
provided an electric light either in
the lower or upper compartment of
the fly trap, to attract the flies or
other insects. This lamp is connected in the circuit with the alternately charged wires of the inner
cage, and these wires are spaced the
proper distance so that an insect or
tiv passing betwen them will touch
both wires, and thus be electrocuted.
New Microphone
(No. 1,245,218; issued to Felix
Gottschalk.)
An improved form of electric
microphone for telephonic and other
a
purposes,
comprising
movable
front electrode which is attached to

the center of a vibrating diafram
in the usual manner, and so arranged in the opening provided in
a circular template, that the carbon
granules in the cup chamber cannot
in any way get out of this chamber,
and thus cause rattling or other
Also a
noises in the microphone.
perfect contact with the inner face
of the vibrating electrode is provided for, without interfering with
the free movement thereof.
Storage Battery Construction

(No. 1,246,595; issued to Harry S.
Hawkins.)
In assembling the cells, plates are
spaced about 14 of an inch apart,
and the inventor then places in
the assembled battery a sufficient
quantity of granulated sugar to apone- fourth fill the spaces
bproximately
etween the spaces and around them.
After the cell
Electric Camera Shutter Trip
(No. 1,247,902; issued to Karl W.

Thalhamme r.)
Electric Automatic Scale

1,248,273; issued
G. Crane.)
Samuel
to
One of the objects of this invention is to provide an automatic stale

with electrically -actuated poise mechanism, whereby the weight of an
article or articles placed upon the
scale platform is offset and indicated
by an automatic movement of the
The
poise along the scale beam.
device is arranged with a pair of
solenoids
electromagnetic
which may
travel along the scale beam and be
automatically governed and controlled by the balance weight at the
end of the beam by means of special
contacts arranged at that point.
This electric scale operates on a very
unique principle, viz., that whenever
solenoid coil is energized, it will

attract a movable core or be attracted by a fixt core if the coil is
a
movable; also the core and the solenoid will be moved relatively to each
other until the center of mass of
the core and solenoid coincide.
By
making the scale beams of tapering
magnetic material to as to bring
their centers of mass adjacent to
the ends thereof, each solenoid is
thereby provided with a separate
core, and the solenoids being connected together to act as a single
poise, will move along the scale
beams in a forward or reverse direction when one or the other of
the solenoids is energized.
Radio Oscillator
(No. 1,246,626; issued to David G.
in this manner, it is placed in an
oven and baked at a temperature of
380 to 410 degrees Fah., for from
three to six hours.
During the
baking operation the sugar is completely fused and flows about and
over the plates so as to completely
surround them.
This idea
proved
radio
McCaa. )
provides for an imoscillation generator
and radiator by virtue of increasing

the energy storage function of the
elevated conductors in the open oscillatory system. The idea also covers a system of producing sustained
oscillations of low decrement and
of emitting electro-magnetic waves
Wireless Telephone Modulator
(No. 1,246,420; issued to Paul J.

Hackett.)
The aerial and ground terminals
from oscillation transformer are con nected to a series of one or more
specially devised air -gap condensers.
Each condenser unit is actuated by
an ordinary telephone or other receiver, which receivers are connected up with a special high -power
microphone apparatus in the manner
shown in diagram. It will thus he
understood how one voice or source
(No. 1,246,847; issued to Paul J.

Berg.)
A clever elctrical flag sign device
adapted to be made in such a way
that it will present an attractive appearance either in the day time or
The electric lamps used
at night.
to ilh,rninae the sign at night are
behind a glass surfaced,

ridged field, provided with the de-
assembled
piano.
Electric Flag Sign
placed
bas been
jectionable harmonics when the special tension band in the instrument

is vibrated electro- magnetically by
the means shown in the drawing.
A sonorous body in the form of a
sheet metal band is mounted upon
a stiff frame or support, and beneath this band there is placed a
suitable electromagnet connected
with the proper circuit interrupting
devices, including a battery and
controlling key similar to that on
a
creasing the strength of the sound

waves before applying them to the
condenser units.
The inventor here provides a

suitable device for actuating the
camera shutter in any manner desired, the shutter trip being controlled by a reciprocating shaft
driven by means of a spring motor
on the device. Titis spring motor is
released or retarded by an electromagnet connected with a portable
battery and push button. The bat -
waves talking into the

transmitter (18) will actuate a
plurality of receivers (17), each of
which actuates a four -diafram air gap condenser (10), thus greatly inOF
COPIES OF ANY
THE ABOVE PATENTS SUPPLIED AT 10c EACH.
of sound
e
5. 11
I
_
good tuning qualities.

As
Indicated there is provided an auxiliary grounded conductor parallel
to and intermeshing with the main
antenna conductors and helix, the
inventor having found that it is
thus possible to transfer the energy
in the spark-gap -aerial circuit to the
auxiliary tuned circuit, and in this
way to store much greater energy
and to radiate the same than without such an arrangement. When a
maximum current is radiated in the
auxiliary antenna circuit, the spark gap-aerial circuit shows a minimum
of current, and vice versa.
February,
9 I8
703
Phoney Patents
Under this heading are publisht electrical or mechanical ideas which
our clever inventors, for reasons best known to themselves, have as vet
not patented. We furthermore call attention to our celebrated Phoney
Patent Offzz for the relief of all suffering daffy inventors in this country
as well as for the entire universe.
We are revolutionizing the Patent business and OFFER YOU THREE
DOLLARS 1$3.00! FOR THE BEST PATENT. If you take your Phoney
Patent to Washington. they charge you $20.00 for the Initial fee and then
you haven't a smell of the Patent yet. Alter they have allowed the Patent, you must pay another $20.00 as a final fee. That's $40.001 WE
PAY YOU $3.00 and grant you a Phoney Patent in the bargain, so you
When sending in your Phoney Patent application,
have $43.000!!
be sure that it is as daffy as a lovesick bat. The daffier, the better.
Simple sketches and a short description will belp our staff of Phoney
Patent examiners to issue a Phoney Patent on your invention in a
jiffy.
PHONEY PATENT OFFIZZ
TOP
O.
v/Ew
(COW-G/RL
SEA-GO/NG COWBOY
WrE.t,Hb FC<E
-4
OOEA
-c!
.1
-_
EL EC TR/ C
r/C/fLER
UNDERSEA
_
A. R WAY
FOR WHALES
/NCOAfE AND
PE2 /SCOPE
FOR SEE/NG
our-6.0
-- PSVCiI UL-OG- /GAL
MEE
---
MOMENT
W/RE
cow WHALE
SOUSE Ne/AGK'EeE/pEGKLED'i/ERR/NG
.SEGT/cJNAC
view-fJF cJCEAN-
Prize Winner. U -BOAT DESTROYER. Here's a "Whale" of an Idea For Finishing the Hungry U- boats. Obtain a School of Tame Whales to
Convoy Our Troop -ships to France. When a Flock of "Subs" Are Located, Chase the Whales Over- board: When Under the Sub -sea Fighter.
the Commander of the Whale -boat Presses An Electric Button. The Electric Tickler Attached to Each Cow Whale Tickles Her; She Becomes
Peevish -"Blows" -and Up Comes the U -boat, Which Is Lassoed By the Ever -watchful ''Sea-going Cowboy "! That Sounds Simple; Doesn't
It? Inventor, J. W. Hanson, Rosevhle, Calif.
GEAREDH/Gy.
ro BATTERY
Have
ELECTRIC KNITTING ECONOMIZER. Mother Knits; Sister Knits; Wifle Knits: and Several Dozen Other Branches of the Family.
You Ever Sat and Wondered Just How Much Energy Is Expended By the Female Knitting Element of Our Population? It Would Amount to
The
In
Detail.
Over 1,000,000.000 H. P. Annually If Conserved. Wherefore I Have Invented My "Electric Knitting Economizer" Here Shown
Which Supplies
Knitting Needles Are All Attached to a Common Shaft Connected With a Dynamo; the Dynamo Charges a Storage Battery,
Purveyors
Will
Now
Electric Light and Heat In Abundance. This Is What I would Call "Hooverizing Hoover." The Coal, Gas and Electric
Proceed to Faint. Inventor, John J. Loehle, Jr., Lebanon, Pa.
704
February, 1918
QUESTION bOX
This department le for the sole benefit of all electrical experimenters. Questions will be answered here for the benefit of all, but only
matter of sufficient lntereetwlll be publieht. Rules under which questions will be answered:
1.
Only three questions can be submitted to be answered.
2. Only one side of sheet to be written on matter must be typewritten or else written In Ink, no penciled matter considered.
I. Sketches. diagrams, etc., must be on separate sheets. Questione addrest to this department cannot be answered by mall tree of charge,
4. If a quick answer is desired by mall, a nominal charge of 25 cents Is made for each question. If the questions entail considerable research work or Intricate calculations a special rate will be charged. Correspondents will be Informed as to the tee before such questions are
answered.
WIRING DIAGRAM.
may know, the current used in telephonic

work is very minute. Thus any obstacles
tending to destroy their intensity would
naturally destroy the intensity of speech.
However, the former reason is the greater
obstacle which prevents the use of these
cables for telephoning across the ocean.
(881) T. G. Rogers, Nobel. Can.. states :

Q. 1. I would like to know if you could
suggest something in the shape of an
electric bell or light signal to give warning
that a belt had broke, or that a motor had
stopt on an acid pump. Motor drives the
LOOSE COUPLER.
(884)
Geo.
"
Phillips,
M.
D. C., asks:
m
l
v '
1161011,111111
Washington,
11111111111111111
ODD PHOTOS WANTED AT

$1.00 EACH ! ! !
Now is the time to make your

Kodak pay for itself in a real practical way. We are after interesting
photographs of out -of -the- ordinary
electrical, radio and scientific sub jects and are willing to pay $1.00 cash
, for every one we can sise.
Please =
M bear in mind that for half -tone re- M
production in a magazine, a photo= graph should be particularly sharp
E and clear. Of course, if a subject
M. happens to interest us particularly M
well, we can have the photo retouched.
For the general run of subjects, however, it does not pay to go to such
= expense.
Therefore, please take pains
to properly focus and expose your
pictures. It often happens that a
really mediocre subject well photo= graphed wins approval over an excellent subject poorly photographed. HAnd don't send us plate or film "negalives"; send unmounted or mounted
"prints," preferably a light and o dark
A Simple, Positive Alarm for Use on a Motor

Driving An Acid Pump. As Soon as the
Pump Stops the Bell Rings.
pump by belt, and the idea is to notify a

person in a building 60 feet away that the
pump has stopt. A bell would be the most
suitable, or a red light to light up would do.
A. 1. We give herewith one suggestion
from which you can obtain pointers on the
building of such a device.
This scheme utilizes a small governor
secured to the motor shaft which operates
thru a lever as indicated. A contact which
is closed operates the electric bell thru
the electrical circuit as shown. Another
method by which you can obtain the same
results is to introduce in the motor circuit
an automatic circuit breaker which, when
the motor will stop, trips the circuit breaker,
and then automatically closes the external
bell circuit for signal purposes.
ELECTROLYTIC FURNACE.
(882) O. R. Dixon, Portland, Ore., says :
Q. 1. 1 very much desire to get data on
an electrolytic furnace and thought perhaps you would be able to tell me where
I can obtain such information either in
book form or otherwise.
A. 1. We regret to say that the information which you ask in reference to the
Electrolytic Furnace cannot be had as this
data is still in the hands of the inventors,
and is not disclosed for public use at the
present time.
TELEPHONE ACROSS THE OCEAN.

(883) F. Brown, Jacksonville, Fla., asks:
Q. 1. Why cannot speech be transmitted
by cable across the ocean?
A. 1. The reason why it is not possible
at the present time to communicate
telephonically across the ocean is due to the
fact that high capacity in the cables distort
tremendously the wave shape of the telephonic waves, which naturally destroys the
effects of speech, and thus it does not permit true speech to be carried on thru such
a line.
Another reason that prohibits such a

project is due to the inherent high resis-
tance of such cables which reduces the

electrical current necessary to operate the
receiving equipment, and as you perhaps
one.
As to what to photograph: Well,
that's hard for us to say. We leave
that up to you, and every reader now
has the opportunity to become a reporter of the latest things in the realm
of
Electricity, Radio and Science.
O But, please remember-it's the "odd,

.
novel or practical stunts" that we are

interested in. Every photo submitted
should be accompanied by a brief de -scription of 100 to 150 words. Give
the "facts"-don't worry about the
style.
stamps ephotosnareoto
rreturned
urined
and place a piece of cardboard in the
envelope with therm to prevent mutilalion. Look around your town and
see what you can find that's interesting.
Address photos to- Editor "Odd

Photos," ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER,
?33 Fulton Street, New Ynrk City.
Miuuuu1101111
111111ii11iii11uuumiiiiuui11iuiumuii111111
_
=
MOTOR DESIGN.
(885) W. F. S. Jr., Corregidor, Philippine Islands, would like to know :

Q. 1. Kindly explain the general principles
governing the design of small fan motors
which will operate on either A.C. or D.C. of
110 volts?
A. 1. There are several factors which
control the design of a small motor, and
the following must first be known before
the procedure of design for such a motor
is undertaken, viz., the physical size of the
machine, that is, over -all dimensions, and
the power which the machine is to deliver
(in this case about 1/32 of a horse power
would be sufficient.) Another point which
must be considered is the general shape of
the magnet field ; for good practise the
bipolar circular field is advisable. The
size of the magnet field -poles may be either
circular or square in form, but the former
is preferable as it gives better winding facilities than the latter type. The shape of
the pole -pieces is controlled by the diameter of the machine. Also, the field winding is controlled by the depth of the winding space. The resistance of such a field
when employing a series type of motor is
very low, while a high resistance field is
employed in shunt machines.
This, of course, is controlled by the
external conditions of the machine. For the
class of machine which you mention, the
series type is preferable, as in this case
both alternating and direct currents can be
used for operating it. The armature
magnetic circuit depends upon the internal
diameter, and the magnetic field in which
this armature is to be rotated. The armature should be made of a number of
laminated soft iron discs ; the number of
slots on the armature is dependent upon
several factors which we cannot discuss
in detail here. However, for the size of
motor in question, a six -slot armature would
suffice. The number of field poles for this
machine would depend entirely upon the
speed of the machine, and upon the
magnetic flux density of the magnetic
circuit. The commutator should contain
six sections.
HIGH FREQUENCY SET.
(886) John Ives, Chicago, Ill., writes:

Q. 1. Is it possible to obtain high frequency current from a buzzer in order to
iiiuiuu!i101111m1E0
Q. 1. f am making a loose coupler and

want to know if the secondary is wound
opposite to the direction of the primary.
A. 1. We would inform you that the
direction of winding of the secondary with
respect to that of the primary must both
be in the same direction, as this tends to
mutually couple these two coils with a
minimum loss due to counter- electromotive
forces which may be set up due to opposite
windings.
High Frequency Set Which Operates By

Means of a Buzzer, Shunted by a High Ca.
pacity Condenser, on 110 Volt A. C. or D. C.
Circuits.
operate an Oudin or Tesla transformer? If

it is possible to operate one, kindly give
hiring diagram.
February,
9 8
1
705
Turning 8c Cotton Into $4.50 Silk

World- Famous Chemist Has Stolen Secrets of the Silkworm-Mechanical
Silkworm Now Takes Poor Grades of Cotton and Turns It
Into Lustrous Silk -An Invention That Should
Revolutionize the World's Silk Industry.
By A. A. ALVORD
Contributing Editor Farmer's Fireside Bulletin, Official Organ of the Texas Farmers' Union.
Mr. Alvord's article, part of which has appeared in the Farmer's Fireside Bulletin, the Official Organ of the Texas
agriculturists, reveals a wonderful new industry which has been added to the runty industrial enterprises of
Texas. This invention lias been investigated by Prof. J. B. Bagley, head of the departmtemt of Textile Engineering
of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, who has reported the invention to be absolutely practical
and feasible. The story of Frederick IVide's process, which turns the cheapest grades of cotton, as well as the
better grades, into fine silk worth $4.50 a pound is of paramount interest, as silk is a world -wide necessity the
supply of which has been greatly curtailed by the European war.
I have seen with my own eyes a modern miracle of science.
I confess freely that had anyone told
me beforehand what I was going to see
I should probably have been so convinced that what was claimed could not
be done that 1 might not have witnessed this marvelous demonstration of
the wonders science can produce. But
I went and I CAN NOT DOUBT THE
EVIDENCE OF MY
turned their artificial silk factories into

gun cotton plants and practically none
comes from there any more. So the problem of producing silk enough to meet
the world's demands is a vital one.
This wonderful invention is a great
stride towards the solution of this big
problem.
OWN
EYES.
Even now I am a good deal like the
farmer at the circus who gazed on the
long- necked giraffe intently for half an
hour, then scratching his head, turned
away, saying: "Shucks, there ain't no
such animile."
Incidentally my brain is still dizzy from
trying to calculate the simply unbelievable
profits that this invention is bound to
make. When my brain had soared into
millions-more millions than I care to
realized that the wealth enumerate
creating possibilities of this modern miracle of science meant fortunes for scores.
In a nutshell here is what I saw:
I saw refuse cotton, what is known
in the cotton trade as "Linters," worth
ordinarily from SEVEN TO EIGHT
CENTS A POUND turned into exquisite, lustrous, shimmering silk worth at
present quotations $4.50 A POUND AS
YARN for textile or thread making.
Before I go ally further let me tell
you something about silk.
-I
WORLD FACES SHORTAGE OF
SILK
Silk is to -day of practically universal

use. There is hardly a man, woman or
child in the United States that doesn't
It is used for
use silk in some form.
hosiery, for dresses, for underwear, for
linings, for trimmings, for ribbons, for
all kinds of draperies as well as for hun-
MR. FREDERICK WIDE

Mr. Wide has invented and perfected a process
for manufacturing silk from cotton.
By this
process cotton worth 8 cents a pound is turned

Into silk for which there is a ready sale at $4.50
or more per pound. Read the wonderful story
of this great Invention.
dreds of commercial purposes in industries of various kinds.

A great part of the world's supply of
silk is produced by Italy and France.
The war has practically stopped this production. The great plains of Northern
Italy which have recently been devastated
by the Teuton armies produced countless
tons of the beautiful product. \Ve must
now look to Japan for our silks, and so
vividly does Japan realize the importance
of its silk industry that to carry silk
worms otit of the country is punished most
severely by the Japanese authorities.
In the last few years a silk substitute
has been manufactured in Germany. Belgium and England. This has been enormously successful and has made fortunes.
But Germany, Belgium and England have
Yon benefit by mentioning the "Electrical Exgenmenter" when
A MECHANICAL SILK WORM

Back of most of the great utilitarian
inventions of to -day is the mighty brain
of some chemist.
Back of the new silk is the genius of a
great chemist.
Frederick \ \'ide. \\'rite this name on
your memory tablets, and write it deep,
for it is the name you will hear much
of in the future, as he is the man who
has found a way to turn eight-cent cotton into silk worth $4.50 a pound.
If you could talk to Mr. Wide, and
if you had a sufficient knowledge of the
science of chemistry necessary to understand what he told you, he could show
you, step by step, how science learned from
the silk worm the secrets of silk making.
He could tell you how scientists studied
the silk worm, its habits, its methods, its
foods, the processes of evolving the secretions which it spins into those gossamer filaments, so slender yet so strong
and so wonderfully lustrous.
He could tell you how those secretions were analyzed until they had no
more secrets to conceal.
He could tell you why those secretions
flowing from the cocoon hardened on contact with the air, becoming so wondrously
strong and lovely.
He would tell you all these things in
language overloaded with words and
names, verbs and adjectives you had never
heard before and probably would never
hear gain. He would tell you how science
uri imp
to advertisers.
February, 1918
706
fact it was. And then he could tell you

how experiments by the thousands %sere
made before the secret of making a silk
from cotton that was neither explosive
nor inflammable was obtained. It would
take a book many times larger than this
magazine to tell that story in full. So
to keep this article in the brief confines
of a magazine story we will let you guess
at all those transitions and come down
to the secret of turning cheap cotton into
expensive silk. It is a story worth telling.
I will try and tell it to you simply, just
as it impressed my non -technical mind.
DISSOLVING COTTON LIKE

SUGAR
PROF. J. B. BAGLEY.
Prof. Bagley is a graduate of Wake Forrest
College, N. C., and one of the foremost cotton
He was with the
mill experts of the world.
North Carolina Cotton Mills '01 =02; North Carolina Textile '01, '04; Instructor in Texas Textile
School, '05 -'07; Instructor in Mississippi Textile
School, '07 -'08; Professor of Textile Engineering, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College
since 1908.
studied the chemical reactions which occur

in the stomach of the silk worm and
change its food of mulberry leaves into
the juices that become silk.
Then he would tell you how science,
working from known facts, devised a
purely mechanical means of doing that
which the silk worm has been doing
without knowing why, since the beginning of time. He would tell you of the
mechanical silk worm which is revolutionizing the silk industry.
MAKING SILK OUT OF COTTON

I'erhaps Mr. \Vide would tell you that
the chemical components of silk and cotton and wood are practically the same.
just as he could tell you that science is
bending its efforts to turn many substances of which we have quantities into
other articles of which we need quantities.
He could tell you how chemists have taken
the refuse of the gas plants -known as
coal tar -and made from it wonderful
dyes, exquisite perfumes, powerful medicines. He could tell you how the waste
of scores of industries has been turned
into fortunes. And then he could explain
to you why the same component elements
in different combinations make wood, and
sugar and cotton and silk and other substances
Then he could tell you of the experiments covering years of effort that had
as their object the discovery of the processes by which silk is formed in the
body of the silk worm and how to obtain
the right combination of elements into a
genuine silk, real as the silk of the silk
worm, with all its wonderful lustre and
strength and qualities. He could tell you
that years ago the chemists had succeeded
in making silk out of cotton, but that they
had made a silk that was as inflammable
and explosive as gun cotton, which in
Any kind of cotton can be used in making silk. The cheaper grade -what k
known as "linters" and "short staple"
is used for two reasons: because it i>
cheaper and just as good, and because it
is practically a waste product, while the
long- staple cotton is useful and necessary
to humanity. The true scientific chemist
is ever a utilitarian, seeking to use that
which seems useless.
This cotton "linters" comes generally
from the cotton seed mills, being a byproduct of the seed, from which it is removed by mechanical processes before the
seed is milled into oil. This short- staple
cotton is a dirty yellowish color and carries more or less impurities. It is therefore submitted first of all to a thorough
cleansing process and then is bleached
white as driven snow. \\'hen these first
processes are completed the cotton is its
It is like the aba soft, fluffy mass.
sorbent cotton used by physicians and it
is ready for processing into silk.
Incidentally you may be interested to
know that Mr. \ \'ide is planning to manufacture thousands of pounds of cotton for
medical purposes as well as silk.
This cotton is then plunged into glass
or porcelain -lined vats which contain a
solution which is the secret of the process.
This solution contains many- chemical ingredients. In these vats take place the
chemical actions which turn the cotton
into silk, just as the contents of the
stomach of the little silk worm turn the
mulberry leaves into silk.
TIIE MECHANICAL SILK WORM

As soon as the cotton is completely immersed in the solution it melts just like
a lump of sugar plunged into water will
melt. Then a curious thing happens. The
whole mass turns a beautiful blue, clear
and sparkling as an Italian sky. When
the correct proportion of cotton has been
added to the solution to properly impregnate it, then the contents of the vat, which
are now thick like syrup, are poured into
a machine. This machine is the mechanical silk worin.
If you have ever been through a factory where silk is manufactured from
the silk worm you will have seen bundles
of cocoons, each cocoon yielding a tenuous thread like the diaphanous web woven
UNION NATIONAL BANK BUILDING.

This is one of the fine office buildings of Houston, Texas. It is the home of the Houston Bank
a Trust Company, of which Mr. Ben N. Garrett
is president. The executive offices of the Texas
Textile Company are also located in this building.
by a spider. These many threads ar

gathered to one reel by the deft fingers
of girls, who keep it ever twisting and
turning into a soft, golden -colored yarn.
The mechanical silk worm has hundreds
of tiny glass tubes, each ending in a point
pierced
with
microscopically
small
perforation. The bright blue, syrupy- cotton solution is forced out through these
myriad minute tubes, flowing out in a

fairy web so fine that each thread is hardly
visible, yet when gathered together these
threads make a soft, bright blue yarn, as
silky as any silk spun by mulberry -fed
silk worms. Practically the only difference is that instead of being golden yellow,
like natural silk, this artificial silk is
bright blue. The silk is gathered on
spools that wind the soft filaments into
a glossy yarn. This web hardens on contact with the air.
There is still one more process before
the yarn is ready for shipment to the
textile manufacturers to be made into all
kinds of varieties of silk goods. This is
the bleaching process. The bright blue
yarn is given another bath, this time in a
bleaching agent, and it comes out white
as the purest mountain snowdrifts.
WONDERFUL ECONOMY OF
PROCESS
The most wonderful part of this whole
process is that in none of the operations
is there any waste.
A pound of the cleansed cotton yield,
a pound of silk and even the ingredients
of the solution that effects the magic
_ hange in the character of the cotton are
recovered from the bleaching bath to be
used over and over again.
This man -made silk has all the characteristics of natural silk. It is strong
"Electrical Experimenter" when writing
ro
advertisers.
ELECTRICAL
February. 1918
EXPERIMENTER
7(17
playfully call the ammunition and arms

companies that have made phenomenal
fortunes in providing the fighting nations
with arms, ammunition, etc.
Before the war we bought our natural
and manufactured silks abroad. Before
the war we bought all our dyes from Germany. Before the war we bought all our
lenses and watch crystals from Germany.
Before the war we bought all our potash
fertilizers from Germany. Hundreds of
chemicals, acids, fabrics, manufactured
metals, pigments, machines, textiles, etc.,
came to us from abroad. \Var closed the
ocean lanes to the importation of these
goods and American inventiveness and
enterprise, forced to exert themselves,
have remedied the shortage by duplicating
these necessaries of life and in many cases
we have improved on the originals.
MR. BEN N. GARRETT.

Mr. Garrett is the successful Texas banker who
has associated himself with Mr. Wide in the
Texas Textile Company, which has been organ
ized to develop Mr. Wide's great invention. He
is the head of two other great corporations which
Mr. \Vide is an Englishman. He has

been one of the biggest men of the man-
have been most successful.
and durable like silk. It takes any dye

like real silk. It is as white and remains
white as natural silk. It is non-inflammable like real silk. It has all the
sheen, lustre, softness and radiance of
natural silk. It wears like real silk and
holds its glossiness like real silk. It can
be laundered over and over again without losing its color, or the lustrous beauty
of the fabric or the softness of texture.
IT IS SILK, a man -made silk. another
triumph of human brains and ingenuity,
of scientific skill and industry.
The chemical change that occurs in the
stomach of the silkworm that turns the
fibrous mulberry leaves into silk is practically the same chemical change that
turns the cotton of our great cotton fields
into this silk.
Do you wonder that I read FORTUNE
in those filaments of bright blue as they
shredded from the mechanical silkworm?
Do you wonder how big that fortune
may be when 1 tell you that this eight cent cotton is turned into silk worth $4.50
a pound?
That was the recent price, but this price
is going up all the time owing to the
shortage of silk from Italy, France, Japan
and China! What it may go to no one
can tell. Shortage of supply of any article
of great demand always results in higher
prices. Natural silk is worth over $7 a
pound right now, I am told; $4.50 is the
price for the manufactured article such
as Germany and Belgium and England
had been sending us. Experts who have
examined the imported manufactured
silks and the silk made by the Wide process say the Wide silk is a big improvement on the old world product.
as
WAR HAS HELPED DEVELOP
INDUSTRIES
The war has been a big thing for
American industry in many ways besides
making fortunes in war brides, as they
3'nu
b,,, rift by
made silk industry in England. He was

one of the pioneer chemists in this field
working hand and glove with the chemists of Belgium and Germany who were
striving to produce an artificial silk to
meet the world's demand for this product.
\\'hen war was declared he was at the
head of one of the biggest artificial silk
manufacturing companies in England.
With the coming of war the factory was
turned into a munition plant. With his

plant closed, as far as the manufacturing
of silk, Mr. Wide decided to come to
America. He knew the world needed absorbent cotton for treating wounds and
for dressings. He came here to make his
knowledge and experience valuable. Probably the first work the new factory will
do will be to turn out great quantities of
absorbent cotton, which will be one of the
important by- products of the Texas Textile Company, as will be explained further
along.
He had Texas in view as the place of
opportunity. Texas, the wonderful Lone
Star State, which produces one-fourth of
all the cotton produced in the world and
which offers greater investment opportunities than any other state iii the Union.
GENIUS AND POWER JOIN

HANDS
\Vhat more natural, once he had cast
his far -seeing eyes on Texas, than that
he should gravitate towards that organizing and developing genius of Texas,
Ben N. Garrett, the young giant of industry with the touch of Midas. In Texas
they liken this young genius of finance
to the god of ancient mythology, whose
touch turned things to gold. In Houston
they will tell you that everything Ben
Garrett touches turns to gold, that he has
made a record of success in financing
propositions that has been the amazement
of the financial world.
So the genius of science and the genius
of finance met on common ground and
from the union of these two geniuses has
been born an enterprise that promises to
MR. C. A. LEWIS.
Lea is is cashier of one of Houston's larg
est hanks and a member of the Board of
He
Directors of two large Texas Corporations.
sas formerly with the Security Nations Bank
Ile is a utan who has rien
of Dallas. Texas
to the front ranks in the Banking Fraternity.
Mr
portance of Texas and that .holdd earn

fortunes for the lucky ones who "stringy
along" with Ben Garrett.
When Mr. Wide and Mr. Garrett met
neither knew very much about the other
and each tells now, laughingly, what elaborate precautions each took to find out
about the other.
Garrett's first thought was to find out
how much of the wonderful story he had
heard from the lips of \Vide was to be
credited. \Vide set about finding out
whether Garrett was the right mat) to
tie tip to. For a few days they sparred
around in New York, each making excuses to the other to avoid coming to a
decision.
Garrett corroborated Wide's
statements by cablegrams from American
consular officers in England and from
other reliable sources of information in
London. \Vhen both had arrived at the
conclusion that the other was the right
man to tie up to further details were
soon settled.
FAMOUS COTTON EXPERT CONSULTED

Among the men Mr. Garrett consulted
was Professor J. B. Bagley, head of the
department of Textile Engineering at the
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College. Prof. Bagley is probably the greatest cotton expert in the country, if not
in the world. Prof. Bagley's report was
not only satisfactory, it was enthusiastic.
He was so enthusiastic that his first
thought was to invest in the company
which Mr. Garrett was planning to organize.
He has since become a large
stockholder and is Vice- President of the
company, but that is going ahead of my
story.
Mr. Wide accompanied Mr. Garrett
back to Texas and immediately set about
establishing his laboratory. which he had
brought with him from England. This
laboratory contains a complete equipment.
add tremendously to the industrial imurn inn the "Electrical Expert n rn tn" n hen writing to advertiser..
February.
708
for turning cotton into
silk.
Once the laboratory was set up. Mr.
Wide invited Mr. Garrett, Prof. Bagley,
the writer and a few other associates of
Mr. Garrett to a demonstration of the
process.
I have already described to you how
he took the cotton and plunged it into
the vat of solution, how he poured the
syrupy melted cotton into the mechanical
silkworm and how the filaments of the
pure bright blue silk were pressed out of
the needle -like points of the capillary
tubes, hardening as they struck the air
into web-like threads of lovely silk.
The demonstration was so convincing
that it was practically decided at that time
to go ahead with the proposition. Mr.
Garrett, however, whose successes have
been won by combining a splendid daring
with a wonderful caution and almost superhuman sense of opportunism. wanted
to be absolutely sure before he went
1918
on a small scale,
COTTON READY FOR SHIPMENT.

One -third of the world's total production of cotton is shipped through the Houston gateway
foreign countries. This is a typical scene at a cotton wharf where the huge 500 -pound hales
cotton are assembled ready for shipment on steamers to foreign ports. This cotton, ranging
price from 8 to 20 cents a pound, can all be converted into silk worth $4.50 a pound, or more,
to
of
in
by
the Wide processes
ahead.
Here was an industry that meant much

to the state if it was successful, he argued.
Hence, he told himself. it was essential
to get the public attitude towards such a
proposition. So he compiled a report of
all that he had seen, all that he had learned
of the process, its possibilities, the market
for the product and the costs of production, the raw material, everything. in fact,
that could throw any light on the proposition, and made this up into a circular,
which he submitted to the leading bank
directors of the state of Texas. He
wanted a consensus of opinion. HE GOT
IT. From all parts of the state came
"Texas wants
most favorable reports.
your silk plant," is what they told him,
and many of these big banking men, the
most solid and responsible element in the
state, volunteered to subscribe for stock
in the company once it was formed.
Satisfied now that he was right. Mr.
Garrett went ahead and organized the
TEXAS TEXTILE COMPANY.

The TEXAS TEXTILE COMPANY
is organized in a similar manner to many
of the largest concerns in the United

States, such as the Magnolia Petroleum
Co., the Long -Bell Lumber Co., the
Pierce- Fordyce Oil Association, etc. The

articles creating this organization vest
control of its affairs in a board of trustees,
pledge the assets of the organization for
its liabilities, and exempt the stockholders
and trustees from personal liability for
same. This is a powerful safeguard of
the interests of all stockholders.
No
bonds of any kind have been issued and
there is no preferred stock. All stock is
common stock, fully paid up and non assessable.
Every shareholder in the
business will hold exactly the same kind
of stock and participate in the profits in
exactly the same ratio as every other
stockholder. This, Mr. Garrett believes,
is the fairest and safest type of organization for all interested.
He personally advanced all the necessary funds for organization work. He

personally bought and paid for, in the
name of the company, the rights to Mr.
\ Vids process, and he also bought Mr.
\Vid s laboratory equipment, his supplies.
machinery, etc., advancing the necessary
funds for all expenses.
COMPANY
SECURES
FACTORY
SITE
It was decided to locate the factory in
the outskirts of Houston on the Houston
ship channel, that great inland waterway
which leads from the heart of this beautiful city to the Gulf of Mexico and which
is navigable by the big ocean ships.
The factory site was bought. It has
300 feet of frontage on the ship channel
with its own docking facilities, a great
advantage, as water routes are always the
cheapest for shipping goods.
ino. \V. Maxey, one of the great efficiency engineering experts of the South,
was engaged to plan the factory in conjunction with Mr. \Vide, so as to make
it as efficiently perfect as possible. The
first of these buildings is now in course
of construction. It is of brick and concrete, absolutely fireproof. Mr. Wide was
immediately sent to Philadelphia to get
together his machinery. Part of this is
standard equipment which is used in all
cotton mills for cleansing and bleaching
the cotton. The rest is now being built
under Mr. \\'ids own supervision from
his own plans.
So efficient and methodical has been
the work of development of the corn pany's plans that in less than ninety days
from this publication the factory should
be in operation, turning the cotton of
Texas into silk fit to grace an imperial
queen. They say up North that we of
the South are slow. The New South
especially the South of Texas, is anything
hut slow. This achievement proves it.
COMPANY IS MODESTLY CAPI-
TALIZED
\\'hen 1 asked Mr. Garrett particulars

about the capitalization of the company
he smiled. "The Texas Textile Company
is only capitalized for $250,000," he said.
"You may be surprised at this modest
capitalization, but we do not need a great
deal of money to put this proposition on
its feet and the smaller the capitalization
the bigger the dividends. The stock is all
common stock, fully paid up, full profit sharing and non- assessable."
I asked him what the company was going to earn. Again he smiled. "Dividends are pretty hard things to predict,"
he said, "but let us consider a few facts.
\Ve have planned a factory that will start
with a machinery equipment capable of
handling from 600 to I,000 pounds of cotton a day: 600 pounds a day would mean
600 pounds of silk produced a day. This
has a value of $4.50 a pound in its yarn
form. The cotton should not cost over
10 cents a pound. perhaps 6 to 8 cents.
Even by allowing a very liberal margin
for expense, overhead, labor, selling costs,
etc., the total expense of producing a
pound of silk. including the cost of the
cotton, should not possibly exceed $l.
That leaves us a profit of more than $3.50
a pound of cotton handled. If you figure
what 600 pounds a day at $3.50 a pound
profit means you will get a fair estimate
of what our earnings ought to be. As a
matter of fact, we expect to be handling
1,000 pounds of cotton a day very soon
after we get started. Then as we get into
the swing of the thing and profits begin
to accumulate. we plan to enlarge our
capacity to 2.000. 5.000, 10,000 pounds a
day. The additional investment will not
he large and the greater the production
the lower the overhead costs so, as we
increase our production. we should also
increase our profits proportionately. 10,000
pounds a day, even at a profit of only
$3.50 a pound would make a very nice
income. Don't von think so ?"
PROFITS FROM BY- PRODUCTS
i certainly agreed with him. Then he
added:
Jon benefit by mentioning the "Elettrieal Experunenter" when writing to advertisers.
February,
9I 8
10W COTTON IS MADE INTO

SILK
"In addition to producing silk we shall

have several by- products that ought to
increase otir earnings quite substantially.
\Ve shall probably start right out making

absorbent cotton. There is a great need
for it in the army hospitals. In fact, the
government and the Red Cross are urging all cotton manufacturers to give them
all they can turn out. Cotton batting is
another byproduct that we can manufacture with our equipment. Medicated cotton is another. Gun cotton base is another in great demand by powder works.
Another good byproduct will be artificial
horsehair cloth for the .tailoring trade
which we shall be able to make in a very
superior quality, mtich better than the
real horsehair cloth the tailors and dressmakers use now because we can .spin a
thread like horsehair a mile long if necessary. so that there will be no raw hairs
sticking out of the fabric, as is the case
with the short horsehairs they have to use
now. There are other by- products which
the market will give us an opportunity
to make and which will add to our profits.
So you see our little company should be
a very nice income -maker."
weighs 500 pounds; 4.000,000 bales means

TWO BILLION POUNDS of low grade
cotton which can lie converted into silk,
and that's EVERY YEAR.
We have now over 100,000.000 people
in the United States and all of them, from
the babe in its cradle to the ancient tottering to the grave, use silk in some form
or other.
That's only in THIS COUNTRY. but
the WHOLE WORLD is clamoring for
J
Th's is the raw cotton after being cleaned and
Welched ready for making into silk.
Th's is the same cotton turned into silk yarn

by the Vide process and with the %Vide machine,
h.ch has been called the Mechanical Silkworm.
s
is the way
it looks before bleaching.
STRONG MEN DIRECT THE

COMPANY
No matter how great the opportunities
be it is, after all,
the HUMAN ELEMENT that makes or
The genius of men
unmakes success.
like John D. Rockefeller, J. Pierpont
Alorgan, Andrew Carnegie, E. H. Gary,
Henry Ford, \Vestinghouse, Vail, Marshall Field, has been the deciding factor
in creating the success of the enterprises
their brain, energy and enterprise has
of an enterprise may
The %Vide silk woven into rich silk fabrics. It

has all the sheen and lustre of natural silk and
will take any dye.
created.
The TEXAS TEXTILE COMPANY

is managed by men of KNOWN SKILL
and abi)ity whose success INSURES the
success of this company.
BEN GARRETT, President of the
company, is one of Houston's prosperous
financial men. He is the executive head
of two corporations with a combined
capital of $600.000, and during the past
year these two companies have disbursed
to their stockholders $360,000 in cash dividends and disbursements, with over $100,000 yet on hand to be distributed this
year. Just think of it! $360,000 in dividends in one year for companies with a
capitalization of only $600,000. Isn't that
PROOF of the financial genius of this
man?
Prof. J B. BAGLEY, Vice -President,
is. as 1 have already told you, head of
the department of Textile Engineering
of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical
College, a position he has held for the
past twelve years. The company is particularly fortunate in securing this eminent expert as an officer. His valuable
knowledge and wide experience will be of
inestimable value to the company.
FREDERICK WIDE. Managing Director, was for many years superintendent
of textile factories in Belgium, Holland
and France.
He was superintendent in
charge of the Thos. A. Edison and Swan
Company. manufacturers of phonographs
and electrical equipment at Cologne,
Germany. For the six years prior to
his coming to the United States Mr. \Vide
was in charge of a large silk factory in
England and considered one of the foremost chemists and manufacturing experts
in Great Britain.
C. A. LEWIS, Secretary and Treasurer, was formerly connected with the
Security National Bank of Dallas, Texas,
and an active director of two large Texas
corporations. He is now cashier of one
of the largest private banking institutions
in the Southwest.
silk.
IS THERE A MARKET FOR
PRODUCT?
TIIIS
The question is futile. If we didn't

know anything about silk at all we could
easily guess the answer. But we do know.
We know also that the present price
now about $4.50 a pound for textile silk
is apt to grow much higher very soon as
the pinch of shortage is felt more keenly.
Indeed, it lias increased in the last month
from $3.85 to $4.50 a pound.
Houston, Texas, is the ideal location
for the factory. It is the gateway of
the Southwest. Through this gateway
are shipped annually to foreign ports
ONE-THIRD OF THE WORLD'S
PRODUCTION OF COTTON. Houston is the radiating center of a network
of railroads and waterways that traverse
the entire Southwestern section. Within
ten miles of the TEXAS TEXTILE
COMPANY'S factory is one of the greatest oil producing districts in the country,
That
the famous Goose Creek field.
means VERY CHEAP FUEL for power.
Labor is cheaper and more abundant
--
1.7!"
Th
709
in Texas today than anywhere else in

Living is cheaper here.
the country.
Freight rates are cheaper owing to the
competition of rail and water routes.
\Vhy shouldn't this company set recin earnings to make the biggest
dividend payers in the history of industry seem puerile?
ords
WHY YOU ARE OFFERED THIS

STOCK
Another sample of silk made from the yarn
manufactured by the Wide process. It takes the
most delicate dyes and can be laundered over
and over again without losing its sheen or color.
With such men at its head the TEXAS
TEXTILE COMPANY
is well officered
indeed and its prospects are more than
promising.
POSSIBILITIES OF
PANY
THE
COM-
The possibilities of the company are so

large that even a cursory examination
reveals opportunities of dazzling dimensions. It is a well -known fact that the
world's greatest entomologists and silk
worin experts have exhausted all known
means of increasing natural silk production. The demand for silk is growing
greater every day. \Ve live in a luxurious
age. The world demands silk and MUST
HAVE IT. There is no way to escape
the fact. The war has not only curtailed
the production of silk, but it is quite probable that irremediable losses in silk worms
have been sustained in the invaded Italian
plains where this industry thrived.
Mr. \\'ide has given us a process of
manufacturing silk in unheard of quantities from a staple article of very low
price.
SCIENCE HAS \I ET THE
CALL OF DEMAND.
With the artificial silk factories of
Europe closed down we have practically
MONOPOLY OF TIIE PRODUC-
TION.
The supply of raw material of this
cheap grade is practically inexhaustible.

There arc known to be from 3,000,000 to
4,000,000 bales of low grade cotton proEach bale
EVERY YEAR.
duced
Yon benefit by mentioning the
The natural question that must arise

in your mind is : "Why, if this proposition is so good, do Mr. Garrett and
the Texas Textile Company invite sub-
scriptions from me and other investors?

\Vliy not take it all to the bankers who
recommend it so strongly? \Vhy doesn't
Mr. Garrett keep it all himself?
The question is a natural one. It is
a question every man asks who is offerred a specially favorable opportunity
to invest. But did you ever stop to
think that even rich men have their
money invested, often where they can't
easily realize on it? Did you ever stop
to think that the Eastman Kodak Co.,
which has earned enormous dividends,
has over 1,600 stockholders; that the
Goodrich Tire Co., another phenomenal
earner, has nearly 4,000 stockholders;
that the Pennsylvania Railroad has
over 90.000 stockholders ; the National
Biscuit Co. over 7,000 stockholders, and
so on?
Mr. Garrett had faith in the company

enough to advance to it thousands of
dollars before he even had a contract

with Nit. \Vide for his process. His
banker friends had enough faith in Mr.
Garrett to hack him with thousands
more that have been spent in bringing
the company to its present development when a few more weeks will see
it housed and equipped ready to start
manufacturing.
Then, another thing, you should know
Mr. Garrett. as his friends know him, to
understand why he wants other people
interested in the company. Mr. Garrett
lias been the financial guardian angel of
hundreds of investors for whom he has
made money. He is not a philanthropist,
"Electrical Experimenter" sthen u+it'ng to advertisers.
February, 1918
one interested in the company believes that it

will stop at even a production of 10,000 pounds
Its ultimate production may run into
a day.
ninny times ten thousand pounds a day. Who
shall estimate what the profits would be once
the company has reached such a development?
It doesn't take a prophet or a man of very
wide vision to see what this stock will be worth
some day. That's why I said at the beginning
of this article that the profit possibilities were
so big that they were dizzying. I gat into such
big figures that my brain was swimming in millions. And the strange part of it is that, exaggerated as these figures may seem, they are probably TOO CONSERVATIVE.
Can you think of any other opportunity to
invest money with enormous chances of success
equal to these.? The European silk companies
have made enormous profits. The English company's profits increased from $174,375.00 in 1908
to $2,371,000.00 in 1913. This company had
much experimental work to do at first and it
wasn't until the later years that its product was
FACTORY OF TEXAS TEXTILE CO.

It is located on the Houston Ship Channel, which
This iar:ocv is u,,. In aurse of erection. and
which is navigable to the big ocean freighters.
connects Houston with the Gulf of Mexico,
all machinery and equipment are now on the way. The factory
The factory is being rushed and
00
days.
should he running inside of
but he likes to make money for his clients

because he wants their aid in financing
propositions. He knows that the only
way to build up a strong list of investing
clients who will "string along with him,'
as the saying goes, is to make money for
them. If he can put YOU in the way
of making money the next time he needs
financial support to back some new enterprise you will be ready to go in with him,
won't you? Yes, of course. I'll tell you
the story of one of his clients that I
happen to know about. The man's name
is Kavanaugh, Claude Kavanaugh. A
year ago last Summer Mr. Garrett advised
him to invest in an enterprise financed by
the Garrett interests. Mr. Kavanaugh
couldn't realize on his own resources immediately so he borrowed $3,590.00 which
he invested with Mr. Garrett. This investment has paid Mr. Kavanaugh, as he
told me himself, $34,428.00 in cash dividends in a little over a year and the
market value of the investment is, according to Mr. Kavanaugh, approximately
$51,000.00. A total return of over $85,000.00 in ONE YEAR'S TIME. and all
from an investment of only $3,590.00.
FORTUNES FROM SMALL

VESTMENTS
IN-
"A hundred
It was Jay Gould who said
dollars invested in the right place at the right
time, will earn as much as one man steadily
employed." And Andrew Carnegie. who is said
to have founded his fortune running into hundreds of millions by investing $250 of borrowed
money in an invention that made him a little
fortune, said once that the biggest difference
between a good business man and a poor one
is that the good business man goes ahead and
does a thing while the other is thinking about it.
These are two wonderful business precepts that
every man should hear in mind.
Little investments grow into big fortunes just
like little acorns grow into stately trees. BUT
YOU MUST MAKE THE INVESTMENT.
The acorn in the bin won't grow into a tree
any more than the uninvested money will grow
into a fortune. Just to give you an idea of
how little money acorns grow into big profit
trees:
George \ \'estinghouse is said to have offered
a half interest in his airbrake for $2,500. West.
inghouse Airhrake earned $6,500,000.00 in the
fiscal year ending July 31, 1917.
Jaines Couzens is said to have borrowed $100
from his sister to invest it in Henry Ford's
"dream company," as they called it a few years
ago.
That $100 has drawn in CASH over
$47,000.00 and the hundred dollars' worth of
stock is now worth over $50.000.00.

The Postuni Cereal Co. started 16 years ago
with $750.00. Three years ago, 13 years after
it was founded, the company's assets were $20,000,000.00 and Post left an estate of $22,000,000.00.
If you had invested $100 in the original capital of the Gillette Safety Razor Co. your stock
would now he worth $52,000.00 and your annual
income from it would be $3.640 00. All from
an original investment of $100. Here is a little
list compiled from Moody's Manual showing
briefly what $100 invested in some well -known
companies would be worth today:
Vota
$100 invested in Bell Telephone has
returned
$100 invested in Cream of Wheat

now represents
$100 invested in Prestolite has re-
54.000.00
10,000.00
100,000.00
turned
$100 invested in Burroughs Adding
Machine bas returned
41,340.00
$100 invested in National Cash Reg42,870.00
ister has returned
$100 in Welsbach Mantles has re50,000.00
turned
And this list could be continued for pages
showing how small investments in the right
thing at the right time have grown into fortunes.
The TEXAS TEXTILE COMPANY is capitalized for only $250,000, divided into 2,500
shares of the par value of $100 each, full paid,
non- assessable and full profit -sharing.
These
shares are -now offered at $110 per share.
If you take President Garrett's estimate of
possible earnings and profits you find that 600
pounds a day at a profit of $3.50 a pound means
a profit, over and above all probable costs, of
$630,000.00 a year, or over 250% profits on the
total capitalization of the company. Here you

see the great advantage of a small capitalization.
If the company had been incorporated for
$1,000.000.00 this would represent a profit of
63% instead of nearly over 250 %.
These profit possibilities are not offered as a
definite statement of anticipated profits, because
no one can predict the future nor foretell the
events of life. They are merely estimated from
known, definite factors. If the production should
reach 1,000 pounds a day -as it is predicted it
soon will -the profits would be, at this basis of
estimating, $3,500.00 daily and on a basis of
300 working days a year $1,050.000.00 a year,
or over 400% on the total capitalization. By
setting aside a portion of the profits for surplus
and for factory development it would soon be
possible to increase the capacity of the factory
to 10,000 pounds a day which at the old basis of
estimating earnings would mean profits of $10:
500,000.n0 a year, or 4,000% on the capitalization.
NEVER SUCH AN OPPORTUNITY

Even a casual study will reveal that this is
one opportunity such as very few men have
ever had offered them. Knowing the demand

there is for silk and the enormous shortage, no
perfected and its methods of manufacturing improved to modern efficiency. This company made
these enormous profits in spite of paying two
or three times as much for raw material as the
Texas company has to pay and having to export
its product or sell it at much lower prices than
now prevail. These figures are believed to be
official, as they are taken from authoritative
English publications.
\`'e do things on a much bigger scale in
Amrica. We leap ahead where others crawl.
The growth the English company worked up to
in six years this company will probably span in
one -third the time.
If you have an ounce of vision, if you are
not one of the short- sighted men who can never
see beyond the ends of their noses, if you have
a speck of imagination, if you have a spark. of
daring you'll invest all you can afford to in this
company. Mr. Garrett has provided for carrying the stock of those who cannot afford to pay
in full for their stock. A reservation payment
will hold the stock you want. You can pay

down $12 on every share you want and pay the
balance $14 a month until you have paid the
full price of $110 a share. This offer will not
be repeated. This stock should advance rapidly.
In 90 days the factory should be in operation
and the stock should begin earning dividends.
It may be earning dividends before you have
finished paying for it.
With only a limited number of shares available it is likely that this allotment will all he
subscribed for in a few days. It is necessary
therefore not to delay. ACT QUICKLY by
filling out the coupon below and mailing NOW
with your reservation remittance of $12 for each
share you want. Then you can pay tit balance
at the rate of $14 a share per month for seven
months.
But unless you expect to be disappointed ACT
NOW.
You may never have such another opportunity. It is the ONE opportunity of a lifetime
and no man or woman can afford to ignore it.
Here you have an absolute necessity, a tremendous profit margin a wonderful market,
strong, clean, honest, business men behind the
company. complete and efficient management, an
almost unlimited supply of raw material, cheapness and economy of manufacturing costs. If
you have a few hundred or a few thousand
dollars to invest you might wait all your life
and not get such another chance to put your
money where it has such splendid opportunities
for turning a small investment into a good
sized fortune.
You will have to hurry. The capitalization
of the company is small. a great deal of the
stock has already been subscribed for, the plans
of the company are progressing so fast that
soon this stock will advance in price very materially. The remaining shares should be snapped
up in a few days
SO ACT AT ONCE.
Advt
s
STOCK AND BOND DEPARTMENT
E. E.
OUSTON BAN KAKDTRUST COM PAN Y

noi
leo...........
- --e. l--- '''
1.c,..m.
HOVSTOIV .TE X A S.
shares of the stock of the Texas Textile

Please purchase for me
payment in { aj }
for
Company at $110 per share. I enclose $
same. Terms to be $12 per share down, $14 per share per month for seven
months; 3% discount for cash in full.
Name
Address
Stale
Postoffice
benefit by mentioning the "Electrical
Erpimrnter"
when writing to adrrrtisers.
February,
19 18
QUESTION BOX.
(Continued from paye
BOOK
704)
A. 1. It is certainly possible to operate

a Tesla transformer with a buzzer providing that the vibrator of the buzzer is
sufficiently large and is capable of being
run on 110 volts either D.C. or A.C.
The diagram here gives the proper connections. The oscillatory condenser must
be of high capacity or in the neighborhood
of
.01
UMW
711
ovv.IVwi
t-i
r
TIIE PRINCIPLES
OF ELECTRIC WAVE TITLE_

GRAI'HY AND TELEPHONY, By J. A. Fleming; 911 pages with numerous illustrations; size, 6 X 9"; Publish by Long -
mans, Green & Co., New York and London. Third Edition. price, $10.00.
This excellent and large volume might readily
nlld.
called the 'Bible" of Radio- telegraphy. An untold wealth of information and data is covered in
nearly a thousand pages, and represents a hook
that will find its value constantly by the ready
reference it gives on all matter pertaining to
Radio, both practical and theoretical.
This third edition has been thoroly revised and
rearranged and some new and interesting chapters
have been added.
The author's aim has been to
deal more fully with principles than to give
elaborate accounts of actual apparatus, altho much
,tandard equipment is shown and described.
The work is really a comprehensive view of the
ntire subject of Radio from its scientific side, and
much space has been devoted to quantitative
measurements, their theory and how to snake such
measurements.
The following outline gives some idea of the
many phases and subjects covered:
High Frequency Electric Currents, Damped and
Undamped Electric Oscillations, Graphic Representations of Undamped and Damped Electric
Oscillations, Mathematical Expressions for same.
High Frequency Alternators, including those of
Thomson Tesla, Fessenden, Goldschmidt and
ethers; 'Theory of the Discharge of a Condenser,
Mathematical Expressions for Dead Beat Oscillation
Discharges, Objective Representation of
Electric Oscillation with numerous notes, theories
and experiments to this direction; Induction Coils
and Methods of Winding with numerous types of
interrupters and breaks; Condenser Construction,
both Leyden jars and glass -plate condensers, corn.
prest air, oil immersed and other forms; Oscilla.
tion Transformers, arrangement of apparatus, various forms of discharges; Disc.ball and Air blast for
cooling; also exhaustive data on the arc transmitter and the quenched gap.
Further subjects cover High Frequency Electric
Measurements, Theoretical and Practical Measurements for Resistance, Induction, Capacities, etc.,
and all others connected with Radio circuits,
Strengths of Various Dielectrics, Measurement of
Spark Frequency and Spark Counting, Damping
Resonance, Logarithmic Decrement, Damping. anti
their application to all forms of Radio Circuits.
Then we find chapters on Aerials, Radiation, Detection and Measurement of Electric Waves, Commercial Radio Apparatus, Early Ideas and Experiments, and various phases of the art are covered
from the simple apparatus to the most modern apparatus.
Further sections treat on Practical Radio -telegraphic Stations, Commercial, Experimental, Transatlantic, Government and the Types of Apparatus
employed in each, with a discourse on Undamped
Wave and Arc systems.
The final chapter covers all important experiments and the practical applications of "Radio telephony," and should prove of great interest.
The work has a number of interesting photos of
Spark discharges and Oscillatory discharges of a
Condenser.
The hook is of such large proportion and the
data so varied that it is almost impossible to discuss
in detail the remarkable fund of information con.
tained therein. Suffice it to say that its value will
prove itself daily in the constant and ready reference it will give to radio students and engineers
alike and to all those interested in the radio art.
be
DYNAMO QUERY.
(887)
John Russell, Omaha, Nebraska,
wishes to know:
Q. I. Kindly advise me how to connect
a shunt -wound dynamo, so that the field
magnetization can be tested.
A. I. \Ve give wiring diagram herewith.
Shunt-wound Dynamo
Testing Field Magnetization.
Connection
of
for
Q. 2. What general type of curves does

the field magnetization follow?
A. 2. The typical curves obtained from
such a test are herewith given.
Q. 3. Upon what does the percentage
of saturation in the field depend.
A. 3. This factor depends tipoit the rate
of graph curvature increase that the current and voltage take, and it is a ratio
between a small amount of field excitation
and that of a small amount of electromotive force produced in the armature
circuit. This ratio gives the percentage of
magnetic saturation in the field.
ppal
lifOr
CawtlearoLe.liev
cro r,an,ed
$100 to $150 MONTH
PAY
U. S. GOVERNMENT WANTS
send
Railway Moll Clerks-City Mall CarBelow
rims
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Clerks
Clerks
at Washington, O. C.
fraellie lIs ilutt
HUNDREDS MEN AND
Dept. L103
WOMEN WANTED
Rochester. N. Y.
t'ammon education sufficient.
Send coupon
This coupon. filled out as
Immediately.
directed. anilles the sender to
we
uh candi.
41) tree sample examination nundates (ree.
tins: (21 a Irre cony of our book.
''Government Positions and How to Get
Them";
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Ihishelor. you ion I1.
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Write Mainly.
STOP SNUFFLING!
Sneering. hawking, spitting and

toughu g, Why do Ton bate catarrh
anssay1 You were not born with
This
eatarrb -you contracted it.
disagreeunwholesome,
olfenalte,
able complaint fastened Itself upon
rid
get
You
cannot
you and grew.
ng- p raynos
of It the ay you re
w
t stav
ig.oi
a toothter
to
tarlieroeaewOas
serious ones- throat. lungs, stom-all become ffected.

ach.
You can peter enter good health U
sou have catarrh; you wont be efficient in anything as long as rom
have catarrh. and It detracts from
Your personality to be hawking and
snuffling around others.
Build Yourself Up-Be ('lean
R'hotesome- Healthy- Ytells. Go at
It the right way-Nature's way: no

drugs, oo mfrom m, and you banfrom your system. Let
ish
me show
show you how by my method of
health building. body developing
called
STRONGFORTISM
-It
sue, gives
builds new
practice never fails
ahbrawn and .merle It Invigorates heart aalen,
the bowels move by their owtt
ens kidneys. and
natural strenalts. It makes very organ In roue Dally
kind of influence. capulsate to health. Under
ndigrlon.
rrh quits for ation. so will consnpa'.lon
I
nervousness. nsti
rupture. rseamu m, v ?ah
tenn.
hoses
+oar .ma. and al :.eta

fs, wentweakness. 51 foss..., snort
n5Iiy stn
or round
and .hours
usoy e,too nm ten thu,. Pat rn., t
aerea. ty- andtnery a9ILiler it. it will midge yea a-vies in rand
e Sour vitality and
a nervous enemy-It wet restore
and piniit,
ron.l,, nn ,v nn., or
rat t' r bore. , al No mince whatin.sow well
, ow that au
r am habit, you a vkr eked ar me a le rd
n
renew yin, ae ! aoo rant tune toner. a, he.ltnrant o ke.11 rk.t mite ought to he and ran ar.11e.nmi.r
undo,, to make yourself the man that i+ ae+,r.htp tn.m .rnrr
.
By Elmer E. Bucher. Fully Illustrated; 322

pages, size OA x 9% "; cloth bound.
Publisht by Wireless Press, Inc., New
York, 1917. Price, $1.50.
PRACTICAL WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.
!ImfiC/Bd //J /5e/ci
Curves of Field Magnetization for Shunt wound Dynamo.
An excellent work is this latest hook on Radio

and it should find a host of readers, especially
those who intend taking assignments in the Signal
or Flying Corps and the Navy.
The book is written in a practical manner, covering the various fields of commercial as well as ad.
vanced radio, giving the student an opportunity to
FORM FACTOR
Henley, Detroit, Mich..
(888) John
wishes to know:
Q. 1. How is it possible to determine
the average and effective values of an
alternating current which is not a sine
wave?
A. 1. The problem of determining the
average and effective values of an alternating current circuit of non -sine wave
form is difficult. as several factors must
be considered before such determination
(Continued on pone 712)
I oar
rc
benefit
acquaint himself with standard practise.
The author has treated all subjects without rigid

scientific accuracy or completeness, hut nevertheless in such a manner as to enable one to grasp
the fundamental electrical and magnetic principles,
and consequently when these simple laws are
learned the rest comes in easy stages, step by step.
to that the student gets the why and wherefore
of things.
By no means must it he interred that this hook
is an elementary work for data of great interest
to the advanced and professional man is contained
therein.
(Continued on toge 713)
I
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712
February, 19I8
QUESTION BOX.
(Continued from page 711)
can be made, viz., the shape of the curve
must first be obtained, either by pure
oscillografic means or by obtaining the
various values of current or voltages at
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YOU CAN INSTALL YOUR OWN PLUMBING
t-et2
HIGH FREQUENCY ALTERNATOR.

(889) J. Pig none, Bronx, N. Y., asks:
eU FREE Book
various times, and plotting a curve. This

curve should extend between two limits, that
is, between the starting of the current and
that of ending, or between starting and
the maximum. In other words, expressing
this relation mathematically, the current
must pass thru tr radians, or in other words,
thru ISO electrical degrees. The area inside
this curve must be measured either by a
planimeter or by carefully erecting small
squares of known lengths and determining
the area of these individual squares, and
multiplying the area of them by the total
number of squares inscribed inside of the
curve.
This would give an approximate area of
the curve. Having obtained this area, the
next thing is to carefully measure thelength
of the datum or base line of this curve, and
divide this value into the area. The quotient
of this will give the average cnrr ^nt value.
The effectit_ vale is otzuleu by squaring
....0 abscissae as originally obthe ordir
tained, and plotting a new curve with
these values. The area of this new curve is
determined the same as cue first, and dividing
this area by the new base, and the square
root is subtracted of this quotient which will
give the effective value of the curve, which
may either be current or volts.
Q. 2. \\'hat is the form factor?
A. 2. The form factor is the ratio between the average current and that of the
effective current. and is exprest in the following relation
dota
selenium cells can withstand.

A. 1. The voltage necessary for operating a selenium cell is variable, as the general
physical properties which is dependent upon
the construction of the cell, control generally the voltage necessary to operate this
device at its maximum efficiency. There
are no definite rules from which one can
determine theoretically the voltage necessary to operate satisfactorily any selenium
cell. It must be found experimentally.
Q. 2. What size wire and how much
should be used in coils A and B in my
diagram of a high frequency alternator,
capable of exciting an arc for a wireless
telephone?
A. 2. The winding for the excitation
currents of an alternator which you show
in your illustration should consist of 250
feet of No. 26 B & S magnet wire. This
amount should be wound on each of the
coils between the receiving current coils.
These latter coils are wound with 10 to
12 feet of No. 20 wire. This small amount
is used in order to diminish the skin resistance when operating at high frequencies.
However, the flux density produced by the
former coils must be very large so as to
obtain the maximum E.I.F. when the
device is in operation.
VARIOMETER QUESTION.
(890) Fred Stanford, of Louisville, Ill.,
wishes to 'know:
Q. 1. Will you kindly inform me as to
the construction of a variometer?
A. 1. There are several means by which
you can construct a variometer. One of
the simplest involves the use of two con -
mrnti.".inq the "Electrical Espenmrntrr" when writing to advertisers.
February, 1918
centric tubes, each of which is wound with
the same size wire. The winding of one
tube should be opposite to the other.
A good variometer can be made by obtaining two cardboard tubes, one of which
is 5 inches in diameter, while the other is
5% inches. The width of both tubes should
not exceed one inch. A single layer of
No. 20 insulated magnet wire is wound on
both tubes, and the winding is properly
shellacked. Both tubes are electrically interconnected, while the terminals are obtained from the inner and outer coils. The
inner coil is permitted to revolve 180 geometrical degrees, and this is obtained by
means of a rod protruding tliru the coils,
to which a handle is attached for properly
rotating the inner tube. On page 685 of
this issue you will find a complete treatise
on the operation of this instrument.
SELENIUM CELL QUERY.
(891) W. M. Van Dusen, of Akron, U.,

wishes to know :
Q. 1. What is the formula for designing
selenium cells; also what size wire should
be used for different voltages.
A. 1 There is no formula at the present
time for the design of selenium/cells to
perform certain operations, a,sthe subject
is still in its infancy, and-the data is still
in the hands of the scientists. We can refer you, however, to the September, 1917.
issue Of THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER.
VACUUM PUMP.
(892) E. S. Rogers, of Toronto, Can.,
inquires:
Q. 1. Could the laboratory vacuum pump
described by R. F. Yates in the November
issue, be used to create a high enough
vacuum for an Audion bulb?
A. 1. The vacuum pump as described by
Raymond Francis Yates in the November
issue of THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER,
can be successfully utilized for the exhaustion of Audion bulbs, providing that the exhaustion is continued for a considerable
period. This is due to the fact that a
column of mercury in a glass tube is of
insufficient size to exhaust the air within
the tube completely. You can of course
construct a special pump, so that you can
evacuate the air chamber within the tribe
in one operation. This can be done by increasing the dia. of mercury column.
Q. 2. Where can I obtain information
regarding the amount of vacuum in the
Audion?
A. 2. We refer you to the September,
1915, issue of the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers in which you
will find an article by Doctor Irving Lang muir which treates extensively on the subject of relative values of vacuum in tubes
of this type.
Q. 3. Why is it that when a permanent
magnet is moved around near the Audion,
signals can be tuned in and out by its different positions. I don't understand the
phenomena taking place in the tube.
A. 3. The reason why a permanent magnet will tune and dtune the radio signals
is that the electronic discharge of the
cathode or hot filament is directed and redirected from the course which it takes to
the wing circuit, and by changing the concentration of the electronic stream to this
plate you are changing the flow of a current which is taking place betwen the hot
cathode filament and the anode plate
thereby causing a variation in the strength
of signals.
Actually, you are not tuning or dctuning
the signals by resonance means, but purely
by changing the conductance within the
Audion, thus changing the strength of current thru the audio- telephone circuit.
50
1300K REVIEW
Among the various chapters may be noted excellent discourses on Magnetic Circuits, Electro.
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Publisht by Winger Publishing Co.,
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The author who terms his book a "Pseudo.

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The story treats on the "Vindication of Prof.
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are subsequently wrecked
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machinations and now the wizard begins to lead
them a merry scientific dance. Prof. Waldinger
introduces us to his "Vibrometer" by means of
which we are made to "see sound," 'hear colors"
and witness other startling -as yet to be invented- phenomena. While this chapter, supposedly the most important one, is very interesting, the author has neglected to show in a plausiole manner just how these various means are
produced.
Most of it is too vague and kept too general,
not in keeping with the style of first -class scientific stories -as for instance those of Jules Verne
-where all, as yet unknown phenomena or effects
are always explained in a plausible manner. The
other chapters of the book do not lack this essential as for instance the "steam mountain' -a
novel idea, by the way-which sounds quite
plausible.
The story is well written and keeps your inter.
The only fault we find are the
est till the end.
If
illustrations which are rather amateurish.
you are interested in a good scientific story, read
will
like
it.
You
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Island."
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and with less elbow grease. Use the Rusby Extension Drill Brace. A perfect corner brace, extension chuck, and breast drill in one too]. Instantly
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one -eighth, respectively, of those for the
same wire when straight. No attempt has
yet been made to measure the gradual further increase of resistance which would be
expected on this theory as the current: is
further increased and more and more turns
become resisting.
The following table contains in con-
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densed form the observed values of threshold current for various wires at different
temperatures as published by the Leiden
Laboratory. Since the threshold values
depend considerably on temperature, a corn parison is possible only when observations
were made on two wires at the same temperature, and the table contains the results
of practically all such observations published.
In the last column is given the maximum
value of magnetic field in any part of the
conductor -that is, the field at the surface
of a straight wire or at the inner turns of
a coil (the computations for the latter case
being only approximate) -due to its own
threshold current. It is seen from the table
that at each temperature this magnetic field
is much more nearly a constant of the
material than either the current or current
density. In the case of mercury the effect
of a magnetic field on the resistance in
the superconducting state has not been
measured. For tin the threshold value at
2 K. is about 200 gausses, which is in good
agreement with the slightly larger values
computed from the threshold current corresponding to a slightly lower temperature.
In the case of lead the agreement of the
observed critical field (600 gausses at 4 K.)
with the computed values is not so good,
particularly in the case of the straight wire.
Any discrepancy here, however, is easily
explained by the possibility (frequently
referred to by Onnes) of the existence of
thin spots in the wire where the field
intensity would be much greater for a
short length.
Critical Values of Current for Various Metals and
Temperatures
[From data by H. K. Onnes]

MERCURY
New York
'temperature
Area
degrees
BATTERY BOOSTER
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LEAD. H rit. =600 at 4.2 K
4.25
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MAGNETIC
RECTIFIER
April,
mme
Further experiments which immediately

suggest themselves are measurements on
the critical magnetic field for mercury. The
relation here advanced would indicate a
critical field of only about 15 gausses at
4 .1K and less than 100 gausses at 3 .6 K.
It would also be of interest to observe the
threshold value of current when the material is in very thin films. In this case
for a given section of material the magnetic
field resulting from a given current density
is less than in the case of a straight wire,
and the threshold -current density would
consequently appear larger.
The theories thus far proposed to account
for superconductivity by Onnes, Lindemann,
to advertisers.
February, 1918
715
and Thomson do not specifically indicate

the existence of a critical magnetic field,
and only the latter accounts for a threshold current density (by assuming a saturation
effect). If it is true, as indicated in this
paper, that the magnetic effect is the more
fundamental, it would seem that this fact
might afford a valuable clue leading toward
a more satisfactory theory of the superconducting state and perhaps of metallic
conduction in general.
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS.
(Continued front poye
EXPERIMENT 58-
(x80)
The making of enlargements is practicalas simple as the taking of the photograph, hut altho this phase of the art is
very interesting, it is not indulged in much
by amateur photographers because of the
mistaken notion of its difficulty. All that
is necessary is an ordinary camera (better
the camera that took the negative to be enlarged) a window admitting sunlight, a few
pieces of wood and cloth and some tools.
The back of the camera should be taken out
and the camera attached to the window
(with the back at the window) the negative inserted between the window and the
back of the camera and the rest of the
window boarded up. By the use of some
cloth the room may be made light tight so
that the only light entering the room will
come thru the negative, thence thru the lens
and into the room. The sun's rays will
now illuminate the negative (this illumination can be intensified by placing a piece of
white cardboard outside, meeting the window at an angle of about 45 degrees, thus
reflecting the rays against the negative).
Now the negative has become the object
to be photographed and its image can be
caught on the wall of the room, or better,
on an upright piece of white cardboard or
easel. If the lens is in position A (Fig.
51), the image of the negative will be
formed at I, and by slight movement
may be focused sharply. The size of the
enlargements is EF. If the Tense is
moved to position B, the image is at
II, and its size is denoted by CD. Thus
we see that the further from the back we
move the lens the smaller the picture. If
bromid paper is placed in the position
where the enlarged image was sharply
focused and an exposure of the right
length (determined by trial or from handbooks) is made and the paper developed,
the enlargement will be finished. If one
wishes to enlarge by artificial light a lightproof box may be constructed with the
artificial light in it, and the camera fitted
to it in the same manner as if it was attached to the window. The rest of the
operations will be identical. The process
of reduction (the inverse of enlarging) is
exactly the same except that the lens is
moved out from the back of the camera
very far, the image becoming smaller than
the negative. (See Fig. 51.) The essential
details in regard to the formation of the
image having been given we shall now
close the article by considering a few of the
principles of color.
White is a combination of several colors,
and can be broken up into its constituents,
while black is simply the absence of color.
As in the case of sound we shall fix our
attention not on the physiological sensation
of light and color but on the physical considerations.
ly
EXPERIMENT 59If ordinary sunlight
allowed to pass
thru a prism (see Fig. 52) the sunlight
(white light) will be broken up or "disis
1'n
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persed" and a sort of rainbow will result.

Note that the violet is bent (refracted) most
and the red least but all are bent to some extent. Since light is a wave motion and the
violet waves are the shortest and the red the
longest, just as in the case of water waves,
the short unes on meeting an obstruction
are retarded more and, therefore, bent
more. The rainbow is the same phenomenon caused by the sun's rays meeting the
drops of water.
EXPERIMENT 60If white light is allowed to pass thru two
prisms (see Fig. 53 -A) the result is white

light since the light bent up by the first
prism is bent down by the second one, etc.
This is equivalent to a piece of glass with
parallel sides (see Fig. 53 -B). The placing
of the two prisms together is analogous to
the placing of crown and flint together to
secure a lens free from chromatic abberation.
The color of opaque bodies under white
light is determined by their relative powers
of absorbing and reflecting the different
colors. For example, a body that absorbs
all colors except red, reflects the red and
we say its color is red. If it reflects more
than one color the resulting color of the
body is the combination of those reflected.
The color of transparent bodies viewed

by the light passing thru them depends
upon the light they permit to pass thru.

If a body transmits all colors equally its
color is white. If it transmits only one
color, say red, its color is red, but if it
transmits several colors its color will be
that which results from combining the
transmitted colors in the relative amounts
in which they are transmitted.
Complementary colors are two colors
which when added together give white, as,
for example, yellow and ultramarine blue
are purple, and green or violet and yellowish green.
(To be continued.)
HOW NEW YORK POLICE USE

RADIO.
Marine Division of the Department -the
Division which gives the same protection
to New York's six hundred miles of waterways, that the rest of the force gives the
land part of the city. With the outbreak
of the war, altho practically all the other
privately owned wireless plants were closed.
these three stations were continued in
operation, under supervision of the Navy
Department, and new work in conjunction
with the several Government wireless stations covering the Metropolitan District.
Nearly nine hundred important radiograms
connected tvith the work of the police force
have been exchanged between the "Patrol"
and the headquarters stations, which could
not have been handled in any other manner. The promptness with which orders
and reports can be exchanged with the
"Patrol" is. therefore, of valuable assistance to both the Federal and the Municipal
Government.
The "Patrol" is stationed at Pier A, at
the lower end of Manhattan Island, and
cases where police aid is needed on the surrounding waters are reported immediately
to Headquarters or the Pier A precinct by
telephone. When the boat is at the dock it
is sent to investigate, and when circumstances require it, the commander of the
boat sends a wireless report of the matter
investigated to the headquarters wireless
operator for delivery by telephone. When
the "Iratrol" is cruising around the bay, such
messages are sent by the headquarters wireless operator direct to the boat. Previous
to the installation of wireless, when the
February,
9I8
boat was cruising, it was necessary to tie

up at some dock, and for an officer to find
a telephone, in order to communicate with
headquarters or the Precinct. This took
considerable time, particularly at night.
Now communication is instantaneous, which
increases the efficiency of the Harbor
Police considerably.
A few of the many cases where the wireless has enabled prompt police service to be
rendered are mentioned below. In each instance altho the "Patrol" was away from
the pier, communication with it was establisht instantly, whereas valuable time would
have been lost in notifying the crew of
these occurrences, under the old system.
May 18th, 4:00 A. M.-Two barges broke
away from the pier at the foot of East 54th
street, and, driven by a strong wind and
tide, swept up the East River and carried
three more away from the pier of East
70th street. The five then drifted out thru
Hell Gate. in the path of the fleet of
steamers that come in thru Long Island
Sound early every morning. The "Patrol"
was off Staten Island when this information
reached headquarters, and was notified by
wireless about four o'clock. At 5:35 A. M.
it reported by wireless that four of the
barges had been caught and docked by the
police boat, and that the fifth was taken in
charge by a tug.
May 21st, I :00 A. M.-A small fire occurred in the Metropolitan Hospital on
Blackwell's Island. The "Patrol," cruising
around the lower bay was notified by wireless, and to stop at the East 5lst Street pier
for a Battalion Fire Chief on the way.
When the fire was out, wireless orders were
given the boat to continue cruising.
May 26th, 3 :00 P. M.- Richmond Telegraph Bureau notified Harbor A of a fire
on board a Municipal ferry boat bound
from New York to Staten Island. The information was wirelessed to the "Patrol"
which was in the East River, and promptly
investigated. At 3:39 P. M. it reported by
wireless that the fire was extinguished with
slight damage.
June 5th, 4:35 P. M.- Brooklyn Telegraph Bureau was notified by a citizen that
people in a motor boat off Manhattan Beach
were waving distress signals. The Brooklyn wireless operator sent the message to
the "Patrol' which was cruising up the
East River, but immediately started to the
rescue. At 5:16 P. M., the commander of
the boat inquired by wireless if any further
information had been received and the
Brooklyn operator, after communicating
with the citizen who reported the matter sent
the following message to the boat at 5:28
P. M.- "Party in motor boat off Manhattan
Beach still waving white flag. Coney Island
Life Corps tried to reach them and failed."
The "Patrol" reached the location at 6:I5
P. M., just as the disabled launch was taken
in tow by a fishing steamer.
July 13th, 1:50 P. M.- Trouble on a
steamship anchored in the harbor was reported by telephone to Harbor A. The
"Patrol" was sent to investigate and it was
found that a member of the crew of the
steamship had been dangerously stabbed by
another sailor during a brawl. A wireless
hurry call for an ambulance to meet the
-Patrol" at the pier was sent to Manhattan
headquarters at 2 :10 P. M., and the injured
man was brought ashore. and placed in the
waiting ambulance at 2:10 P. M., and taken
to the hospital, where he subsequently recovered. His assailant was arrested and
held.
was reported
August 26th, 6:50 P. M.
to headquarters by telephone that three
barges of coal had broken away from the
pier at the foot of East Tenth street and
were drifting up the East River. The
"Patrol" was sent after them, and reported
)'on benefit by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.
-It
February,
9I8
by wireless at 9:50 P. M., that all three had

been returned to the pier they broke away
from, without damage.

The "Patrol" lias also met at Jersey City
and brought to New York, each of the seven
Foreign Commissions that have visited this
country on official war business, during the
summer, and the wireless equipment of the
department on these occasions has been a
valuable means of keeping the city officials
in close touch with the movements of the
parties. 1f the special train bringing the
Commission reached Jersey City at a time
other than expected, headquarters was immediately notified by a wireless message
from the boat, which was waiting at the
Jersey City railroad pier, and the information telephoned to the officials who were
interested. When the party boarded the
boat a wireless message to Headquarters
was telephoned to the Inspector in charge
of the line of parade, so that the route
could be cleared in time, but with least
interruption to regular traffic. Headquarters was also notified by wireless when the
party disembarked and the parade started.
In several inspection trips made around
New York harbor on the 'Patrol" by the
different Commissions, accompanied by one
or more of the city officials, the wireless
was in almost constant use in handling
urgent official communications between the
officials and their offices, via Police Headquarters and the telephone system.
An extension of the wireless system to
some ten or twelve of the seventeen Inspection Districts of the Department is now
planned.
EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS.
(Continued front pogo (89)
motor is mounted in order to secure strong
foundation. Fig. 3 shows the manner in
which a piece is being fastened to the lathe
between two centers clamped to the face
plate of the lathe by means of a dog. It
also shows the position of the operator.
Precaution is always necessary around the
moving parts of the lathe. More details
as to turning objects in a lathe will be
described in a forthcoming chapter.
Fig. 4 shows how the lathe is utilized
as a drill press. The lathe is a most useful
tool for drilling long or short cylindrical
articles. The article to be drilled is secured firmly to the revolving chuck, and
the drill is secured to a stationary chuck.
the arbor of which is tapered to correspond
to the hole in the tail stock spindle. The
drill is permitted to advance into the metal
by revolving the dead spindle handle, as
the photograph shows.
In Fig. 5 is seen a circular saw as used
in connection with the lathe. This close -up
view shows more clearly some of the important parts of the lathe. A small steel
or wrought iron table is provided for supporting the metal to he cut. In a later article the writer will discuss more fully the
arrangement with drawings as to the construction of this table in conjunction with
the saw arbor, and also various attachments
in connection with this saw table, so that
the experimenter can obtain the full benefit of this valuable attachment.
In the next lesson the author will give
a full description of how to use the lathe
in actual work, with full details of the various lathe tools employed.
WHY NOT AERIAL "STEPPING

STONES" FROM U. S. TO EUROPE.
(Continued front page 663)
something after the following fashion: A
given airship having reached a "float,"

lands on the top deck, is lowered to a sec-
and and partially enclosed deck by means

of an incline or elevator device, where it
would be overhauled by the repair crew if
necessary. It would leave this particular
float for its continued flight thru an opening for that purpose, which opening could
be closed during the night time when harboring a number of airships in the capacity
of a "rookery."
At night the "floats" would be marked
by a ring of powerful vertical shafts of
light as the illustration shows. Moving
belts driven by electric motors would stop
the alighting aeroplanes quickly and also
speed them off when leaving. The former
belts would travel in an opposite direction
to the alighting planes.
Probably an aeroplane could be so accommodated every eight or ten minutes during eight hours of each day, so that within
about one year at least 20,000 aeroplanes
would be delivered to the shores of Europe.
These gigantic "floats" would also have
to be arranged so as to provide an overnight "rookery" between decks, between
intervals of daylight flights.
The shortest feasible route would, of
course, have to be figured out by those in
a position to know, so that a minimum of
these floats would be required.
Probably twenty or even more of these
floats might be required to successfully
span the Atlantic Ocean, all depending,
however, upon the length of the span; and
the safe flying distance between floats at
200 miles per float, there being twenty
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ELECTRICAL }.ifilllEEK,4
HAPIDBt>OR
aadpeon[
ELECTRICITY!
just the book on
you need
to answer your many questions-to solve your knotty
HERE'S
Electricity that
Problems, to teach you new kinks.

to be your memory for tables. rules.
formulas and other Electrical and
ltecbanical facts that some people
try to carry in their heads -and tail.
With flux "Little (cant" 1. U. S. Electrical Engineers 1l andln,nk In your
chest. en your work

bench. drawing table or desk. an boor
le lost "digging up" mime fnrcotten rule. some tintamlitar fact: you'll just turn
b. the very complete Index and get It "In a J IUY.
.lust a few of the subjects treated aro:
Electricity and Magnetism; Electrical Symbols;
Batteries; Circuits; Magnets; Direct and Alter.
noting Currents; Dynamos and Motors; Belts:
Shafting: Electroplating; Electrical Measurements; Meters; Are and Incandescent tamps;
Mercury Arc Rectifiers; Transformers; Iosulstim,; Electric Cars; Single and Multiple -Unit
Control: Transmission; Rail Welding; Tables
of Wires -Sizes, Capacities, etc..-Mathematical Rules, Formulas, Symbols; Tables of Constants, Equivalents, Roots, Powers, Reciprocals.
Areas, Weights and Measures; Chemistry:
Properties of Metals; Principles of Mechamcs;
First Aid. etc.
The Electrical Engineer's Handbook Is one of _.
I. C.F. Handbooks covering.'22Teciud.Ol, Selelnl fie
and Commercial suhlect; all Crowded with value.
They have the contents of a full -size) Look eon
denied into pocket -size ready to go ovuli ymt anywhere and beat your instant command. They ore
substantially bmmd In cloth. red edm-s, goldleat
stamping. printed from new, clear. readable typo
on good quality book paper. There Is an lllustratlma at every point where n l ictn re will help.
Hundreds of thousands have been sold on a
looney -back guarantee or satisfaction.
The former price of these Handbooks was S 1.26. but
THIS MONTH you can buy a OC each,
postpaid
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Advertiser',
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Business sta.'s
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bmid srbr.Ide..r,
Steam
Engineer.
Westinghouse Mr BruLe
The United States. Government has

leased 250 acres of land at Morrisons, about
six miles north of Newport News. Va.,
for the erection of a radio station, it is
said, besides its use as an aviation concentration camp. Options have been taken on
several large tracts.
6.0.
PAGES
4I4
I45 ILLUSTRATIONS
just as great.
GOVERNMENT TO ERECT RADIO

STATION.
FREE
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floats, would cover 4.000 miles.

Each of these floats could themselves
have a coterie of half a dozen or more aircraft soaring and circling above and about
their own float, like eagles on the watch
for prey-ever and always safeguarding
its own particular float from danger. At
night this coterie would also find shelter
between decks and resume their duty with
the approach of day. Torpedo boat destroyers could also be used.
I have not stopt to figure out what size
such floats would be required to be to afford shelter over night for both transient
and home craft, but it would necessarily be
very large. However, the aircraft could
be packed closely together and securely
lashed to the deck during such enforced
idleness. Possibly a length of 1.000 feet
would suffice.
The mobility of the floats being practically nil, the defensive features could be carried on to a very large extent, such as practically draping the hull completely with
suitable steel nets.
Such a scheme in successful operation
and with each other's co- operation would
provide an invulnerable pathway across
the Atlantic Ocean, and would be in effect
the same as if Uncle Sam thrusted a huge
fist to the very borders of Germany and
still remained immune from attack.
Secret communication would be facilitated as the wireless messages could be relayed between floats, with a minimum of
energy, and a corresponding lack of danger
of their being received by the enemy.
The suggestion entails big things. but the
treed is
.
I
Civil Engineer,
Cod Miner's
Concrete Engineer',
Building Trade.
Plumber's sod Fitter'.
Chemist'.
atentat
S. lesman s
Window' Trimmer'.
Cotton Testur Worker'.

Farmer's
man .
Pt
ui
.Automobile,
I
1
Name_
Street
1
and No.
City
Pou benefit by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" tchen u+iti, g to advertisers.
err..n,.nde.r.
Stale
iI
Tobacco Habit
BANISHED in
February, I9I8,
THE HOME TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS BY HIGH FRE-
minutes. Continued daily for months this

treatment will bring about recovery in a
majority of consumptive patients. It is
scarcely necessary to add that proper
dietary and hygienic measures should also
be employed. Bulletins giving all needed
information on these points can be had
gratis from any State Board of Health.
A physician should be consulted occasionally so that the progress of the case
can be intelligently followed.
The use of the "Ozone Nebula" by inhalation is of great value in treating tubercular
cases and when it is given in connection
with Diathermy the chances of the patient's recovery are materially' increased
A simple home -made apparatus for this
treatment is made from a \Celsbach lamp
chimney mounted in a wooden upright as
shown in the drawing (Fig. 2) ; one end of
the chimney is open, from which the patient
inhales the nebula the other end is closed
with a disc of wood thru which is past a
short glass tube three -eights inch in diameter; a brass rod %" by 8" slides thru a
hole in the center of the disc. The inner
end of the rod carries a small brass disc
1/16" by 1 % "; a small insulating rubber
handle being attached to the outer end of
the rod. A rubber tube connects the small
glass tube with a DeI'ilbis Oil Vebulizer
(procurable for a small sum at any large
drug store) containing a small amount of
"Pinoleum "
preparation containing oils
of pine and eucalyptus.
In treating. the patient sits on the fiber
condenser pad which is connected with one
terminal of the Tesla coil; the other Tesla
terminal is connected to the brass rod in
the chimney which is brought tip close to
the patient's face until a fine purple effluve
passes between him and the brass disc. An
assistant now alternately compresses and
releases the nebulizer bulb, thereby forcing
the vaporized oil across the effluve so that
it emerges from the open end of the chimney close to the nose and mouth of the
patient. The patient, breathing naturally,
inhales the chemical combination which is
said to form between the oils and the ozone
and nitrous vapors formed in the effluve:
these are later released in the lung tissues
The action is antiseptic and also carries
oxygen into the infected areas. Clinical
tests seem to prove that there is a complicated vitalizing effect obtained by the
simultaneous use of the ozone nebula and
the Tesla currents.
This method was devised some years ago
by the writer and differs from all the
Ozone and "Oxylene" systems on the market in the above respect in other words it is
a combination treatment of two well recognized healing agents.
It should be given for only a few minutes at a time, and twice daily. if the vapor
is too irritating, reduce the effluve by means
of the spark gap or by withdrawing the
sliding rod in the chimney.
No possible dangerous effects can follow the intelligent use of the electrotherapeutic methods above described, in the
home treatment of tuberculosis, and the
beneficial results are very marked.
Those interested in using high -frequency
currents for the above purpose should obtain the back numbers of the ELECTRICAL
EXPERIMENTER containing the articles "Electricity and Life," and "Treatment of Disease by High- frequency Currents" by the
writer.
It is hoped that this article may be the
means of enabling many sufferers from
tuberculosis to regain their health.
After the disease is once cured its recurrence may be prevented by observing
the following rules, which are equally appropriate for anyone who wishes to have
more abundant health and life.
1. Breathe deeply plenty of fresh air.
nicht and day.
QUENCY CURRENTS.
i,Conti/nit'd from page 681)

48,p72 flours
body-for example, in acute bronchitis or
"cold in the chest " -we have as prominent
symptoms -fever, congestion, cough and expectoration. Most people think that by
No erasing for tobacco in any form
when you begin tak ingTobac co Redeemer.
taking medicine to suppress these symptoms
Don't try to quit the tobacco habit unthey can cure the disease; hence the use
aided. It's alosingfight against heavyodds t
of cough-syrups, sedatives, etc. When the
and means a serious shock to the nervous
Isystem. Let the tobacco habit quit
patient recovers under such treatment it is
It will quit you. if yon will just takr
in spite of the medicine rather that beTobacco Redeemer, according to direccause of It, for these symptoms are the
ILions for two or three days. It is a most
marvelously quick and thoroughly reliable
very means nature is using to throw off
remedy for the tobacco habit.
the infection. Extra vital force is being
wisely directed to the endangered area
hence the fever, heat, congestion and exTobacco Redeemer contains no habitMedical science has been
pectoration.
forming drugs of any kind. It is in no sense
a substitute for tobacco. After finishing
working at the problem of "cure" from the
Ithe treatment you have absolutely nodesire
wrong end. Instead of suppressing sympto use tobacco again or to continue the use
toms we must aid nature to throw off the
of the remedy. It makes not a particle of
Idifference haw lang you have been using
disease -producing germs and neutralize
tobacco, how much you use or in what form
their poisons. In other words we must
you n'-e it- whether you smoke cigars,
assist and promote the process of inflamIcigarettes, pipe, chew plug or fine cut
use snuff. Tobacco Redeemer will positivemation. It is because the inflammation is
ly banish every trace of desire in from 44
not sufficiently vigorous that many cases of
to T2 hours. Thia we absolutely guaraatet:'
tuberculosis do not recover. The infected
in every case or money refunded.
IWrite today foroor free booklet showing
areas are usually anaemic to start with and
the deadlyeffectof tobacco upon the human'
after the infection becomes well estahlisht
system and positive proof that Tobacco
the general blood pressure drops and it is
IRed eemerwill quickly f ree you of the habit.
still more difficult to establish the healing
Newell Pharmacal Company.
Dept. 521
St. Louis, Mo.
inflammatory phenomena. Other germs
come in and cause secondary infections
eM..li
which greatly hasten the progress of the
disease.
Now the D'Arsonval High- frequency curARE YOU A REGULAR READER? rent, when applied to certain tissues of the
body, produces all the effects of a natural
IF NOT, WHY NOT ?
inflammation -they cause "hyperaemia" or
increase of blood to the parts, liberate heat
and probably promote the circulation of the
vital currents. This method is known as
"diathermy" or "thermo- penetration" and
H. P. MOTOR, $4.75
1 -50
has been successfully employed in many
hospitals and clinics in treating pulmonary
tuberculosis. Dr. Albert Geyser, of New
York City, reports over sixty per cent of
recoveries- in cases so treated at his Clinic at
Fordham University; others have reported
equally good results, yet it is a fact that
the State Boards of Health, the Public
Sanitoriums and thousands of lung specialists ignore this important method of combatting the "Great White Plague."
For those who can make or procure a
High -frequency apparatus, such as the
writer described in the December, 1917,
issue of the ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER, or
any other standard therapeutic high -frequency apparatus giving both Tesla and
COMPLETE WITH CORD and PLUG
D'Arsonval currents, the successful home
115 VOLTS A. C. or D. C.
treatment of tuberculosis is easily possible.
This Is your chance to get a small motor at a
The technique is exceedingly simple -once
low price. We bars only a limited quantity
daily for twenty -five minutes, the patient is
available at this price. Order yours to -day.
given a D'Arsonval treatment
block -tin
BODINE ELECTRIC CO.
electrode attached to a cord connected with
2254 W. Ohio St.
Chicago, III.
each terminal of the solenoid being held
or strapt in close contact with the skin of
the patient's chest and the corresponding
Experimenter's Special Bench Lathe portion of the back (Fig. 1), so that the
infected area of the lung lies in the path
A Regular lathe, not a toy
1
between the electrodes.
The spark is
opened until the patient feels a deep penetrating heat in the tissues between the tin
electrodes. If the heat becomes uncomfortable the spark gap should be made
shorter. All physicians' machines are proEXPERIMENTERS: This Is the pre
erarueal lathe especially designed for tzar
vided with hot -wire milliamperemeters in
lands of experimental work With this
the patient's circuit. When the meter is
lathe you can make almost anything described in this magazine. whether It Is
available the current strength can be adin the "Constructor" Department or
Parjusted so as to beg_ in with 1.000 ma.,ticular attention
tetin
called to the
that
tubes
gradually increasing this to 2.000 ma., by
can he wound nicely with wire be means of this lathe. and
it can easily be driven by means of
smog machine or the second or third week of treatment. A
by a small elrr-trtc motor
Excellent for :malt wood turning. Mire fuming. etc.
home -made machine operated from a one Lathe la made from finest materials. Size seventeen Inches
quarter K. W. wireless transformer will not
over all-awing 4 Inches. 11 inches center to center. Red
lis machined and centers accurate,: shipping weight la 13
give more than 1.200 ma., in Diathermy,
bc: prise $4.00 cash with order.
but this can be made sufficient by increasSyyher Manufacturing Co., Department C, Toledo, Ohio
inc the length of the treatment to forty
l'ou benefit by mentioning the "Electrical Erpenmcnter" when uviting
I Not a Substitute
'
or'
a..
in
-a
ltpfc
rticular
-a
to
adrrrtia-rs.
February, I 9 8
I
2. Spend a part of each day walking or

working out -of- doors.
3. Make at least one meal each clay of
nothing but fruit.
4. Make the rest of the diet largely or
wholly vegetarian.
5. Never "get sorry for yourself"; get
busy and help the other fellow who is worse
off than you are.
Rab t u m
719
and Radioactive Substances FOR EXPERIMENTERS
(arltnttte
(Radium Mineral) The American Pitchblende found in Colorado,

from which Rodium is extracted.
A generous piece, enough to conduct experiments, such as affecting photographic
plates thru opaque material (similar to X-Ray pictures), first made by Sir W.
Crookes and Dime. Curie, is furnished in neat wooden box.
lr.arnotitr
Price of one specimen of Carnotite as described above, sent prepaid S0.26
Sensitive, prepared Photographic film (x -Ray work film) to be used for above
experiments furnished for x0.10 each extra.
Radioactivc Salts. containing one microgram pure Radium. Very powerful! Brilliant
11t
white luminescence in the dark!
(protected Ly
Ill Milligram of this most carefully prepared Radioactive Salts, sealed in glass tube
furnished.
a metal container) with which every Radium experiment can be conducted, are
Price of one tube of Radium Salts as described. sent prepaid SIN
The contents of this tube can be mixed with special sulphides to form real Rodium paint.
Small bottle of Special Sulpbide with liquid adhesive, prepaid SOSO
Send for one of these preparations today. Stamps or coin accepted.
abtutil-
SHOCK - PROOF SCREW DRIVER

FOR ELECTRICIANS.
-
The insulated shock -proof screw -driver

here illustrated is indispensable
to employees of Power Plants,
Electric Light, Telephone, Railway and Traction Systems, and
all others having to do with live
circuits.
The long fibre handle serves
a two-fold purpose: first, by being made of a firm, insulating
material which will not be damaged if dropt from a height to
a hard surface; second, by providing ample room for the
worker's hands so that they need
not come in contact with the
blade. This handle will not be
impaired if brought in contact
with or immersed in Ammonia,
Turpentine or Petroleum, it is
claimed.
The blade is hammer forged
from crucible steel, and its construction inside the handle is
such as to constitute firm holding surfaces.
WOMEN AS RAILWAY
EMPLOYEES.
The Interborough Rapid
Transit Company and the New
York Railways, New York, re-
cently announced that as a war

measure the companies would
receive applications from women
for positions as station employees on the subway and elevated
lines and as conductors on the
surface lines. Preference will be given to
dependent women relatives of employees
now in the army and navy, and the pay will
be the same as for men. It is not the intention of the company to replace men now
employed by women, but only to fill vacancies as they occur. Applicants must be
between 21 and 45 years of age. The
women conductors will be placed on the
pay -as -you -enter cars first.
NEW TOY ELECTRIC MOTOR.

A new toy motor has recently been
brought out by a Connecticut concern. This

motor is wound particularly for battery use
but will operate equally as well used with
step -down A. C. transformer direct from
house current. It has reverse attachment
in the base with special features, and the
frame is entirely die -cast. It is said to be
the only die -cast motor on the market. The
motor is excep-
tionally powerful
for its size owing
to the accurate fitting of the parts,
particularly the air
gap between armature and field.

The motor is highly finished and
should prove a
New TOY
SIDNEY SPECIALTY CO.
NEW YORK CITY
233 S. FULTON ST.
Dont tell me
you never had a chance!
at the same bench. We were

both discontented. Remember the noon we saw the International
Correspondence Schools' advertisement ? That woke me up. I
realized that to get ahead I needed special training, and I decided to
let the I. C. S. help me. When I marked the coupon I asked you
to sign with me. You said, Àw, forget it '
" I made the most of my opportunity and have been climbing ever
since. You had the same chance I had, but you turned it down.
"Four years ago you and I worked
No, Jim, you can't expect more

money until you've trained
yourself to handle bigger
work."
are lots of "Jima" in the
stores, factories, offices,
everywhere. Are you one of them?
Wake up I Every time you see an
There
world -in
coupon your chance is staring

you in the face. Don't turn it down.
I. C.
S.
r - - --
TEAR
ouT

Box 53TO, SCRANTON. PA.
Explain. without obligating me, how I can qualify for
the position, or in the subject before which I mark X.
CHEIICIL I:Sgt \EEH
ELECTRICAL I:WIS1:F.H
SALESMANSHIP
Electrician
ADVERTISING MAN
ElecMc
Window Trimmer
Electric Lighting
Show Card wtlter
Electric Cat Running
Outdoor Sign Painter
Heavy EleetrieTnelioo
RAILROADER
Electrical Draftsman
ILLI'STRAI OR
Elentrle Machin Ilelener
DESIGNER
Telegraph Expect
BOOKKEEPER
Practical Telephony
Slenarr,pber sad
Mfcl1A]ItaI alum R
Machi nical Draftsman
Machine Shop Practice
Ga. Engineer
typist
Cert. Puh. Accountant
Trail Iic Menegement
Surveying and Mapping
rommeo School S,AJ.en
CIVIL ENGINEER
F.Sn'R
RISE /meat
S OR
11RCHI
ES1:1SI ER
Mrlallorrbt or Pro.n.etpr
Right now over one hundred thousand men are preparing themselves
for bigger jobs and better pay through
I. C. S. courses.
You can
join theta and get in line

for promotion. Mark and mail this
coupon, and find out how.
winner with our

Electric Motor. young Edisons.
)'ol benefit by mentioning
ARCHII'ECI-
Areal t.elutat ret.imen
Comm ercisl Lew

GOOD ENGLISH
CIVII. SERVICE
Railway Mail Clerk
T.I.11. Iher,e.r or Sap,.
41:1(1111.1111 I! n apanha
lieawa
Navigator
Ieta \p III 1110 ì Peals, ll llaa
Sheet Metal
N'otker
.- Automobile.
Natur
Present
oceupeupn
Street
and No
City
the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to ad: ertiates.
State
r k
Ilsllaa
E
February,
720
PATENTS
S.,d Sketch
ei
er Martel
Tar kraals
foe
Free Opinion as to Patentability

Our Certificate of Patenta1)111tr
Evidence or Conception of your
vrnuon and may
valuable
sari E. Hrtme
you Our Credit
Talbert
System
enables b.
you to tile your application for Pat. rt
ant and proceed without delay. Every
1.
In-
receives personal attention of

member of the firm.
Patent, we secure advertised at
case
anent. le Popular Mechanics d

e
Magazine.
This Book is Free a--.
Talbert & Talbert, Palesi Lawyers
our
4Z37Ta1b<cl Bldg., Waehi,sgton, D.C.
."The
Book
the Inventor
PATENT-SENSE
.i entrins-StattsLnlns
111T11
KEEPS"
to.sws
Worth more than
all other patent

books combined.
FREE.
Write
.t
QSnAB.iACEY
..wlaTeReOev
rrgemso
R. S. & A. B. LACEY
131 Banister Bldg.
Waahlnetn, D. C.
Eatsbuahad
Isss
Patent Secured or Fee

Returned
Hundreds of in-
sold
yearly. We help market yours
ventions
without cost. Our new book is

Free. Send model or sketch for
free opinion.
A. M. BUCK & CO.
ZtS
tad Haired Back Bldg. Wasingtea. D.C.
Electricians
lest
r,.
w- to.dste inflocae wm
Get
1..teo
Pos
and
cs.tise
by urin4
Bugg
Parham
s, containing all the
diagrams and connections known in house wuina. -every diagram

and connection op- to- the.minute as used by erse elms electricians for
g Bn,e BURGLAR amans ese
Aa onetbron,.nlee ALARMS
GA, 1 arts. These drawings are bound ,n the form of
and
w
12, for convenience in using on me job. Send for
book
gateman and
d if they don't make son more actor t n
them
as
you
.v return Mom DO "Ì
,f times their
tixneic
to
post nad.
Send
u.,
h.
for etreol.ra on other sets of
anoto,..
ay
PATENT SPECIALTY COMPANY
4t2 Sanchez Street
San Francisco, Cal.
DETAIL CONSTRUCTION OF A
DAMPED AND UNDAMPED
WAVE RECEPTOR.

tween the two interacting frequencies. Deducting f r o m
this, it is easy
1918
CORRECT TELEPHONE HABITS.
The following suggestions are publisht
by the New York Telephone Co., at the
request of a number of large business

houses that are interested in developing
o understand
that by chang-
ing the f r e quency of the

local oscillations by the adjustment of the
capacity or inductance at
some point in
the circuit, the
beat frequency
or the tone of
received
t h e
signal can easily be varied
over a w i d e
range. In this
fig /5
r ce//s
respect the
1M
above apparatus is very

sensitive. A
mere movement
of the operator's hand in
the vicinity of
the circuits alters t h e capacity- of the
system suf
ficiently to
cause quite
large fluctua-
28
lT7J
eJ
17
0 J
J/ilsaec0i7
,1ce/,s
111
--
fiy
in Long Wave Damped and
Circuits for Audlon Hookup as Used Receptor.
Undamped Radio
tions in the tone. Always keep the beat

pitch for long wave length stations quite
low; otherwise the compensating wave
radiated tvill interfere with perfect reception. In receiving long wave length
stations with the heterodyne receiver the
signals become rough, losing their musical
tone qualities, but the intensity is considerably increased.
With the above apparatus the Joly type
transmitter at Sayville and the Goldschmidt
reflecting alternator at Tuckerton have been
heard over 65 feet front the receivers, using
3,000 ohm Holtzer -Cabot telephones. The
German stations have been heard several
inches away from the receivers during unfavorable conditions.
pleasing telephone manners among their

employees
:
On oll
OUTGOING CALLS
Always look in the telephone hook to make sure
you call the right number. If you do not find the
number in the book, ask "Information."
Call your number with a slight pause between
the hundreds and the tens. For example, in calling
"Barclay 1263," say, "Barclay One Two (pause)
Six Three."
Speak clearly and distinctly, directly into the
transmitter.
Listen to the operator's repetition of the number
and acknowledge it.
Hold the line until your party answers and then
give your whole attention to the telephone convey.
sation.
To recall the operator, move the receiver hook
up and down slowly.

When you have finished talking, say "Good -bye"
and replace the receiver on the honk.

Remember, courtesy over the telephone is al.
ways desirable. It wins friends for you and your
company.
On all
INCOMING CALLS
Answer your telephone promptly and pleasantly.
Announce your name and the name of your department. Don't say "Hello."
Be ready with pad and pencil in order not to
keep your caller waiting.
If you require help in handling the call properly,
get it at once or politely transfer the call to the
employee who can best handle it.
If you answer for another employee, offer to
take the message, then call it to the other's atten.
tion at the first opportunity.
Listen attentively, so that you will not have to
annoy the caller by asking him to repeat.
Remember, abruptness or indifference drives
away erode. Close attention to telephone orders
Submarines, torpedoes, flying machines, machine guns, immnse

howitzers, the British "tanks," and an untold number of other
products of American brains, are dominant factors in the Great
War. We are just starting, our-YOUR -ingenuity must lead to Victory.
-is
seeking ideas that will aid in the

Uncle Sam-the whole civilized World
fight. Can't you help with even ONE of thousands of simple things that will
win recognition- perhaps fortune for you?
The need is for inventions of peace, too. Never before was there such a
demand for new ideas of all kinds-never before have so many manufacturers
and other patent buyers, written me for good things protected by OWEIN
PATENTS. There is, to -day, a market for thousands of ideas -including
YOURS. Write for my free booklet and see -read for yourself the hundreds
of requests recently received.
You incur no obligation by writing me. My advice costs nothing and I
make no charge for an opinion as to patentability of your idea. If my
opinion is favorable I will back it up by a Guoranfee Contract which protects
fully. If you want to sell your invention,
nvention, I will help you and will
advertise it, free of charge, in "INVENTION AND MANUFACTURING."
A simple request will bring to you at once. my four free books: -"SUC.
CESSFUL PATENTS," a 72 page guide telling bow to proceed, gives refer.
ences, etc.; "STEPPING STONES" tells the truth about prises for inven.
lions. gives hundreds of hints of inventions wanted, etc.: "PATENT
BUYERS" ,ublishes over 400 requests of manufacturers and others who
want OWE:'. PATENTS, together with ideas they want; "PATENT PRO MOTION,' tells you how to sell, why some inventora fail, discusses the
value of your idea, etc.
Write for these books to -day. I will send you a signed agreement that
will protect you before you disclose your invention.
RICHARD B OWENPaien{ Lamger
164
Owen B]da Washinoton-D.C 1276s Doolmorth-Bldp-Nenl York.

helps win it.

Maintain the same courtesy and consideration in
a telephone conversation that you would with your
customer face to face.
ENGINE SOOT TIES UP TELEGRAPH LINE.

Trouble that has beset a new line of the
Western Union Telegraph Company be-
Jd
tween Eugene and Marshfield, Ore., since

it was constructed and which had been
a puzzle to electricians, is believed to
have been solved. It has been found that
where the wires run thru a 4,300 -foot railroad tunnel the insulators have been made
conductive by soot from locomotives. Now
employes of the telegraph company go over
the line within the tunnel and wipe away
the soot collections at regular intervals and
telegraphic communication is uninterrupted.
'Electrical Experiment," when v rrhng to advertisers.
February, 1918
721
PAT NTS
NI
Ijill'
Edited by H. GERNSBACK
In this Department we publish such matter as is of interest to inventors and par-
i'FREE
ticularly those who are in doubt as to certain Patent Phases. Regular inquiries addrest
to "Patent Advice" cannot be answered by mail free of charge. Such inquiries are
publisht here for the benefit of all readers. If the idea is thought to be of importance,
we make it a rule not to divulge details, in order to protect the inventor as far as it is
BOOK- BULLETINS
REGISTERED
possible to do so.
Should advice be desired by mail a nominal charge of $1.00 is made for each
question. Sketches and descriptions must be clear and explicit. Only one side of sheet
should be written on.
TELESCOPING TELEPHONE
SUPPORT.
AUTOMATIC SOLDERING IRON.
(197) E. T. Jones, New Orleans, La.,

has submitted to us a novel idea showing a
telephone bracket with a telescoping support, taking up very little room in its normal
position. Our advice is asked on the idea.
A. This is a very good stunt and seems
to have quite a good many points of superi-
D. C., has submitted to us a soldering iron

which carries its own supply of solder. In
other words it makes it unnecessary to pick
up solder from the bar, and the work
therefore could be performed continuously.
Our advice is asked.
A. This is really a very excellent idea
and as novel as it is good. We think that
a good patent could be obtained, as this is
certainly an article for which there is a
good demand. We would, however, caution
our correspondent to first make a model
and see how it operates in practise. Would
also caution that a soldering iron must be
cleaned by means of a file very frequently,
and this might be a feature that would tend
to clog the flow of the solder more or less.
This is worth while looking into.
ority over the ordinary telephone brackets,
which as a rule take up quite a good deal

of room, and do not work easily nor very
readily. By making a few minor changes,
we think our correspondent may secure a
very good patent upon this idea. It certainly looks very simple and very efficient,
and there are no manufacturing difficulties
connected with the device.
(200)
Geo. H.
LANCASIEK
255
ATTORNEYS
&ALLWINE
OURAY BLDG, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Don't Lose Your Rights

1Ve publish form, called "Evidence of Conby which you can establish your rights
before sending the invention en anyone. It is your
best protection. We issue up-to-date bulletins of
improvements wanted: aid inventors to promote
their rights; render reliable opinions free of charge
and secure valuable patents and trade -marks on
reasonable terms. Personal service assured by our
ception"
l'arkman, Washington,
Service Guarantee Contract. References:

2nd National Bank. Washington, The John P
Roth Packing Co., Cincinnati.
SIMPLY MAIL COUPON
LANCASTER
ALLWINE. 555 Oaray lda.. washlert.a, D.C.
"Inventions-Patenting and
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and blank form "Evidence of Cooceptioa."
Send me free book
Name
Address
ARE YOU A REGULAR READER?

IF NOT; WHY NOT?
ELECTRIC TRAFFIC REGULATOR.

Blair, Marquez, Texas, has
an idea whereby he will throw all the traffic cops out of work, his idea being that
(198)
.1111"
8 ADVICE
S. B.
TENTS WANTED
WI"-
instead of using a human being, he uses an

electro- mechanical machine, and the drawings which he submits as well as the idea
of the arrangement are certainly quite
plausible, and have a good many points of
interest. He proposes to have the regulator
entirely automatic; thus he has designed
a machine so as to operate signals at intervals of one minute between "stop!" and
"go!" reasoning that traffic can thus be regulated by the public itself.
A. While this idea is very good, and
while the details have been worked out to
perfection, still we do not think that it will
be practical, as nearly all machines are
wont to leave out the human equation. If
the traffic were dense enough and if one
driver wanted to get ahead of the other,
he certainly would not much mind the indicator, as an indicator has no authority and
would not be likely to arrest the offender,
and this of course the offender knows;
hence, the traffic regulator would probably
not regulate at all, and for that reason we
are afraid it is of no commercial use.
'
"1,1'fair
SPECIAL
OFFER
TRTADEMARKSana COPYRIGHT
1eardest Pafenf Firm

in Ifhe World
k'
Before sending your Invention to any attorney or

manufacturer or disclosing your invention. writ,
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In order to protect your Invention and ecure your
rights. This should be signed and witnessed and re-
turned to us. together with a model or sketch and deserlption of your Invention. and we will give a FREE
OPINION s to the patentability of the invention. If we
report the invention patentable wo will furnish a Certificate
nf Patentability.
This Certificate of Palentsblllty, together with our blank forte
Proof of Conception will protect the Inventor and serve as proof
of the lineation until the ease esn be flied In the U. S. Patent
Victor J. Evans.
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Mee.
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of reference for Inventors and contains 100 mechan.
leal movements. Illustrated and described. Tells how
to invent for wont.
WHAT TO INVENT
Contains a valuable list of tnveations wosIedend

suggestions concerning profitable fields of Invenitoos;
else infcrnsation regarding pricer oeered for loves.
Ilona amounting to ONE D,IILLION DOLLARS
LIST OF PATENT BUYERS
SELENIUM DEVICE.
W. J. Pinckard, Wray, Colo., has
an idea to utilize a paper record on which
an impression is made in black and white
by human voice, this record to be run like
a phonograph record, then when a beam of
light is thrown on the record, it is sup posted to influence a selenium cell thereby
operating the telephone, thus reproducing
the human voice. Our advice is asked on
(199)
-, ,,r
t
/p,b
.r t
Contains reouesty from manufacturers. mall order house, ana promoters for
as to New Ideas they wish to purchase.
patents secured by us and suggestions
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received over 300 requests tronc manufacturers.
-MARKS
MILLIONS IN TRADE
information regard-
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ing unfair competition
saLLg,a.M.s
We advertise Our Clients' Inventions Free in a list nf Sunday newspapers. In manufacturers' Journals and in World's Proersss. Sample
t'npy Free. WO sare you Ume and money In securing intents. After
We patent is granted wo assist you to sell your patent.
s.,ty,...ta
the scheme.
A. The device is good as far as it goes.

but there is just one hitch. How is the
record to be obtained, in the first place, and
by what means? Also it would be very difficult to have the record influence the selenium cell in the way described by our correspondent.
WANTED NEW IDEAS

FREE COUPON!
VICTOR J. EVANS
PATENT ATTORNEYS
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omce. AIGRES]' REFERENCES. BEST RESULTS.
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624
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Patent Lawyer
Washington. D. C.
PATENTS
cap. year Idea.

llandfactutere want peter 1
Prompt. confidential. pentenal orrice to
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Hemet adore and 1h. Truth About Patents" hen
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dg'
EVERY INVENTOR
Patents
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Official of the U. S. Patent Office,
Norman T. Whitaker, Attorney -at -Law

and Mechanical Engineer, 480 Whitaker
Inquiries invited.
Bldg., Washington, D. C.
training
.. Having trailed
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THE
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FLAT IRON ATTACHMENT.

(201) Mrs. Leslie P. McNeill, Corpus
Christi, Texas, submits a novel idea, being
a sprinkler arrangement attached to the
front of a flat iron. Also suitable container carrying water and the means whereby the flow of the water can be regulated.
A. This is a capital idea and looks to us
very practical, but the device has one objection, namely the handle will not hold
enough water, and we would suggest using
a flexible tube or otherwise mount a reservoir in front of the iron, which would do
away with this objection. Otherwise, it
looks to us like a very good propostion, and
a patent certainly ought to be procured.
The electrical charge thus generated would

leap to ground when the hand of the wearer
was in the vicinity of a grounded conductor. The metal switch plates were all
grounded in accordance with the underwriter's ruling on that point. And thus
the mystery was solved. The only cure
was to wear shorter dresses or to insulate
the switch covers.
Electricity may be the servant of Man,
as the poets like to have it, but it is chuck
full of more tricks than a box of monkeys.
STORAGE BATTERIES FOR ELECTRON RELAYS.
FLYING TORPEDO.
ahenld hate this boot. "PATIENTS AND

PATENT POSSIBILIT119." It ta Pipet,
tall of Ideas sod practical advice. telling
what to lntsot and where to .al Write
for your copy today. IT is FRIA
1 hero reaueete for patenta epos monad
Isvenuons of all kinds. Can you kelp saePO the demand!
My
nie.
Ie divId.a1. prompt
d efficient
Ilk years experience, Every expedient I. em.
pbs. to secure patents at Nut possible Beet.
H.S. HILL gkl "MAW*. Ids...Weslippea. DC
moan
February, 1918
722
(202) Joseph Scar, Philadelphia, Pa.,

submits an idea of what he calls a flying
torpedo, not designed for submarine destroying, but to be used for land
batteries
traveling thru space under its own power,

and to cover a greater distance than the
biggest shell. Our advice is asked as to the
novelty and feasibility of this scheme.
A. This idea is entirely impracticable,
and the scheme as shown by the correspondent cannot possibly work. The power
to propel the device would require a power
plant so large and so expensive as to preclude the use of the device for practical
uses. Also there would not be any way to
steer the torpedo, and the chances are that
it would not make a hit once in ten thousand. \Ve caution our readers not to spend
too much time in developing machines that
are entirely controlled by wireless or electricity as hardly any devices of this kind
have as yet proved their value.
FREAK TROUBLES -TIPS TO

"BUG" HUNTERS.
(Continued from pogo 696)
statements made are facts: secondly and
thirdly, let me add to that assurance.
A house -lighting system was in trouble.
It seems that the "madam" would receive
a shock every time she touched a switch.
The trouble shooter looked the system over
and reported it O. K. All his tests could
locate no "leak" or "short ". Still a shock
was awaiting the aforementioned lady at
each switch.
Again the system was gone over, carefully and with the utmost care. And it
was clear, he swore there was no ground,
"short ", 'òpen" or "leak ", or any of the ills
to which electrical apparatus are frequently
subject. Even so, it did not alter the fact
that the lady in question would still receive
her shocks.
The electrician was sent again to kill the
"bug". Instead of working on the wiring
itself, he decided the trouble was elsewhere and sat down to think it over. As
he sat there the "madam" past him and
as he glanced after her a great light dawned
on him. Approaching her, he asked: "Does
anyone else in the house experience the
trouble you have with the electric light ?"
Her reply in the negative clinched his
idea. So he made the strange request that
she allow one of her maids to wear one of
her gowns. He instructed the maid to
turn on one of the light switches. As her
hand touched the switch a crackle was
heard and she stepped back in alarm.
Well, fellow "bug- hunters ", have you determined what the trouble was?
Turn to any text -book on electricity and
in the chapter on "Static Electricity" you
will find the statement that silk becomes
electrified when subjected to friction. The
lady wore silk gowns almost without exception.
As the gown swept along the floor it
rubbed against the high pile of the carpet.
ben ent by mentioning the
"Electrical E.rperrnter ter"
;t -hen

replenishment of the solution with distilled
water from time to time. In very small
cells, the total liquid content is not sufficient to fill the smallest hydrometer; therefore the specific gravity of such a cell cannot well be ascertained. To remove all the
electrolyte from any storage battery cell.
when the cell is in a charged condition, will
positively injure it; so that hydrometer
readings of the electrolyte which are so
necessary to keep some types of storage
battery in condition are a practical impossibility in miniature cell operation. It is
therefore requisite that a type of battery
which requires no hydrometer readings
should be used, and that such a battery
should also incorporate the virtue of not
being injured by oft- repeated overcharging. or by standing idle for protracted periods in a charged, semi -charged or, in
some cases. totally discharged condition.
It should also be of as light weight as is
consistent with rugged constructions.
All these and many more characteristics.
so necessary for absolute dependability, are
possessed by the new storage battery here
illustrated.
This cell consists of a plurality of interconnected positive tubes and a plurality of
inter -connected negative pockets, immersed
in a solution of caustic potash. The positive tubes are of perforated, nickel -plated
sheet steel. These are loaded with alternate
layers of nickel hydrat and pure nickel
flake. The negative pockets are likewise
made up of perforated nickel -plated sheet
steel, and are loaded with iron oxid.
The number of tubes and pockets that
make up the elements of a cell depends on
the capacity required. In the wing circuit
of ordinary electron relays the current
rarely exceeds a few milliamperes, and a
single positive tube with four negative
pockets provide ample capacity. All steel
parts, it should be noted, are nickel plated.
the plating being welded on.
Two of these cells are combined to form
a "twin" cell by connecting their containers
together, and grounding the inner positive
of one cell and the inner negative of the
other to their respective cans.
At the low discharge rates used in electron relay work, the average voltage during discharge of a twin cell is 2.56, and
the final voltage, when re- charging becomes
necessary, is 2.4. Hence. 16 twin cells are
employed for a 40-volt battery and 42 for
a 110 -volt battery.
The ampere -hour capacity of one of these
cells is 125, and the normal charging rate
0.25 amperes. Hence, under normal conditions, the time of charge is five hours;
but in an emergency, the normal charging
rate can be greatly exceeded. without injuring the cell. The low discharge rate in
the wing circuit enables a battery to run
from several hundred to several thousand
hours continuously, on one charge, depending upon the characteristics of the relay
bulb.
uritind to
ad:- ertirerr.
February, 1918
72
Obtttarp
WILLIAM DUDDELL.
Pay- Raising Books

at Reduced Prices
prle-
It is with very great regret that we record the death of William Duddell at the
early age of 45. He past away on November 4, and his death will come as a shock
to those who have not been aware of his
failing health during the past year.
William Duddell was born in London in
1872, and after education at private schools
and at the Collge Stanislas, Cannes, he
served his apprenticeship with Messrs.
Davey, Paxman & Co.. of Colchester, England, from 1890 to 1893. He then went to
the City and Guilds Central Technical College at South Kensington, where he studied
from 1893 to 1900 under the late Prof.
let of
liege. TOUT ohmic' to get-St bargain
book. that will at you for
better lob and bigger Par.
Yes, and you may p.. the bargain prize at the rate of
only 60o a week. But you must set nowt lbs rising
net of paper and binding materials won't permit W to
continue this offer Indefinitely.
Ne matter what your o upattoo, one of the nets
hated below Is bound to suit your needs. They are
written In easily -understood language by recugnfzed
authorities, and contain thousands of photographs.
full -page plates. diagrams. etc.. that make difficult
points as simple as A -B -C. handsomely bound to
half or full morocco leather, gold stamped.
Shipped for 7 Days'

Examination
Well
gladly %end any set of 1e,ok. to you for wren

Exdays' examination
.hipping charges collecL
amine them carefully -use them at your work for en
entire week tf, At the end of that time. you feel they
send
them back
aren't worth teeny time. what we sk,
to us. If you keep them. DO the epecislly reduced
price on the easy terms erplained below.
Ayrton, obtaining a Whitworth Exhibition

in 1896 and a Whitworth Scholarship in
1897. In 1913 the Fellowship of the City
and Guilds of London Institute was con-
ferred upon him. He remained at the college considerably longer than usual, engaged in original experimental work, and
it soon became apparent that he possest unusual talent as an experimentalist.
In 1898 he read, in conjunction with Mr.
(now Prof.) E. \V. Marchant, a paper before the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
entitled "Experiments on Alternating-cur rent Arcs by Aid of Oscillographs." It
was on this occasion that he showed the
oscillograph which has become so markedly
identified with his name, and which he developed into one of the most useful instruments for investigating transient electrical
phenomena that has been placed in the
hands of the physicist and engineer for
many years.
Two years later Duddell read a paper,
also before the Institution of Electrical
Engineers, on "Rapid Variations of Current Thru the Direct -current Arc." In this
classical paper he described the musical arc,
which he found to act as a generator of
high- frequency currents. This paper was
of fundamental importance, showing how
undamped oscillations could be produced:
but its full significance was not immediately
recognized, partly, no doubt, because the
frequency of these waves was not very high.
In connection with wireless telegraphy
may also be mentioned his discourse to the
British Association on "Arc and Spark in
Radio Telegraphy," his discourse on "High
Frequency Currents" before the Royal Institution, and his Christmas juvenile lectures before the same Institution on "Signaling." He also described a variable condenser with a square law in a paper pub Iisht in the "Journal" of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers.
Duddell was an active member of many
societies. After having past thru all the
then grades of Membership, Student, Associate, Associate Member and Member,
Member of Council and Vice -President. he
was elected President of the institution of
Electrical Engineers at the early age of 40,
holding office for two years in succession.
His first presidential address was of the
orthodox kind. but the second gave his
audience a rare opportunity of witnessing
instructive
experiments on
"Pressure
Rises" most skilfully performed.
Among the apparatus then shown was an
electro- mechanical model of the arc, which
was a most ingenious device for reproducing mechanical analogies of the various
well -known and somewhat puzzling characteristics exhibited by the electric arc. The
up -to -date nature of the Institution library.
which was by no means its character some
few years ago, was largely due to the efforts of Duddell as chairman of the Library Committee. In 1907 he was president of the Rntgen Society. For a time
he was a vice -president of the Physical Society, and was hon. treasurer of the So1. on
Practical
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This Instrument is offered at an extremely low
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naturel action le Ilke strong smllgbt. all germs are killed by It. unnatural odors
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It 11 ,elf- eterillring but may be reedits. cleaned.
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H. A. SMITH, 738 -231 North Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
' Electrical Experimenter"
;rh r
writing to ad: rns;
e.
724
ciety from 1910 up to the time of his death.
He was hon. secretary to the delegates to
the International Electrical Congress at St.
Louis in 1901, and one of the hon. secretaries to the International Conference on
Electrical Units and Standards which met
in London in 1908. He was also president
of the Commission Internationale de
Tlgraphie sans Fils, and in 1914 he pub lisht an outline of the investigations contemplated by that body, but which were,
unfortunately, interrupted by the calamity
of war.
Among his honors may be mentioned
gold medals for his oscillographs at the
Paris Exhibition of 1900 and at St. Louis
SEND PICTURES
BELECTRICITY
This latest sensation in electrical advancement- -marvel of
today, necessity of tomorrow,
affords wonderful entertainment. Affords Instruction in
the coming science. You can
scud pictures of your friends
by electricity over telegraph
wires or by wireless. l'letu,
in this advertisement was sent
4.
in 1904; and the Hughes medal of the

Royal Society in 1912. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907. He
was a member of the Advisory Council for
promoting Industrial and Scientific Research, and of the Board of Inventions and
Research of the Admiralty. Recently the
honor of Commander of the Order of the
British Empire was bestowed upon him, but
it will generally be felt that his name should
have appeared in some more distinguished
class.
Altho the value of his work was quickly

recognized. he always remained unassuming, and his lightness of manner made him
readily approachable by all and sundry. Being unmarried, he gave himself unreservedly to his work; and it may indeed
c said that this was his only hobby. which
made it all the more difficult for his friends
to induce him to put work aside when it
became evident that his health was failing.
The end came suddenly, and those who
knew him will feel some relief that it
should have been so. He will long be remembered as a brilliant experimentalist, to
whom the electrical industry owes a debt
of gratitude, and whom the electrical profession can ill afford to lose.
"GARABED" TO CONGRESSIONAL
NOTICE THIS SESSION.
Not discouraged by the fact that Presi-
and received by this system.

Electrical experts and seien.
tists hace declared the Leishman Electrical Picture Transmission System is the marvel
of the age. See article December issue.
PRICE ONLY $15.00 For Complete Sel of Two Machine,
Dept.T. Otlen, Ptah
L. 1. LEISH 514N COMP'NY
dent Wilson killed the "Garabed" Free

Energy bill by a pocket veto last session,
Garabed T. K. Giragossian, the Naturalized
Armenian from Boston, has appeared early
in Washington, and will bring his Free
Energy bill to the surface again.
February,
1918
Congress will be asked again to provide

for a demonstration of his invention with
the intent of turning over the patent to the
Government for use during the war. Mr.
Giragossian said that he had the assurance
of a number of leading congressional members that provision would be made for the
necessary demonstration at this session.
35
POUNDS OF SUGAR KEEPS

ELECTRIC PLANT FROM
CLOSING.
Officials of the Westinghouse Lamp

Company of Bloomfield, N. J., which employs 3,:00 workers, appealed recently to
Federal food authorities for thirty -five
pounds of brown sugar, saying it would be
necessary to suspend operations unless the
request was granted. It was explained that
brown sugar is used in infinitesimal
quantities in making electric light globes.
The Food Administrator gave assurances
that the quantity desired would be made
available each week.
ELECTRO- CHEMISTRY.
An ion is not a simple atom, or radical,
as one might at first suppose. It is more;
it is the atom or radical plus a certain
charge of electricity; it has properties dif-
ferent from the atom; sodium and chlorin

atoms are represented as Na and Cl their
ions as, Na and Cl.

When sodium chlorid is dissolved in water and it is thereby, to a certain extent
UNTWi/11TMQftII[141ff/
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De you have a chemical laboratory? No experimenter should be without one. A knowledge

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We are specially eeulp0ed to meet the nutriment. et the experimenter for chemical supplies. Let us know your wants. Dur catalog lists nearly 200 chemIcals, all kinds of apparatusmany books on chemistry, and elves valuable tables and ether Information. Sent to any address
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THE PORTER CHEMICAL CO. Dept. B. Hagerstown, Md.
Foe benefit by mentioning the "Electrical Experimente" uAen u +iting fo ad(;ertisers.
February, 1918
ionized, if the solution contained simple
atoms or molecules of sodium, the latter
would at once react with the water and
form sodium hydroxid; the charge of electricity which the Na ion carries, prevents
this action. It is a sodium ion, not a sodium atone. The same explanation applies
to the chlorin ion. When the current is
passing and sodium ions are deposited on
the electrode, they lose their electric load
and act as atoms of sodium. For this reason Davy found in 1807, when he electrolyzed sodium hydroxid (NaOH) in solution, that he got no sodium. When he
fused sodium hydroxid and used no water
lie obtained metallic sodium. The same
thing is true in the electrolysis of other
substances; ions become atoms or radicals
and no longer act as ions, but behave as
such atoms or radicals ordinarily do in the
given solution. If there is nothing which
reacts with them, they are deposited if
solids, or set free if gases.
We have said that anions were charged
with negative electricity and cations with
positive; not only this, but during the passage of a current they are carriers of electricity to their respective electrodes. The
non-ionized molecules of a solute do not
act as carriers; only the ions so act. This
explains why non -electrolytes like sugar or
water are non- conductors, for they have
no ions.
IONIZATION INCREASES WITH DILUTION:
The conductivity of a solution is dependent upon the degree of ionization; for

example, if only 90% of a solution is ionized, the solution is less of a conductor
than if 100% is ionized. Conversely, the
conductivity of a solution becomes a measure of the degree of ionization. This is, in
fact, the test of the relative degrees of ionization. The more dilute the solution, up
to a certain point, the greater the conductivity. Acids dissociate into hydrogen
ions and the residual minus ions, bases into
metallic ions and OH ions, salts into metallic and non -metallic ions.
A small amount of a substance in a given
volume of a solution is ionized to a greater
degree than is a large amount of the substance in the same volume; by way of illustration: In a dilute solution of sodium
chlorid there is a greater proportion of dissociated molecules of the solute than in a
more concentrated solution. At a definite
limit of dilution the ionization attains its
maximum value, as shown by its electric
conductivity. Beyond this point the conductivity does not increase with further dilution. (This maximum point varies with
different electrolytes, but it indicates that at
this particular point of dilution all the solute lias became ionized, that there are no
free molecules of the solute, and this is an
important thing.
There are certain laws and conditions
which govern electrolytic action, and it is
obvious that a thoro knowledge of these
must be had in order to successfully perform such operations.
The amount of chemical action is equal
at all parts of the circuit. If two or more
electrolytic cells should be placed at different points of a simple circuit, the
amount of chemical action would be the
same in all, for the same quantity of current would flow past every point of the circuit in the same time. If these cells should
contain acidulated water, and others contain copper sulfate, the weights of hydrogen and of copper will not be equal, but
will be in chemically equivalent quantities.
The amount of substance liberoted at an
electrode in a given time is proportional
to the strength of the current. Thus a current of two amperes will cause just twice
the quantity of chemical decomposition to
take place as a current of one ampere
would do in the same period of time.
FARADAY'S LAW AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS.

In studying the quantitative results of
electrolytic action Faraday arrived at the
conclusions which are now summarized and
known as Faradays law, and arc fundamental for all calculations in connection
with electrochemical. work. The some
quantity of electricity passing Hero on electrolyte either sets free or transfers to
other combinations always the same number of valencies. Illustration :-A given
current (that is, a given number of coulombs of electricity) past thru a given solution of silver nitrat would set free twice
as many silver atoms as the same quantity
of electricity would of copper atoms in a
similar solution of copper nitrat. The silver ions may be said to have one charge
of electricity (having valence 1) whereas
the copper ions have two charges (valence
++
2). These are written Ag and Cu. The

corresponding minus ions would be written NO. and NO, NOI. Thus the quantity
of electricity that would deposit one atomic
weight of copper will in the same
time cause
to
deposit two atomic
weights of silver. It acts the same as the
chemical reaction : 2AgNOe + Cu = Cu
(NO,), + 2Ag. Two atoms of silver are
deposited, one atom of copper taking their
place.
The amount of substance liberated at an
electrode in one second is equal to the
strength of the current multiplied by the
"electrochemical equivalent" of that substance.
The passage of one coulomb (the quantity of electricity conveyed by a current of
one ampere in one second; amperes X seconds = coulombs) of electricity thru a
solution of silver nitrat liberates 0.0011183
gram of silver. Hence a current of i amperes will liberate i X 0.0011183 gram of
silver per second. The number 0.0011183
is the electrochemical equivalent of silver.
The electrochemical equivalents of other
elements may be easily calculated if their
chemical equivalent is known:
Atomic weight
Chemical Equivalent
725
STOP
THAT DRAIN!
ere gob, mot. Can't
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Your
107.88
0.00001044.
The chemical equivalent must not be confused with the atomic weight. The atomic
weight of copper is 63.57; that is its atoms
are 63.57 times as heavy as atoms of hydrogen. But in chemical combinations one
atom of copper replaces, or is equivalent
to, two atoms of hydrogen; hence the
weight of copper equivalent to 1 of hydro2 = 31.78, the chemical
gen is 63.57
equivalent of copper.
All atoms that are univalent carry exactly the same minute quantity of electricity; all atoms that are divalent carry exactly twice that amount; all trivalent atoms
carry three times that amount. Every
atom conveys a quantity of electricity proportional to its valence, not to its weight.
Every electrolyte is decomposed into two
parts, as stated before, an onion, and a
cation, which may be themselves either
simple or compound. In the case of simple
binary compounds, the ions are simple elements. In other cases the products are
often complicated by secondary actions.
In binary compounds and most metallic
solutions, the metal is deposited by the current where it leaves the cell, at the cathode.
Aqueous solutions of salts of the metals
of the alkalies and alkaline earths deposit
no metal, but owing to the secondary action of the metal upon the water, evolves
hydrogen.
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Valency
Thus the chemical equivalent of hydrogen is 1.008 while that of silver is 107.88.
Hence the electrochemical equivalent of
hydrogen will be 0.0011183 X 1.008
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In the above table, the principal elements

are arranged according to their electrochemical character, each atom being positive to any atom placed above it and negative to any atom placed below it.
From a solution of mixt metallic salts
the least electro- positive metal is not deposited first, if the current is so strong
relatively to the size of the cathode as to
impovensh the solution in its neighborhood.
To deposit alloys, a solution must be found
in which both metals tend to dissolve with
equal electromotive- forces.
The liberated
electrodes.
ions appear only at the
February,
9I8
For each electrolyte a minimum electromotive force is required, without which

complete electrolysis cannot be effected.
If the current be of less electromotive force than the required minimum, electrolysis may begin, and a feeble current may
flow at first, but no ions will be liberated;
the current being completely stopt as soon
as the opposing e.m.f., of polarization has
risen to equality with that of the electrolyzing current.
There is no opposing electromotive -force
of polarization when electrolysis is effected
from a dissolving anode of the same metal
that is being deposited at the cathode. The
feeblest cell will suffice to deposit copper
from copper sulphate if the anode is a copper plate.
Where the ions are gases, pressure effects
the conditions but slightly. Under 300
atmospheres acidulated water' is still electrolysed; but in certain cases a layer of
acid so dense as not to conduct collects at
the anode and stops the current.
The chemical work done by a current in
an electrolytic cell is proportional to the
minimum electromotive-force of polarization.
Altho the electromotive -force of polarization may exceed the minimum, the work
done by the current in overcoming this
surplus electromotive -force will not appear as chemical work, for no more of the
ion will be liberated; but it will appear as
an additional quantity of heat (or local
heat) developed in the electrolytic cell.
Experiments show that the resistance of
a given column of a specific electrolyte is a
constant, no matter whether larger or
smaller currents are used in testing the
resistance.
Amongst the secondary reactions which

may occur the following are the chief:
[I] The ions themselves may decompose; as SO. into SO. + 0. [2] The ions
may react on the electrodes ; as when acidulated water is electrolysed between zinc
electrodes. no oxygen being liberated owing
to the affinity of zinc for oxygen.
[3]
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11
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I
The ions may be liberated in an abnormal

state. Thus oxygen is frequently liberated in its allotropic form as ozone, particularly when the permanganates are electrolysed. The nascent hydrogen liberated
by the electrolysis of dilute acid has peculiarly active chemical properties. So also
the metals are sometimes deposited abnormally; copper in a black pulvcrulent film;
antimony (from the terchlorid solution) in
round grayish masses which are possessive
of a curious explosive property.
When a solution of lead is electrolysed
a film of lead peroxid forms upon the
anode. If this he a plate of polished metal
placed horizontally in the liquid beneath a
platinum point as a cathode, the deposit
takes place in symmetrical rings of varying thickness, the deposit being thickest at
the center. These rings, known as Novil s
rings, exhibit all the tints of the rain bow, owing to interference of the waves
of light occurring in the film. The colors
form, in fact, in reversed order, the "colors
of thin plates" of Newton's rings.
[-41 In certain cases the deposit may be
of a non -conducting nature, as, for example, when aluminum is the anode in an
alkalin solution, and an oxid of aluminum
is formed as a film which entirely stops
the current. Hence if a cell is arranged
with a small plate of aluminum and a large
plate of lead, which are immersed in a
solution of sodium carbonat or ammonium
phosfate, a current can flow thru it from
lead to aluminum, but not from aluminum
to lead. Such a cell, known as Nodon's
valve, conducts in one direction only, and
can be used to rectify an alternating current.
Equilibrium and Balance.
Ill order to have equilibrium it is quite
evident that there must be the same number of negative as of positive ions in a
solution. This serves to explain why a
salt readily soluble in water, is not so soluble in water containing other compounds
having some of the same ions in solution.
For example, upon the the addition of hydrochloric acid to a strong solution of
barium chlorid, a precipitat of barium
chlorid is formed. This is usually explained
by saying that barium chlorid is less soluble in hydrochloric acid than in water ; the
ionic explanation is that there is an excess
of chlorin ions when hydrochloric acid is
added to barium chlorid, equilibrium is upset, and hence a precipitat continues to fall
until equilibrium is again establisht. The
same effect is produced upon the addition
of sodium chlorid solution to one of barium
chlorid, and in general when there is an
excess of one or another ion. The more
concentrated either or both of these solutions are, the more rapid and complete the
precipitation. This leads on to the Mass Action Law.
Mass -Action Law.
The rate of chemical change between two
reacting substances is directly proportional
to the concentrations of the two substances
reacting.
By way of illustration: let us see from
the modern theory of solution what is supposed to take place when a solution of
sodium chlorid is added to one of lead
nitrat. Theoretically, no less than eight
substances are present, as follows: Pb
- +-i-
(NOa)r. NaCl, PbCh. NaNOa, Na, Cl, Pb,

and (NOW),. PbC1,, by reason of its comparatively insolubility, is mostly precipitated. Not being wholly insoluble a portion remains in solution. According to the
concentrations of the two factors, so will
be the rapidity of precipitation of PbC11.
and consequently more or less rapid establishment of equilibrium of the solution. If
in a solution, all the substances are in equilibrium, no chemical action takes place.
Disturbance of that chemical equilibrium

produces a reaction. Adding more of
either factor disturbs the poise. Taking
away either of the products produces the
same thing, each giving a molecular concentration, which causes increased action.
This is the gist of the mass- action law.
Migration of Ions.
Prepare the apparatus shown in the
photograph Fig. 102 from the constructional details given in Fig. 101. Pass one
wire containing the copper disc thru a cork
which fits tightly into the test tube (to
prevent dripping of solution) and then
fasten a binding post to the end. This
serves as one electrode. Fill the tube
three quarters full with a strong solution
of copper sulfate slightly acidulated, which
solution serves as the electrolyte. Place
the upper cork, which has been previously
fitted with an electrode, in the same manner as the first one. The upper electrode,
which will be considered as the cathode,
should be immersed about an inch beneath
the solution. The other, the anode, should
come within a couple of inches below the
cathode as shown. The current from a few
battery cells is then sent UPWARDS thru
the electrolyte, the current being so regulated that it is not too strong, otherwise
bubbles of gas will be given off and throw
out the experiment. Of course, copper will
be deposited on the cathode plate, an equal
amount of copper being dissolved off the
anode. After half an hour or more it will
be seen that, immediately beneath the cathode, the blue liquid will become quite
colorless, and if the experiment is continued, the surface of separation between
the colorless liquid at the top and the
blue liquid beneath it will be found to have
steadily moved downward. If the current
is sent downward thru the cathode, instead
of upward thru the anode, no such phenomena can be seen, due to the descent by
gravity of the heavier blue liquid. The
colorless liquid is simply acidulated water.
There are two ways of explaining the
action which has taken place. The first is
that, in some way, in addition to the or
dinary electrolysis in which the Cu and
SO. ions have transferred in opposite directions, there has been a bodily transfer
toward the anode of the copper sulfate
which was in solution. The other way of
explaining this is that the Cu and SO,
ions have traveled with different velocities,
the Cu traveling upward more slowly than
the SO. downward. In the sketch Fig. 103,
on both sides are some rows of dots, the
black dots showing the cations (Cu) and
the white ones the anions (SO,), for the
purpose of illustrating the relative number
of the ions in the upper and lower portions
of the liquid. Before electrolysis began the
solution was uniform, as shown on the left,
there being 9 anions and 9 cations (that
is, 9 of CuSO.) in each part, upper and
lower. Suppose that electrolysis has gone
on for so long a time that 6 of the cations
have been dissociated and plated on the
cathode, and that 6 of the anions have been
likewise liberated and carried down to the
anode, there to combine with the copper.
Now, if the observed state of things is represented by the diagram on the right, it will
be seen that while in the upper layer there
are 5 CuSO. molecules, in the lower there
are 7 CuSO. molecules, together with the
6 SO. which have gone to dissolve fresh
copper. If the migrations of allions and
cations had been equal, there would have
been 6 CuSO, in each layer. If the anions
alone had migrated, downwards, there
would have been 15 CuSO. below and
3 CuSO. above. If the cations alone had
moved. upwards, there would have been
9 CuSO. in the upper layer, leaving 3 of
the original CuSO. in the lower, together
72
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Trent umatemeat ADVERTISING [SELLING
uesers M
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r B E.alsiar
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tldi
Ira
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edterti ers.
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AUTOalOBILFS
Poultry
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February, 1918
EXPERIMENTERS!
Chromic Plunge Battery
Student's
HERE
a little battery that will be highly welcomed
Is
by every experimenter all
over the country. It le the first low priced. as well as fool -proof chromic acid
battery on the market. It is a little wonder, and for the small price we ask for it, it
elands unmatched.
Now, we do not wish to mislead you, so we'll tell you at the start what this battery
WILL NOT do. It will NOT charge storage cells, It will NOT run a large motor for
hours, It will NOT run a big spark coil. It is NOT a very big battery.
BUT it is an Ideal battery for electrical experimental work where a very powerful
current to not required. This battery will light a Z volt lamp for several hours on one
charge; It will run a small toy motor surprisingly well; It will do small electroplating
work; it is ideal for testing work; it gives a fairly steady current, and as the zinc
electrode can be pulled clear of the electrolyte, no materials are used when battery
stands Idle.
50`
Only beat materials go Into the making of this battery. Beat Amalgam Zinc only Is used, as well as
nlgkly porous carbon to ensure a steadier current. Bandy binding posta are used. We furniab enough
chromic salts for 4 charges. Full direction for operation and care of battery are included. Each battery
tests 2 volts and 10 ampere. when set up fresh. Not over 2 amperes should be drawn from battery continuously. By using six or eight of these batteries, a great many experiments can he performed. No solution
can run out of this battery If upset by accident This makes It an Ideal portable battery. such as for
operating a bicycle lamp, or as other portable lamp, where a powerful Light is not required, for boy scouts'
lb.
Geld telegraph work, operating telegraph outdta, etc., etc. Size over all Is 5'x2'. Shipping weight,
No. 999 Student's Chromic Plunge Battery
IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS
$0.50
1
TELEGRAPH CODES.
LE
The "Electro Telegraph"

$1.25
ERS
Here Are the Stan

and Striper In All
Their Glory.
Be the first
In your
one
town to wear
this patriotic
RwMTE TELLOgarw COMM.

Ala dts
TELEGRAM
emblem.Think
of it
An
electrically ll-
Iuminated
toonldre
worn In t h
lapel bole of
your coat.
It Illuminates
ur National
b o u
'ELECTR O
TELEGRAPH
Flag
ID
original
ore
you can become a first -close telegraph operator. Sues operators are in big demand
now. Outfit conaleta of TWO complete telegraph instruments each measuring 3% x
2% x
All metal parts are highly nickel plated, Including key lever. Note hard
rubber knob. Telegraph Code [hart, telegraph blanks and connecting wire Comes
with set, but no batteries. Outfit works on 2 dry cells lone cell for each Instrument).
The 'Electra" Is the ONU.,T Outfit that works both ways, each station can call; no
switehe., no extras. Nothing to get out of order. Guaranteed to please you or
money beck.
Pries Complete as Illustrated
At all good dealers and department stores. If your dealer cannot supply you send
us 21.25 for outfit and add mailing charges for two pounds, otherwise we ship
express collect.
IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS
IL
$1.25
"The Livest Catalog in America"

Our big, new electrical cyclopedia No. 19 Is
wetting for you. Positively the most complote
Wireless and electrical catalog In print today.
228 Big Pages, 600 illustrations, 500 Instruments end apparatus, etc.
Big 'Trestles on
Wireless Telegraphy." 20 FREE coupons for
our 180 -page FREE Wireless Course in 20 lee eons. FREE Cyclopedia No. le mesauree 7x5 SQ'.
Weight % lb. Beautiful stiff covers.
"The Llvest Catalog in America"

Now before you tam tall ease write you name
address on margin below. cut or tear out, eeloa a
sumo,
to
carer melt
cause,.
end
to
Cyclopedia
and
et..
I,
Wore sail.
THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO.
231 Fulton Street
New York City
'eon
by
ifiEMMM MN
Electro Importing Company
231 Fulton St., Now York City

melees beraw1N I tents In comps or gate ter
erklc 01.61 seed m your latest Cyoloodls Cattle*
No. I0 aoetatetee 220 oases. ado IlluaratI.s and
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mamas ter your tea pane Free Whsle,' Count In 14
1
lama..
NAM
ADDRESS
CHEMICAL
EXPERIMENTERS
Be sure to get the catalog illustrated
to the left. It contains the greatest
chemical experimental assortment of

any catalog In print. There are close
to 20 pages, containing several hundred
chemical apparatus such as Reagent
Bottles, Crucibles, Water Bath, Tripods, Blow Pipes, Chemical Scales,
Glase Retorts, Chemical Thermometers. Glass Rods, Beaker Glasses,
Test Tubes, Funnels, Thistle Tubes,
Disiccatfng Jars, Wash Bottles, etc.,
etc.
complete Ilne of Chemical Laboratorio
from 52.00 up to 590.00.
Full tine of popular chemicals as used by
studente.
Be sure to get a copy of this catalog today
without fall.
Also
STATE
"Electrical Experimenter" Fehen writing to odrrertirerr.
r i ll iant
electric Light
Just
Insert
Flag In buttonhole of your
coat, put flashlight cams In
vest or coat pocket and every
time you press the button. the
flag In your button -hole
flashes up with a beautiful
color effect.
Illuminatad flag, card and
plug (to be connected to any
2 cell Saab UC
light)
(Postage 10 cents )
Illuminated flag. flashlight
ease and battery, Gerd and
plug. complete as per Illustration, $1.10; voltage 13cDEALERS: Write for our
proposition today.
IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS
b
is not a toy, but a practical, honestly built telegraph outfit, which not only sounds
but works Ilk` the big commercial instrumente. By studying the code for 30 days
Ib
col
with
February,
1918
ELECTRO- CHEMISTRY.
with the newly formed 6 CuSO.. If, however, the diagram on the right represents
the facts, either 2 CuSO. must have been
bodily transferred into the lower layer from
the upper, or else the transfer of ions must
have been unequal; 4 anions going downwards into the lower layer, while 2 cations
have gone upwards into the upper layer.
Theory of the Current in Electrolysis.
illustration of what
current is past thru a
solution of sodium chlorid (common salt),
let 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (Fig. 104) be five sodium
ions, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, live chlorin ions,
each ion having its charge of electricity neutralized by the ion above or below before
the current is past, 1 being balanced by 2,
3 by 4, etc., and the solution being in equilibrium is disturbed by the passage of a
current from a source of electricity. The
plus ion 1 is then attracted to the cathode,
where its plus charge neutralizes a part of
the minus electricity of the cathode and ion
To get
a picturesque
takes place when
becomes an atom of sodium (see Fig.

105). The cathode then repels minus ion
2, and the latter attracts 3 and leaves 4 ejtbalanced, which in its turn attracts 5, leaving 6 to attract 7, which leaves 8 to attract
9; 10, being then unbalanced, is attracted to
the anode, and losing its charge to the
anode, becomes an atom of chlorin. The
operation is repeated with almost infinite
rapidity, atoms of sodium being set free
at the cathode and of chlorin at the anode.
Each unites with atoms of its fellows to
form molecules of sodium and molecules
of chlorin. The chlorin having nothing to
combine with, escapes as a gas and may be
collected. The sodium, of course, reacts
with the solvent water to form sodium
hydroxid and liberates hydrogen. Advantage is taken of this reaction in the manufacture of NaOH. This series of reactions
takes place instantaneously and continuously.
1
(To
be
continued)
THE HOW AND WHY OF RADIO

APPARATUS.

neutralize the other and minimum inductance will be had in the instrument. Theoretically considered, if coil "A" produced
a magnetic flux density of 1,000 gausses
per square centimeter of core section, then
if this was opposed by 1,000 gausses of flux
per square centimeter, of opposite polarity,
the resultant magnetic flux, reacting on the
coils will be zero. If the flux of 1.000
gausses per square centimeter of coil "A"
is aided by the like flux due to coil "B."
then the resultant flux acting on the coils
will be 2,000 gausses per square centimeter.
(For calculating the inductance of both
long and short single layer as well as multi layer radio coils, reference should be made
to the March, April and September, 1917
issues of the ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER.
containing Parts I, II and III of a complete
series on the "Calculation and Measurement
of Inductance." See also "Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony eland- book,' by Dr.
W. H. Eccles; "The Calculation and Measurement of Inductance and Capacity." by
W. H. Nottage, B. Sc.; Bulletin of the
Bureau of Standards, Vol. Vile, No. 1,
page 64, for formulae covering the calculation of self as well as mutual inductance.]
Fig. 5 shows how the so-called loose
coupler transfers the antenna circuit oscillations to the detector circuit by electromagnetic induction. The farther the secondary toil is separated from the primary
Vole
benefit by
the smaller the number of flux lines linking

the secondary turns, and the less the mutual
induction between the coils. With the secondary coil all the way within the primary,
the strongest signals will be heard usually,
but owing to interference from other stations, static, etc., it is often found in practise that the signals are heard best with
a relatively loose coupling, or with the
secondary considerably removed from the
primary. At the Sayville, L. 1., station,
signals from Germany have been received
with 2 to 4 foot of coupling separating the
primary and secondary. The coupler coils
were quite large of course, or about 20
inches long. The September, 1917 issue of
the ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER contained
the rules and formulae for designing both
large and small loose couplers.
729
383
Experiments
For Every Student in One Year
Ws train you to construct. Install and otserste actual electrical Instrumenu and ap- our
paratus of every kind. %, day Instruction In-rooms sod
completely e0ulpp,d laboratories and class
Courses:
V, day work In leading electrical connote.
En-year Praelleal Electricity: 2-year Commercial
Our Shen
gineering: 3.year Electrical Engineering.
drafted.
Trade Course ginN you big advantage It you re
Time
Additional quarter.. enlarged taculty. Enter Any
Write for free Illustrated catalog. Stmuoo ace. education end cosine Interested in.
1
ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF
25.373 Broadway
OF
Milwaukee.
Loose couplers, as well as tuning coils,

Build Your Own PHONOGRAPH
variometers, etc., should preferably always
It's Easy B t.- Our fo
to
wave
lengths
be designed to handle the
SAVE
r n w es
w hu
A
wane many dollar.
be tuned in. If the range of frequency is
OVER
a t>
suss a machine
quite large then two loose couplers forms
a
suit sour Weak
HALF
inn, arms. ease
ni
the best solution of the problem; a small
and e ll
prints
bloc
(oriel.
one for short and medium wave lengths and
any pro.
instructions. Plk>e tine
pro.
can teak
con
a large one for higher wave lengths. Loadfit building Ibonoarxphx for
snot
ing coils, generally speaking, are a source
Write Today for our Free ntue
of loss and are to be avoided. They offer
wanted
Faint
our ready built Chord
considerable resistance to the weak antenna
currents and cannot transfer energy to the
CHORALEON CO.
detector circuit, except indirectly, such as
7112 Monger BMQ., Elkhad, Ind.
by bringing the aerial or open oscillating
circuit into resonance with the incoming
wave. This, of course, causes a maximum
flow of energy thru the antenna circuit.
$1.50
By Philip E. Edelman
which, under many conditions, will effect
256 pages, fully
-the science wonderbook,
llludrated. osertloscs with the latest and
a sufficient transfer of energy to the debest in "Stunts." "How to Stake It.'
tector circuit to operate the responsive de"Chemistry. Electricity. Mechanics." etc
Ed9man'r 'I:rperimrnfet Wireless 8fa
vices therein. This explains why the erstfiver."
pare Edition to the farorffe
aderwhile Radio Amateur was forever buildin training romps and wherever
etondatle complete modern radio Informaing gigantic loading coils. He had found
tion u onfrdmirk
51.50.
Bath books prePoid. gaoranfctd. only 52.85.
that his fellow "Radio -bug" could hear
P. EDELMAN. Pub.
"Nauen" or "Honolulu" on his receiving
St. Pant, Minn.
1802 Hague Ave..
set consisting of an 800 meter loose coupler
coupled up with a loader made of a cardboard tube 9 feet long, wound with a mile
or so of No. 36 silk covered magnet wire.
BIG 300 pp. ELECTRICAL
He heard these far distant stations not beand WIRELESS CATALOG
cause of good tuning conditions but rather
Stalled upon receipt of So in stamps
or coin which may be deducted m
in spite of poor tuning; this was often due
first dollar purchase. Catalog conalso to the superior sensitivity of the Audion
tains 100 paces of wireless lustru
melts end 140 pages of electrical
or other amplifier used, over which he exsupplies. No bracer or better values
are obtainable elsewhere. We hare
ercised no control.
a complete strick of mulleins Dated
that
for
This argument is the same as
Wireless orders
In this catalog.
promptly ailed.
a
charging 6 volt storage batteries with
THE
WILLIAM
B. DUCK CO.
bank of lamps (or a rheostat) from a 110
Toledo. Ohio
230.232 Superior St.
volt circuit. If you are going to charge
the 6 volt battery in that way, well and
MUSICAL KAZOO MAGIC FLUTE
good; but don't forget that the energy
t
to
7.?:: :V:l
Wadden, Sweet
expended in lighting up the bank of lamp;
Timed and Matitil
is forever wasted and it does the battery
Isy,orn.,11. N. wen
.5v;."a
.,
no good whatever. The moral is-use a
neeter
wn
dnn. PwA ad Jdr.
"P.M
'nNMrr.
Itwn. r.n
low- voltage charging dynamo, driven by a
twln. e.:dn..annwt.wa. t
.n
el
t.
e. ue.MUn.swwr.rrn a
Stay
se
well
deor
a
wheel
or
small
engine,
water
uwuwi if.d;,w I5c
s.r.r,,.,1a
Mw. tlni. w dnee
,i eau* ti,ne-In fort. ow new a
signed rectifier if alternating current is
Mena
e..
wuw :
available. Likewise. if long waves are to
tempt"
r" Wnt-W.
ne,
ie
r e
dh.tt:
west n d...n,.. whet
he tuned in, use a large enough loose coup,nM,ev
.'.Triip
:e :roe
nee .weu l.:ieneeb,s. R Ike. N.
ler and put all of the energy to work. For
JOHNSON SMITH & CO., Deld. 921.51 W. lake Si.. CHICAGO
short or medium ranges, a loading coil is
often satisfactory because of the superior
strength of signal received.
Convert Your Bicycle Into a Motor -Cycle
Diagrams Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9 illustrate
We sell your the motor complete
four of the principal tuning schemes in use
or furnish you with the finished
to -day for receiving radio signals, Figs.
parts from which you can build
the motor yourself with few toots.
6 and 7 for the reception of damped waves
We send you the printed Instrucand Figs. 8 and 9 for interpreting undamped
tions with blue prints of the drawings for 8.25 or
wave signals, such as sent out by stations
full particulars for 3 -cent stamp.
employing the Paulsen arc or a Goldschmidt
STEFFEY MFG. CO., 5025 Brown St. Phila.. Pa.
(or Alexanderson) radio frequency alternator.
Fig. 6 outlines the connection of the MarMAKE YOUR OWN GENERATOR !
coni magnetic detector. It is tuned in either
We hare n complete tine of sturdy efficient
by a tuning coil in series with the aerial or it
generators and alternators iron 100 lo 1000
may be connected in the secondary circuit
watts. We furnish these complete, or parts furnished ready to assemble with wire and Instrucof a loose coupler. It is connected in the
tions to wind. Send for catalogue.
tertiary circuit of the Marconi multiple
ALL AT FACTORY PRICES.
tuner, the fixt or blocking condenser being
variable and the tertiary winding of low
BERGMANN MOTOR MORNS, 1283 NIAGARA SI., RI AU, N. Y.
mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.
"Experiments"
22
!-
DUCK'S
::
,,.
awn
'
February, 1918
730
ad this
emarkable Offer!
,..
,i,
1:,
;!
,,,....-=
- ' CPERlti1ENTAi.
E
=
=l
,LEc.uaRSTY
,_
I
I
,
i,,
I;
/0
=_rcR:v:seneK
-e
MINI
THIRD
10.000
',i
This masterp ece contains 160 pages. 400 illustrations.

Size of book 5 "x9 ". Printed on extra thin paper, so book
can be slipped in pocket. Handsome stiff cloth cover.
FREE with a year's subscription.
The most comprehensive Wireless Course ever printed.

Contains 160 pages. 350 illustrations. Size of book
Very fine flexible linen cover.
6%2" x 9 ".
FREE with a year's subscription.
This is a very limited offer. It may be withdrawn at any time, due to the
tremendous cost of paper, which IS JUST DOUBLE WHAT IT WAS ONE
YEAR AGO. We only have about 2000 each of these fine books on hand;
after they are gone we cannot reprint the books until conditions become
Now is
THIS MAY BE TWO YEARS OR MORE.
normal again.
your chance.
The publishers of this journal have earned an enviable reputation of giving
more than 100 cents' worth for each dollar spent with them. Profit
by this liberal opportunity NOW; it may never be made again.
HERE'S THE OFFER
S\
Re Electrical
Experimenter
Subscribe to THE ELECTRICA L EXPERIMENTER for one year,

at the regular subscription p rice of $1.50 per year (Canada.
foreign and N. Y. C. $2.0 0) and we will send you FREE,
2.1.
POSTPAID, either one of the above books. If you sub Oenuemen:
. ,.
scribe for two years, BOTH BOOKS WILL BE GIVEN
Please enter
FREE, POSTPAID
X74
subsenption
my
If you area sub, scriber at present, take advantage
7'Ril'AL
EXPEERI.
`S'
SIENTER for
of this woods rful opportunity anyway. If you
term of......roer
do, we wil extend your present subscripfor which 1 enclose herefion for one year.
\/w
`F
tb
with
You
will
.o
\L
`
also send me at once
FREE ereysld your.....book....
,`
This Offer Limited.
`
,C)
Name
Address
on bench: by
Act Now.
EXPERIMENTER PUB. CO.,
.223
FULTON STREET
NEW YORK CITY
12 copies of THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER make e book 9" x 12" and 4" thick.
This book will weigh 7 lbs. It is the gres est
Electrical and Wireless reference $1.50
work in the world. And all tor
mentioning the ''Electrical Expernnentrr" nhen reciting to advertisers.
THE HOW AND WHY OF RADIO

APPARATUS.
(Continued from park 729)

resistance; i. e., wound with relatively
coarse wire. Low resistance 'phones (7580 ohms each) are used with this detector.
Fig. 7 is the hook -up for a standard
damped wave Audion receptor. The loose
coupler secondary should have high resistance; i. e., many turns of fine wire, so as
to give a relatively high potential, as this
detector is a potentially operated type. It
is remarkably sensitive and many times
more efficient than any form of crystal detector. High resistance 'phones are used
with this layout of apparatus, and the battery polarities should be watched carefully.
Diagram Fig. 8 shows how the Poulsen
tikker should be hooked up for receiving undamped wave signals. In one instance,
cited by deForest, the tikker (interrupter)
made from 150 to 200 breaks per second
(tire tone is regulated by the tikker speed)
the 'phones comprising two ordinary 75
ohm receivers in series were shunted by a
paper and tinfoil condenser of .02 micro farad. The same authority also found that
a crystal detector could be used, as shown
in diagram, if desired, but that while it
raised the pitch of the incoming signals,
it also reduced the strength of the signals
on long ranges. A buzzer or gold wire
tikker is indicated here, but the Poulsen
stations now use a rotary wheel tikker,
driven by a motor. A light spring wire
brush rests in a groove filed in the perifery of the revolving disc. The action of
the tikker is to allow the radio frequency
energy to pile up in the large capacity connected across the secondary of the loose
coupler ; this periodically discharges into
the condenser connected across the 'phones
and which capacity in turn discharges thru
the 'phones.
Diagram Fig. 9 shows a regenerative
hook-up for a single Audion. whereby
damped as well as undamped signals can
be received. The November, 1915, issue
of this journal contained full details of
this interesting circuit and the work accomplisht with it.
The layout in Fig. 9 consists virtually of
a loose coupler, primary and secondary
loading coils and three variable condensers
connected to an Armstrong circuit. The
dimensions of the inductance coils are as
follows : Primary of coupler is 10 x S
inches and is wound with No. 22 S. S.; the
secondary is 10 x 4% inches, wound with
No. 28 S. S.; the secondary loading coil SL
while the circuit shown at Fig. 9 is more

or less dependent upon certain critical conditions in the circuit for its successful
operation. The hook -up shown at Fig. 10
is adapted to the reception of undamped as
well as damped (spark) stations.
PHOTOTELEGRAPHY BETWEEN
BERLIN AND CONSTANTINOPLE.
According to the "Annales Iles Postes,

Tlgraphes et Tlphones," Dr. Korn proposes to introduce his system for the telegraphic transmission of pictures on the
Berlin - Vienna - Sophia - Constantinople Bagdad route. For this purpose either
telegraphic or telephonic connections could
be utilized. So far as telephone connections are concerned, one could conceive sta-
tion, at Vienna and Budapest in connec-
tion with Berlin. the lines being occupied

for a quarter of an hour only. In these
circumstance, pictures of an event taking
place in the afternoon could appear the next
day in the Vienna journals. Transmission
for longer distances (e.g., from Berlin to
Constantinople) would involve the use of
telegraphic lines, which would enable an
ordinary photograph to be transmitted in
about an hour. The chief expense involved
is the occupation of telegraph and telephone lines between such distances, but it
is thotrght that the Governments of the
four countries concerned might grant very
moderate rates if the lines were only used
during hours irhen there is little or no
traffic.
Violet Rays
For
Home
Use
Wonderful HEALTH and BEAUTY GIVER

Electricity from your light socket transformed into the
greatest health- giving agency known to Science -VIOLET
RAY -powerfully effective, yet soothing and gentle in
action. Benefits of tremendous voltage of electricity absorbed by the human body without the slightest shock,
muscular contraction or pain of any kind; pleasant and
perfectly safe.
RenuLife Violet Ray

Wonderful
Beautifier
High Frequency Generator
Brings the glow

of healthful
beauty to the
complexion re.
moves blemishes, pimples,
warts, etc.
Used and endorsed by physicians and beauty specialists;

saturates the body with soothing, invigorating. curative
violet rays, producing New Life, Power and Beauty;
purifies the blood stream and brings the circulation to
parts treated. renews and builds up.
Every home should have this mar. relieves the symptoms while
velous invention; benefits every steadily removing the cause,
person in sickness or health: bringing back normal conditions.
smallest infant, aged or feeble.
It isnota cure all -but treats
successfully a wide range of
ailments because it is
systematic in effect-
LOWEST PRICE
3/
inches and wound with No. 30

s. S.. while the wing inductance WI has
No. 30 S. S. for its winding. The capacity
of each condenser is given in the diagram.
An aerial successfully used with this set
measured 600 feet long, the wires starting
10 feet apart and ending 18 inches apart
(fan shaped), the average height being
about 50 feet. \Vitlt this set it was possible
to tune to 4.000 meters without any aerial
inductance coils, and if loading coils are
connected in the circuit it became possible
to receive stations of over 9,000 meters wave
length.
A simple Audion regenerative circuit, especially suitable for amplifying spark signals of wave lengths above 200 meters is
shown in Fig. 10. The additional or tickler
coil is a small auxiliary inductive coupler
and connected as shown. It is used to inter link magnetically the wing and grid circuits.
Remarkable amplification is obtainable with
this scheme. It is being more widely
adopted every day in commercial practise
and many of the Army and Navy receiving
sets are fitted with the tickler coil arrangement. The U. S. Navy specifications call
for it. The superiority of the variable coupling tickler coil is that the device will always respond in a regenerative manner,
is 22 x
73I
February, 1918
Use
At Home
This is the lowest priced, most

effective instrument of its kind
in the world, guaranteed. Price
so low that no family can afford
to lie without it.
Get Book "Health "1 FREE

You can receive Send for our hook'et "Health"
of
telling in detail the wonderful
the benefits in the privacy
your own tonic heretofore only story of the Violet Roy-
Rheumatism
Neuritis
procurable through
costly treatments.
RENULIFE ELECTRIC CO.,
Lumbago
Chest Pains
531 '4
Marquette
Catarrh
Headache
Ear Diseases
Bldg.
Detroit,
Mi(h.
Hardening of Arteries
Wrinkles
Skin Diseases
Falling Hair
Etc. Etc.
WANTED
?len and wo-
men
furnished showing
use
for
over
bet
100
our prows'.
lion.
to
Ionil fndlrldaI, E
week
v wo care
toll tn.treuons.
Treatment Chart
ailments
,rre-
,uurrc
den castrate
doctors
"Electrical Experimenter" alien ;eri ting to ad: cri St
rs.
732
Uncle Sam is a Good Boss
DO YOU
He pays good money and the Jobs are

Pleasant. dignified and good for a lifetime. .,Why not try for a good govern-
ment Job? The examinations are not

hard to pass if you let the international
Correspondence Schools show you how.
Write today for booklet which tells how
hundreds have got positions. Ws free
and without
obligation.
latematlnn.l
Correspondence School
903 .5374 3rrww.. h.
THE MIDGET SLIDE RULE

will add subtract. multiply. divide.
solve problem
e,enthe
not "ls oa even and onalso

Logarithm. of number
"Logo
the"Sines. Cosines /annotate
nn angles.
is
and Co.
operation io very elmt,!. and wile

this in><wment one
eaicty ,hive
is adapted for ,bop moth .5 well e.
maipp
Sere s I-1
3 1 -al.. Pelee. with
InetructIone. 75e. Year mono
bath
f
are
t
tleeed.
GILSON
SLIDE
CO.. Nile.. Idleb.
own a wireless station, either for

sending or receiving? If you do.
don't fail to join the greatest wireless Association in the country:
THE RADIO LEAGUE OF
AMERICA. If you believe in the
preparedness of your country, if you
wish to help Uncle Sam. if you wish to have your station
officially recognized, join the LEAGUE, a national,
Beautiful engraved
non- money- making organization.
and sealed certificate. FREE to all members. NO
DUES OR FEES WHATSOEVER.
Honorary Members: W. H. G. BULLARD, U. S. N.; PROF. REGINALD A.

FESSENDEN; DR. LEE DE FOREST;
DR. NICOLA TESLA.
Send stamp for large 8 -page information booklet.
DO
IT NOW.
Address
233
Fulton St., New York City, N. Y.
Marko Storage Batteries

for all purposes where a high grade storage battery is required
T
r.
Mask 0'qnalily
PAUL M. MARKO & CO.
N 9Y. Depot, 974 8th Ave., N. Y. City
Sterling
Electric tameul.,
Heating Pad
.re..
This
Soul pad helps mile the a.etde.l
refold*. asap reedy.
It le
welcome successor to that disagreeable nuisance. the old. beam.
clumsy, bot water bag which needs moment refilling, may burn or dimcharge scalding water end whin% "cools off" Jut se comfort comes.
The Sterling pad wine Quick friend. by tta good work in all ailing Conditions
benefited by the cootinuous application of heat, auch u aerobia. toothed*
cramps, chills, grippe, pneumonia, insomnia. tnsammetion, backache, neorelgia, rheumatism. poor circulation, and muscular alctlons from foot to
head and from babyhood to old age.
It may be wed anywhere at any time In the borne, betel or hoepttal.
This Sterling pad 1s safe, cannot overheat and Ls made doubly daogerproaf
by two most clever automatic thermoetata Independent of the beating
control.
You can Pay more but you cannot buy more in
Heating pad. Fully
guaranteed.
Free Literature and Special Introductory Offer.
Agents Wanted In All Op.a Territory.
s;
Sr
THE STERLING ELECTRICAL CORPORATION, Chmrb Anse,
Branches In all parts of the world.
Cw. Nest Bab 5bal, Demised, Oka, Ii. S.
Th. Bowe of Taylor
HOTEL MARTINIQUE
BROADWAY.
32D STREET, NEW YORK
One Block from Pennsylvania Station.
Equally Convenient for

Amusements, Shopping or Business.
157 Pleasant Rooms, with Private Bath,
$2.50 PER DAY.
257 Excellent Rooms, with Private Bath,

facing street, southern exposure,
$3.00 PER DAY.
Also Attractive Rooms from $1.50.
400 Baths
The Restaurant Prices Are Most Moderate.
600 Rooms
Tbe reatier5
-4
on the
ocean front
February,
.. L i1-tli^
_
..
I,
Atlantic City's Newest Fire -Proof Hotel

offers unusual attractions during Autumn and Winter
Seasons. Luxurious lobbies, spacious verandas, restful sun
parlors and superb music. A palatial residence for those
seeking rest and recreation.
American and European Plans
Illustrated literature and terms mailed
Garage with accommodations for chauffeurs.
Yon benefit by mentioning the
191 ti
NEW ORCHESTRA PHONOGRAPH

PLAYS 48 RECORDS AT ONCE.
(Continued from page &,2)
ers and thence over a sprocket wheel onto
the take -up drum at the other lower end of
the instrument as shown, which resembles
an organ as far as its outside appearance is
concerned. The sprocket wheel which engages perforations of the film similar to a
motion picture machine and the take -up
drum are driven by belts from an electric
motor mounted directly upon the floor,
with layers of felt placed between to subdue the hum.
Each needle of the various diaframs en-
gages another sound record line and from

each diafram leads a tube or sound -arm
into
a corresponding resonance compartment or horn, these being arranged partly

above and partly below the channel rail. Between the two lower compartments which
house the pay -out and take-up drums a
space is provided for additional reels of
film. A film of 1,500 feet length will play
continuously for more than one hour, as
the film moves only with a speed of 5"
per second.
All diaframs can be lifted simultaneously

with one lever so as to facilitate the insertion of a new film, the first few feet of
which has to be pulled thru the perfectly
smooth channel guide plate and attached

by one end to the take -up drum. Otherwise the position of the various diaframs is
absolutely a fixt one and cannot change
relatively to each other, resting freely upon
the filin with the needle in a certain sound
line. Safhre or diamond needles are used
which do not require changing. As the
film is not elastic and all sound records are
at a certain fixt position to each other, corresponding to the position of the diafram
engaging a particular record line, it is obvious that thus a perfect synchronism is
attained, which never can be disturbed
and the instrument can thus produce all
the various sounds in perfect harmony
with each other.
The action of this device will be understood from the foregoing description. If
for instance the first diafram engages the
first one of the parallel- running sound record lines and the same contains all the
sounds of the first violin of an orchestra
exclusively and no others, we would hear
only a violin solo if all the other sound boxes (diaframs) were lifted from the
film; while we would hear the complete
orchestra playing in perfect harmony if
all the different diaframs are engaging
with their respective needles the various
sound -record lines on the film. It would
not be exactly necessary to use as many independent diaframs as there are instruments actually represented in a particular
orchestra, as for instance all similar instruments producing sound waves of equal or
similar length could be recorded with one
sound record. Only where the variation
in vibrations of a diafram to reproduce
particular sounds is relatively great, would
special sound lines and corresponding diaframs be required. Thus an orchestra of
say about fifty musicians could be perfectly
reproduced with an instrument of this kind,
having, perhaps, only twenty -four sound record lines on the film and twenty-four independent diaframs.
This instrument will, of course, play just

many times louder compared to an ordinary gramophone as it has diaframs, and
the original music will be reproduced with
a surprising perfection; it being difficult to
as
"Electrical Experimenter" tchen writing ta advertisers.
February, 1918
distinguish it from the music of an actual

complete orchestra consisting of many
musicians.
Therefore, this instrument will be excellently suited for motion picture houses,
theatres and music halls without requiring
even the permanent attention of a single
person, except the changing of the film
every hour, which can be done by anybody,
requiring no skill whatever. Just push the
electric button and a complete orchestra
playing whole operas or other selections is
at your service.
the office to relieve his friend Jack Godfrey, who it will be remembered liad joined
the Signal Corps but had not as yet been
called for active service, the latter excitedly handed him two business -like letters
which he stated were left by the mail train
that morning.
"Why," exclaimed Jimmy, as he looked
at the printed matter in the left -hand corner, "what can this mean? Here's one from
the Railroad Company and another from
lust be some misthe \Var Department.
take."
"\\'ell." replied Jack. "there's only one
way to lind out and that is to open them."
Jimmy obediently proceeded to do so, in
the order named and, imagine his delight
and astonishment to read as follows:
HOW JIMMY SAVED THE TROOP

TRAIN.
This done, there remained nothing else
hut to wait. At this point, feverish doubts
began to fill Jimmy's mind. "Would it
work as he thought, or suppose the track
circuit were not in order ?" he questioned
himself again and again, as he laid there
fascinated by the distant headlight of the
oncoming locomotive which loomed larger
and larger.
Then like the shrill scream of an enraged eagle. the whistle of the locomotive
suspended the silence of the night. A cry
came to Jimmy thru the chill night air, for
it meant that the engineer had seen the
signal, brought his train to a standstill and
was now trying to ascertain the cause of
the delay.
The realization that his effort to save the
train had been successful brought on not
only a mental but physical reaction on
Jimmy, who in spite of his brave efforts to
tight against the weakness, promptly fainted.
The sound of voices and the pattering of
many feet were his first recollections on
coming to. Opening his eyes finally, he saw
that he was the center of a khaki -clad
group, one of whom, on seeing his return
to consciousness, stept forward and inquired if it were he who had stopt the
train and why. Whereupon Jimmy explained as briefly as possible how he had
overheard the plot to wreck the train and
the plan by which he had succeeded in setting the signal against the engineer. On
hearing the narrative, those about him were
astounded not only at the narrowness of
their escape from death, but at the quick
wit displayed by Jimmy in thinking of such
a novel plan as the short -circuit idea.
"Young man," spoke up one of them.
whose eagle insigna showed him to be the
colonel in command of the regiment, "what
you have done I consider to be the cleverest bit of ingenuity that I have come
across in a long while. Uncle Sam could
find a good deal of use for one of your
type in the engineer or signal corps. Let
Such work as you
nee have your name.
have performed to -night must not go unrewarded."
In the meantime an investigation had been
made and resulted in the discovery of a
huge quantity of dynamite and nitroglycerine contained in a metallic shaped receptacle so designed that by means of a
protruding lever the whole would be detonated when the same was struck by the
front wheel of a locomotive. No delay was
lost in removing this menace from its dangerous position after which it was placed
temporarily at a safe distance in a field
nearby.
Also in order to apprehend the three
conspirators. a detachment of soldiers was
sent forward and soon afterwards they returned with the culprits in their midst, who
were subsequently handcuffed and placed
in the baggage car with a heavy guard over
them.
One morning, as he carne limping into
Dear Sir:
In recognition of the great service
which you rendered the Company and
the nation as well, in frustrating an
enemy plot to tcreck a troop train which
recently past over our lines, the Board
of Directors in meeting assembled hove
unanimously past a resolution in which
they express the sincere gratitude of
the Company for your brave act.
Furthermore, as a more material expression of appreciation they have
awarded to you the sum of one
thousand dollars, as per enclosed check.
Hoping that you will see fit to accept
this slight testimonial of thanks, I am
Yours very sincerely,
ALMER P. THOMPSON,
President, C. W. R. R. Co.
733
KNAPP,:
uTOGs,fWLT
The Big Power Motor for Boys

A compact, highly effi.
tient reversible motor,
perfect w every detail.

The reducing gear, gas.
ily adjusted, transforms
the high speed to more
power at slower speed.
This motor is guarani
teed by us to be exactly
as represented.
///=
i1
AT ALL LIVE DEALERS

Insist on your dealer showing you the KNAPP line KNAPP goods are twat. If your dealer cannot supply
you, Order [heed.
Seed for FREE Illustrated cat,
logue showing a complete tine of Electrical Simms and
Novelties ranging In price from
1Oc
up.
KNAPP ELECTRIC & NOVELTY CO.

523 West 51st Street, N. Y. City
NEW BOOK ON
SPLICING
ROPE
Useful Knots; Hitches, Splices, etc.
How Different Knots Are Made and WhatThe Are Used For
INDISPENSABLE TO EVERY MECHANIC AND RIGGER
A most practical handbook givPRICE
ing complete and simple direction for making all the most
useful knots, hitches, rig-
20c
ging. splices. etc. Over

100 illostrations. All
about wire rope

attachments.lash.
ine. blocks. tackles.
etc. 37 Heralmr hoot;
Ila l ^,voted:
n seine to..
a
c.
per
bn,ID ,.Fuca 20 canto nostea,d.
,lJOewSOs SMITH a CO., Dear I7/, St W. lake
mest
InstructiveCHARTS
inDruglessHealing
22
Become a Doctor of Chiropractic.

1 home. We train you
by mail or in class. No adanced education necessary.
Uurmethod ma kesevcrything
plain for you. Chiropractors
now in demand. Some of oar
[Stale
E REE!
graduates report making

$2.000 a year or more.
53.000 te 35,000 rear!
too.ean earn s rood te

have your own offices. your
Charte are a
big help in showing
how to make Spinal
ho
me, be
lay.. in
h,
fascinating profession f
drugless beeline
,w wwbicb nt. weirs
boot
t
.nove ro
core
wer.5er.
Adjustment
Ileaarh
Fbics, ose you quickly

enlor offer.
amie o
sae$16. 0 An.
rNery cn,nto
Charts osa gtCon ceof
Pain Area ana Cone.Cchan eyechart' ail]. Tb
an
Apneas,
rit
Constipa
Parole
Constipation
Parolees Nnma..s
outnnu
mla
/Lumbag
Owosso.
Lumbago
write toddaay'.
c t. ate.
OMymSm, Meaiene Earldom pest. Ili Casein, IL
rn. for
AMERICAN
' {\I
fore-
rtu,,t
for-the
Apneas.
So
VOICE THROWER
1` !,earn
to throw your voice into
trunk, under the bed. out in the

hall or anywhere. Lots of FUN
fooling the Teacher, the Janitor,
Policeman or Friends.
THE VENTRILO
is a little instrument that fitsinto

the month out of sight. Bots or Girls
can use it NEVFR FAILS, A 32
page book on Ventriloquism

sent with the \-F. T1111.tf for
7'
Royal Noe. fa.. Dept. os. so. Normalk, et.
35 MILES PER HOUR

Rullt
by
boy
nlehed by U.
Is
Record
nt This
Car
rrem langer Daru fur Any

bard iAla
speed, little
STFBER MFG. CO.

t SG Warren street
TOLEDO. OH10
[THE END)
to
ad. cruisers.
Mau
Patti eery sheep. Road II

rata for Ina. prints sad Wei ass
of paru sae bur new ta Wild
asr.
k
St..
Did Jimmy join?

Well, would a duck swim?
Pou benrt by mentioning the
/.J
;,
KNAPP "LEARNELECTRICS"
War Department
Washington, D. C.
My attention has been called to an

act of yours, by virtue of which a whole
regiment of troops was saved front
possible onnihilation front train wreck
plotted by enemy aliens. I ant further more informed by the colonel in commend of said regiment that in so doing
you displayed a quick -wittedness and
ingenity, the like of which he had
never seen before. The details ore
before me and after a careful perusal
of them, I am led to the sane opinion.
Now it is the purpose of this department to short' in some tray its appreciation of tlic great service which
you have done the nation at large by
saving the lires of those upon whomit depends to make the world free for
democracy. I have information that
you arc at present employed as telegraph operator. which post ought to
make you eligible for enlistment in
either the Engineers or preferably the
Signal Corps. Now, if you con see
your way clear to joining either branch,
this deportment will confer upon you
the rank of First Sergeant and later
that of Second Lieutenant should you
prove your capability in the capacity
first mentioned. You may use this !etter as authority for such rating wh ..n
presenting yourself for examination.
Again thanking you in the nome of
the department for your services and
trusting that it may have further use
of them in the Signal Corps, I remain
Yours very truly,
N. D. BAKER,
Secretory of IVar.
Janes Hanlon, Esq.,
Vinslow, Po.
00
Complete Electrical & Experimental Laboratory

32.75
-11y
Sir:
LEADER
ear.
i 34
February,
Electric Columbia Grafonolas

at $135, $145, $185 and $240
"That's the instrument I want"

Some such remark as this will pass your lips when you hear for
the first time an electrically equipped Columbia. And you will
not rest easy until you own one.
No winding necessary. The electric motor of the Columbia is a marvel of silence and
smoothness. It is actually a part of the instrument and all the electric equipment is contained within the instrument.
It operates perfectly on any standard direct or alternating current. Just insert the customary plug into an electric light socket.
Music by electricity is rapidly growing in favor. Step into any store where Columbia
Grafonolas are sold and listen to the Columbia Electric Grafonola. We repeat -you
will not rest easy until you own one.
Columbia Electric Grafonola 225 E Price $240.
Cabinet of mahogany, satin walnut, or quartered oak in all finishes. 493A inches high on
casters, and 22% x 24 inches. All exposed metal parts heavily plated in 18 karat gold.
Ample record storage room.
COLUMBIA GRAPHOPHONE COMPANY, NEW YORK
Columbia
Grafonola
"Electrical Experimenter" hcn writing
to
adartirers.
9 8
I
I9 I8
February,
735
Opportunity Exchange
in 4/country.
Most good things in
be the real loser if you don't take the
time to scan through these columns.
Advertisements in this section six cents a word for each insertion. Count 7 words per line.
Name and address must he included at the above rate. Cash should accompany all classified advertisements unless pla <rd by an arcredtted
advertising agency.
Ten per cent. discount for 6 issues. 20 per cent. discount for 12 issues from above rate. Objectionable nr misleading adsrrt1., ,ors not
will probably find more opportunities and real bargains in these columns than anywhere else
11OU
life are hard to find and worth going sfter -these little ads illustrate that point; you alone will
accepted.
Adverti sement, for the March issue should reach us not later than January 23.
OVER 90,000 PEOPLE READ THIS JOURNAL
EXPERIMENTER PUBLISHING CO., INC., 233 Fulton Street, New York.
DO YOU
AERONAUTICS
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
AERIAL AGE, America's leading illustrated

weekly, presents the latest developments in aeronauUp to the minute
tics throughout the world.
technical information concerning aero engines, aeroplanes, accessories and patents. Complete model
Trial subscription six
news and instruction.
months, twenty -six issues, one dollar. Sample cop
IOe.
Aerial Age, 280 Madison Ave., New York
City. N. Y.
SPECIAL OFFER- Luminous Paint, 15e; Silver-plating Powder, 15e; Liquid Courtplaster, 15e;
Soap Bubble Liquid. Ile: Straw Hat Bleach, 15e;
Collapsible Tube Tooth Paste 15e; Resilvering Mirr
ror Liquid, 15e; Polish for 'Ian
Shoes, 15e; Dress.
ing for Tan Shoes, 15c; Paint to Make Oil Cloth
AUCTIONS
CI1E\tICALS
AUCTIONEERS make from
$10 to $50 a day.
Missouri Auction School, Kansas
Free catalog.
City.
BOOKS
Read the
TO GET BETTER PICTURES:
Amateur Photographer's Weekly; illustrated; weekly prize competitions; print criticisms; many unique
features; $1.50 per year; three months' trial subscription 25e.; Abel Publishing Company. 401
Caxton Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio.
30
NI
A(;AZINES-All different, late
Yours. nnly 25e

Value $3.
Bureau, New Egypt, N. J.
500
prepaid.
issues.
Eastern
WAYS TO MAKE MONEY -Vest pocket

Distributing Agency.
edition.
30e per copy.
Marshalltown, Iowa.
10,000 Scientific Formulas, the secrets of all

modern industries, alphabetically arranged in 800
page volume. Price $3. Large descriptive circular
on request. Alfred Claus Company, 1864 Harman
St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
A BINDER for THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER will preserve your copies for all time.
Price. 50c. Postage on 3 lbs. is extra. Send for
Experimenter Publishing Co., 233 Ful-
one today.
ton St., New York City.
FIRE
SALE
OF
SLIGHTLY
DAMAGED
BOOKS. Due to fire in our stock rooms, a great

many of our books were water stained. but not
otherwise damaged. Rather than dispose of them
to dealers we prefer to give our readers the benefit. Look at this list) Our celebrated Wireless
Course, 160 pages, 400 illustrations; Experimental
Electricity Course, 160 pages, 350 illustrations; How
to Make Wireless Sending Instruments.
These
three hooks for $1.00 prepaid.
Regular selling
price of these three books is $2.50. We guarantee
you will be satisfied. Experimenter Publishing Co.,
Inc., 233 Fulton St., New York City.
OLD E.E. BACK NUMBERS -We have some
valuable old E.E. back numbers on hand as per
list below:
1915.
Jan. ....price earls $.35

March .... .."
"
"
..
nnt ....
Mpay
,.
Sept.
....price each
Nov.
.... "..
....
Dee.
"..
"..
June
.
5.20
August ...
....
Sept.
...
May....
April
uly
1916.
an
....
5.35
"
"
May ....
fune .... "
July .... "
August .. "
..
fill
"
"
"
MINERAL SAMPLE with instruction
sheet for
testing, five cents. Clarence Appel, Mathews Ave.,
Knoxville, Pittsburgh, Pa.
APPARATUS
AND
ANA-
LAZED CHEMICALS -For February: Funnels,

19c; Test Tubes 6 x
3e.
Flasks R oz., 24c.
Klaus,
Complete list, 5c.
$3 orders postpaid.
Eureka, Ill.
NIIIIIIIIII9IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIBIIf11111111111111IIIilillllll!
111111111
P111!IUIIIIIIIIIIl9IIIIII!InInIIIIIL
Marks Ave.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Tite Experimenter Publishing Co.,
233 Fulton St.,
New York City.
Gentlemen:
The advertising columns in the
"E. E." certainly bring excellent resuits. I have sold 250 spark coils
and orders are coming in at the rate
of 10 a day, all resulting front one
insertion in the classified columns of
1520 St.
=_
the E. E.
J would highly recommend titis

paper as at advertising medium to
those who desire to trade or sell.
Respectfully yours,
J. EISGRAN.
I:ICi ln
"..
"
"
"
....
Sept.....
Nov.
1)ec.
le
.... ".,
....
1918
"
"
if
.15
.15
HELP WANTED
$100 month.
Rapid increase. Short hours. Plea.
sant work. Vacation with pay. Pull unnecessary.
Examinations everywhere.
Common education
sufficient.
List positions free. Write immediately.
Franklin Institute, Dept. L.27, Rochester, N. Y.
MISCELLANEOUS
"
your
you have not these numbers al.

ready now is your chance to get them as they
probably will be snapped up very quickly.
Ex.
perimenter Publishing Co., 233 Fulton St., New
York City.
WE HAVE a limited number of beautiful art
pictures of the following famous electrical men on
hand. Nikola Tesla. Dr. Lee De Forest, Guglielmo
for any laboratory or workshop and should be

prominently displayed.
Price for five, prepaid,
25e. Experimenter Pub. Co.. 233 Fulton St., New
York City.
BIG
IF YOU KNEW what satisfaction and pleasure

you could derive from my Magnetic Star Pointer,
you would surely send for it at once.
It is a
most scientific instrument and an ornament to
any home or place. Price $1.75. C. Engel, 217
E. 25th St., New York, N. Y.
BARGAIN
IN
TENNIS
RACKETS
tVe have a small supply of Tennis Rackets, made

by one of the largest firms in the country, on band
which we will close out at the following prices:
No. 2375-Extra best Tennis Racket, $5 grade, air
dried ash, popular long oval form, concave walnut
wedge, superior quality of gut; each, $2.75.
No. 2377-First grade Tennis Racket, second
growth ash, walnut and maple throat. very good
grade of gut; handle of cedar with leather cap; a
$3.25 grade: each $1.85.
No. 2376 -Medium grade Tennis Racket made of
the same stock as No. 2377 except the gut. A perfeet $2.25 grade. Ideal for beginners. Each $1.35.
Shipping weight of each size two pounds. Send
for one today. Our stock is limited and policy is:
"First Come, First Served." Don't forget to inelude money for postage, or we ship express collect.
The Electro Importing Co., 233 Fulton St., New
York City.
PATENT ATTORNEYS
YOUR IDEA WANTED. PATENT YOUR
INVENTION. I'll help you market it. Send for
4 free books, list of patent buyers, hundreds of
ideas wanted, etc. Advice free.
Patents adver
tised free. RICHARD B. OWEN, Patent Lawyer.
130 Owen Bldg., Washington, D. C., or 2278 T
Woolworth Bldg., New York.
INVENTIONS WANTED!
Manufacturers
constantly writing us for patents. List of inventions actually requested and book "How to Ob
tain a Patent" sent free. Send rough sketch for
free report regarding patentability.
Special as.
sistanee given our clients in selling patents. \\'rite
for details of interest to every inventor. Chaodlee
Chandlee, Patent Attorneys, Est. 21 years. .551
7th St.. \1'ashington, D. C.
PATENTS -Without advance attorney's fees.
Not due until patent allowed. Send sketch for
free report.
Books free.
Frank Fuller, Wash.
ington, D. C.
&
PATENTS ON EAS\- PAYMENTS-Send

Search and Certified
Registration of Your Invention for Your Protection. Free Book Tells What to Invent and How
to Obtain a Patent on Easy Payments.
Liberty
Ronds Accepted.
Hines & Co., 593 Loan & Trust
Bldg., Washington, D. C.
model or sketch for Free
PHONOGRAPHS
lnl.
THOUSANDS GOVERNMENT WAR POSITIONS OPEN to men and women, 18 or over,
orders at once upon receipt of
remittance and
York City.
to advertise the purest chemicals manufactured.

Full list sent free upon reottest. Sent prepaid to
any address in the world, $4 complete. C. O. D.
terms accepted. The Swimmer Chemical Co., 1904
Park Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.
March ....
June
\Ve can
DIFFERENT CHEMICALS, $4.00
LABORATORY
\\'ANT TO TRADE AN1'TIIIXt;
will huy or sell. Send 25e in coin or stamps

and a list of things you have to sell or trade
State lowest cash price. Also send list of things
you want. A. \V. Fields, San Angelo, Texas.
FOR SALE-Complete course in Hypnotism,
cost $12, and 2,000 pencils, various kinds. Make
offer. Theo. Getzler, 60 East 120th Street, New
Marconi, Charles P. Steinmetz and Reginald A

Fessenden.
These make a handsome decoration
-Mercury, Sodium, Iodine, Magnesium, Aluminum,

Uranyl- Chloride, Silver Nitrate, Mercuric-Oxide,
Zinc (lust, lodoform, Manganese Dioxide, Calcium
Sulphide, Hydrochloric, Oxalic and Acetic Acids
together with 65 others. All are contained in glass
bottles. Generous quantities of each. We do this
-59111m1111!IVIIU1m11991919I1I11II19n11I1m1I91IIlIUU19199161.
1917.
July ..
March
$.35
Full
15e.
Full Directions how to make and use.
of 10 only 50e. Remarkable bargain. Stamps
accepted. Sidney Specialty Co.. 233 S. Fulton St.,
New York City.
80
set
PREPAID
N.
BUILD YOUR OWN PHONOGRAPHS
and
manufacture them for profit.

Drawing, Instructions, Parta, Price List, Blue Print. etc., complete.
sent free upon request.
Write today. Associated
Phonograph Co., Dept. E.1, Cincinnati.
l'RINTING
YOUR CARI) IS A PERSONAL INTRODUC.
TION-50 printed with card case included. 30
cents. llurdock, 1050 Lawrence Ave.. Chicago.
YOUR name on fifty "Styloprint cards,' 35c.
Imprimatur Press, Waltham.
Card case FREE.
31
ass.
STAMPS
STAMPS -61, all different, free. Postage 3e.
Mention paper. Quaker Stamp Co.. Toledo, Ohio.
STAMPS -100 different U. S. 7e nr 100 different
foreign. 12e.
A. J. laneeek, 3603 Clark Ave..
Cleveland, Ohio.
The Classified Columns of the "Electrical E.rperimentrr" Bring Positive Results.
736
TELEGRAPH Y
TELEGRAPHY-both MORSE AND WIRE.

LESS, also STATION AGENCY, taught quickly.
TREMENDOUS DEMAND-much greater than
supply -PERMANENT POSITIONS SECURED.
BIG SALARIES
recently raised.
IDEAL
WORKING CONDITIONS -short hours, vacations with pay, sick and death benefits, etc.-prevailing. GREAT OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVANCEMENT. WOMEN OPERATORS also
greatly desired by Railways and Western Union.
Tuition reasonable. Cheap living expenses-can
be earned. Oldest and largest school -established
43 years.
Endorsed by railway, Western Union
and Marconi Telegraph Officials. Large illustrated
catalogues free.
Correspondence courses also.
Write today. ENROLL IMMEDIATELY. Dodge's
Institute, Lone St., Valparaiso, Indiana.
February,
1918
WIRELESS
LEARN \VIRELESS -SERVE YOUR COUN

TRY: 100,000 radio operators needed in Signal
Corps, Navy, battleplanes, and merchant marine.
GRACELAND COLLEGE, officially recognized by
U. S. Government as a RADIO OPERATORS'
TRAINING SCHOOL. offers an EIGHTEEN
WEEKS INTENSIVE COURSE which prepares
men with common school education for positions as
skilled radio operators. GRADUATES GUARANTEED POSITIONS,
War Department urges
REGISTERED MEN to learn wireless; position in
Signal Corps assured. Send today for free illus.
trated catalog. WIRELESS TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT. GRACELAND COLLEGE, Lamoni,
BEFORE BUILDING that receiving set get our

circular on perfectly designed switches and switch
points.
Hard rubber knobs used exclusively.
Eureka Secondary Co., 6939 S. May St., Chicago,
III.
SPECIAL SALE
High Frequency Transformers "Oudin Style,"
complete, prepaid, $4.50. J. C. Swimmer, 1904
Park Pl., Brooklyn. N. Y.
HAMS! Have 87 Navy Transformers (5a) $10

each, 100 Sayville $12 Gays, at $7. Other like
bargains. Send for list J. S. Brown, Main St.,
Menominee, Mich.
Iowa.
SELLING ENTIRE STOCK -HALF PRICE!

Bulletins 3c. SO- RA -LA, 102 Health, Somer-
ville, Mass.
Scientific Exchange Columns
you have at the present time some things for which you have
UNDOUBTEDLY
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Bring Positive Results.
Subscribers experiencing trouble in dealing with
any advertiser should notify the publisher very promptly.
OVER 90,000 PEOPLE READ THIS JOURNAL
I HAVE -5, 1000 ft. reels moving picture film

for $2.25 reel. All for $10, or Rotary Gap or
Transformer; y" coil, $1.50. R. P. Hanger, 353
Sherwood Ave., Staunton, Va.
EXCHANGE-Fifty Boy's books for E. 1 Co's

'4 K.W. Transformer Coil in good condition. t;.
Patchen, 13 Central Park W., New York City.
HYDROMETER- -Tycos make, corrected, with
certificate. 80 to 120 degrees. Cost $3. Never been
used. $1.75 postpaid. J. W. Weldon, 5724 Mont.
gall, Kansas City, Mo.
NE1V COLBY TUNER, with switches, $5: will
trade for 3000 Holtzer -Cabot receivers. Merrill
Rose, Oneida. N. Y.
PHOTOGRAPHY
GOODS WANTED -Have

high -class magical goods to exchange, no toys, all
professional goods. Studio goods preferred. C. O.
Lorenze, 2502 Proctor St., Port Arthur, Texas.
EXCHANGE -An excellent hunch of electrical

engineering books for modern type firearms. Frank
Utley, Macomb, Ill.
SELL
EXCHANGE-Large variety of
switches. etc.
Write enclosing stamp.
Perry
Crawford, 13 Len Broech Street, Albany. N. Y.
OR
FOR SALE -An astronomical telescbpe that

tually shows things-no toy -75 diameters. acA
sure enough find for $18, or have you a flexible
transformer. Ask M. E. Everson about it. Neligh,
Neb.
SELL -Two new Electron Relays, each

new Tigerman Detecto-Amplifier, cost $7, sell $2.75;
$3.50;
O" Crystaloi, $2; two new Lenzites, each $3.
Everything unused.
Brainerd Stratton. Oneida.
.
FOR SALE -Four Meccano sets worth $12.

First $8 takes them. Geo. Milne. 142 Totowa Rd..
Paterson. N. J.
WANTED- Electrical and chemical apparatus.
All answered.
Box 255, North Bennington, Vt.
fflowmAmW '7q!mGlmlil"i''ml'm,irimll wn? mulE9EG9II ,'mllillMmMlllmi!fJtiIIAImIIsi
"WANT TO SWAP"?
a
Do you realize that these "Scientific ISc

change Columns" are the W'orld's most re.
owned "Swap" market? "THE ELEC.
TRICAL EXPERIMENTER" prints 90,000

copies of this issue; that means that at
least 180,000 readers see this page and
probably a great many more. Our readers
who advertise bere seldom advertise the
same thing twice-usually within five days
after the Issue is out the advertised article
has been sold, or swapped. The many
= menials which we print bere from timeteedto
time are ample proof of the almost miraculous pulling power of these columns.
Look around in your attic or workshop
w and you will find dozens of long forgotten
articles, useless to you now, but very use ful to someone else. At a ridiculously low
;_ cost you can either sell or swap such articles.
Aod remember this fact; The U. S. Postal
Laws protect you. No one can "do" or
cheat you. Of 3,495 "ads" published in
these columns during the past five years,
only twelve complaints were reported to us,
a d each and every one was adjusted to
the full satisfaction of the complainant.
It matters not if you have old books or M
magazines, a kodak, electrical or chemical v_
apparatus, scientific instruments, bicycles, i?
typewriters, moving picture machines, air
rifles watches, structural toys, etc., etc.
All these and countless others can be speed- 74
ily disposed of here. Try it and be con- w
venced.
SMMMIIMIXIII
MAIIAISENIIMMI1N111117YmI1M8182110111M111121
The ad I had in your magazine some

time ago brought me 122 different answers;
they came from all over the United States
and even from Canada. The advertising
columns in your magazine are the BEST I
ever used. I obtained splendid results for
such
small ad.
Yours very truly,

LOUIS E. KRIEG,
134 North School Street, Gloversville, N. Y.
ll
BARGAIN- Superior Phones, Detector, Tuning

Write Jno.
Coil.
B. Craven, Lexington, N. C.
BOOKS= I.C.S. Elements of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. Vols. I 2, 4, 7. Like new.
$6. Ralph Leffler, Tiffin, Ohio.
Ler,
EXCHANGE for motorcycle, 1, 3 H.P. Ferro

outboard engine ran 100 miles. 1, 25 -20 Winchester
repeater, 1, 30 calibre standard automatic high grade rifle gun, never used. I. 13. Terry, General
Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.
HAVE four large Spark Coils, two l K.W.

transformer coils and other instruments.
Cash or
exchange. Chas. Reidinger, 4317 Howlett
Ave.,
Cleveland, Ohio.
I'LL exchange up -to -date radio apparatus for

military wrist watch; ANSCO vest pocket camera. PRAY, 102 Heath, Somerville,
Mass.
high -grade
Two 6x10 hand printing presses

and $18;
also type, rules, etc. Have a lot $12
of mail -order
literature $5. Write your wants. Alderman,
174
Plymouth St.. New Haven, Conn.
-I.
FOR SALE
C. S. Auto Running Course.
vol. in excellent condition.
First $10 takes it.
Also $10 Premo Camera for $5. L. Barger,
Peek.
skill, N. Y.
2
EXCHANGE -_40 Electric vacuum cleaner best

condition. Want, motor wheel or gasoline engine
or make offer. Charles Harding, 2 Rawson Ave.,
Newburyport, Mass.
FOR SALE CHEAP- Brandes 2000 ohm phones;
Amco loading coil; Galena Detector; 1000
ohm
Receiver: 800 M. Coupler; 4 K.W.

Switch;
Universal Motor; 1 K.W. OscillationAerial
transformer;
K.B. Preventer; Electrolytic Interrupter.
other supplies, as switches and keys. MakeAlso
an offer. James Green, Jr., Orangeburg, S. C. me
BARGAIN -H K. W. old type Tbordarson
Transformer, 25 Cycle, 110 V.A.C. Perfect
dition. $10. Rife Baxtresser, 65 Seneca St., conButfalo. N. Y.
WANTED-Volume 1 (year 1913) and Nos. 2

3 of Volume 3 (year 1915) of "Proceedings
of
the Institute of Radio Engineers ". Write, stating
price, to Corporal G. Israel, 8 Genie TSF La
and
Couronne (Charente), France.

WANTED -Copy of book "Michael Faraday,
Life and Work" by Sylvanus Thompson. Also His
an
obmeter of the Roller -Smith type or a 1Vbeatstone
bridge; must be in first -class condition, and include
BARGAIN-Motorcycle engine, $15. J. Liese,
galvanometer. H. W. Secor, c/o ELzerxtcAL Ex234 Seeley, Chicago, Ill.
ererMrNTra, 233 Fulton St., New York City.
You benefit by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing
to advertisers.
EVEREADY AUTO -PED; Al; swap for 1916

Light Excelsior 2 -speed or $40. Frank Weil,
New
Canaan, Conn.
;
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brushes. etc.
349 rates. 394 illustrations.

Motor
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rrtnctrles- armature reaction- t..otor starting
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Gravitation and Electricity

our issue of October, 1916, we mentioned editorially that gravitation was an

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