Scribd
Upload
75 views3 pages

Aves Means Birds

The document discusses several key points about different classes of vertebrates: - Class Aves are birds, which have feathers, wings, and most can fly. Their skin is covered in feathers for protection, warmth, and flight. They have two types of feathers. - Class Amphibia are amphibious animals that have moist skin, lungs and gills, lay eggs in water, and undergo metamorphosis. - Class Reptilia includes over 7,000 living species like turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles. Most live on land and have scales, two pairs of legs, and three-chambered hearts. - Class Mammalia feed their

Uploaded by

kaedelarosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
75 views3 pages

Aves Means Birds

The document discusses several key points about different classes of vertebrates: - Class Aves are birds, which have feathers, wings, and most can fly. Their skin is covered in feathers for protection, warmth, and flight. They have two types of feathers. - Class Amphibia are amphibious animals that have moist skin, lungs and gills, lay eggs in water, and undergo metamorphosis. - Class Reptilia includes over 7,000 living species like turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles. Most live on land and have scales, two pairs of legs, and three-chambered hearts. - Class Mammalia feed their

Uploaded by

kaedelarosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

iv.

Class Aves
Aves means birds.
It is the class of animals that have backbones and
feathers
Birds also have wings, and most of them can fly (e.g.
penguin)
Integumentary system
Thin skin (epidermis and dermis) is covered with
feathers
Feathers protect their body, keep them warm, and
help them to fly.
Two types of feathers
1. Contour feather - provide the lifting
force and balance needed for flight
2. Down feather - trap air close to the
body and keep the bird warm
Power Dow - found on ducks and
other birds that live on or in
water; release a fine powder that
repels water
Oil gland (preen gland) is the only gland in the skin.
- Found at the base of the tail
- Oil keeps the feathers from absorbing water
Skeletal system
Bones are light weight but strong due to the
arrangement of bony struts and open airspaces. The
strength comes from calcium, which is concentrated
around the outside of the bone.
With two pairs of limbs
anterior pair - modified as wings
- posterior limbs - modified for perching,
walking or swimming
With beak instead of lips; they have no teeth
Have large eyes in comparison to the size of the head.
Circulatory system
Heart is four-chambered
Two loop circulatory system
Excretory system
Ammonia is removed by the kidneys, converted to
high concentration uric acid and defecated (bird
droppings
v. Class Amphibia
They are amphibious.
Amphibians are cold-blooded or exothermic animals.
Integumentary system
They have moist skin
Skeletal system
A bone endoskeleton with varying numbers of
vertebrae; ribs present in some, absent or fused to
vertebrae in others.
They have four legs (sometimes none)
Respiratory system
They breathe with lungs and gills
Reproduction system
Eggs are usually laid in water or in a moist
environment and fertilized externally.

Larvae develop in water or very moist environments


and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Circulatory System
Three-chambered heart.
The mouth is usually large with small teeth in upper
or both jaws; two nostrils open into the anterior part
of the mouth cavity.
Ten pairs of cranial nerve are present.
iv. Class Reptilia
Class reptilian includes more than 7, 000 known
species living today
These present-day reptiles belong to the same group
that once included dinosaurs, pterodactyls and other
prehistoric reptiles.
There are five groups of living reptiles: turtles,
snakes, lizards, the New Zealand tuatara (Sphenodon)
and the crocodiles, which include alligator and
caymans.
The most abundant group are snakes and lizards.
Most reptiles live on land, although some, such as
crocodiles, alligator and some turtles, still spend
much of their lives in water.
They are cold-blooded animals
Integumentary system
The kin is covered with hard, dry scales formed from
an insoluble protein called keratin.
Skeletal system
All except snakes and few lizards have two pairs of
legs.
All reptiles have spinal columns and a strong skeletal
system with a rib cage.
Digestive system
Most are carnivorous
All reptiles except turtles have sharp teeth
Respiratory system
The embryos of reptiles have fish-like gill openings.
But these embryonic gills are never used for
breathing, since baby reptiles also develop lungs.
When they are born or hatched, they breathe air.
Most of them have two lungs, except some snakes.
Circulatory system
All reptiles have three-chambered hearts, except
crocodiles, which have four-chambered hearts. And
they have twelve pairs of cranial nerve.
Reproduction system
Some snakes and lizards are ovoviviparous that is,
the young are born after hatching from their eggs
within the mothers body.
There is no metamorphosis, as in the case of
amphibians.
Internal fertilization
Nervous system
They have a well-developed brain and a central
nervous system.

Lateral sense organs are absent.

vii. Class Mammalia


All female mammals feed their young with their own
milk.
Most of the largest and best-known animals in the
world are mammals.
Most of them live on land. However, a few, like the
sea cow and the WALRUS, live in the ocean.
The smallest mammal is the tiny shrew. While the
largest is the blue whale
Although most land mammals move by jumping.
Running or walking on land, the bat is able to fly.
Some, like the DUCKBILL, even lay eggs.
All mammals are warm-blooded or endothermic
Integumentary system
They possess hair which is made of keratin. Hair
provides insulation.
Skeletal system
Seven cervical vertebrae (neck bones) are present in
most mammals
The lower jaw in mammals is a single bone on either
side. In all other vertebrates there are more than one
bone on each side of the jaw
The Buccal Cavity has a false palate as a roof,
meaning that the nostrils do not lead directly into his
mouth.
They have 3 middle ear bones that helps give them
good hearing.
Digestive System
Mammals are heterodontic, meaning that their teeth
are different shapes
Respiratory System
All mammals breathe with lungs.
All mammals have a diaphragm, which aids in
breathing.
Circulatory system
Double-loop circulatory system
Four-chambered heart
Mammalian circulatory system also removes
metabolic waste
Excretory system
Kidneys are organs that remove cellular wastes and
regulate the water balance in the body.
Reproductive system
Most are viviparous though some are oviparous. An
extended gestation period uterine development is
common in most placental mammals.
Nervous system
Smell acute except whales and higher apes.
They have a large size of the brain.

Mammals have been divided into three main groups,


according to the way the young mammals are born and
nursed.
1 Monotremes
Egg-laying mammals
The duckbills and spiny anteaters are the
only types belonging to this group. The eggs
are laid and incubated outside the mothers
body.
2 Marsupials
Pouched mammals
Koala bear, Wombat, Kangaroo and
Opossum
The young are born in a partly-developed
state and they find their way into a large
pouch on the belly of the female. They
attach themselves to nipples inside the
pouch and remain until they are more
mature.
3 Placental mammals
During the pregnancy the females develop a
special organ called the placenta. Part of the
placenta is formed from the outer
membranous sac around the embryo and part
of it comes from the mucosa of the uterus.
This organ passes nourishment from the
mothers body to the fetus, or embryo,
which is attached to the placenta by an
umbilical cord. Thus, the young develop
inside the body of the mother.
Vertebrates have developed structural modifications to adapt
to terrestrial life. These are:
1 Skin where the outer layer is cornified as a
protection from drying out
2 Eggs provided with tough porous shell, large yolk
and special sacs and membranes as a protection
against drying out and mechanical injury
3 Breathing organs such as the lungs developed deeper
in the body to protect from drying action of the air.
4 Corresponding changes in circulation with the
development of lungs such as two circulations
5 Jointed appendages developed for locomotion
6 Better sensory organs
7 Excretory organs modified to eliminate nitrogenous
wastes in the form of urea or uric acid to conserve
water

Anti-diuretic hormone
Print | Email article to a friend | Last
updated: October 24, 2013

Anti-diuretic hormone acts to maintain blood pressure, blood


volume and tissue water content by controlling the
concentration of urine made by the kidneys.

You might also like