INDUSTRIAL COURT OF MALAYSIA

CASE NO : 15/4-629/01
BETWEEN
SHARIKAT PERMODALAN KEBANGSAAN BERHAD
AND
MOHAMED JOHARI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN

AWARD NO : 921 OF 2004

Before

N. RAJASEGARAN

- Chairman
(Sitting Alone)

Venue:

Industrial Court Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Date of Reference

15.5.2001.

Dates of Mention

27.7.2001, 30.1.2002, 7.8.2002, 4.8.2003,

10.2.2004 and 19.4.2004.

Dates of Hearing

20.4.2004 and 26.4.2004.

Companys Written Submission received :

12.5.2004.

Claimants Written Submission received :

26.6.2004.

Companys rejoinder received

30.6.2004.

Representation

Mr. T. Thavalingam (Mr. Teofilus Ponniah

with him) from Messrs. Zaid Ibrahim &
Co., Counsel for the Company.
Encik Nazri bin Hussin
from Messrs. Yazli Zain Megat & Murad
Counsel for the Claimant.

Reference :
This is a reference made under Section 20(3) of the Industrial
Relations Act, 1967 arising out of the dismissal of Mohamed Johari bin
Abdul Rahman (hereinafter referred to as the Claimant) by Sharikat
Permodalan Kebangsaan Berhad (hereinafter referred to as the
Company).

AWARD

1.
dated

Mohamed Johari bin Abdul Rahman (the Claimant) vide a letter

29.9.1998

served

on

his

employer,

Syarikat

Permodalan

Kebangsaan Berhad (the Company) ceased employment on that very day

and thereafter on 25.11.1998 appealed under section 20 of the Industrial
Relations Act, 1967 (the Act) which appeal prompted the Honourable
Minister of Human Resources acting under that same section of the Act
to refer on 15.5.2001 the Claimants cessation of employment as a
dismissal to the Industrial Court which reference was received by
Industrial Court 15 (the Court) on 13.6.2001.

THE FACTS

2.

The parties are on common ground on the facts that unfold.

3.

The Claimant commenced his career with the Company on

15.9.1981 in the position of Accounts Executive at a salary of RM700.00

per month.

After several promotions, at the time of his cessation of

employment on 29.9.1998 he held the position of Assistant Group

Financial Controller earning a salary of RM7,500.00 per month.

4.

The Claimants contract of employment is embodied in his original

appointment letter dated 14.9.1981 exhibited at pages 1 and 2 of CLB.

5.

The Company had caused to write to the Claimant a memorandum

dated 3.8.1998 through the hand of one Jamal Sh Hassan Sulaiman

Damanhoori, entitled Akaun SPKB Dan Anak-Anak Syarikat on work
related matters and giving him one week to complete the five
assignments mentioned therein.

6.

The Claimant applied to the Company for leave of absence of 14

days commencing from 6.8.1998 to 21.8.1998 through completing the

Companys leave application form, dated 20.7.1998, stating the reason
as compulsory residential visit to RMIT Univeristy, Melbourne, Australia
(MIM/RMIT course). That leave application form exhibited at page 5 of
CLB has an approval column where the words adalah diluluskan/tidak
diluluskan have been left undisturbed and that space for the signature
of the approving authority and date thereof is blank.

7.

On failing to receive a response from the Company on his leave

application, the Claimant wrote a letter dated 4.8.1998 to the Company

in this connection, exhibited at page 6 of CLB.

8.

The Claimant then proceeded on leave for the period stated in his

leave application form.

9.

On the Claimants return to work, the Company served him a letter

dated 21.8.1998 entitled Bergantung Kerja, exhibited at page 8 of CLB,

which letter caused him to be suspended from employment from
22.8.1998 to 6.9.1998 to facilitate investigations into the various
allegations stated therein.

10.

The Claimant next received a letter dated 22.8.1998 entitled salary

reduction, exhibited at page 10 of CLB, the contents of which in brief

informed him that due to financial difficulties the Company in a cost
3

cutting exercise was revising his monthly basic salary to RM6,000.00,

representing a 20% reduction, with effect from 1.9.1998.

11.

By a letter dated 5.9.1998, found at page 13 of CLB, the Company

requested the Claimant to attend a domestic enquiry scheduled to be

held on 10.9.1998, informed him of an extension of his suspension from
work for a further 14 days from 7.9.1998 to 20.9.1998 and that the
charges preferred against him were :

(1) Pada 6 Ogos 1998 hingga 21 Ogos 1998 tuan telah pergi
bercuti tanpa kelulusan daripada Pihak Majikan terlebih
dahulu hingga menyulitkan pihak Pengurusan di dalam
pengendalian kerja harian.

(2) Tuan telah gagal melaksanakan kerja-kerja yang telah

diarahkan kepada pihak tuan oleh Encik Jamal Damanhoori
(surat arahan bertarikh 3 Ogos 1998 dilampirkan).

12.

A domestic inquiry was held as scheduled on 10.9.1998, the notes

of evidence of which are exhibited as COE4.

13.

The Company notified the Claimant of its decision on the outcome

of the domestic inquiry vide a letter dated 21.9.1998, exhibited at page

15 of CLB.

14.

Thereafter the Claimant by a letter dated 29.9.1998 addressed to

the Company and exhibited at page 16 of CLB, ceased employment by

way of constructive dismissal (Termination Letter).

CONSTRUCTIVE DISMISSAL

The Law

15.

Constructive dismissal a fiction where a workman ceases

employment of his own volition on account of his employers conduct and

thereafter claims that he has been dismissed. As with all legal fictions it
is subject to strict prerequisites failing which the dismissal loses its
fictional status to convert into resignation.

16.

The principle of constructive dismissal not previously unknown to

the Industrial Court saw its affirmative rebirth in Malaysian industrial

jurisprudence through Wong Chee Hong v. Cathay Organisation (M)
Sdn. Bhd., (1988) 1 MLJ 92, fathered by the contract test spawned in
the intellect of Lord Denning M.R. in Western Excavating (Ecc) Ltd. v.
Sharp. (1978) 1 RLR 27 CA, when Salleh Abas, L.P. speaking for the
Supreme Court said at page 95:

The common law has always recognized the right of an

employee to terminate his contract of service and therefore to
consider himself as discharged from further obligations if the
employer is guilty of such breach as effects the foundation of
the contract or if the employer has evinced or shown an
intention not to be bound by it any longer.

17.

That the principle of constructive dismissal in Malaysia is based on

the contract test and not on the unreasonable conduct test has been
firmly entrenched by a host of authorities.

Suffice for me to quote

Mahadev Shankar JCA speaking at page 605 in the Court of Appeal

decision of Anwar bin Abdul Rahim v. Bayer (M) Sdn. Bhd; (1998) 2
MLJ 599 :
5

 It has been repeatedly held by our courts that the proper

approach in deciding whether constructive dismissal has
taken place is not to ask oneself whether the employers
conduct was unfair or unreasonable (the unreasonableness
test) but whether the conduct of the employer was such that
the employer was guilty of a breach going to the root of the
contract or whether he has evinced an intention no longer to
be bound by the contract.

[See Holiday Inn, Kuching v.

Elizabeth Lee Chai Siok (1992) 1 CLJ 141 and Wong

Chee Hong v. Cathay Organisation (M) Sdn. Bhd. (1988)
1 MLJ 92 at p. 94].

And as to why this is so, Salleh Abas L.P. in Wong Chee Hong
(supra) explains:

... constructive dismissal does not mean that an employee

can automatically terminate the contract when his employer
acts or behaves unreasonably towards him. Indeed if it were
so, it is dangerous and can lead to abuse and unsettled
industrial relations.

18.

That constructive dismissal is within the ambit of a reference

under section 20(3) of the Act was reaffirmed by Salleh Abas L.P. in that
same landmark decision when he said:

... interpretation of the word dismissal in our section 20. We

think that the word dismissal in this section should be
interpreted with reference to the common law principle. Thus
it would be a dismissal if an employer is guilty of a breach
which goes to the root of the contract or if he has evinced an
intention no longer to be bound by it. In such situations, the
6

employee is entitled to regard the contract as terminated and

himself as dismissed.

19.

The prerequisites to found a claim of constructive dismissal as

written in Bryn Perrins Industrial Relations and Employment has

been repeated so often both in the Industrial Court as well as higher
courts that it has come to be a rule unto itself. I repeat that part of the
text.

In order for the employee to be able to claim constructive

dismissal, four conditions must be met:

1.

There must be a breach of contract by the employer.

This may be either an actual breach or an anticipatory
breach;

2.

That breach must be sufficiently important to justify the

employee resigning or else it must be the last in a series
of incidence, albeit erroneous interpretation of the
contract by the employer, will not be capable of
constituting a repudiation in law;

3.

He must leave in response to the breach and not for

some other, unconnected reason; and

4.

He must not delay too long in terminating the contract in

response to the employers breach, otherwise he may be
deemed to have waived the breach and agreed to vary
the contract....

If

the

employee

leaves

in

circumstances

where

these

conditions are not met, he will be held to have resigned and

there will be no dismissal within the meaning of the legislation
at all.

The Courts Function

20.

The Court upon receiving a reference from the Minister under

section 20(3) of the Act is compelled by the enunciation of Mohamed

Azmi FCJ in Wong Yuen Hock v. Syarikat Hong Leong Assurance
Sdn. Bhd. & anor (1995) 2 MLJ 753 and Milan Auto Sdn. Bhd. v.
Wong Seh Yen (1995) 3 MLJ 537, to carry out a twofold process viz (a)
first, to determine whether the misconduct complained of by the
employer has been established, and (b) secondly, whether the proven
misconduct constitute just cause or excuse for the dismissal.

21.

That the Industrial Court should in a case of constructive

dismissal act no different is confirmed by Gopal Sri Ram JCA at page

2283 of

Quah Swee Khoon v. Sime Darby Berhad, (2000) 2 AMR

2265 where his Lordship said:

The task is no different where a case of constructive

dismissal is alleged. The Industrial Court must in such a case

also determine firstly whether there was a dismissal.

And

secondly, whether that dismissal was with just cause and

excuse.

Evidential Burden

22.

I next broach the subject of evidential burden. There is no new

law. Cases abound that the burden lies upon the workman to prove all
8

the necessary ingredients of constructive dismissal. This is no different

from the position that when in dispute, the burden is upon the workman
to prove that he had been dismissed. Azmel J (as his Lordship then was)
reconfirmed the law when in Chua Yeow Cher v. Tel Dynamic Sdn.
Bhd, (2000) 1 MLJ 168 his Lordship said :

It is now trite law that in a reference before the Industrial

Court by an employee complaining that he had been
constructively dismissed by his employer the burden is on the
employee to prove that he had been dismissed unlawfully.

23.

Does the evidential burden lie on the workman throughout in a

litigation involving constructive dismissal?

The weight of authority is

that it does not. That burden upon him ceases with the establishment of
dismissal, albeit effected by way of constructive dismissal.

And in a

reference under section 20(3) of the Act, once the dismissal is

established, the Industrial Court moves into the second limb of inquiry to
determine whether the employer had just cause and excuse for the
dismissal. And here the burden shifts upon the employer. Raus Sharif J.
in Pelangi Enterprises Sdn. Bhd. v. Oh Swee Choo & Anor, (2004) 6
CLJ 157 refers to this shifting of burden calling that upon the workman
as the first burden of proof at page 165 and that upon the employer as
the second burden of proof at page 166.

Pleadings

24.

Before I depart the law on constructive dismissal, there is one

further aspect, made crucial by binding authority, though not restricted

to constructive dismissal alone, to be mentioned. This is that parties are
bound by their pleadings.

Mr. T. Thavalingam correctly submits this,

quoting Eusoff Chin CJ in R. Rama Chandran v. Industrial Court of

Malaya & Anor (1997) 1 CLJ 147 as follows:

It is trite law that a party is bound by its pleadings. The

Industrial Court must scrutinise the pleadings and identify the
issues, take evidence, hear parties arguments and finally
pronounce its judgment having strict regard to the issue. It is
true that Industrial Court is not bound by all the technicalities
of a civil court (section 30 of the Industrial Relations Act 1967)
but it must follow the same general pattern.

The object of

pleadings is to determine what are the issues and to narrow

the area of conflict.

The Industrial Court cannot ignore the

pleadings and treat them as mere pedantry or formalism,

because if it does so, it may lose sight of the issues, admit
evidence irrelevant to the issues or reject evidence relevant of
the issues and come to the wrong conclusion.

25.

What submissions both Mr. T. Thavalingam and Encik Nazri bin

Hussin have made are not at odds with the law hereinbefore stated.

EVIDENCE, EVALUATIONS AND FINDINGS

26.

Armed with that which is required of me from the aforesaid

authorities in my decision making process, I now assault the evidence,

scrutinizing that which has been laid before me, to determine the
direction my judgement should flow.

27.

Goon Kwee Phoy v. J & P Coats (M) Bhd. (1981) 2 MLJ 129 is

binding authority for the proposition that the Court is restricted in its
inquiry into the veracity of the reason chosen by an employer for the

10

dismissal. Raja Azlan Shah CJ (Malaya) (as HRH then was) speaking for
the Federal Court ruled at page 136:

Where representations are made and are referred to the

Industrial Court for enquiry, it is the duty of that court to

determine whether the termination or dismissal is with or
without just cause or excuse. If the employer chooses to give
a reason for the action taken by him, the duty of the Industrial
Court will be to enquire whether that excuse or reason has or
has not been made out. If it finds as a fact that it has not
been proved, then the inevitable conclusion must be that the
termination or dismissal was without just cause or excuse.
The proper enquiry of the court is the reason advanced by it
and that court or the High Court cannot go into another reason
not relied on by the employer or find one for it.

28.

For

all

purposes

workmans

letter

claiming

constructive

dismissal is akin to an employers dismissal letter. In both cases it is

this letter that effects the dismissal.

I see therefore no reason why a

workmans letter claiming constructive dismissal should be treated any

different from an employers dismissal letter and be exempted from the
principle laid in Goon Kwee Phoy (supra).

29.

The Claimants Termination Letter claiming constructive dismissal

being crucial, it is now germane to reproduce the body of the same.

BERHENTI SECARA KONSTRUKTIF (CONSTRUCTIVE

DISMISSAL)

Saya

ingin

merujuk

kepada

berikut:11

perkara-perkara

seperti

Pada bulan September sahaja gaji bulanan saya telah

dipotong sebanyak tiga (3) kali, sila rujuk surat tuan
bertarikh 21/8, 22/8 dan 21/9/98.

Ini adalah satu

amalan yang bertentangan dengan peraturan biasa dan

perlaksanaan potongan gaji untuk kakitangan bergaji
RM5,000.00 keatas tidak konsisten dimana dua atau tiga
kakitangan sahaja yang terlibat (termasuk saya) didalam
Kumpulan SPK. Kenapa Capital Insurance Bhd (CIB) dan
Pengarah Kerja Bersama dikecualikan? Ini adalah satu
ketidakadilan dan berat sebelah.

Saya telah memohon cuti selama 14 hari dari 7/8/1998

hingga 21/8/1998 untuk Residential Visit ke RMIT
University, Melbourne, Australia yang mana ianya satu
keperluan didalam pengajian kursus Ijazah Pentadbiran
Perniagaan

yang

dianjurkan

oleh

MIM/RMIT.

Permohonan telah dibuat lebih awal iaitu 20 atau 21

Julai 1998, tetapi sehingga 4/7/1998 selepas 13 hari,
pihak pengurusan masih belum memberi jawapan dan
saya terpaksa menulis surat (bertarikh 4/8/1998) untuk
bertanyakan halnya, tetapi masih tiada jawapan resmi
(hingga kini). Memandangkan hal sedemikian saya terus
bercuti dengan beranggapan cuti saya telah diluluskan.

Walaubagaimana pun sekembalinya saya pada 22/8/98

di pejabat, atas sebab-sebab yang tuan sahaja tahu, dua
surat bertarikh 21/8 dan 22/8 telah saya terima yang
mana telah memeranjatkan saya.
menganiayai (victimised) saya.

12

Ianya berniat untuk

Saya telah dipanggil untuk sessi Siasatan Dalaman

(Domestic Inquiry) pada 10.9.98 yang mana ianya sengaja
diadakan
kepada

untuk
saya

menjestifikasikan

seperti

surat

tuduhan-tuduhan

bertarikh

5/9/1998.

Tuduhan-tuduhan yang dilemparkan hanya merupakan

satu latihan untuk mencari kesalahan saya (fault finding
exercise).

Keputusan dari siasatan dalaman tersebut adalah sangat

tidak adil dan tidak wajar dengan kononnya kesalahan
yang telah dilakukan.

(Sila rujuk surat bertarikh

21/9/98.).

Dalam beberapa komunikasi saya dengan tuan saya telah

disyorkan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan lain dan ini
menjelaskan niat sebenarnya.

Memandangkan

kepada

senario

di

atas,

satu

bentuk

penganiayaan telah berlaku untuk menyingkir saya dari untuk

terus berkhidmat dengan syarikat ini.

Maka dengan perbuatan

sebegitu saya tidak mempunyai pilihan lain kecuali mengambil

tindakan berhenti secara konstruktif (Constructive Dismissal).

30.

Mr. T. Thavalingam submits and correctly so, that the Claimant

had under cross-examination testified that save for five grounds

supporting his claim of constructive dismissal, he had no other.

His

testimony repeated below is in pari materia to his Termination Letter.

1.

Salary was reduced by 20% and it was not done

consistently to all officers earning RM5,000.00 and
above.
13

2.

When I applied for leave, I expected leave to be

approved. Non-approval of leave was victimization.

3.

I was called for a Domestic Inquiry on 10 September

1998. It was done as a fault-finding exercise.

4.

Finding of the Domestic Inquiry was not fair.

5.

In my interaction with the Joint Managing Director, on

many occasions, he proposed that I should get a job
somewhere else.

By doing so, it is clear that his

intention to make me leave the Company.

I confirm no other grounds to claim constructive dismissal.

31.

I now approach each of the reasons offered by the Claimant, not

particularly in the order that he has stated, proceed to sieve the evidence
before me, at all times keeping alert to the issues and attend to matters
that I am bound to consider.

My approach is bilateral, the second

arising only upon satisfaction of the first.

First, to determine based on the reason proffered by the Claimant,

that there is indeed a dismissal. For there to be one the Claimant has to
satisfy all the necessary prerequisites and overcome the evidential
hurdles. Second, whether the Company has just cause or excuse for the
dismissal.

Leave Application And Domestic Inquiry

32.

Having carefully examined the pleadings and the evidence before

the Court, I find it convenient and relevant to handle together the

14

Claimants complaints regarding his leave application and the holding of

the domestic inquiry against him. In cross-examination these constitute
his 2nd and 3rd grounds.

In substance, the same appear in his

Termination Letter and pleadings.

33.

Negative of the breach of a fundamental term of the contract of

employment, there can be no constructive dismissal.

A contract of

employment, capable of existence through being either expressed or

implied (see section 2 of the Act), will therefore consist of terms which are
similarly expressed or implied.

34.

In Malik v. Bank of Credit and Commerce International (1997)

IRLR 462, the House of Lords recognised the existence of a term to be

implied in all contracts of employment to the effect that an employer
would not, without reasonable and proper cause, conduct itself in a
manner likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of
confidence and mutual trust between employer and employee (see the
speech of Lord Nicholas of Birkenhead at pp 463-464; per Lord Steyn at
p. 468).

35.

The stand of the Industrial Court in Malaysia is not dissimilar to

the position adopted in England in relation to the consequence of a

breach by the employer of the implied term of mutual trust and
confidence. See Hong Leong Management Co. Sdn. Bhd. & Anor v.
Lai Teck Yaing (2004) 1 ILR 210; Cerah Damai Sdn. Bhd. v. Heng
Cheng Eng (2004) 1 ILR 346, and Rimex Sdn. Bhd. v. Mering Ak
Madang (1997) 3 ILR 34.

36.

The Court of Appeal in Quah Swee Khoon v. Sime Darby Bhd.

(2000) 2 AMR 2265 endorsed that part of the decision of the

Employment

Appeal

Tribunal

in
15

Woods

v.

W.M.

Car

Services

(Peterborough) Ltd. (1981) IRLR 347

where it was held that

destruction or serious damage to the relationship of confidence and trust

between an employer and employee is a fundamental breach amounting
to a repudiation of the contract of employment.

37.

Industrial jurisprudence has developed so as to recognise an

employment contract as engaging obligations in connection with the

legitimate expectation of an employee to be treated fairly by his employer.
This obligation is an off-shoot of the term of mutual trust and confidence
implied in every contract of employment. And this legitimate expectation
of being treated fairly by the employer may be negated by conduct of the
employer amounting to, unfair labour practice, victimisation or mala fide.

38.

The breath as well as the consequences of the application of this

principle is analysed by the Employment Appeal Tribunal in BG v.

OBrien, (2001) IRLR 496 at page 499:

Thus far, the authorities establish that:

(a)

a term to the effect that an employer will behave

reasonably towards his employee cannot be implied in
a contract of employment; but

(b)

this is because of the width of any such term, and not

because it is open to an employer to behave in a totally
unreasonable manner whilst remaining within the four
corners of the contract; and

(c)

if an employer behaves in an arbitrary or capricious or

totally unreasonable manner towards an employee, in

16

the exercise of his (the employers) discretion under the

contract, he will be in breach of the contract.

39.

It is the Claimants case that he had applied for 14 days leave

commencing from 7.8.1998 to 21.8.1998 for the purpose of a residential

visit to RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia through completing the
Companys leave application form. His complaint is that the Company
failed to respond to his application thus forcing him to write to the
Company a letter dated 4.8.1998 (the Appeal Letter). The Appeal Letter
too failed to move the Company to respond.

Thereafter the Claimant

proceeded on leave and his reasons are enumerated in his answer to

question 18 in his witness statement. Paraphrased, his reasons are that
he had given ample notice to the Company of his intention to go on leave;
there was no proof that his application for leave was not approved since
his application for leave was not rejected by the Company; and he
deemed approved his leave application for the reason that that part of
his leave application form consisting of a box entitled Pentadbir Rekod
Dan Butir-Butir Cuti shows that the 14 days leave applied had been
deducted from his balance of leave available at that point of time.

40.

It is the Companys response that the Claimant had proceeded on

leave without prior approval or permission, the reason being that the
leave application of the Claimant was not approved as can be seen ex
facie the leave application form. The Company further states that that
part of the form within the box referred to earlier is for completion by the
leave-clerk for purposes of processing the leave application. It is Mr. T.
Thavalingams submission that processing does not amount to approval.
Going on leave without approval tantamount to gross insubordination.
In support thereof he refers to the Federal Court decision in Pan Global
Textiles Bhd. v. Ang Beng Teik (2002) 1 CLJ 181 where the Federal
Court quoted B.R. Ghaiye in Misconduct In Employment, where the
17

learned author wrote that no employee can claim as a matter of right

leave of absence without permission, and OP Malhotra in The Law of
Industrial Disputes where the learned author wrote that no employee
can claim leave of absence as a matter of right, and remaining absent
without leave will itself constitute gross violation of discipline.

41.

That an application for leave by itself does not entitle a workman to

proceed on leave is trite.

Suffice it for me to refer to the learned

Chairman Tuan Haji Syed Ahmad Radzi bin Syed Omar who in (1) Kuala
Lumpur

International

Hotel

Sdn.

Bhd.

(2)

Kuala

Lumpur

International Management Sdn. Bhd. v. Encik Roslee Bin Idris,

Award No. 700 of 2004 said:

The law on the issue of absenteeism is found in various

cases.

In the case of Etonic Garment Mfg Sdn. Bhd. v.

Kalainagal Muthusamy [1998] 3 ILR 698 the Industrial

Court held that :

It is a misconception to suggest that an employee can go

away whenever he submits his leave application
without regard to the

employers convenience.

The

right of an employee to go on leave must be balanced

equitably to the exigencies of the employers business.
The discretion to grant or not to grant the employees
leave is a discretion of the employer. An employee is
not at liberty to absent himself from work unless and
until his leave is formally and properly approved by his
employer. The Claimants contention that her leave was
approved automatically is untenable and unacceptable
as it would deprive the employers vested right to refuse
or grant the leave.
18

42.

Encik Nazri bin Hussin in his submission referred to Enmark (M)

Sdn. Bhd. v. Hoh Ee Li [2004] 1 ILR 101, a case involving an

application for maternity leave. With respect, I find nothing in this case
to further the cause of the Claimant.

43.

It is the Courts finding that the Claimant proceeded on leave

without prior approval or permission for the reason that the leave
application form was not approved in the appropriate column. In this
connection the Court rejects the Claimants contention that what is not
rejected is approved.

The Court is further unable to accept the

Claimants reading of the completion of the box referred to in the leave

application form as a deemed approval because it is obvious from the
face of the document that this box merely reflects an administrative
record of his leave status and the Court accepts the Companys version
that it is completed for purposes of processing the leave application. It is
further the Courts finding that the Claimant had proceeded on leave
knowing that his leave had not been approved. This finding is supported
by the Claimants Appeal Letter where he wrote ... saya telah
menghantar borang cuti untuk bercuti selama empat belas (14) hari
bermula 6.8.1998 hingga 21.8.1998 (tidak termasuk hari Ahad) hingga
ke tarikh surat ini saya tidak menerima apa-apa jawapan and he
continued Dengan ini, saya merayu (jika permohonan cuti saya ditolak
atas sebab apa pun) agar Syarikat meluluskan permohonan cuti saya ...
His writings in the said letter are cemented in cast when the Claimant
under cross-examination testified that I agree that I went without
approval.

44.

So much for the leave application. And now for the initiation of

disciplinary proceedings in the form of a domestic inquiry against the

Claimant.
19

45.

The Claimant takes umbrage to the domestic inquiry conducted by

the Company, calling it a fault finding exercise done for the purpose of
eliminating him from the Company.

46.

OP Malhotras The Law of Industrial Disputes, Vol. 2, 6th Edn.

at page 1294 reads:

It is unmistakably clear from the judicial dicta in the area of

disciplinary action that if the action is commenced male fide,
or is a measure of victimisation or unfair labour practice, it will
be liable to be interfered with by industrial adjudication.
Violation of the rules of natural justice in conducting the
inquiry proceedings and perversity in recording the findings
are other variants of mala fides.

And the learned author continues at pages 1296 and 1297 :

Thus, the initiation of the disciplinary action, inquiry

proceedings, report of the inquiry officer and the order of
punishment, can all be challenged on the grounds of
perversity,
practice.

mala fides,

victimisation

and

unfair

However, these are all questions of fact.

labour
The

burden of establishing them is on the workman who

makes the allegations, by adducing relevant evidence
before the tribunal as it may not always be possible to
decide these questions by merely looking into the records of
the inquiry [see Orissa Cement Ltd. v. Their Workmen
(1960) 2 LLJ 91, 94 (SC); Ideal Jawa (India) Pvt Ltd v. C.
Madan Mohan (1972) 1 LLJ 316, 324 (Mys); Bharat Iron
Works v. Bhagubhai Balubhai Patel 1976 Lab IC 4 (SC)].
An allegation of mala fide, such as unfair labour
20

practice,

victimisation

or

discrimination

etc

therefore to be specifically pleaded and proved.

have,
[see

Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co. of India Pvt Ltd. v. The

Workmen

(1981)

LLJ

218,

225

(SC);

Shankar

Chakravarti v. Britannia Biscuit Co. Ltd. 1979 Lab IC

1192, 1205 (SC)].

47.

Plead, the Claimant did.

Prove he did not, that the domestic

inquiry was an act of victimization.

48.

The Claimants allegation in his Termination Letter, repeated in his

pleadings that the domestic inquiry was a fault finding exercise

remained bare, naked of any evidence in support thereof.

49

The Court has scrutinized the inquiry notes and can find no fault

in the conduct of the inquiry.

The rules of natural justice had been

adhered to. And the fact that the Claimant had not only signed at the
end of the inquiry notes but had also initialled each page of the same
leads the Court to presume that the notes are a true and correct
representation of what had transpired during the inquiry.

50.

The Court is mindful of its earlier decision that the Claimant had

misconducted himself in having proceeded on leave without prior

approval. This by itself necessitated an inquiry by the Company.

51.

The second of the two charges preferred at the domestic inquiry is

that the Claimant had failed to carry out certain work instructions. Both
the Claimants Termination Letter and his pleadings are silent on the
matter of the second charge. Neither does he make mention of it in his
witness statement. In the absence of any challenge and having perused
all related documentary evidence exhibited, the Court is unable to find
21

any mala fide in the Company preferring this second charge against the
Claimant.

52.

In the above circumstances the Court finds the contention of the

Claimant that the domestic inquiry was a fault finding exercise to be

unsustainable.

53.

In the upshot the Court finds that the Company has not breached

any term of the contract of employment, expressed or implied, in as far

as the Claimants 2nd and 3rd grounds are concerned.

No dismissal

therefore can arise out of these causes.

Intention To Chase

54.

The 5th ground propagated by the Claimant was that the joint

Managing Director on many occasions proposed that the Claimant seeks

employment elsewhere and this according to the Claimant is clear
indication of the Companys intention to make him leave.

That the

burden towards proving this averment lay upon the Claimant is trite.
The Claimant led no evidence towards establishing this fact and his
allegation remains bare, devoid of any support. The Court notes that the
Claimant had in his witness statement referred to a letter dated 3.9.1998
from the Company to the current account department of Perwira Affin
Bank Bhd. instructing them on a change of signatories in connection
with the Companys account. Save for saying that he had been removed
as one of the signatories, the Claimant has not made any attempts either
in his testimony or in submission to link this action of the Company to
any breach of contract or mala fide.

The Claimant under cross-

examination had testified that his complaint on the letter is not one of
the five grounds stated in his Termination Letter and that the same was
not a ground at that time of his leaving employment since he had only
22

discovered of the letter a month after leaving.

Finally the Court is

mindful that the Claimant had been suspended with effect from
21.8.1998 and the change in signatories is from 3.9.1998.

Whether it is

the intention of the Claimant to link the letter on change of signatories to

his 5th ground or not the Court finds that both the 5th ground canvassed
by the Claimant and the letter on change of signatory as a cause for
constructive dismissal cannot take off in the circumstances stated above.

Finding of Domestic Inquiry Not Fair

55.

The Claimant elaborates on his 4th ground in his Termination

Letter when he writes that the decision of the domestic inquiry is unfair
and not commensurate with the misconduct committed. He is obviously
referring to the punishment meted out which is contained in the
Companys letter to him dated 21.9.1998, the relevant portion of which
reads :

This is to inform that the Panel of Inquiry found you guilty

as charged for both charges. In view of the seriousness of
the misconducts committed the management has decided
the following:
1.

Downgrade to position of Accountant (from the

present

position

of

Assistant

Financial

Controller).
2.

Reduction of salary effective from the month of

September 1998 as such you will be paid a
salary of RM5,418.75 per month.

3.

Withdrawal of company car provided to you with

immediate effect.

23

56.

Nowhere does the Claimant complain against the finding

of the

inquiry in as far as his guilt is concerned. His complaint as seen from

his

termination

letter,

pleadings

punishment imposed upon him.

and

testimony

is

against

the

This is reaffirmed by the Claimants

evidence under cross-examination that a warning letter would have

sufficed as punishment.

57.

The issue circulates the gravamen of the two misconducts vis-a-vis

the proportionality of the three punishment meted out.

58.

Whilst Encik Nazri bin Hussin made no submission on this behalf,

Mr. T. Thavalingam at page 4 of his written submission writes

Although the misconduct committed by the Claimant was serious
enough to warrant the punishment of instant dismissal, the management
in recognising that all important right to livelihood decided to impose the
following punishment on the Claimant as contained in the letter dated 21
September 1998. That this indeed was the position and intention of the
Company, stands bare unsupported by any evidence and for this reason I
give no weight to it.

Mr. T. Thavalingam then referred the Court to

Super Coffemix Marketing Sdn. Bhd. v. Loke Siew Mann (2003) 1

ILR 549 where the Learned Chairman ruled that absence without leave
is a serious misconduct which merits dismissal. Of course this ruling
has to be read in conjunction with the circumstances of each case. That
absenteeism per se should lead to dismissal cannot reflect true industrial
jurisprudence.

Whilst absenteeism is an actionable misconduct,

punishment will depend on the circumstances of each case. The factual

matrix in Super Coffeemix varies from the instant case.

Amongst

others, there it was an employee with about three years service applying
for unpaid leave after having exhausted his annual leave whilst here in
the instant case the Claimant had served 17 years and was applying for
eligible paid leave. I therefore find Super Coffeemix unhelpful on that
24

issue relating to the appropriateness of the punishment meted out to the

Claimant.

59.

Disciplining a delinquent workman is an employers prerogative

though not without fetters, imposed by statute, contract or common law.

In this connection Smith & Woods Industrial Law, 7th Edn.
Butterworths at page 437 reads :

Although certain forms of disciplinary action may still lie

entirely within the managerial prerogative (e.g. transferring a

general labourer to a different job or refusing to give a
discretionary bonus), many other forms will impinge upon the
rights and expectations of the disciplined employee (e.g. fines,
suspension, demotion) and so the crucial point about
lawful disciplinary measures is that the employer must
have the power to impose them, and normally this will
involve having the contractual authority (express or implied) to
do so. If the employer goes outside this authority the
employee may in theory maintain a common law action
(e.g. to recover the amount of a fine unlawfully deducted); of
much greater significance in modern employment law is
the possibility that the wrongly disciplined employee
may walk out and claim to have been constructive
dismissed, for the purpose of bringing an unfair dismissal
action. (emphasis added).

60.

Selwyns Law of Employment, 7th Edn., Butterwoths, at

paragraph 7.57 entitled Demotion reads :

25

 If there is an express power to do this in the contract or

rules, then provided the sanction has been fairly exercised,
there should not be any legal problem. In the absence of
such a power, it could be a breach of contract by the
employer, and hence amount to constructive dismissal.
(emphasis added).

61.

In the instant case the designation of the Claimant which

enlightens his job function and his salary puts him outside the scope of
the Employment Act 1955 in which event the statutory punishment of
downgrading or demotion provided in section 14(1) ibid is not available to
the Company. The Claimants appointment letter found at pages 1 and 2
of CLB, in the absence of any other evidence, wills the Court to treat as
his contract of employment.

And this letter makes no mention of the

forms of disciplinary action that may be resorted to by the Company. In

the circumstances the Company will have to rely on the common law
form of punishment made available as management prerogative.

And

demotion is not one of them.

62.

That demotion has serious consequences upon a workman cannot

be denied. And more serious is a demotion with a reduction in salary as

in the instant case. The Claimants salary was reduced by about 28%
from RM7,500.00 to RM5,418.75.

There was a drastic change to his

earning capacity through his contract of employment upon which his

livelihood depended. And to a right of livelihood the Claimant is entitled
to, if not directly by art 5(1) of the Federal Constitution, definitely by way
of the authority of Gopal Sri Ram JCA speaking in Hong Leong
Equipment Sdn. Bhd. v. Liew Fook Chuan and another appeal
(1996) 1 MLJ 481.

26

63.

The Court therefore holds that the Company having no right to

exercise demotion as a punishment upon the Claimant had not merely

breached a term of the Claimants contract of employment but had
essentially offered him a new revised contract of employment which he
had a choice to accept or reject.

If I cherished any doubts on the

correctness of this, I am comforted by the words of Gopal Sri Ram JCA at

pp. 148 of Ang Beng Teik v. Pan Global Textile Bhd. Penang (1996) 3
MLJ 137 :

Take the case of demotion. A workman in a particular case

who suffers a demotion may consider himself to have been
dismissed without just cause or excuse.

He may treat the

demotion as a dismissal.

64.

In this demotion with a salary reduction, unlawfully done, I find

the Company to have breached a fundamental term of the Claimants

contract of employment. This leads to a dismissal. And the dismissal
springing from an unlawful act cannot succeed in the second limb of
being for just cause and excuse.

65.

next

approach

the

argument

of

the

Claimant

that

the

punishments meted but to him were disproportionate to the gravity of

the offence.

66.

OP Malhotra in

The Law of Industrial Dispute (supra)

at

pages 1294 writes :

In order to avoid the change of vindictiveness, justice, equity

and fair play demand that the punishment must always be
commensurate with the gravity of the offence charged. [ see

27

Rama Kant Misra v. State of Uttar Pradesh 1982 Lab IC

1790, 1792 (SC)].

67.

Selwyns Law of Employment (supra) at paragraph

7.58

reads :

But if a demotion on disciplinary grounds is out of all

proportion to the offence, the employee may regard the

employer as having repudiated the contract, and claim
constructive dismissal.

68.

In British Broadcasting Corporation v. Beckett (1983) IRLR 43

EAT it was held :

Downgrading following disciplinary offence amounted to a

repudiation of contract where the punishment was grossly out
of

proportion

to

the

offence

notwithstanding

that

the

disciplinary procedure expressly gave the contractual right to

demote as a penalty for misconduct.

69.

The weight of authority is therefore that punishment excessively

heavy and disproportionate to the misconduct committed will lead to a

breach of a fundamental term of the contract of employment. The Court
in the instant case approaches the issue of disproportionate punishment
under the first limb, that is, whether there has been a fundamental
breach of the contract resulting in a dismissal. However Shanmugam
Subramaniam v. JG Containers (M) Sdn. Bhd. & Anor (2000) 6 CLJ
521, treats this same issue as falling under the second limb of
determining just cause and excuse. For in the words of Faiza Thamby
Chik J. at page 535 :

28

A perusal of the award would reveal that the Industrial

Court in this instant case had totally failed to perform its main
duty in the second limb of its twofold function as set out in
Milan Auto.

In other words, the Industrial Court failed to

address its mind as regards the harshness or severity of

punishment.

The

Industrial

Court

had

committed

jurisdictional error of law.

Whichever the limb, the result is the same.

70.

The Claimant, having commenced employment as an Accounts

Executive at a salary of RM700.00 and during his eighteen year career

being promoted on several occasions until he held the position of
Assistant Group Financial Controller at a salary of RM7,500.00, with no
evidence of any past misconduct or disciplinary action, for having been
found guilty of the two charges of absenteeism and non-completion of
duties was punished by :

1.

Demotion to the position of Accountant; and

2.

Reduction of salary; and

3.

Withdrawal of the benefit of the usage of the Company

car assigned to him.

Three distinct severe punishments.

In assessing degree of

retaliation, the axiom applicable is one cannot stab another for being
pricked with a pin. In the instant case to kill a mosquito with a sledge
hammer would be more appropriate. The punishment belies the crime.
Mala fide reigned supreme in the act of the Company.

Yet another

breach of a fundamental term of the Claimants contract of employment

resulting in dismissal. And there lie before me no evidence of just cause
and excuse for the Companys action.
29

71.

That the Claimants conduct contributed towards his predicament

through committing the misconducts cannot be denied.

But here, for

this decision, that is not a relevant consideration.

72.

After having arrived at this decision, the Court for completeness

will quote B.R. Ghaiyes Law And Procedure of Department Inquiries

in Private And Public Sectors, 3rd Edn. where at page 1123 the
learned author writes :

When two penalties were imposed not by reviewing the

order but by the initial order itself, then the validity of

imposition of two penalties depends upon the relevant Service
Rules or Standing Orders.

When the Kerala Civil Services

(Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules 1960, provides that

Government may impose any of the penalties then it cannot be
construed to mean that two penalties cannot be imposed.
Ordinarily in the absence of rules the punishing
authority has no right to impose two punishments
simultaneously or in quick succession. The subsequent
punishment in that case becomes illegal. [see Swami
Saran v. State of U.P. 1969 SLR 787 (All HC)]. (emphasis
added).

Yet another nail on the box encasing the Companys action in this
respect, which box I had, with my earlier decision, already closed.

Reduction In Salary

73.

The Claimant in his Termination Letter complains of three salary

deductions. So does he in his pleadings. The three are (1) half salary for
the period of suspension pending inquiry from 22.8.1998 to 6.9.1998
30

effected through a letter dated 21.8.1998; (2) reduction by way of letter

dated 22.8.1998 as a cost reduction device by the Company; and (3) the
salary reduction imposed as a punishment.

74.

I have dealt with the third complaint of salary deduction as a

punishment.

I now deal with the other two, starting with the second

reduction or rather deduction arising from the two weeks of suspension

pending inquiry. And on this issue both parties made no submission.
In fact neither side bothered much about it.

75.

O.P. Malhotras The Law of Industrial Disputes (supra) at

page 1182 reads :

The legal position as regards the masters right to place his

servant under suspension is now well settled by judicial dicta.
In Hotel Imperial, New Delhi & Hotel Workers Union, the
Supreme Court considered the question whether a master
could suspend his servant during the pendency of the inquiry.
The proposition, that under ordinary law of master and
servant , the power to suspend the servant without pay
could not be implied as a term in any ordinary contract
of service between the master and the servant must
arise either from an express term in the contract itself
or a statutory provision governing such contract, was
taken as settled law. [see Babu Nandan Gir v. Subdivisional officer, Salempur (1966) 2 LLJ 81 (All); P.
Doraikannu v. Hotel Savoy (1966) 1 LLJ 701 (Mad) (DB);
Dukhrooram Gupta v. Cooperative Agricultural Assn
Ltd. (1962) 1 LLJ 353 (M) (DB)]. (emphasis added).

31

76.

Cisco (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Narayanasamy A/L Manickam (1995) 1

ILR 283 at pp. 287, a case where the workman claimed constructive
dismissal, amongst others, for the reason that he was suspended on halfpay, the learned Chairman, Haji Sabarudin bin Haji Othman (as Yang
Arif then was), ruled :

I am therefore of the view that in this particular case the

suspension and the deprivation of the Claimants half-month
salary for July 1990 is a fundamental breach that goes to the
root of the contract which entitled the Claimant to regard the
contract as terminated and himself being dismissed without
reasonable cause or excuse.

77.

Statutory right to suspend the Claimant on half pay, the Company

did not have. Contractual right to do so, the Company did not prove.
That the Company had breached a fundamental term of contract by what
it did is an inescapable conclusion.
limb of Milan Auto.

Dismissal proved under the first

And under the second limb that it was for just

cause and excuse, the Company failed to discharge its evidential burden.

78.

What finally left to be determined is that third salary deduction

effected as a cost reduction device by the Company.

Need I continue

more? It needs but one bullet which if penetrated to sufficient depth to

be fatal. Likewise it needs but a single breach which penetrates to the
root of the contract of employment to cause the contracts demise.
Caused to expire several times over, had been the contract of
employment between the Claimant and the Company.

79.

For me not to determine this issue of the third salary deduction

would do injustice not only to both learned counsels toil but also to
expound the law as I believe it should be.
32

80.

The Companys letter addressed to the Claimant on this salary

reduction, being material has its body reproduced below :

SALARY DEDUCTION

As you very well know, the Company is currently facing a

very difficult financial situation.

Various measures have

been taken to address this issue to ensure the survival of

our business.

Among other, we have already executed a

retrenchment programme involving 30 staff which had taken

place in May this year. At the same time, the Company has
also began disposing its assets to meet its day to day
financial obligations.

In view of the above, the Management has decided to take

another step towards cost reduction by administering a 20%
cut in salaries of executive staff earning RM5,000.00 or
more. Savings to the Company as a result of this exercise
would help a great deal for the Company to survive in these
difficult times.

We therefore wish to inform you that with effect 1st

September 1998, your gross basic salary will be revised to
RM6,000.00

representing

20%

reduction

from

your

previous pay.

81.

First, I am required to determine if there had been a dismissal

occasioned by the Company having breached a term which goes to the

root of the contract of employment.

And in doing so, foremost in my

thoughts is that in the instant case, the act of salary reduction is

unilateral, not by mutual consent.
33

82.

It is the Companys pleading that facing a difficult financial

situation

the Company retrenched thirty staff in May 1998, begun

disposing of assets and as a step towards cost reduction effected a salary

cut of 20% affecting those executive staff earning RM5,000.00 per month
or more. The Claimant was one such executive staff.

83.

Industrial Rubber Products v. Gillon, (1977) IRLR 389 a

decision of the Employment Appeal Tribunal, Scotland involved a

workman who claimed constructive dismissal on account of his employer
effecting a minimal salary reduction, forced to do so in order to comply
with official government pay policy. And this is what the court had to
say :

We would prefer to apply the perhaps more general test of

whether or not in the whole circumstances the employer was
in material breach of his contract of employment. If he was
then the employee was no longer under an obligation to
continue working with him. Applying that test we find that in
the present case what has happened is that albeit for good
reasons the employer felt it necessary to unilaterally to reduce
the employees basic rate of remuneration. The basic rate of
pay is a fundamental element in any contract of
employment and in our opinion it cannot be said that
there is no material breach on the part of an employer
who proposes to reduce the basic rate even for good
reasons and to a relatively small extent.

We are

therefore driven to the conclusion that the respondent

was constructively dismissed in terms of para 5(2) of
the First Schedule. (emphasis added).

34

84.

In Kejuteraan Samudra Timur Sdn. Bhd. v. Seli Mandoh &

Anor (2004) 1 CLJ 393, Raus Shariff J. held :

The first respondent pleaded that the unilateral reduction of

his salary amounted to a repudiation of his contract of
employment.

Thus the question for the Industrial Court to

determine was whether the contract itself provided for such a

reduction. The Industrial Court made a finding that there was
no such provision in the contract and the first respondent did
not consent to the massive reduction of 30% of his salary. To
me the Learned Chairman was right to conclude the unilateral
reduction of an employees pay constitute a fundamental and
repudiatory breach of the contract of employment.

Here in the instant case no different.

There is no evidence of

contractual right to reduce salary for any reason whatsoever.

85.

And in Encik See Teow Hock v. (1) Pustaka Delta Pelajaran

Sdn. (2) Gedung Ilmu Sdn. Bhd., Award No. 650 of 2004, the learned
Chairman, Susila Sithamparam faced with an employer who for
economic reasons had unilaterally reduced the workmans salary thus
resulting in the workman claiming constructive dismissal, found the
employer to have breached a fundamental term of the contract of
employment and hence the occurrence of a dismissal.

86.

With the above authorities I associate and in the result find the

Company, by having unilaterally reduced the salary of the Claimant, to

have breached a term going to the very root of the contract.

87.

Mr. Thavalingam first submitted that the borang PK4/98 exhibited

as COE2, which is a mandatory report on salary reduction of workers to

35

be made to the Jabatan Buruh, expressly allows for salary reduction.

This submission I find to be baseless. His next submission is that the
Claimant though being informed by letter dated 22.8.1998 of the salary
reduction, had not objected to the same till the Termination Letter of
29.9.1998. He however draws no conclusion on this state of affairs, thus
absolving the Courts need to comment on the same. And he also made
reference to Pexxon Sdn. Bhd. v. Sia Qui Yau, Johore (1989) I ILR
235 where the Court having said that the length of time by which the
workman repudiates his contract in response to the breach is crucial, the
learned Chairman held that the period of one month taken for the
workman to act was considered unreasonable. To this submission I now
direct my deliberation.

88.

That it is a prerequisite that the Claimant should not delay in

terminating the contract in response to the breach is the law and has
been mentioned earlier.

Time here is to be determined on all the

circumstances of the particular case. In the instant case the Claimant

was served a letter on 21.8.1998 suspending him from employment with
effect from that same date up to 6.9.1998 and denied permission to enter
the office during that same period.

Thereafter by another letter dated

5.9.1998 the Claimants suspension was further extended up to

20.9.1998.

He was also told to attend a domestic inquiry during the

suspension period on 10.9.1998.

Whilst this was in progress, the

Company caused to serve the Claimant a letter dated 22.8.1998

informing him of a pending reduction in salary with effect from 1.9.1998.
This the Court understands to relate to the salary for the month of
September 1998. By letter dated 21.9.1998 the Claimant was informed
of the outcome of the domestic inquiry. In view of the above sequence of
events and the tumultuous position that the Company had led the
Claimant into, I find that the Claimants response in accepting the

36

repudiation of his contract by his letter of 29.9.1998 not offending this

prerequisite against delay in response.

89.

And whilst on this subject, the Court has not lost sight of the

factum probandum, which is the breach occasioned by the salary

reduction. The breach arose not when the Claimant was informed by the
letter dated 22.8.1998 of the pending reduction, but when the reduction
was effected.

The testimony of COW1 is that the salary of September

1998 would have been paid in the third week. And it is upon payment of
this September salary at a reduced rate, that actus of breach is
completed.

And this date is not far from

the date of the Claimant

walking out of his employment.

90.

The third salary reduction did truly bring about a dismissal. Any

decision otherwise will make nonsense of the discussion thus far.

91.

A constructive dismissal does not ipso facto result in a dismissal

being without just cause or excuse. Support for this I find from Logabax
Ltd. v. R.H. Titherley (1977) IRLR 97 where the Employment Appeal
Tribunal observed :

Thirdly, if there is conduct entitling an employee to treat

it

as

constructive

dismissal,

is

such

dismissal

automatically an unfair dismissal? To this question we

would give a negative answer.

We have in mind that in

considering whether or not a dismissal is unfair para 6(8) of

the

First

Schedule

requires

an

overall

assessment of

circumstances in the light of what is fair and equitable. In

other words, there my be a situation where the employer has
properly followed the code of practice and, although his

37

conduct otherwise has forced a constructive dismissal, yet

looked at overall he might be able to say it was nevertheless
fair. (emphasis added).

That which expressed in Logabax Ltd. is not dissimilar to that

which is required of me under the second limb enunciated in Milan Auto
(supra) and reaffirmed in Quah Swee Khoon (supra).

92.

In Award No. 650 of 2004 (supra) the learned Chairman,

satisfied that the Company had indeed suffered financial losses found on
these grounds that the constructive dismissal was for just cause and
excuse. This decision though not binding should weigh persuasion upon
me.

With respect, after anxious self-debate, I am not so persuaded.

Judicium parium, far from me be any such intention.

93.

Gopal Sri Ram JCA in Ang Beng Teik v. Pan Global Textile Bhd.

Penang (supra) said that Employment that is to say, the right to ones
livelihood is also a fundamental liberty guaranteed by the Federal
Constitution.

That this is so, the Federal Court agrees in Rama

Chandran v. The Industrial Court of Malaysia & Anor (1997) 1 AMR

433.

And in pursuit of this livelihood the servant seeks employment

from his master. For it is this employment that delivers him the means
to purchase that required for his living. That salary constitutes the first
impetus to seek employment cannot be denied. Salary is the nub of the
relationship between the servant and master.

Any change to this,

whatever the reason may be, totally destroys the relationship.

The

master cannot be allowed to justify reducing the salary of his servant for
the reason that he has insufficient means. A change in salary augurs a
new relationship. One which the servant may accept or reject freely.

38

94.

Section 30(5) of the Act behoves the Court to act according to

equity and good conscience amongst others. A workmans expenditure

towards his commitments would have been preset by him based on his
monthly emolument.

A sudden reduction in the same would cause

hardship to him and his dependants. That an employer suffers financial

hardship is no reason to force the same upon his workman. Perhaps it is
for this reason that the Code of Conduct for Industrial Harmony
signed on 9.2.1975 does not include reduction of salary as one of the
listed

appropriate

measures

before

the

employer

embarks

upon

retrenchment.

95.

In the upshot the Court rules that save by mutual consent, the

reduction of salary for the reason of the employers financial hardship

cannot be accepted as just cause and excuse to justify a dismissal by
way of constructive dismissal occasioned though a breach of the contract
of employment arising from a unilateral reduction in a workmans
remuneration.

96.

In the circumstances the Court dispenses with the need to arrive

at a finding on the Companys true financial position.

REMEDY

97.

The Claimant in his pleadings seeks reinstatement to his former

post without loss in any benefits, monetary or otherwise and arrears of

salary from date of dismissal to the date of reinstatement.

98.

The Claimant at the time of the dismissal on 29.9.1998 held the

position of Assistant Group Financial Controller.

Judging from the

designation, the fact that he received three promotions before attaining

this position coupled with the fact that he was a cheque signatory, the
39

Court assumes that this is a senior position. Come September 2004, the
Claimant would have been away from the working environment and work
practices of the Company for six years.

By his own admission the

Claimant had not been performing any work similar to that which he
performed at the time of his dismissal.

It is unlikely under the

circumstances that the Claimant will readily fit into the slot which he
had left behind. The Court is also mindful of its equitable obligation to
not place impediments upon the efficient management of the Company
upon which depends the livelihood of other workmen. Having viewed the
substantial merits of the case and the circumstances, equity and good
conscience will not be served if the Claimant is reinstated.

99.

The Federal Court in Dr. A. Dutt v. Assunta Hospital (1981) 1

MLJ 304 held that the Industrial Court is authorised to award monetary
compensation if of the view that reinstatement is not appropriate.
Compensation constitutes two elements viz (a) backwages and (b)
compensation in lieu of reinstatement.

[See also the Court of Appeal in

Koperasi Serbaguna Bhd. Sabah v. James Alfred, Sabah & Anor,

(2000) 3 AMR 3493].

100. And in Hotel Jaya Puri v. National Union of Hotel Bar &
Restaurant Workers, (1980) 1 MLJ 105 the Federal Court held that if
there was a legal basis for paying compensation, the question of amout is
very much at the discretion of the Court to fix under section 30 of the
Act.

101. In exercising the Courts discretion I bear in mind the cautionary

words of the learned author, O.M. Malhotra in his work, Law of
Industrial Disputes, Vol. 2, 4th Ed. at page 961:

40

 The tribunal will exercise its discretion keeping in view all

the relevant circumstances.

But the discretion must be

exercised in a judicial and judicious manner. The reason for

exercising discretion must be cogent and convincing and must
appear on the face of the record.

When it is said that

something is to be done within the discretion of the authority,

that something is to be done according to rules of reason and
justice, according to law and not humour.

It is not to be

arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular.

So too I bear in mind the requirements of section 30(5) of the Act to act
according to equity, good conscience and the substantial merits of the
case.

Scire feci the exercise of the Courts discretion I now approach the two
heads of compensation, decide on the quantum and state my reasons
therefore.

PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE

102. The Court had in the case of Ike Video Distributor Sdn. Bhd. v.
Chan Chee Bin, Award No. 636 of 2004 analysed in detail relevant
factors and has set out the principles by which the Court
governed in the award of remedies.

will be

The Courts decision was that

remedy in cases where no reinstatement is ordered, will be under two

heads viz (a) compensation in lieu of reinstatement and (b) backwages.

103. Thereafter from this total sum the Court will scale down, if
appropriate based on the circumstances of the case, under the three
heads of (a) delay factor, (b) gainful employment and (c) contributory
conduct.
41

104. The arguments and rationale of the Court in having arrived upon
the above mentioned decisions on remedy is discussed in detail in the
Ike Video Distributor Sdn. Bhd. case and will not be repeated here.

COMPENSATION IN LIEU OF REINSTATEMENT

105. Compensation in lieu of reinstatement is one months salary per

year of service; the multiplicand being the salary and the multiplier being
the period from the date of commencement of employment up to the last
date of hearing.

106. It is the evidence before the Court that the Claimant, at the time of
his dismissal, earned a monthly salary of RM7,500.00. No evidence was
led on the receipt of other benefits, monetary or otherwise.

The

multiplicand in the instant case is therefore RM7,500.00.

107. With the Claimant having commenced work on 15.9.1981 and the
last date of hearing being 26.4.2004, the multiplier in the instant case is
22.6.

108. In the result, a sum of RM169,500.00 is due as compensation in

lieu of reinstatement which sum is obtained through multiplying
RM7,500.00 by 22.6.

BACKWAGES

109. Backwages is for the period between the date of dismissal and the
date of conclusion of hearing which in the instant case is from 29.9.1998
to 26.4.2004, a period of 66 completed months.

42

110. The multiplicand being RM7,500.00 with a multiplier of 66,

backwages amounts to RM495,000.00.

SCALE DOWN
Delay Factor

111. The Court is amenable to scale down on the total compensation

under two sub-heads in connection with delay factor viz (a) delays
occasioned by the Claimant subject to a maximum scaling down of 30%
and (b) delays attributable to the Ministry of Human Resources or the
Industrial Court subject to a further maximum scaling down of 30%.

112. In the instant case the Claimant was represented without absence
at every one of the mentions and hearing dates set by the Court.

He

further complied with all directions on the filing of pleadings, documents

and witness statement. He therefore made no contribution towards delay
and the Court accordingly effects no scaling under this sub-head.

113. The Claimants appeal under section 20 of the Act was received by
the Minister of Human Resources on 25.11.1998.

On 15.5.2001 the

Minister decided to exercise his discretion to refer the matter to the

Industrial Court and the matter was assigned to the Court on 13.6.2001
more than 2.5 years later. And on being assigned to the Court, hearing
of the matter was further delayed for the reason that the Court was
without a substantive Chairman from 1.2.2003 to 15.1.2004, a period of
almost one year.

114. Although such delays are not the doing of a claimant it is

inequitable and against good conscience to shoulder the total penalty of
full compensation under both heads upon the employer for he

43

contributes no blame too.

In the circumstances the Court scales down

the total compensation by 30% under this sub-head, giving a figure of

RM465,150.00 from the original total of RM664,500.00 (RM169,500 plus
RM495,000).

Gainful Employment

115. This principle of law, set by the Court of Appeal in Koperasi

Serbaguna Sanya Bhd. Sabah (supra), was further clarified by the
Federal Court on appeal in Dr. James Alfred v. Koperasi Serbaguna
Sanya Bhd. Sabah & Anor, (2001) 3 MLJ 529.

116. The Court had analysed the application of this principle in the Ike
Video Distributor Sdn. Bhd. case and will adhere to the same here.

117. Cross-examined, the Claimant testified that he has since January

2002 been employed as a part-time assistant remiser with RHB
Securities Sdn. Bhd. Exhibit CLE1 shows no contribution was made to
KWSP during the year 2002 and the commission that the Claimant
earned was RM61.97 and RM72.31 for the years 2002 and 2003
respectively.

Hardly any earnings at all.

The Claimant was not

examined by either counsel on attempts to secure gainful employment.

Nor did the Claimant volunteer any such information. And in this both
counsel cannot be defaulted for authority and prevailing precedence has
it that the need for a dismissed workman to mitigate his loss by diligently
seeking employment elsewhere does not arise anymore [see High Court in
Thilagavathy Alagan Muthiah (supra) and in Great Eastern Mills
Bhd. v. Ng Yuen Ching (1998) 6 MLJ 214

and Industrial Court in

Boots Co. (Far East ) Pte Bhd., Singapore v. Kenneth Toh Lee Soo
Teong (1981) MLLR 681].

44

118. The learned Chairman, John Louis OHara in Pelangi Enterprises

Sdn. Bhd. v. Oh Swee Choo, Award No. 155/01 (2001) 1 ILR, at page
492 remarked of the claimant in that case who had diligently sought
employment and worked during the interregnum, thus :

This Court is required to make an adjustment where the

workman has found other employment.

In making the

adjustment this Court has to be fair to both parties. If the

Claimant had done nothing i.e. just sat at home and
waited, she would be entitled to full backwages. But a
person has to live and to live he/she has to earn a living by
working. (emphasis added).

119. That lex et consuetudo Industrial Court of the past was the
application of the common law principle of mitigation of damages, is
reported at page 133 of the 2nd End. of Industrial Dispute Law in
Malaysia by C.P. Mills :

Both the Industrial Arbitration Tribunal and the

present Court have applied the common law principle of

mitigation of damages, but with some modification of the
onus of proof. Ordinarily upon reinstatement, an employee is
entitled to all back pay, allowances and privileges from the
date of dismissal.

This Court has however followed the

principle that there is a duty upon the employee who seeks

reinstatement to make all reasonable efforts to search for and
obtain gainful employment during the interim period, and that
upon reinstatement, there should be deducted from his back
pay his actual earnings while in such employment.

If the

employee has not made such a search for employment

45

or has unreasonably refused employment offered, then

it will be assumed that other reasonable employment
would have yielded earnings equal to the earnings of
the employee in the job from which he was dismissed:
Sharikat

Eastern

Smelting

Bhd.

v.

Kesatuan

Kebangsaan Pekerja2 Perusahaan Peleboran Logam SMalaya (Award No. 16/68, 26 April 1968) [1968-69] Mal.
L.L.R 127; National Union of Cinema & Amusement
Park Workers v. Gopeng Theater (Award No. 160/78, 13
November 1978). (emphasis added).

120. My research into the pronouncements of both the Court of Appeal

and the Federal Court in the Dr. James Alfred case has failed to
resurrect the principle of mitigation of damages through diligently
seeking alternative employment.

Though I find this as in Dworkins

words, a hard case, bound by prevailing authority, a fortiori I effect no

scaling down of the Claimants wages under the head of gainful
employment.

Contributory Conduct

121. The second of the two-fold function of the Industrial Court upon
receiving a reference from the Minister is to determine whether the
proven misconduct constitute just cause or excuse for the punishment of
dismissal. [see Wong Yuen Hock (supra) and Milan Auto Sdn. Bhd.
(supra) ].

122. In

cases

where

the

Industrial

Court

determines

that

the

punishment of dismissal is too grievous for the proven misconduct or in

cases where the Industrial Court finds the workman to have contributed
by his conduct to his predicament, the Industrial Court has scaled down
46

the total compensation awarded for the reason of contributory conduct.

In this connection Halsburys Laws of Malaysia, Vol. 7, 2000 Edn. at
paragraph 120.103 entitled Reinstatement and Compensation
reads :

In awarding compensation, the Industrial Court may

consider the contributory conduct of the employee in reducing
the compensatory award [see Standard Chartered Bank v.
Wong Foot Kin (1994) 2 ILR 591; George Kent (M) Bhd. v.
Steven Koh Hon Seng, Award No. 368 of 1995] but any
reduction must be based on facts which have been found. [see
M. Natonasabapathy v. United Asian Bank Bhd. (1994) 2
CLJ 534].

It may also take into account subsequently

discovered misconduct by an employee to justify a reduction

in compensation.

[see W. Devis & Sons Ltd. v. Atkins

(1977) ICR 662; George Kent (M) Bhd. v. Steven Koh Hon
Seng (supra)].

123. The

Industrial

Court

had

effected

scaling

down

the

total

compensation for contributory conduct by the Claimant in Kuala

Selangor Omnibus Company Bhd. v. Mohd Isnin Saleh, (2003) 3 ILR
1267 by 30%; in Fatty Chemical (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Muniandy
Muthusamy; (2004) 1 ILR 363 by 30%; in Johor Port Bhd. v. Zainal
Mohd. Nahu, (2003) 3 ILR 721 by 40%; and in Unilever (M) Holdings
Sdn. Bhd. v. Yang Kang Loong, (2003) 3 ILR 639 by 50%.

124. The various fundamental breaches committed by the Company

may be divided into two.

First, those arising in connection with the

domestic inquiry and second, the reduction of salary as a cost saving

device. The reduction of salary effective upon payment in the third week

47

of September was the last of the breaches. The act of repudiation of the
contract of employment by the Company occurred with the first set of
breaches. And when the Claimant accepted the repudiation and walked
out of his employment, in law this first set of breaches become causa
proxima.

125. It is the Claimants act of proceeding on leave without prior

approval and failure to carry out work assigned that led to the domestic
inquiry.

The

Claimants

conduct

therefore

contributed

to

his

predicament and for this reason, the Court scales down 30% under the
head of contributory conduct. The final sum payable to the Claimant is
therefore RM325,605.00 (RM465,150.00 less 30%).

ORDER

126. The Court orders that the Company pays the Claimant through his
solicitors, the sum of RM325,605.00 less statutory deductions if any, not
later than 45 days from the date of this Award.

HANDED DOWN AND DATED THIS 4TH AUGUST, 2004.

( N. RAJASEGARAN)
CHAIRMAN
INDUSTRIAL COURT.

48