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Objectives
Aftercompletingthislesson,youshouldbeableto
dothefollowing:

RetrievingDataUsing
theSQLSELECT Statement

LessonAgenda
BasicSELECT statement
ArithmeticexpressionsandNULL valuesintheSELECT
statement
Columnaliases
Useofconcatenationoperator,literalcharacterstrings,
alternativequoteoperator,andtheDISTINCT keyword
DESCRIBE command
d

ListthecapabilitiesofSQLSELECT statements
ExecuteabasicSELECT statement

CapabilitiesofSQLSELECT
Statements
Projection

Selection

Table1

Table1
Join

Table1

BasicSELECT Statement
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
FROM
table;

Table2

SelectingAllColumns
SELECT *
FROM
departments;

SELECT identifiesthecolumnstobedisplayed.
FROM identifiesthetablecontainingthosecolumns.

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SelectingSpecificColumns
SELECT department_id, location_id
FROM
departments;

WritingSQLStatements
SQLstatementsarenotcasesensitive.
SQLstatementscanbeenteredononeormorelines.
Keywordscannotbeabbreviatedorsplitacrosslines.
Clausesareusuallyplacedonseparatelines.
Indentsareusedtoenhancereadability.
In SQL Developer SQL statements can optionally be
InSQLDeveloper,SQLstatementscanoptionallybe
terminatedbyasemicolon(;).Semicolonsarerequired
whenyouexecutemultipleSQLstatements.
InSQL*Plus,youarerequiredtoendeachSQL
statementwithasemicolon(;).

ColumnHeadingDefaults
SQLDeveloper:
Defaultheadingalignment:Leftaligned
Defaultheadingdisplay:Uppercase

SQL*Plus:
CharacterandDatecolumnheadingsareleftaligned.
Numbercolumnheadingsareright
Number column headings are rightaligned
aligned.
Defaultheadingdisplay:Uppercase

ArithmeticExpressions
Createexpressionswithnumberanddatedatabyusing
arithmeticoperators.

Operator

BasicSELECT statement
ArithmeticexpressionsandNULL valuesintheSELECT
statement
ColumnAliases
Useofconcatenationoperator,literalcharacterstrings,
alternativequoteoperator,andtheDISTINCT keyword
DESCRIBE command
d

UsingArithmeticOperators
SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300
FROM
employees;

Description

Add

Subtract

LessonAgenda

Multiply
/

Divide

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OperatorPrecedence
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100
FROM
employees;

DefiningaNullValue
1

Nullisavaluethatisunavailable,unassigned,unknown,
orinapplicable.
Nullisnotthesameaszeroorablankspace.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
FROM
O
e
employees;
p oyees;

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)

LessonAgenda

NullValuesinArithmeticExpressions
Arithmeticexpressionscontaininganullvalueevaluatetonull.
SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct
FROM
employees;

BasicSELECT statement
ArithmeticexpressionsandNULL valuesintheSELECT
statement
Columnaliases
Useofconcatenationoperator,literalcharacterstrings,
alternativequoteoperator,andtheDISTINCT keyword
DESCRIBE command
d

DefiningaColumnAlias

UsingColumnAliases

Acolumnalias:
Renamesacolumnheading
Isusefulwithcalculations
Immediatelyfollowsthecolumnname(Therecanalsobethe
optionalAS keywordbetweenthecolumnnameandalias.)
Requiresdoublequotationmarksifitcontainsspacesor
specialcharacters,orifitiscasesensitive
l h
f

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm

SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"

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LessonAgenda
BasicSELECT Statement
ArithmeticExpressionsandNULLvaluesinSELECT
statement
ColumnAliases
Useofconcatenationoperator,literalcharacterstrings,
alternativequoteoperator,andtheDISTINCT keyword
DESCRIBE command
d

ConcatenationOperator
Aconcatenationoperator:
Linkscolumnsorcharacterstringstoothercolumns
Isrepresentedbytwoverticalbars(||)
Createsaresultantcolumnthatisacharacterexpression
SELECT
FROM

last name||job id AS "Employees"

LiteralCharacterStrings
Aliteralisacharacter,anumber,oradatethatisincludedin
theSELECT statement.
Dateandcharacterliteralvaluesmustbeenclosedwithin
singlequotationmarks.
Eachcharacterstringisoutputonceforeachrowreturned.

UsingLiteralCharacterStrings
SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id
AS "Employee Details"
FROM
employees;

AlternativeQuote(q)Operator
Specifyyourownquotationmarkdelimiter.
Selectanydelimiter.
Increasereadabilityandusability.
SELECT department_name || ' Department' ||
q'['s Manager Id: ]'
|| manager_id
AS "Department and Manager"
FROM departments;

DuplicateRows
Thedefaultdisplayofqueriesisallrows,includingduplicate
rows.
SELECT department_id
FROM
employees;

SELECT DISTINCT department_id

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LessonAgenda
BasicSELECT statement
ArithmeticexpressionsandNULL valuesintheSELECT
statement
Columnaliases
Useofconcatenationoperator,literalcharacterstrings,
alternativequoteoperator,andtheDISTINCT keyword
DESCRIBE command
d

UsingtheDESCRIBE Command

DisplayingtheTableStructure
UsetheDESCRIBE commandtodisplaythestructure
ofatable.
Or,selectthetableintheConnectionstreeandusethe
Columnstabtoviewthetablestructure.
DESC[RIBE] tablename

Summary
Inthislesson,youshouldhavelearnedhowto:

DESCRIBE employees

WriteaSELECT statementthat:
Returnsallrowsandcolumnsfromatable
Returnsspecifiedcolumnsfromatable
Usescolumnaliasestodisplaymoredescriptivecolumn
headings

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}

Practice1:Overview
Thispracticecoversthefollowingtopics:
Selectingalldatafromdifferenttables
Describingthestructureoftables
Performingarithmeticcalculationsandspecifying
columnnames

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RestrictingandSortingData

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Objectives
Aftercompletingthislesson,youshouldbeableto
dothefollowing:
Limittherowsthatareretrievedbyaquery
Sorttherowsthatareretrievedbyaquery
Useampersandsubstitutiontorestrictandsortoutput
at run time
atruntime

LimitingRowsUsingaSelection
EMPLOYEES

LessonAgenda
Limitingrowswith:
The WHERE clause
Thecomparisonconditionsusing=,<=,BETWEEN,IN,
LIKE,andNULL conditions
LogicalconditionsusingAND,OR,andNOT operators

Rulesofprecedenceforoperatorsinanexpression
p
p
p
SortingrowsusingtheORDER BY clause
Substitutionvariables
DEFINE andVERIFY commands

LimitingtheRowsthatAreSelected
RestricttherowsthatarereturnedbyusingtheWHERE
clause:
SELECT*|{[DISTINCT]column|expression [alias],...}
FROMtable
[WHEREcondition(s)];

TheWHERE
The WHERE clausefollowstheFROM
clause follows the FROM clause.
clause

retrieve all
employees in
department 90

UsingtheWHERE Clause
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROMemployees
WHEREdepartment_id=90;

CharacterStringsandDates
Characterstringsanddatevaluesareenclosedwith
singlequotationmarks.
Charactervaluesarecasesensitiveanddatevaluesare
formatsensitive.
ThedefaultdatedisplayformatisDD-MON-RR.
SELECTlast_name,job_id,department_id
FROMemployees
WHERElast_name='Whalen';
SELECTlast_name
FROMemployees
WHEREhire_date='17FEB96';

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ComparisonOperators
Operator

Meaning

Equal to

>

Greater than

>=

SELECTlast_name,salary
FROMemployees
WHEREsalary<=3000;

Greater than or equal to

<

Less than

<=

Less than or equal to

<>

Not equal to

BETWEEN
...AND...

Between two values (inclusive)

IN(set)

Match any of a list of values

LIKE

Match a character pattern

ISNULL

Is a null value

RangeConditionsUsingtheBETWEEN
Operator
UsetheBETWEEN operatortodisplayrowsbasedonarangeof
values:

Lower limit

UsetheIN operatortotestforvaluesinalist:

Upper limit

PatternMatchingUsingtheLIKE
Operator
UsetheLIKE operatortoperformwildcard
searchesofvalidsearchstringvalues.
Searchconditionscancontaineitherliteral
charactersornumbers:
% denoteszeroormanycharacters.
_ denotes
denotesonecharacter.
one character.
first_name
employees
first_nameLIKE'S%';

MembershipConditionUsingtheIN
Operator
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,salary,manager_id
FROMemployees
WHEREmanager_idIN(100,101,201);

SELECTlast_name,salary
FROMemployees
WHEREsalaryBETWEEN2500AND3500;

SELECT
FROM
WHERE

UsingComparisonOperators

CombiningWildcardCharacters
Youcancombinethetwowildcardcharacters(%,_)
withliteralcharactersforpatternmatching:
SELECTlast_name
FROMemployees
WHERElast_nameLIKE'_o%';

YoucanusetheESCAPE identifiertosearchforthe
actual% and_ symbols.

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UsingtheNULL Conditions

DefiningConditionsUsingtheLogical
Operators

TestfornullswiththeIS NULL operator.

SELECTlast_name,manager_id
FROMemployees
WHEREmanager_idISNULL;

Returns TRUE if both component conditions

OR

Returns TRUE if either component condition

NOT

UsingtheAND Operator
AND requiresboththecomponentconditionstobetrue:
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROMemployees
WHEREsalary>=10000
ANDjob_idLIKE'%MAN%';

Meaning

AND

Returns TRUE if the condition is false

UsingtheOR Operator
OR requireseithercomponentconditiontobetrue:
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROMemployees
WHEREsalary>=10000
ORjob_idLIKE'%MAN%';

UsingtheNOT Operator

LessonAgenda
Limitingrowswith:
TheWHERE clause
Thecomparisonconditionsusing=,<=,BETWEEN,IN,
LIKE,andNULL operators
LogicalconditionsusingAND,OR,andNOT operators

SELECTlast_name,job_id
FROMemployees
WHEREjob_id
NOTIN('IT_PROG','ST_CLERK','SA_REP');

Rulesofprecedenceforoperatorsinanexpression
p
p
p
SortingrowsusingtheORDER BY clause
Substitutionvariables
DEFINE andVERIFY commands

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RulesofPrecedence
Operator

RulesofPrecedence
SELECTlast_name,job_id,salary
FROMemployees
WHEREjob_id='SA_REP'
ORjob_id='AD_PRES'
ANDsalary>15000;

Meaning

Arithmetic operators

Concatenation operator

Comparison conditions

IS [NOT] NULL,
NULL LIKE,
LIKE [NOT] IN

[NOT] BETWEEN

Not equal to

NOT logical condition

AND logical condition

OR logical condition

SELECTlast_name,job_id,salary
FROMemployees
WHERE(job_id='SA_REP'
ORjob_id='AD_PRES')
ANDsalary>15000;

You can use parentheses to override rules of precedence.

UsingtheORDER BY Clause

LessonAgenda
Limitingrowswith:

SortretrievedrowswiththeORDER BY clause:

TheWHERE clause
Thecomparisonconditionsusing=,<=,BETWEEN,IN,
LIKE,andNULL operators
LogicalconditionsusingAND,OR,andNOT operators

Rulesofprecedenceforoperatorsinanexpression
p
p
p
SortingrowsusingtheORDER BY clause
Substitutionvariables
DEFINE andVERIFY commands

ASC:Ascendingorder,default
DESC:Descendingorder

TheORDER BY clausecomeslastintheSELECT statement:

Sorting

Sorting
Sortingbyusingthecolumnsnumericposition:

Sortingindescendingorder:
SELECTlast_name,job_id,department_id,hire_date
FROMemployees
ORDERBYhire_dateDESC;

SELECTlast_name,job_id,department_id,hire_date
FROMemployees
ORDERBY3;

Sortingbymultiplecolumns:
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,salary*12annsal
Sortingbycolumnalias:
FROMemployees
ORDERBYannsal;

SELECTlast_name,department_id,salary
FROMemployees
ORDERBYdepartment_id,salaryDESC;

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LessonAgenda

SubstitutionVariables

Limitingrowswith:
TheWHERE clause
Thecomparisonconditionsusing=,<=,BETWEEN,IN,
LIKE,andNULL operators
LogicalconditionsusingAND,OR,andNOT operators

Rulesofprecedenceforoperatorsinanexpression
p
p
p
SortingrowsusingtheORDER BY clause
Substitutionvariables
DEFINE andVERIFY commands

SubstitutionVariables
Usesubstitutionvariablesto:
Temporarilystorevalueswithsingleampersand(&)anddouble
ampersand(&&)substitution

Usesubstitutionvariablestosupplementthefollowing:

WHERE conditions
ORDER BY clauses
Columnexpressions
Tablenames
EntireSELECT statements

UsingtheSingleAmpersand
SubstitutionVariable

... salary = ?
department_id = ?
... last_name = ? ...
I want
to query
different
values.

UsingtheSingleAmpersand
SubstitutionVariable
Useavariableprefixedwithanampersand(&)topromptthe
userforavalue:
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,salary,department_id
FROMemployees
WHEREemployee_id=&employee_num;

CharacterandDateValueswith
SubstitutionVariables
Usesinglequotationmarksfordateandcharactervalues:
SELECTlast_name,department_id,salary*12
FROMemployees
WHEREjob_id='&job_title';

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SpecifyingColumnNames,
Expressions,andText
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,job_id,&column_name
FROMemployees
WHERE&condition
ORDERBY&order_column;

UsingtheDoubleAmpersand
SubstitutionVariable
Usedoubleampersand(&&)ifyouwanttoreusethevariable
valuewithoutpromptingtheusereachtime:
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,job_id,&&column_name
FROMemployees
ORDERBY&column_name;

LessonAgenda
Limitingrowswith:
TheWHERE clause
Thecomparisonconditionsusing=,<=,BETWEEN,IN,
LIKE,andNULL operators
LogicalconditionsusingAND,OR,andNOT operators

Rulesofprecedenceforoperatorsinanexpression
p
p
p
SortingrowsusingtheORDER BY clause
Substitutionvariables
DEFINE andVERIFY commands

UsingtheDEFINE Command
UsetheDEFINE commandtocreateandassignavalue
toavariable.
UsetheUNDEFINE commandtoremoveavariable.
DEFINEemployee_num=200
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,salary,department_id
FROMemployees
WHEREemployee_id=&employee_num;
UNDEFINEemployee_num

UsingtheVERIFY Command
UsetheVERIFY commandtotogglethedisplayofthe
substitutionvariable,bothbeforeandafterSQL
Developerreplacessubstitutionvariableswithvalues:
SETVERIFYON
SELECTemployee_id,last_name,salary
FROM
FROMemployees
employees
WHEREemployee_id=&employee_num;

Summary
Inthislesson,youshouldhavelearnedhowto:
UsetheWHERE clausetorestrictrowsofoutput:
Usethecomparisonconditions
UsetheBETWEEN,IN,LIKE,andNULL operators
ApplythelogicalAND,OR,andNOT operators

UsetheORDER BY clausetosortrowsofoutput:
p
SELECT*|{[DISTINCT]column|expression [alias],...}
FROMtable
[WHEREcondition(s)]
[ORDERBY{column,expr,alias}[ASC|DESC]];
Useampersandsubstitutiontorestrictandsortoutput

at
runtime

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Practice2:Overview
Thispracticecoversthefollowingtopics:
Selectingdataandchangingtheorderoftherows
thataredisplayed
RestrictingrowsbyusingtheWHERE clause
SortingrowsbyusingtheORDER BY clause
Usingsubstitutionvariablestoaddflexibilitytoyour
Using substitution variables to add flexibility to your
SQLSELECT statements

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