Paper 4

Worksheet no. 4

10)

[Total : 4]
11)

1) A bus travels from one bus stop to the next. The journey has three distinct parts.
Stated in order they are
uniform acceleration from rest for 8.0 s,
uniform speed for 12 s,
non-uniform deceleration for 5.0 s.
Fig. 1.1 shows only the deceleration of the bus.

(a) On Fig. 1.1, complete the graph to show the first two parts of the journey. [3]
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the bus 4.0 s after leaving the first bus stop.
acceleration = ........................[2]
(c) Use the graph to estimate the distance the bus travels between 20 s and 25 s.
estimated distance = ........................[2]
(d) On leaving the second bus stop, the uniform acceleration of the bus is 1.2 m / s2.
The mass of the bus and passengers is 4000 kg.
Calculate the accelerating force that acts on the bus.
force = ........................[2]
(e) The acceleration of the bus from the second bus stop is less than that from the
first bus stop.
Suggest two reasons for this.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................[2]
[ Total:11]

2) A student sets up the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1 in order to find the resultant of
the two tensions T1 and T2 acting at P. When the tensions T1, T2 and T3 are
balanced, the angles between T1 and the vertical and T2 and the vertical are as
marked on Fig. 2.1.

In the space below, draw a scale diagram of the forces T1 and T2. Use the diagram to
find the resultant of the two forces.
State
(a) the scale used,

scale = ........................................

(b) the value of the resultant,

value = ........................................

(c) the direction of the resultant.

direction = ........................................
[6]

3) An electric pump is used to raise water from a well, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

(a) The pump does work in raising the water. State an equation that could be used to
calculate the work done in raising the water.
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The water is raised through a vertical distance of 8.0 m. The weight of water raised
in 5.0 s is 100 N.
(i) Calculate the work done in raising the water in this time.
work done = .......................[1]
(ii) Calculate the power the pump uses to raise the water.
power = ........................[1]
(iii) The energy transferred by the pump to the water is greater than your answer to
(i).
Suggest what the additional energy is used for.
..............................................................................................................................[1]

[Total:5]

4) (a) State two differences between evaporation of water and boiling of water.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2260 kJ / kg.
Explain why this energy is needed to boil water and why the temperature of the water
does not change during the boiling.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) A laboratory determination of the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water uses
a 120 W heater to keep water boiling at its boiling point. Water is turned into steam at
the rate of 0.050 g / s.
Calculate the value of the specific latent heat of vaporisation obtained from this
experiment. Show your working.

specific latent heat of vaporisation = ........................[3]

[Total:8]
5) (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a tank used for evaporating salt solution to produce crystals.

Suggest two ways of increasing the rate of evaporation of the water from the
solution.
Changes may be made to the apparatus, but the rate of steam supply must stay
constant.
You may assume the temperature of the salt solution remains constant.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A manufacturer of liquid-in-glass thermometers changes the design in order to
meet new requirements.
Describe the changes that could be made to
(i) give the thermometer a greater range,
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) make the thermometer more sensitive.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) A toilet flush is operated by the compression of air. The air inside the flush has a

pressure of 1.0 105 Pa and a volume of 150 cm3. When the flush is operated the
volume is reduced to 50 cm3. The temperature of the air remains constant during this
process.
Calculate the new pressure of the air inside the flush.
pressure = .......................[2]
[Total:6]

6) Fig. 6.1 shows an object, the tip of which is labelled O, placed near a lens L.
The two principal foci of the lens are F1 and F2.

(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw the paths of two rays from the tip of the object so that they pass
through the lens and continue beyond.
Complete the diagram to locate the image of the tip of the object. Draw in the whole
image and label it I.
(b) Describe image I.

[3]

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]

7) (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how thermal expansion takes place in a solid
and in a gas.
solid ................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
gas ..................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Complete Table 5.1 to show the relative expansion of equal volumes of liquids,
gases and solids.
Choose words from
much less, slightly less, slightly more and much more.

[2]

(c) Alcohol is often used in thermometers.

State one property of alcohol that makes it suitable for use in thermometers.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]

8) A cyclist rides up and then back down the hill shown in Fig. 3.1.

The cyclist and her bicycle have a combined mass of 90 kg. She pedals up to the top
and then stops. She turns around and rides back to the bottom without pedalling or
using her brakes.

(a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the cyclist and her bicycle when she has
reached the top of the hill.
potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the maximum speed she could have when she arrives back at the
starting point.
speed = ................................................ [3]
(c) Explain why her actual speed will be less than that calculated in (b).
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

9) (a) Name the process by which energy is released in the core of the Sun.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe how energy from the Sun becomes stored energy in water behind a dam.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Data for two small power stations is given in Table 2.1.

(i) State what is meant by the efficiency of a power station.

.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Use the data in Table 2.1 to explain that the hydroelectric station is more efficient
than the gas-fired power station.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]

10) Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graphs for two falling balls.

Both balls fall from the same height above the ground.
(a) Use the graphs to find
(i) the average acceleration of the falling rubber ball during the first 3.0 s,
acceleration = ................................................ [2]
(ii) the distance fallen by the rubber ball during the first 3.0 s,
distance = ................................................ [2]
(iii) the terminal velocity of the plastic ball.
terminal velocity = ................................................ [1]
(b) Both balls have the same mass but the volume of the plastic ball is much greater
than that of the rubber ball. Explain, in terms of the forces acting on each ball, why
the plastic ball reaches a terminal velocity but the rubber ball does not.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The rubber ball has a mass of 50 g. Calculate the gravitational force acting on the
rubber ball.
force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

11) A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 11.1 shows a section
through part of the solar panel.

Fig 11.1
A pump makes water circulate through the copper pipes. The water is heated by
passing through the solar panel.
(a) Suggest why
(i) the pipes are made of copper,
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the pipes and the metal backing sheet are painted black,
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,

..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) the presence of the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The
temperature of this water rises from 16 C to 38 C.
The water absorbs 25% of the energy falling on the solar panel, and the specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg C).
Calculate the energy falling on the solar panel during that day.
energy = ......................................................... [5]
[Total: 9]
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a simple pendulum being used by a student to investigate the
energy changes at various points in the pendulums swing.

(a) When the string is displaced by a small angle from the vertical, the height of the
cylinder changes so that its centre of mass is now 1.932 m below the pivot.
Determine the gravitational potential energy gained by the cylinder.

gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [3]

(b) The cylinder is released from the displaced position in (a). Calculate the
expected speed of the cylinder when the string is vertical.
expected speed = .......................................................... [2]

(c) As the string passes through the vertical, the narrow beam of light is interrupted
by the cylinder for 22 ms. The cylinder has a diameter of 2.5 cm.
(i) Calculate the actual speed of the cylinder.

actual speed = ...............................................................

(ii) Suggest how the difference between the actual and expected speeds could
occur.
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
[3]
[Total: 8]

2 The racing car shown in Fig. 2.1 uses a Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS).
This system stores within the car some of the kinetic energy lost when the car slows
down for a corner. The driver can later release the stored energy when maximum
power is required.

(a) The car approaches a corner and decelerates from 82 m / s to 61 m / s in 0.90 s.

Calculate the deceleration.

deceleration = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) The driver later uses all of this stored energy to give 60 kW of useful extra power
for 3.0 s.

Calculate the energy released.

energy released = ...............................................................

(iii) Calculate the efficiency of the KERS system.

efficiency = ...............................................................
[4]

(c) Suggest a possible device to store energy when a moving vehicle slows down.
For this device, state the change that occurs as more energy is stored.
device ..........................................................................................................................
............
change .........................................................................................................................
............
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
.. [2]
[Total: 8]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a house brick of dimensions 21.0 cm 10.0 cm 7.00 cm.

acceleration = .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]

4 A sealed balloon containing some helium gas is released and rises into the upper
atmosphere. As the balloon rises the temperature of the helium falls and the balloon
expands.
Explain, in terms of atoms,

(a) the effect of the fall in temperature on the helium pressure,

.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
.. [3]
(b) the effect of the expansion of the balloon on the helium pressure.
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
..
.....................................................................................................................................
.. [3]
[Total: 6]

5 Fig. 6.1 shows an enlarged view of a spherical raindrop, centre O.

Fig.5.1
(a) On Fig. 5.1, draw a ray in the air striking the raindrop at A with an angle of
incidence of 59 and coming from the left.
[1]
(b) The water in the raindrop has a refractive index of 1.33.
(i) Show by calculation that the angle of refraction at A is about 40.

[2]
(ii) On Fig. 5.1, draw the path of the refracted ray to the point where it strikes the
inner
surface of the raindrop. Label this point B.
[1]

(c) The ray is partially reflected at B.

Draw the normal and the reflected ray at B.
[1]
(d) Extend the reflected ray to strike the surface of the raindrop again. At this point
it is partially refracted out of the raindrop. Draw the approximate path of this ray as
it emerges into the air.
[1]
[Total: 6]
6 (a) State what is meant by specific heat capacity.
.....................................................................................................................................
..
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Water has a very high specific heat capacity.
Suggest why this might be a disadvantage when using water for cooking.
.....................................................................................................................................
..
...................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) Fig. 6.1 illustrates an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of some
metal.

Fig.6.1
The piece of metal is heated in boiling water until it has reached the temperature of
the water. It is then transferred rapidly to some water in a well-insulated cup. A very
sensitive thermometer is used to measure the initial and final temperatures of the
water
in the cup.
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg K)
The readings from the experiment are as follows.

mass of metal = 0.050 kg

mass of water in cup = 0.200 kg
initial temperature of water in cup = 21.1 C
final temperature of water in cup = 22.9 C

(i) Calculate the temperature rise of the water in the cup and the temperature fall of
the piece of metal.
temperature rise of water = ......................................................
temperature fall of metal = ......................................................
[1]

(ii) Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in the cup. State the equation
that you use.

thermal energy gained = ................................................ [3]

(iii) Assume that only the water gained thermal energy from the piece of metal.

Making use of your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate the value of the specific
heat capacity of the metal. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

specific heat capacity = ................................................ [2]

(iv) Suggest one reason why the experiment might not have given a correct value
for
the specific heat capacity of the metal.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 10]

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a thin converging lens. The two principal foci are shown.

Fig.7.1
A vertical object, 2 cm tall, is to be positioned to the left of the lens, with one end on
the
principal axis.
On Fig. 7.1,
(a) draw the object in a position which will produce a virtual image, labelling the
object with the letter O,
[1]
(b) draw two rays showing how the virtual image is formed,
[2]
(c) draw in the image, labelling it with the letter I.

[1]
[Total: 4]

8 A vertical cylinder has a smooth well-fitting piston in it. Weights can be added to
or removed from a tray on the top of the piston.
(a) Weights are added to the tray, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig.8.1

weight added = ................................................ [4]

(b) The weights are kept as shown in Fig. 8.1. The temperature of the air in the
cylinder is increased.
(i) State what happens to the volume of the air in the cylinder as a result of this
temperature rise.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State how, if at all, the pressure of the air changes as the temperature changes.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State what must be done to prevent the volume change in (b)(i).

............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) The volume change in (b)(i) is prevented. State what happens to the pressure of
the air in the cylinder.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 12]

9 A farmer uses an electric pump to raise water from a river in order to fill the
irrigation channels that keep the soil in his fields moist.

Fig.9.1
Every minute, the pump raises 12 kg of water through a vertical height of 3 m.
(a) Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy of 12 kg of water
when it is raised 3 m.

increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [3]

(b) Calculate the useful power output of the pump as it raises the water.

power = ................................................ [3]

[Total: 6]
10 (a) A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its centre, which is also the position of its
centre of mass.
Three loads, 2.0 N, F and 3.0 N are positioned on the rule at the 20 cm, 30 cm and
90 cm
marks respectively, as shown in Fig. 10.1.

Fig.10.1

(i) Calculate the moment of the 3.0 N load about the pivot.

moment = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the moment of the 2.0 N load about the pivot.

moment = ......................................................... [1]

(iii) The force F maintains the metre rule in equilibrium on the pivot.
Calculate the value of F.

F = ......................................................... [3]

(b) The weight of the metre rule is 1.2 N and can be considered to act at the 50 cm
mark.
All the weights in (a) are removed. The pivot is positioned under the 30 cm mark
and the 2.0 N load is placed on the rule as shown in Fig. 10.2.

Fig.10.2
The position of the 2.0 N load is adjusted until the metre rule is again in equilibrium.
Determine the position of the 2.0 N load.

2.0 N load is at the .......................................... cm mark [3]

[Total: 8]

11

During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The
temperature of this water rises from 16 C to 38 C.
The water absorbs 25% of the energy falling on the solar panel, and the specific
heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg C).
Calculate the energy falling on the solar panel during that day.

energy = ......................................................... [5]

[Total: 5]

8 An ornamental garden includes a small pond, which contains a pumped

system that causes water to go up a pipe and then to run down a heap of
rocks.
Fig. 8.1 shows a section through this water feature.

Fig. 8.1

The density of water is 1000 kg / m. A volume of 1 litre is equal to 0.001 m.

(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.

mass = ................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the work done raising 1 litre of water through a height of 0.8 m.

work = ................................................ [2]

(c) The pump lifts 90 litres of water per minute.
Calculate the minimum power of the pump.

power = ................................................ [2]

[ Total : 6]